RECEIVING

Field of the Disclosure

The present disclosure relates to transmitters, receivers and methods of transmitting and receiving payload data using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) symbols.

Background of the Disclosure

There are many examples of radio communications systems in which data is communicated using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Television systems which have been arranged to operate in accordance with Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standards for example, use OFDM for terrestrial and cable transmissions. OFDM can be generally described as providing K narrow band sub-carriers (where K is an integer) which are modulated in parallel, each sub-carrier communicating a modulated data symbol such as for example Quadrature Amplitude Modulated (QAM) symbol or Quaternary Phase-shift Keying (QPSK) symbol. The modulation of the sub-carriers is formed in the frequency domain and transformed into the time domain for transmission. Since the data symbols are communicated in parallel on the sub-carriers, the same modulated symbols may be communicated on each sub-carrier for an extended period. The sub-carriers are modulated in parallel contemporaneously, so that in combination the modulated carriers form an OFDM symbol. The OFDM symbol therefore comprises a plurality of sub-carriers each of which has been modulated contemporaneously with different modulation symbols. During transmission, a guard interval filled by a cyclic prefix of the OFDM symbol precedes each OFDM symbol. When present, the guard interval is dimensioned to absorb any echoes of the transmitted signal that may arise from multipath propagation.

It has been proposed for a television system known as the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 in a publication entitled ATSC 3.0 Working Draft System Discovery and Signaling [1] to include a pre-amble in a transmitted television signal which is carrying broadcast digital television programmes. The preamble includes a so called "boots strap" signal which is intended to provide a receiver with a part of the transmitted signal which it can have a greater likelihood of detecting and therefore can serve as a signal for initial detection. This is because broadcasters anticipate providing multiple services, within a broadcast signal in addition to just broadcast television. Such services may be time- multiplexed together within a single RF channel. There is therefore a need to provide an easily detectable signal segment (the bootstrap signal) that is transmitted as part of a preamble to multiplexed frames, so that a receiver can discover and identify what signals and services are available.

It has been proposed [1] to make the bootstrap signal have a fixed configuration, including sampling rate, signal bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, time-domain structure etc known to all receiver devices and to carry information to enable processing and decoding the wireless service associated with a detected bootstrap. This new capability ensures that broadcast spectrum can be adapted to carry new services and/or waveforms that are preceded by a universal entry point provided by the bootstrap for public interest to continue to be served in the future.

The bootstrap has been designed to be a very robust signal and detectable even at very low signal to noise ratio levels. As a result of this robust encoding, individual signalling bits within the bootstrap are comparatively expensive in terms of the physical resources that they occupy for transmission. Hence, the bootstrap is generally intended to signal only the minimum amount of information required for system discovery and for initial decoding of the following signal. However in order to detect payload data transmitted as OFDM symbols it is necessary to communicate layer 1 (LI) signalling data indicating communications parameters which have been used to carry the payload data as OFDM symbols.

Summary of the Disclosure

Various further aspects and embodiments of the disclosure are provided in the appended claims, including a transmitter, a receiver for detecting payload data from a received signal and methods of transmitting and receiving. According to the present technique there is provided a transmitter for transmitting payload data using Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) symbols comprising a frame builder, a modulator and a transmission circuit. The frame builder is configured to receive the payload data to be transmitted and to receive Layer 1 (LI) signalling data for use in detecting and recovering the payload data at a receiver, and to form the payload data with the signalling data into a plurality of time divided frames for transmission, each of the time divided frames including a bootstrap signal, a preamble signal and a plurality of sub-frames. The modulator is configured to modulate one or more OFDM symbols of the preamble with the signalling data and to modulate a plurality of OFDM symbols with the payload data for transmission in each of the sub-frames. The transmission circuit transmits the OFDM symbols carrying the signalling data of the preamble and the pay load data in the plurality of sub-frames. The preamble signal forms a start of each frame and comprises one or more OFDM symbols carrying the LI signalling data, a first of the one or more OFDM symbols carrying a fixed length part of the LI signalling data of a predetermined size, the fixed length LI signalling data indicating communications parameters for detecting a variable length part of the LI signalling data carried in the remaining one or more OFDM symbols of the preamble signal, and the bootstrap signal comprises one or more OFDM symbols carrying an indication of communications parameters for detecting the fixed length LI signalling data carried by the first of the one or more OFDM symbols of the preamble signal. Embodiments of the present technique provide an improvement in detecting and recovering payload data from a transmitted signal representing the payload data as OFDM symbols by forming a

progressively more robust communication of signals comprising a preamble for carrying the signalling data of a variable length, signalling data of a fixed length and a bootstrap signal, which carries an indication of the fixed length signalling data of the preamble. The bootstrap signal can be arranged to be most robustly communicated, followed by the fixed length LI signalling data of the first OFDM symbol of the preamble and then the variable length LI signalling data. As such a receiver is most likely to detect the bootstrap signal, then the first OFDM symbol of the preamble followed by the remaining OFDM symbols of the preamble signal.

