BACKGROUND

[0001] Transducers such as temperature sensors, a pressure sensor, and strain sensors may include or be paired with amplifiers. Such transducers include differential temperature sensors, such as proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) circuits and translinear PTAT circuits.

SUMMARY

[0002] A transducer such as a translinear proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) sensor uses two amplifiers, where each amplifier is used in a variety of modes. The first amplifier generates a measurement voltage though feedback in an analog circuit. The second amplifier samples and; integrates the measurement in a switched-capacitor mode, and the output is stored on a capacitor. Then the first amplifier is set to measure its offset. The offset is sampled and integrated by the second amplifier, and the output is stored on a second capacitor. Then the first and second amplifiers are set to buffer the voltages stored on the capacitors. The measurement can then be offset-adjusted by digital or analog means. The adjusted measurement is then available to be used for calibration of, e.g., an image sensor such as a time-of-flight depth camera sensor. Other transducers, such as non-translinear differential temperature sensors, pressure sensors, strain sensors, gyroscopes, magnetometers, accelerometers, and xyz positioning sensors may employ the same dual amplifier approach.

[0003] In an exemplary embodiment, the PTAT utilizes two current sources with a scaling factor K between two binary junction transistor (BJT) currents, hence setting one source to a current I and the other source to a current K*I. There is no resistor in this implementation and the difference amplifier is used in a feedback loop to drive the base voltage of the M times scaled BJT and to generate a PTAT voltage at its output. Relying on scaling ratios and programmable gain instead of precise resistor matching provides a more accurate PTAT system that is robust to process sensitivities and mismatch. The architecture also maintains linearity of the output over a wide temperature range by cancelling input referred amplifier offsets.

[0004] Programmable gain may be achieved by iterating switched-capacitor amplification operations. Reuse of the amplifiers allows sampling and cancelling errors that arise due to amplifier offsets. This allows the system to maintain linearity over a large temperature range. Reusing components such as amplifiers to perform a variety of operations saves area and power while maintaining performance. The techniques for programmable gain, error cancelling, and reuse of components may be applied to other transducer types, such as non-translinear differential temperature sensors, pressure sensors, strain sensors, gyroscopes, magnetometers, accelerometers, and xyz positioning sensors.

[0005] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to limitations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Figure 1 is a schematic of circuit with proportional-to-absolute- temperature (PTAT) analog reference generators.

[0007] Figure 2 is a schematic of an example trans-linear temperature sensor stage, including an amplifier with multiple modes of operation, with switches set to take a temperature measurement.

[0008] Figure 3 is a schematic of an example switched capacitor gain stage, including an amplifier with multiple modes of operation, with switches set to clear the gain stage.

[0009] Figure 4 is a timing diagram for sample, integration, and hold modes of operation of the gain stage of Figure 3.

[0010] Figure 5 is a schematic of the gain stage of Figure 3 with switches set to sample the input from the sensor stage.

[0011] Figure 6 is a schematic of the gain stage of Figure 3 with switches set to integrate the sampled input signal.

[0012] Figure 7 is a schematic of the gain stage of Figure 3 with switches set to hold temperature measurement reading onto capacitor C3.

[0013] Figure 8 is a schematic of the sensor stage of Figure 2 with switches set to measure the offset of the sensor stage.

[0014] Figure 9 is a schematic of the gain stage of Figure 3 with switches set to hold the offset reading onto capacitor C4.

[0015] Figure 10 is a schematic of the gain stage of Figure 3 with switches set to buffer the temperature measurement reading. [0016] Figure 11 is a schematic of the sensor stage of Figure 2 with switches set to offset the temperature measurement reading.

[0017] Figure 12 is a flow chart of the operations of sensor and gain stages with switches set to buff the offset measurement reading.

[0018] Figure 13 shows an output of a temperature sensor stage and its linearity.

[0019] Figure 14 shows the components of a differential output, including a temperature measurement and an offset measurement output, both after a gain stage, and the combined differential output.

