FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The various embodiments of the present invention relates to products for and methods of treating inflammatory conditions, such as allergic conditions, in particular asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic ocular disease, atopic dermatitis, food allergies and allergic inflammation. Companion diagnostics are also described.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system. Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid. Allergy is a type I (or immediate) hypersensitivity and may be characterized by excessive activation of certain white blood cells, resulting in an extreme inflammatory response. Common allergic reactions include eczema, hives, hay fever, asthma attacks, food allergies, and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees.

Mild allergies, such as hay fever, are highly prevalent in the human population. Allergies can play a major role in a range of conditions such as asthma.

A variety of tests now exist to diagnose allergic conditions; these include testing the skin for responses to known allergens or analyzing the blood for the presence and levels of allergen- specific IgE. Treatments for allergies include allergen avoidance, use of anti-histamines, steroids or other oral medications, immunotherapy to desensitize the response to allergen, and targeted therapy.

Allergic inflammation is an important pathophysiological feature of several medical conditions including allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and several ocular allergic diseases. Allergic reactions may generally be divided into two components; the early phase reaction, and the late phase reaction. While the contribution to the development of symptoms from each of the phases varies greatly between diseases, both are usually present and provide a framework for understanding allergic disease.

The early phase of the allergic reaction typically occurs within minutes following allergen exposure and may be referred to as the immediate allergic reaction or as a Type I allergic reaction. The reaction is caused by the release of histamine and mast cell granule proteins by a process called degranulation, as well as the production of leukotrienes, prostaglandins and cytokines, by mast cells following the cross-linking of allergen specific IgE molecules bound to mast cell FcsRI receptors. These mediators affect nerve cells causing itching, smooth muscle cells causing contraction (leading to the airway narrowing seen in allergic asthma), goblet cells causing mucus production, and endothelial cells causing vasodilatation and edema. The products of the early phase reaction include chemokines and molecules that act on endothelial cells and cause them to express intercellular adhesion molecules (such as vascular cell adhesion molecule and selectins), which together result in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes from the blood into the site of the allergic reaction. Typically, the infiltrating cells observed in allergic reactions contain a high proportion of lymphocytes, and especially, of eosinophils. The recruited eosinophils will degranulate releasing a number of cytotoxic molecules (including Major Basic Protein and eosinophil peroxidase) as well as produce a number of cytokines such as IL-5. The recruited T-cells are typically of the Th2 variety and the cytokines they produce lead to further recruitment of mast cells and eosinophils as well as plasma cell isotype switching to IgE. The IgE binds to the mast cell FcsRI receptors and primes the individual for further allergic responses.

Apheresis is a treatment used for depletion of blood components, such as antibodies, low- density lipoproteins (LDL) and blood cells. Leukapheresis is the apheresis treatment used for removal of white blood cells, leukocytes. The patient is connected to an extracorporeal blood circulating system; the blood is drawn from a vein in one arm, passed through a column device and returned into the other arm of the patient. WO2010/029317 describes apheresis columns useful for treating inflammatory conditions including a chemokine immobilised on a solid support.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Chemokines are a class of cytokine molecules involved in cell recruitment and activation in inflammation. Chemokines cause chemotaxis and activation of various subpopulations of cells in the immune system. The activity of chemokines is mediated primarily through tight binding to their receptors on the surface of leukocytes. In certain embodiments the present invention is based on the realisation that the interaction between chemokines and cells expressing their receptors may be exploited for the treatment of specific inflammatory conditions associated with allergies. In particular, various allergic conditions, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic ocular disease, atopic dermatitis, food allergies and allergic inflammation may include an inflammatory component. Allergies may arise in response to a range of allergens originating from a variety of sources, such as plants/pollen (e.g. trees such as birch, grass etc) and animals (e.g. pets such as cats and dogs etc). The inventors have determined that targeting increased recruitment of specific chemokine receptor-expressing cells to the site of inflammation presents a new therapeutic approach to treat such conditions. Moreover, in such conditions, chemokine receptor expression on each cell may be increased again providing a therapeutic approach to treat such conditions. It is shown herein that subjects or patients suffering from allergies displayed increased frequency of CCR3 expressing monocytes. It is further shown herein that subjects suffering from allergic conditions contain chemokine receptor expressing cells in the peripheral blood. Subjects suffering from allergic conditions contain CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing neutrophils, CCR2 expressing monocytes and CCR3 expressing eosinophils. The expression of these receptors is not always necessary increased in allergic patients; however, the cells expressing the relevant receptors are increased in number in the inflammatory tract of patients with allergic disease. Moreover, the cells are potentially different in their pro-inflammatory profile with regards to other mediators. Therefore it may be beneficial for the subjects/patients to remove these cells from the circulation in order to prevent and reduce the influx of cells to the inflammatory tract. It is also shown herein that a potentially therapeutic proportion of the relevant chemokine receptor expressing cells can be removed using a suitable binding reagent. Thus, CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing cells may be depleted from peripheral blood using IL-8 as binding reagent, in particular biotinylated IL-8 conjugated to a sepharose straptvidin matrix. CCR2 expressing cells may be depleted from peripheral blood using MCP-1 (CCL2) as binding reagent, in particular biotinylated MCP-1 conjugated to a sepharose straptvidin matrix. CCR3 expressing cells may be depleted from peripheral blood using eotaxin (CCL1 1 ) as binding reagent, in particular biotinylated eotaxin conjugated to a sepharose straptvidin matrix.