Various further aspects and features of the present disclosure are defined in the appended claims, which include a method of transmitting payload data, a receiver and a method of detecting and recovering payload data. Brief Description of the Drawings

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like parts are provided with corresponding reference numerals and in which

Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram illustrating an arrangement of a broadcast transmission network;

Figure 2 provides a schematic block diagram illustrating an example transmission chain for transmitting broadcast data via the transmission network of Figure 1;

Figure 3 provides a schematic illustration of OFDM symbols in the time domain which include a guard interval; Figure 4 provides a schematic block of a typical receiver for receiving data broadcast by the broadcast transmission network of Figure 1 using OFDM;

Figure 5 provides a schematic block diagram illustrating a framing structure of a television transmission system such as ATSC3.0 including a sub frame structure; Figure 6 provides a more detailed representation of one of the frames of the television signal shown in Figure 5;

Figure 7 is a schematic representation of a plurality of OFDM symbols which form part of a preamble symbol which is shown in Figure 6, and

Figure 8a is a schematic representation of a plurality of OFDM symbols illustrating scattered pilot subcarriers and Figure 8b is a schematic representation of an OFDM symbol of a preamble carrying all of the scattered pilot subcarriers in the same OFDM symbol.

Detailed Description of Example Embodiments

Embodiments of the present disclosure can be arranged to form a transmission network for transmitting signals representing data including video data and audio data so that the transmission network can, for example, form a broadcast network for transmitting television signals to television receiving devices. In some examples the devices for receiving the audio/video of the television signals may be mobile devices in which the television signals are received while on the move. In other examples the audio/video data may be received by conventional television receivers which may be stationary and may be connected to a fixed antenna or antennas.

Television receivers may or may not include an integrated display for television images and may be recorder devices including multiple tuners and demodulators. The antenna(s) may be inbuilt to television receiver devices. The connected or inbuilt antenna(s) may be used to facilitate reception of different signals as well as television signals.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are therefore configured to facilitate the reception of audio/video data representing television programs to different types of devices in different environments.

As will be appreciated, receiving television signals with a mobile device while on the move may be more difficult because radio reception conditions will be considerably different to those of a conventional television receiver whose input comes from a fixed antenna.

An example illustration of a television broadcast system is shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1 broadcast television base stations 1 are shown to be connected to a broadcast transmitter 2. The broadcast transmitter 2 transmits signals from base stations 1 within a coverage area provided by the broadcast network. The television broadcast network shown in Figure 1 may operate as a so called multi-frequency network where each television broadcast base stations 1 transmits its signal on a different frequency than other neighbouring television broadcast base stations 1. The television broadcast network shown in Figure 1 may also operate as a so called single frequency network in which each of the television broadcast base stations 1 transmit the radio signals conveying audio/video data contemporaneously so that these can be received by television receivers 4 as well as mobile devices 6 within a coverage area provided by the broadcast network. For the example shown in Figure 1 the signals transmitted by the broadcast base stations 1 are transmitted using Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing (OFDM) which can provide an arrangement for transmitting the same signals from each of the broadcast stations 2 which can be combined by a television receiver even if these signals are transmitted from different base stations 1. Provided a spacing of the broadcast base stations 1 is such that the propagation time between the signals transmitted by different broadcast base stations 1 is less than or does not substantially exceed a guard interval that precedes the transmission of each of the OFDM symbols then a receiver device 4, 6 can receive the OFDM symbols and recover data from the OFDM symbols in a way which combines the signals transmitted from the different broadcast base stations 1.

Examples of standards for broadcast networks that employ OFDM in this way include DVB- T, DVB-T2 and ISDB-T.