[0020] Figure 15 shows the offset-adjusted output and its linearity.

[0021] Figure 16 shows a final output and its linearity for simulated process and operating condition variations.

[0022] Figure 17 shows a system including a transducer and amplifiers, and a sensor calibrated by the transducer measurement.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] A transducer such as a proportional -to-absolute-temperature sensor uses two amplifiers, where each amplifier is used in a variety of modes. First, the first amplifier generates a temperature-dependent measurement voltage though feedback in an analog circuit. Next, the second amplifier samples and integrates the measurement in a switched-capacitor mode, and the output is stored on a capacitor. Then, the first amplifier is set to measure its offset. The offset is sampled and integrated by the second amplifier, and the output is stored on a second capacitor. Then, the first and second amplifiers are set to buffer the voltages stored on the capacitors. The measurement can then be offset- adjusted by digital or analog means. The adjusted measurement is then available to be used for calibration of, e.g., an image sensor. For example, the image sensor may be part of a color camera, where thermal calibration is useful in capturing true colors. Alternatively, the image sensor may be part of a depth camera system such as a time-of- flight depth camera useful in determining the position and movements of a player in a video gaming system, where thermal calibration is useful in making more accurate assessments of player position and movements.

[0024] The analog sensor circuit is a proportional-to-absolute-temperature

(PTAT) circuit that includes two scaled BJT transistors, two scaled current sources, and a first amplifier that is used in a feedback loop. The differential inputs of the amplifier are connected to the emitters of the BJTs. The output of the first amplifier drives the base voltage of one BJT and generates a PTAT voltage at its output. Unlike many other PTAT circuits, there are no resistors, and therefore there is no need for high resistor values or for close resistor value matching. Relying on scaling ratios instead of precise resistor matching provides a more accurate PTAT system that is robust to process sensitivities and mismatch.

[0025] The PTAT voltage is amplified by a second amplifier operating as a switched capacitor amplifier with ratio-metric gain. The gain may be programmed by setting the number of iterations of the switched-capacitor sample and integration phases.

[0026] Both amplifiers are reused, first to take an offset reading, and then to buffer temperature measurement and offset readings. The reuse of the amplifiers provides not only the economy of reduced integrated circuit area and power savings, but also provides for self-cancelling operations whereby the output is essentially unaffected by variations in bias voltage values or the offsets of either amplifier. This provides very high linearity of the system over wide temperature variations, which in turn reduces the need for system calibration.

[0027] The techniques for programmable gain, error cancelling, and reuse of components may be applied to other transducer types, such as a non-translinear differential temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, strain sensor, gyroscope, magnetometer, accelerometer, or xyz positioning sensor.

[0028] Figure 1 is a schematic of a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) circuit 100 with analog reference generators. Two scaled bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) Q100 and Q102, where Q102 is M times larger than Q100, provide output current components with a positive or negative temperature coefficient. The emitter terminal of Q100 is connected to the negative inputs of an amplifier U102. The emitter terminal of Q 102 is connected to the positive input of the amplifier through resistor R100. The output of amplifier U102 is fed to the gates of MOSFETs M100, M102, and M104 to generate currents with a temperature coefficient. The sources of MOSFETs M100, M102, and M104 are connected to a positive supply voltage. The drain of MOSFET 100 feeds the emitter of BJT Q100. The drain of MOSFET 102 feeds the emitter of BJT Q102 through a resistor R100. The drain of MOSFET 104 feeds another resister R102, to provide an output voltage V100, where the other end of R102 is connected to ground. By connecting the gate of M100, M102, and M104, the reference current through the BJTs is translated to the temperature-dependent voltage VI 00 through resistor R102. Further amplification of voltage VI 00 may be performed, e.g., before digitization.

[0029] The PTAT topology of Figure 1 has a low gain and requires large resistor values and precise matching to reduce process sensitivity. Further, since the voltage generated by the PTAT core is single-ended, any subsequent amplifiers may degrade linearity of the system, decrease noise immunity, and hurt system sensitivity. This may lead to unpredictability in measured temperature, even over a moderate range of temperature. Also, the amplifier U102 used to generate AVBE in the feedback configuration of Figure 1 suffers from input referred offsets of U102 which translate to uncertainties in the temperature-dependent output.

[0030] Figure 2 is a schematic of an example transducer in the form of a trans- linear temperature sensor stage 200. Ql and Q2 are PN BJT transistors that may be of different sizes, where Q2 is scaled by a factor of M relative to Ql . The collectors of Ql and Q2 are connected to positive supply voltage VDD. The emitter of Q2 is connected to a current source Iref. The emitter of Ql is connected to a scaled current source KIref, where K is a factor relative to Iref. The emitters are further connected through switches S22 and S24 to the negative and positive inputs of an operational amplifier (op-amp) Ul . Op-amp Ul may be implemented, for example, in a folded cascode configuration. The output of op-amp Ul is connected to the base of transistor Q2 via switch S20 in a negative feedback configuration. The base of Ql is connected to an external voltage Vbias. The input- referred offset of the op-amp Ul is depicted in Figure 2 as Vosi.

[0031] In Figure 2, switches S20, S22, and S24 are shown closed. In this configuration, the sensor stage 200 is used to generate a voltage Vstagel that is proportional to temperature. Switches S26, S28, and S30 are used to set the sensor stage 200 to other operational modes. With S20, S22, and S24 open, switch 30 may be closed to place op-amp Ul in unitary gain mode. Switch 26 or switch 28 may then be closed to connect either Vbias or VOF sample to the positive input of op-amp Ul, so that op-amp Ul of sensor stage 200 may serve to buffer these voltages.

[0032] With switches S20, S22, and S24 closed and switches S26, S28, and S30 open, as shown in Figure 2, sensor stage 200 is in temperature measurement mode. In this mode, the currents through BJTs Ql and Q2 are given by Equations 1 and 2 in terms of the reference current Iref, the current scaling factor K, and the BJT scaling factor M, where Is is the base current and VT is the thermal voltage. The thermal voltage VT = kT/q, where k is Boltzmann's constant, q is the charge of an electron, and T is the temperature.

Equation 1 Equation 2

[0033] Equations (1) and (2) can be rewritten in terms of the base emitter voltages of the transistors Ql and Q2 as Equations 3 and 4.

Equation 3

Equation 4

[0034] Since the op-amp Ul is designed to have a very high gain, Vei = Ve2. The output voltage Vstagei of the op-amp Ul is thus given by Equation 5:

Equation 5

^{→ ■} ¾·β* ~ ¾si si +

[0035] AVBE, the difference in the base emitter voltages of the two transistors Ql and Q2, is then given in Equation 6, where kT/q is the thermal voltage VT _:

Equation 6

[0036] Substituting (6) in (5), the output Vstagei of the op-amp Ul can be represented in terms of the temperature-dependent voltage and an offset term in Equation 7:

Equation 7

Offset Slope

[0037] In Equation 7, the output of the op-amp Ul has a temperature-dependent, process invariant voltage determined by the scaling ratio M of the NPN devices Ql and Q2, the current sources Iref and KIref, Boltzmann's constant k, and the charge of an electron q. The output voltage also has an offset term determined by the bias voltage of Ql and the offset of the op-amp.

[0038] Figure 3 is a schematic of a switched capacitor gain stage 300 which may be used to amplify the outputs Vstagei of the sensor stage 200 of Figure 2. The Vstagei input is connected to Vstagei output of Figure 2.