An example block diagram of a transmitter forming part of the television broadcast base stations 1 for transmitting data from audio/video sources is shown in Figure 2. In Figure 2 audio/video sources 20 generate the audio/video data representing television programmes. The audio/video data is encoded using forward error correction encoding by an

encoding/interleaver block 22 which generates forward error correction encoded data which is then fed to a modulation unit 24 which maps the encoded data onto modulation symbols which are used to modulate OFDM symbols. Depicted on a separate lower arm, signalling data providing physical layer signalling for indicating for example the format of coding and modulation of the audio/video data is generated by a physical layer signalling unit 30 and after being encoded by an encoding unit 32, the physical layer signalling data is then modulated by a modulation unit 24 as with the audio/video data.

A frame builder 26 is arranged to form the data to be transmitted with the physical layer signalling data into a frame for transmission. The frame includes a time divided section having a preamble in which the physical layer signalling is transmitted and one or more data transmission sections which transmit the audio/video data generated by the audio/video sources 20. An interleaver 34 may interleave the data which is formed into symbols for transmission before being modulated by an OFDM symbol builder 36 and an OFDM modulator 38. The OFDM symbol builder 36 receives pilot signals which are generated by a pilot and embedded data generator 40 and fed to the OFDM symbol builder 36 for transmission. An output of the OFDM modulator 38 is passed to a guard insertion unit 42 which inserts a guard interval and the resulting signal is fed to a digital to analogue convertor 44 and then to an RF front end 46 before being transmitted by an antenna 48.

As with a conventional arrangement OFDM is arranged to generate symbols in the frequency domain in which data symbols to be transmitted are mapped onto sub carriers which are then converted into the time domain using an inverse Fourier Transform which may comprise part of the OFDM modulator 38. Thus the data to be transmitted is formed in the frequency domain and transmitted in the time domain. As shown in Figure 3 each time domain symbol is generated with a useful part of duration Tu seconds and a guard interval of duration Tg seconds. The guard interval is generated by copying a part of the useful part of the symbol with duration Tg in the time domain, where the copied part may be from an end portion of the symbol. By correlating the useful part of the time domain symbol with the guard interval, a receiver can be arranged to detect the start of the useful part of the OFDM symbol which can be used to trigger a Fast Fourier Transform to convert the time domain symbol samples into the frequency domain from which the transmitted data can then be recovered. Such a receiver is shown in Figure 4.

In Figure 4 a receiver antenna 50 is arranged to detect an RF signal which is passed via a tuner 52 and converted into a digital signal using an analogue to digital converter 54 before the guard interval is removed by a guard interval removal unit 56. After detecting the optimum position for performing a fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to convert the time domain samples into the frequency domain, an FFT unit 58 transforms the time domain samples to form the frequency domain samples which are fed to a channel estimation and correction unit 60. The channel estimation and correction unit 60 estimates the transmission channel used for equalisation for example by using pilot sub-carriers which have been embedded into the OFDM symbols. After excluding the pilot sub-carriers, all the data-bearing sub-carriers are fed to a de-interleaver 64 which de-interleaves the sub-carrier symbols. A de-mapper unit 62 then extracts the data bits from the sub-carriers of the OFDM symbol. The data bits are fed to a bit de-interleaver 66, which performs the de-interleaving so that the error correction decoder can correct errors in accordance with a conventional operation. Framing Structure with Preamble

Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of the framing structure for carrying payload data in one or more physical layer pipes that may be transmitted and received in the systems described with reference to Figures 1 to 4. Figure 5 illustrates in a first part that a frequency band allocated for the transmission of the payload data is divided into a plurality of time frames 100, 102, 106, 108, 110, 112. Each of the frames is then divided into a plurality of sub-frames 120, 122, 124. Also as shown in Figure 5, each frame begins with a bootstrap signal 130 followed by a preamble signal 132. As will be explained below, the bootstrap signal may comprise one or more OFDM symbols, and the preamble may also comprise one or more OFDM symbols. Each frame includes a plurality of different physical layer sub- frames, 120, 122, 124 some for example, targeted for mobile reception whilst others are targeted for fixed roof-top antenna reception.

The framing structure shown in Figure 5 is therefore characterised by sub-frames which may each include payload data modulated and encoded using different parameters. This may include for example using different OFDM symbol types having different number of sub-carriers per symbol, which may be modulated using different modulation schemes, because different sub-frames may be provided for different types of receivers. In one example a frame proposed for an ATSC system which can have duration as long as 5 seconds. The frame may be comprised of:

1. A bootstrap composed of many short OFDM symbols carrying the basic system access signalling in a very robust way. One of the parameters signalled in the bootstrap is the waveform structure of the preamble.