[0039] In Figure 3, there is a second high gain op-amp U2. Op-amp U2 also may be implemented, for example, as a folded cascode configuration op-amp similar to op-amp Ul . Op-amp U2 is depicted as having an input referred offset Vos2. Capacitors CI and C2 are used as ratio-metric amplification terms for voltage amplification. Capacitor C3 is used to sample and hold an amplified temperature sensor voltage Vrs_sam _P ie. Capacitor C4 is used to sample and hold an amplified offset voltage VOF sample. Vcmo is an externally applied common mode voltage used to reset the gain stage 300. Vbias is the same voltage that was also applied, e.g., to the base of BJT Ql in Figure 2.

[0040] The switches in Figure 3 are used to set the operation mode of the gain stage 300. Sample switch SI is used for sampling the input Vstagei onto sample capacitor CI during a sample phase. Integrate switch S2 connects the sample capacitor CI to the input negative differential input of op-amp U2 during an integrate phase. Hold switch S3 is used to connect the op-amp U2 output voltage Vout to the hold capacitor C3 for sensor readings. Hold switch S6 is used to connect the output voltage Vout to the hold capacitor C4 for offset readings. Switches S4 and S5 are used to clear the integrator, by resetting the inputs to the op-amp Ul and the voltage across C2. Switch 14 connects Vbias to the positive differential input of the op-amp U2 during sample, integrate, and hold modes. Unity gain switch S12 sets the op-amp U2 into unity buffer mode. Switch S10 connects the hold capacitor C3 to the positive differential input of the op-amp Ul for buffering.

[0041] Figure 3 shows the gain stage 300 in clear mode, with switches S4, S5, and S14 closed. The remaining switches are open. This sets the initial conditions for sample, integrate, and hold operations.

[0042] Figure 4 is an example timing diagram for operations of gain stage 300.

First a sample phase φΐ is conducted, followed by an integrate phase φ2. Phases φΐ and φ2 may be repeated N times to increase op-amp U2 output voltage Vout. At the end of the integrate cycles, at thoid, output voltage Vout is connected to one of the hold capacitors, either C3 or C4.

[0043] Figure 5 shows the gain stage 300 with the switches set for input sampling. As shown in Figure 5, the clear switches S4 and S5 are opened, and sample switch SI is closed, e.g., as set by the control signal φΐ signal of Figure 4. Here in Figure 5, the input voltage Vstagei is now connected to sample capacitor CI . The charge on capacitors CI and C2 is given by Equations 8 A and 8B, where Vouto is the initial voltage at the output of op-amp Ul, which has been set during the clear mode to Vcmo.

Equation 8A

*¾1 ⁼ ¾

Equation 8B

fe ' C^ ^ F^ - F^K

[0044] Figure 6 shows the gain stage 300 with the switches set for integrate operation. As shown in Figure 6, sample switch SI is opened and integrate switch S2 is closed, e.g., by control signal φ2 of Figure 4. Here in Figure 6, the sampled voltage Vstagei on CI is ratio-metrically amplified by C2. The charges on CI and C2 at the end of this cycle are given by Equations 9A and 9B, where Vouti is the new value of op-amp Ul

Output Vout.

Equation 9 A Equation 9B

[0045] Since the total charge between the sample phase and the integrate phase is conserved, the charge on C2 can also be written as Equation 10:

Equation 10 [0046] The output voltage at the end of integration is given in Equation 11 :

Equati

[0047] The sample-integrate operation may be repeated for N cycles using non- overlapping switch controls, e.g., signals φΐ and φ2 of Figure 4, to control switches SI and S2 of gain stage 300. The output voltage at the end of the N ¹¹¹ cycle is given in Equation 12:

Equation 12

[0048] N is programmable and sets the overall gain of the gain stage 300.

[0049] Figure 7 shows the gain stage 300 with the switches set for temperature measurement output hold. Switches SI and S2 are opened. Hold switch S3 is closed, e.g., by control signal thoid of Figure 4. The voltage across C3 at the end of the hold cycle is given in Equation 13 :

[0050] Since it is the output of the temperature sensor that is being amplified, Equation 7 may be substituted for Vstagei to determine the amplified temperature- dependent voltage on C3, as given in Equation 14 where Vhoid, the voltage across C3, is now be referred to as VTS Sample.