2. A preamble which is comprised of one or more OFDM symbols and carries the physical layer (Layer 1) signalling that comprises frame structure parameters and payload access parameters for all the sub-frames of the frame.

3. The frame is comprised of one or a signalled number of sub-frames which carry the payload that comprises the services partitioned into PLPs. Each sub-frame is comprised of a signalled number of OFDM symbols of a particular FFT size.

However, FFT sizes can differ between sub-frames.

Bootstrap Signal

As explained in [1], the bootstrap signal provides a universal entry point into an ATSC way form. The bootstrap signal is supposed to have a fixed configuration in that the sampling rate, the signal bandwidth, the sub carrier spacing and time domain structure are fixed within the signal and therefore will be known a priori at the receivers. The bootstrap signal may comprise for example four or more OFDM symbols beginning with a

synchronisation symbol positioned at the start of each frame to enable service discovery, coarse time synchronisation, frequency offset estimation and initial channel estimation at the receiver. The remaining other bootstrap OFDM symbols contain sufficient control signalling to provide communications parameters to allow the received signal to be decoded for the remaining part of the frame. Thus the bootstrap signal carries signalling information to enable a receiver to discover the parameters with which the LI signalling data have been communicated in the preamble signal, which can then be used to detect the communications parameters with which the data-bearing frames have been configured so that a receiver can detect and recover the payload data. More details of an example form of a bootstrap signal can be found in [1] the content of which are incorporated herein be reference.

Preamble Structure

As the preamble occurs only once in a frame, it follows that in a frame with sub- frames of different FFT sizes, the first sub-frame should use the smallest FFT size that occurs in the frame. This is so that if the lowest FFT sub-frame is for mobile services, then mobile receivers have to be able to decode the preamble under mobile conditions.

The preamble can be comprised of one or more OFDM symbols of the same FFT size as that used for the payload symbols of the first sub-frame of the frame. The number of OFDM symbols in the preamble of a given frame can be calculated from the length of the signalling and its modulation and coding parameters. How this can be done will be described below. The guard interval duration used for all the preamble symbols shall be the same and must be greater or equal to the guard interval of the payload symbols of the first sub-frame. Indeed, all guard interval durations for all preamble, sub-frame start or closing and payload symbols that share a single RF channel are expected to be substantially the same as the duration is chosen by the broadcaster based on how far apart the transmitters are spaced in the network in which that RF channel is broadcast. In order to reduce the susceptibility of the signalling carried in the preamble symbols to deep fades, the QAM cells that result from the modulation of the signalling information it carries are interleaved across all the preamble OFDM symbols.

The number of OFDM symbols Np to be used for the preamble is decided as follows: NP = ceil(N _L N _D )

Where Nu is the number of QAM cells to be used for the LI signalling and No is the number of data carriers per preamble OFDM symbol. Subsequent sections show how to calculate Nu- In one embodiment, only the first preamble symbol has the minimum number of useful sub-carriers possible for its FFT size and there is signalling for the useful number of sub-carriers for the other preamble symbols. Yet in another embodiment, all the preamble symbols modulate only the minimum number of useful sub-carriers possible for their FFT size.

If signalling does not fill all the available data capacity of the preamble symbols, pay load cells from the first sub-frame can be carried in the remaining cells of the preamble.

Sub-frame Structure: Overview

As shown in Figure 6, according to the present technique a transmitter is configured to transmit the pay load data in each frame in accordance with a plurality of sub frames. The sub frames may be themselves separated by a start symbol and closing symbol. In one example sub frame starting and sub frame closing symbols are provided which may comprise OFDM symbols with scattered pilot carrier spacing as for a preamble symbol in which all of the scattered pilots phases of a predetermined pattern are included within the same OFDM symbol. Furthermore, each of the starting and closing framing symbols include energy balancing cells which are not loaded or modulated with QAM cells but are set to zero. This is to provide a balancing of the average power because the preamble and sub-frame start and closing symbols have more pilots than pay load symbols of the sub frames. Since each of the pilot bearing subcarriers has a boosted power, setting some of the subcarriers of the sub frame starting and closing symbols to zero produces a balancing of the energy transmitted within the OFDM symbol so that these have the same average power as payload symbols of the subframe. Sub frame starting and closing symbols may be included when the FFT size or the pilot pattern changes between a preceding and a following sub frame. The last preamble symbol acts as the subframe start symbol for the first subframe.

As shown from the sub frame structure in Figure 6, the frame is preceded by a bootstrap signal followed by a preamble signal. According to the present technique the preamble signal forms a start of each frame and comprises one or more OFDM symbols carrying layer one signalling data which is used to detect and to recover the payload data from the sub frame following. A first of the one or more OFDM symbols carrying the fixed length LI signalling data of a predetermined size indicates communications parameters for detecting the rest of the LI signalling data carried in the remaining of the one or more OFDM symbols of the preamble. The bootstrap signal 130 comprises one or more OFDM symbols carrying an indication of the communications parameters for detecting the fixed length LI signalling data carried by the first of the OFDM symbol of the preamble signal.

In one example, a number of the OFDM symbols of the preamble may be variable, the number being indicated by the fixed length LI signalling data of the first of the one or more OFDM symbols of the preamble or calculated from the length of the LI signalling data. This length is signalled in the fixed length LI sigannling.

In one example the fixed length LI signalling data part may be carried in a first part of a first OFDM symbol and a number used subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol may be predetermined whilst the FFT size of the first OFDM symbol of the preamble is indicated by the bootstrap signal. The number of used subcarriers of the OFDM symbols of the preamble other than the first OFDM symbol of the preamble may be variable in one example, the number of subcarriers being indicated in the fixed length LI signalling data of the first of the OFDM symbol of the preamble.

In accordance with the present technique, each of the sub frames may carry payload data in OFDM symbols having a different number of subcarriers and therefore being generated by a different FFT size. For example, one sub frame may have 8k subcarriers where another of the subframes may use OFDM symbols with 32k subcarriers. According to the present technique the OFDM symbols of the preamble may have the same number of subcarriers as the OFDM symbols of the first sub frame. For example if the sub frame with the smallest number of subcarriers is 8k, and the frame has more than one subframe, then the sub frame with 8k FFT size shall be arranged to be the first subframe and accordingly, the preamble symbols shall use 8k FFT which is the same as the FFT size of the first subframe.

Therefore according to the present technique each sub-frame may start with a sub- frame start symbol (SFSS) and terminate with a sub-frame closing symbol (SFCS). SFSS and SFCS have the same FFT size as all the other payload symbols in the sub-frame concerned but have a denser boundary symbol pilot distribution. Boundary symbol pilots are spaced in frequency by the Dx sub-carriers of the corresponding scattered pilot pattern (SPP) used for the payload symbols of the sub-frame. The use of SFSS and SFCS is governed by the following rules:

1. Sub-frames using a different FFT size or SPP to the preceding sub-frame would start with a SFSS whose boundary symbol pilots Dx is same as that of the SPP used in the sub-frame.

2. Sub-frames using a different FFT size or SPP than the following sub-frame would terminate with a SFCS whose boundary symbol pilots Dx is the same as that of the SPP used in the sub-frame.

3. The last preamble symbol is used as the SFSS for the first sub-frame of the frame.

4. The last symbol of the last sub-frame of a frame is a SFCS.

Bootstrap Preamble Signalling: Overview

The waveform structure of the preamble is signalled using a preamble _structure field of the bootstrap signalling. This field is used to signal the following:

• The FFT size of the preamble symbols

• The Guard interval of the preamble symbols

• The modulation and coding parameters used to carry signalling on the preamble Once the bootstrap is decoded, these parameters of the preamble are therefore known.

Preamble Signalling Paradigm

The preamble carries the physical layer or LI signalling. This signalling can be split into two categories:

1.1 Frame structure signalling

This category describes the structure of the frame and comprises such parameters as:

• Early Alert Active information

• The number of sub-frames in the frame

• For each sub-frame

o Number of OFDM symbols in sub-frame

o FFT size, GI, Pilots pattern, PAPR, use of MIMO

o Number of useful sub-carriers per OFDM symbol

o Frequency interleaver active flag

• Etc This category of signalling has a fixed length.

1.2 Payload Access signalling

The payload access signalling describes how the payload which is partitioned into PLPs is carried in the sub-frames and also the modulation, coding and interleaving parameters of each PLP. This category of signalling tends to have variable length that depends on the number and types of PLPs.

1.3 How the preamble carries signalling

The signalling is divided into two categories as described above with the first category designated as Ll-fixed and the second as Ll-variable. Ll-fixed has a fixed and known number of bits BUF and is coded separately using the modulation MUF (which is the number of bits per QAM symbol) and coding R _L1 F (which is the rate of the code used) parameters signalled in bootstrap.