Equation 14

Offset Slope

[0051] Equation 14 contains the temperature-dependent term from the

temperature sensor amplified by a factor of N- ^' j^ where N is the number of sample- integrate cycles. It is also important to note that Vbias is not present in the equation. Thus, there is no strict requirement for the value of Vbias.

[0052] The offsets of op-amps Ul and U2 are also amplified by the factor M ^" ^.

Unless corrected, this may lead to inaccurate, process dependent temperature readings. To eliminate the offsets of both op-amps from the final output, an offset-only sample cycle may be employed where only the offset voltages Vosi and V ₀ s2 are measured. This may be achieved by adjusting the switch settings of sensor stage 200 and gain stage 300.

[0053] Figure 8 shows the sensor stage 200 of Figure 2 configured for offset measurement. Switches S20, S22, and S24 are opened to disconnect op-amp Ul from the transistors Ql and Q2 and current sources and Kiref. Bias switch S26 is closed to connect the positive differential input of Ul to Vbias. Feedback switch S30 is closed to set op-amp Ul in unitary gain mode. The output voltage of op-amp Ul in the configuration of Figure 8 is given by Equation 15 :

Equation 15

⁼ ¾tes- i

[0054] Referring to Figures 3-6, the voltage Vstagei in Equation 15 may then be fed to the gain stage 300, sampled, and then integrated, e.g., N+l times. Figure 9 shows the gain stage 300 set to hold the offset measurement. Only hold switch S6 is closed, connecting output voltage Vout to hold capacitor C4. This voltage, which results from the N+l ^st cycle of the gain stage 300, is referred to as VOF sample, and contains only the amplified offsets of both op-amps and the initial condition voltage, as given in Equation 16:

Equation 16

Offset

[0055] At this point, both voltages VTS_SAMPLE and VOF SAMPLE are stored on capacitors C3 and C4 respectively. An offset-cancelled differential output voltage of the temperature sensor system may be derived by re-using op-amps Ul and U2 in unity gain feedback configurations to buffer VTS_SAMPLE and VOF SAMPLE.

[0056] Figure 10 shows the gain stage 300 with switches set for temperature measurement buffering. Feedback switch S12 is closed to set op-amp U2 in unitary gain mode. Input switch S10 is closed to connect C3 to the positive differential input of op- amp U2. In this configuration, the op-amp U2 output voltage Vout = VIP as given in Equation 17 A:

Equati n 17A

[0057] Figure 11 shows the sensor stage 200 with switches set for offset measurement buffering. As in Figure 8, here in Figure 11 switches S20, S22, and S24 are open to disconnect the op-amp Ul from the transistors and current sources, and feedback switch S30 is closed to set op-amp Ul in unitary gain mode. Input switch S28 is closed to connect VOF sample to the positive differential input of op-amp Ul . VOF sample is the voltage on C4, e.g., in Figures 9 and 10. In the configuration of Figure 11, the op-amp Ul output voltage Vstagei = VIN is given in Equation 17B:

Equation 17B

d

^ΨΕΝ = ¾ ¾*i = + < + * r(¼» -

[0058] The differential voltage is obtained by subtracting VIN from VIP, as given in Equation 18. This may be accomplished, for example, by digitizing VIN and VIP at an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and performing the subtraction digitally. Equation 18

VIF - = M ^ @& i >r+ (¾, - } fo 1 - Of + ¾ ^

[0059] By sizing C I and C2 in the gain stage 300 to be identical, the offset term in Equation 18 cancels. We are now left with a final differential output voltage, VTSJSYSTEM, independent of op-amp offsets.

Equation 19

*** * ** ⁼ ¥IF— Ψ — a p¼(W)r

[0060] The differential voltage VTS_SYSTEM in Equation 19 only exhibits temperature dependency. VTS_SYSTEM is scaled up by N, the number of integration cycles run in gain stage 300 to amplify the output of the sensor stage 200. VTS_SYSTEM does not depend on the initial conditions applied on capacitor C2.