The number of OFDM cells occupied by the Ll-fixed signalling in the preamble is therefore: NUF = BUF * (1 + RLIF)/M _L1 F

The receiver should be able to work this out as well - then extract and decode the cells to get the information carried in the Ll-fixed signalling.

As the number of bits in the Ll-variable signalling is variable, this has to be signalled in the Ll-fixed. Further, as the number of preamble symbols over which the QAM cells that result from the modulation of the signalling information are interleaved depends on the number of Ll-variable cells, Ll-fixed cells cannot be interleaved across multiple preamble symbols. Thus Ll-fixed cells are all carried in the first preamble symbol which nevertheless frequency interleaved. Figure 2 illustrates how the cells that result from QAM-mapped bits from the separately coded Ll-fixed and Ll-variable signalling information are carried in the preamble Np symbols for a case when Np = 3. The arrows show the interleaving of cells between the preamble symbols.

Figure 7 provides a schematic block diagram of the loading of LI signalling cells in preamble OFDM symbols. For example, showing in Figure 7 there are three OFDM symbols which are used to carry the LI signalling data. As shown in Figure 7, a first of the OFDM symbols 700 includes a first section 702 which is reserved and is therefore of a fixed length for carrying a first fixed length LI signalling data. A remaining part 704 of the first OFDM symbol 700 is allocated to carry layer 1 (LI) signalling data which is provided for carrying a varying amount of LI signalling. The varying LI signalling capacity occupies the remaining two other OFDM symbols 706, 708. Each part of the remaining two OFDM symbols 706, 708 carries varying capacity LI signalling data in a section 710. Any remaining capacity is allocated for the transmission of payload data in a section 712. As shown by arrows 720, the data cells of the LI signalling data of the varying capacity 704, 710 are for each of the OFDM symbols 700, 706, 708 interleaved in time. However all of the cells of the OFDM symbols of the preamble are frequency interleaved by the frequency interleaver 34 shown in Figure 2.

In one example embodiment the modulator may be configured with the frame builder to generate for each sub frame one or more OFDM symbols carrying the payload data and each of the one or more OFDM symbols of the sub frame includes pilot subcarriers according to a scattered and continuous predetermined pattern. The scattered pilot subcarriers are transmitted in each OFDM symbol of the sub frame with the affect that the location of each of the scattered pilot subcarriers changes from one symbol to the next. Furthermore, the location of the pilot subcarriers changes by a factor Dx from one OFDM symbol to another. Further, according to the present technique the one or more OFDM symbols of the preamble symbol each include in the pilot subcarrier symbols all of the scattered and continuous subcarrier locations which are otherwise present in a plurality of OFDM symbols of the sub frame. Such an arrangement is illustrated in Figures 8a and 8b. As shown in Figure 8a, six OFDM symbols 800 are shown comprising in this example 17 subcarriers. As shown by the subcarriers marked with a cross 802 selected subcarriers 802 are arranged to carry pilot symbols. A location of the pilot symbols is scattered in the sense that from one symbol to the next, the location is based by a factor Dx and over a cycle of 6 OFDM symbols 800 a displacement of the subcarrier location of the pilot symbol is moved until the cycle repeats for the next set of 6 OFDM symbols. Accordingly, a displacement between the same subcarrier location carrying the pilot symbols is Dy=6 OFDM symbols. In contrast as shown in Figure 8b, the scattered pilot symbols are shown for all of the possible locations where a subcarrier carries a pilot symbol for the OFDM symbols shown in Figure 8a.

Various further aspects and features of the present technique are defined in the appended claims and various combinations of the features of the dependent claims may be made with those of the independent claims other than the specific combinations recited for the claim dependency. Modifications may also be made to the embodiments hereinbefore described without departing from the scope of the present technique. For instance, processing elements of embodiments may be implemented in hardware, software, and logical or analogue circuitry. Furthermore, although a feature may appear to be described in connection with particular embodiments, one skilled in the art would recognise that various features of the described embodiments may be combined in accordance with the present technique.

[1] ATSC Candidate Standard: System Discovery and Signaling (Doc. A/321 Part 1), Document S32-231r4, 6 May 2015

[2] EN 302 755 VI.3.1, Frame structure channel coding and modulation for a second generation digital terrestrial television broadcasting system (DVB-T2), April 2012