[0061] Figure 12 is a flow chart of example state machine implementing the measurement phases described herein. In step 1200, phase zero is implemented by turning on the clearing switches. In step 1202 the clearing switches are turned off. In step 1204, the system checks whether a cycle in offset mode is required. If so, the method continues to set the offset mode at step 1206. In step 1208, switches are set for offset measurement of op-amp Ul, then a sample is taken, and integration is begun. In step 1210, the number of integration iterations is complete. If not, integration is repeated. In step 1212, the output of the integration is switched on the offset hold capacitor C4. In step 1214, the system then checks whether it is time to conduct a temperature sampling cycle.

[0062] If so, the method moves to set the TS mode at step 1256. In step 1258, switches are set for the temperature sensing configuration shown in Figure 2, then a sample is taken, and integration is begun. In step 1260, the method checks if the number of integration iterations is complete. If not, integration is repeated. In step 1262, the output of the integration is switched on the temperature hold capacitor C3. In step 1264, the system then checks whether it is time to conduct an offset calibration.

[0063] Once both VTS_SAMPLE and VOF SAMPLE are available on C3 and C4 respectively, the method proceeds to step 1290. The system corrects the input referred offsets of both op-amps on the differential output. In step 1292, the differential output voltage in Equation 19 is ready to be, e.g., read out through an analog multiplexer or presented to an ADC to digitize the result. [0064] It will be appreciated that the structures and techniques described herein may be applied to other types of transducers. A system including a non-translinear differential temperature sensor, pressure sensor, strain sensor, gyroscope, magnetometer, accelerometer, or xyz positioning sensor, for example, may be formed through the substitution of other analog components in place of Ql, Q2, KIref, and of Figure 2. To do so, the switches S20, S22, S24, S26, S28, and S30 may be manipulated as described in reference to Figures 2, 8, 11, and 12 to the various transducer measurements, offset measurements, and buffering modes described herein, for example.

[0065] The sensor stage 200 and gain stage 300 as described herein has been simulated as being fabricated in a TSMC 65nm LP CMOS process. Figures 13-16 are graphs of simulated performance of an example circuit.

[0066] At the top of Figure 13 is an example output of a sensor stage 200 in temperature measurement mode. The vertical axis is voltage, and the horizontal axis is temperature. The output essentially maintains its linearity over a range of temperature range from 0°C to 120°C. At the bottom of Figure 13 is the linearity of the output using the same horizontal axis. The vertical axis is the change in the output per degree of temperature.

[0067] At the top of Figure 14 is an example of the temperature measurement VTs_sampie and offset measurement Vos_sam _P ie voltages produces by the gain stage 300. The vertical axis is voltage and the horizontal axis is temperature. At the bottom of Figure 14 is an example of the differential output of the system VTS_SYSTEM, again with voltage in the vertical and temperature in the horizontal. This bottom curve is an example of the differential input to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), again with voltage in the vertical and temperature in the horizontal.

[0068] At the top of Figure 15 is again the example of the differential output of the system VTS_SYSTEM, shown again with voltage in the vertical and temperature in the horizontal. At the bottom of Figure 15 is the linearity of VTSJSYSTEM. Again, the system maintains linearity over a large temperature range.

[0069] Figure 16 shows the performance of the temperature sensor over a variety of process and operating conditions. At the top of Figure 16 are overlaid curves of VTSJSYSTEM across various conditions. At the bottom of Figure 16, are overlaid curves of the linearity of VTS_SYSTEM across various conditions. In all cases, the differential output values drift very slightly from each other with a maximum error of ± ImV. With an input referred offset of ±10mV on each op-amp, the maximum variation on the differential output is simulated to be 260μν. This represents an expected 40x reduction in system offset voltage compared to the configuration of Figure 1.

[0070] Monte Carlo simulations on the temperature sensor system result in a 1σ variation of 1.54μν/ in the slope of the differential output. To put this number in perspective for production systems, with a 5σ accuracy, a 12-bit ADC will drift by 1 LSB every 33°C.

[0071] The temperature sensor system is therefore highly accurate against various process, environmental, and offset conditions. The system maintains high linearity over a wide temperature range, making it suitable for a variety of applications demanding precise temperature readings and sensitivity.

[0072] The structures and techniques described herein may be combined in a number of ways to perform transducer and offset measurements. For example, transducer and offset measurements may be derived by first sampling a first output of a first amplifier, where the first amplifier is set in a measurement feedback mode, to create a measurement sample, then integrating the measurement sample using a second amplifier, where the second amplifier is set in a switched capacitor mode, to create a measurement output voltage, and holding the measurement output voltage on a first holding capacitor. Then a second output of the first amplifier may be sampled, where the first amplifier is set in a first buffering mode, to create an offset sample, then integrating the offset sample using the second amplifier in the switched capacitor mode to create an offset output voltage, and then holding the offset output voltage on a second holding capacitor. Finally, the measurement output voltage on the first holding capacitor may be buffered using the second amplifier, where the second amplifier is set in a second buffering mode, to create a final buffered measurement voltage, and the offset output on the second holding capacitor may be buffered using the first amplifier, where the first amplifier is set in a third buffering mode, to create a final buffered offset voltage.

[0073] This technique may be enhanced by amplifying the measurement sample or the offset sample by iterating the integration of the second amplifier in the switched capacitor mode. The technique may also be improved where the second amplifier has a differential input comprising a positive input and a negative input, where the second amplifier is set in switched capacitor mode, the positive input is connected to a reference voltage, the negative input is connected to a sampling capacitor, and the output of the second amplifier is connected to negative input by an integrating capacitor, and where the sampling capacitor and the integrating capacitor are of the same value. [0074] These techniques may be used to derive a measurement sample using a transducer circuit, where the transducer circuit comprises the first amplifier in the measurement feedback mode. The transducer may be a translinear PTAT such as described in reference to Figure 2. The transducer may also be implemented with many other forms of sensors, such as differential temperature sensors including proportional-to- absolute-temperature sensors, and also pressure sensors, strain sensors, gyroscopes, magnetometers, accelerometers, and xyz positioning sensors.

[0075] The technique may further include subtracting the final buffered offset output voltage from the final buffered measurement output voltage to derive an offset- adjusted measurement output. The subtraction may be achieved by analog or digital means.

[0076] The transducer measurement, offset measurement, and offset-adjusted measurement output may be used to calibrate any kind of temperature sensitive equipment. Such equipment may include image sensors including, for example, depth ranging imagers such as a time-of-flight cameras.

[0077] The structures and techniques described herein may be combined in a number of ways to create transducer measurement devices. Figure 17 illustrates an example system 1700 including a sensor stage 1710, a gain stage 1720, an output amplifier U3, a digital state machine Ml, an analog-to-digital converter ADl, and sensor X2. Sensor stage 1710 may be a PTAT sensor stage as described in reference to Figures 2, 8, and 11. Sensor stage 1710 includes a differential transducer XI, a switch and passive component network Nl, and a first amplifier Ul. Operation of network Nl is controlled by signals 1711 from the digital state machine Ml . Digital state machine Ml may include a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a field-programmable logic device, or other digital circuitry implementing the control of switches of amplifiers modes as described, e.g., in reference to Figures 2, 3, and 5-12.

[0078] The output of sensor stage 1710, Vstagei, feeds into the gain stage 1720. Gain stage 1720 may be configured as described in reference to Figures 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10. It contains a switch and passive component network N2 and a second amplifier U2. Operation of network N2 is controlled by signals 1721 from the digital state machine Ml, as described, e.g., in reference to Figures 2, 3, and 5-12.

[0079] Via operation of the networks Nl and N2, digital state machine Ml causes outputs proportional to the output of the transducer XI and the offsets of Ul and U2 to be available to other devices. The offset value may be subtracted from the transducer measurement by analog means using a third differential amplifier U3, albeit with the risk of introducing an error due to the offset of amplifier U3. Alternatively, the differential output, consisting of the buffered offset measurement and the buffered transducer measurement may be used directly to calibrate a sensor such as an image sensor.

[0080] The output from the amplifier U3, offset-adjusted voltage Voa, may then be used to calibrate a sensor X2. For example, sensor X2 may be a time-of-flight depth camera, the output of which may vary with temperature. Transducer XI may be a temperature sensor such as a translinear PTAT. The temperate measurement as adjusted for offset of the measure system Voa may be used to adjust the output of sensor X2 according to the measured temperature.

[0081] Alternatively, the final transducer and offset measurement outputs of the sensor stage 1710 and the gain stage 1720 may be digitized at a time designated by the digital state machine Ml by the analog-to-digital converter AD1. The determination of the offset-adjusted transducer measurement may then be achieved by digital subtraction via the digital state machine Ml . Digital state machine Ml may additionally perform adjustment of the output of sensor X2 based on the digitized offset-adjusted measurement of the transducer XI .

[0082] For economy and matching of environmental conditions, it may be advantageous to fabricate all the components of system 1700 monolithically. For example, where transducer XI is a temperature sensor, and sensor X2 is an image sensor, having both devices on the same substrate helps to insure that the temperature measured by the transducer XI is the temperature experiences by the image sensor X2.

[0083] For example, a measurement system may include two amplifiers, where each amplifier has multiple configurable modes. The modes of the first amplifier may include a measurement feedback mode, an offset sampling mode, and an offset buffering mode. The modes of the second amplifier may include an input sampling mode, an integration mode, a measurement output hold mode, an offset output hold mode, and a measurement buffering mode.

[0084] A digital state machine may be configured to manipulate the modes of the first and second amplifiers in controlled sequences. A first sequence may include setting the first amplifier in the measurement feedback mode, then setting the second amplifier to the input sampling mode, the integration mode, and the measurement output hold mode in turn. The second sequence may include setting the first amplifier in the offset sampling mode, then setting the second amplifier to the input sampling mode, the integration mode, and offset output hold mode in turn. A third sequence may include setting the first amplifier to the offset buffering mode and setting the second amplifier to the measurement buffering mode.

[0085] The system may be improved by, in the first and second sequences, iterating the sampling and integration modes of the second amplifier to achieve switched capacitor amplification.

[0086] The system may also be improved where the second amplifier has a differential input comprising a positive input and a negative input, where the second amplifier is set in switched capacitor mode, the positive input is connected to a reference voltage, the negative input is connected to a sampling capacitor, and the output of the second amplifier is connected to negative input by an integrating capacitor, where the sampling capacitor and the integrating capacitor are of the same value.

[0087] The system may include a transducer circuit, where the transducer circuit comprises the first amplifier in the measurement feedback mode. The transducer circuit may be a differential temperature sensor such as a proportional-to-absolute-temperature sensor. The transducer may be a translinear PTAT such as described in reference to Figure 2. The transducer circuit may also be a non-translinear differential temperature sensor, pressure sensor, strain sensor, gyroscope, magnetometer, accelerometer, or xyz positioning sensor.

[0088] The system may also include a third amplifier, where the third amplifier is configured to subtract the output of the first amplifier from the output of the second amplifier during the third sequence. Similarly, the third sequence may include triggering the digitizing of output voltages of the first and second amplifier and the digital subtraction of the voltages. The transducer measurement, offset measurement, and offset- adjusted measurement output may be used to calibrate any kind of temperature sensitive equipment. Such equipment may include image sensors including, for example, depth ranging imagers such as a time-of-flight cameras.