Thus, in certain embodiments the invention serves to reduce the recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes, which express characteristic chemokine receptors, and possibly express characteristic chemokine receptors at increased levels, to sites of inflammation linked to allergic disorders such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic ocular disease, atopic dermatitis, food allergies and allergic inflammation. This is achieved using specific binding reagents to capture specific chemokine receptor-expressing (inflammatory) leukocytes from the patient. Accordingly, in certain embodiments the invention provides in a first aspect a method for treating an allergic condition comprising applying peripheral blood from a patient to an apheresis column loaded with a solid support comprising one or more binding reagents capable of specifically binding to a chemokine receptor, in particular one or more of the chemokine receptors CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2, immobilized directly or indirectly on the support thus removing chemokine receptor, in particular CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2, expressing cells from the peripheral blood of the patient. The peripheral blood from which the chemokine receptor expressing cells have been removed may then be returned to the patient in order to complete the treatment. The invention may thus rely on a continuous extracorporeal circuit in some embodiments. Alternatively, the invention may comprise steps of obtaining peripheral blood from the patient, applying the peripheral blood to the column and subsequently returning the peripheral blood from which the chemokine receptor expressing cells have been removed to the patient.

As shown herein, suitable binding reagents can be immobilized onto a solid support, either directly or indirectly, to generate an apheresis column suitable for capturing relevant chemokine receptor-expressing cells. Where increased levels of chemokine receptor expression are observed, such cells may be preferably removed from the peripheral blood using the columns of the various embodiments of the invention. Thus, the methods of the various embodiments of the invention may preferably target CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hl cells as defined herein for removal from the peripheral blood. "High" expression may be determined according to standard flow cytometry techniques. The level is measured relative to levels of expression of the chemokine receptor in cells taken from a healthy subject. The attached Figure 9 provides an example of a gating strategy. Herein, reference to CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 is intended to encompass selection of any one or more, up to all, of the chemokine receptors listed. In addition, the combination of CCR3, CXCR1 and/or CXCR2 is explicitly contemplated as a separate grouping, to include any one or more of CCR3, CXCR1 and/or CXCR2.

In other embodiments the invention further provides a binding reagent capable of specifically binding to a chemokine receptor, in particular to a chemokine receptor/the chemokine receptor CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2, for use in the treatment of an allergic condition, wherein the binding reagent is immobilized, directly or indirectly, on a solid support contained within an apheresis column, to which is applied peripheral blood from a patient thus removing chemokine receptor/CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells from the peripheral blood of the patient. In certain embodiments the invention also provides for use of a binding reagent capable of specifically binding to a chemokine receptor/the chemokine receptor CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 for use in the manufacture of an apheresis column for treatment of an allergic condition, wherein the binding reagent is immobilized on a solid support contained within the apheresis column, to which is applied peripheral blood from a patient thus removing chemokine receptor/CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells from the peripheral blood of the patient.

All embodiments described in respect of the methods of treatment of the various

embodiments of the invention apply to these aspects mutatis mutandis and are not repeated for reasons of conciseness. Thus, the following discussion made with reference to the methods of treatment is also applicable to the medical use aspects of the various

embodiments of the invention.

In certain embodiments the invention aims to treat a range of specific allergic conditions. Inflammation is an important component of allergic conditions and may involve eosinophilia causing tissue damage. The invention aims to address the inflammatory component of allergic conditions, specifically eosinophilia in some embodiments. Any relevant condition including an inflammatory component may be treated according to the methods of the invention. Specific conditions including an inflammatory component may be selected from asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic ocular disease, atopic dermatitis, food allergies and allergic inflammation.

By "treatment" is meant a reduction in the specific chemokine receptor expressing cells in the peripheral blood of the patient. The reduction may comprise a reduction in cells that express chemokine receptors, in particular CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2, at increased levels in diseased patients. The patient is typically a human patient but the term patient may include both human and non-human animal subjects in some embodiments. In the context of the various embodiments of the present invention, this typically involves a reduction in CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, such as "CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi "expressing cells, in the peripheral blood of the patient. The CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells comprise, consist essentially of or consist of eosinophils, lymphocytes, in particular T lymphocytes, basophils, mast cells and neutrophils in certain embodiments. In specific embodiments, the cells removed in order to treat allergic conditions comprise eosinophils, in particular CCR3 expressing eosinophils/granulocytes. In other embodiments, the cells removed in order to treat allergic conditions comprise neutrophils, in particular CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing neutrophils. In other embodiments, the cells removed in order to treat allergic conditions comprise monocytes, in particular CCR2 expressing monocytes. Monocytes are antigen presenting cells that upon entering a site of inflammation produce cytokines and chemokines to recruit further inflammatory cells, and drive a Th2 activation of T lymphocytes. Th2 T cells provide help for B cells to switch towards IgE production. IgE recognizes the allergen. Eotaxin is a chemokine known to attract eosinophils and monocytes, cells that express CCR3. Therefore CCR3 targeting by Eotaxin may permit removal of monocytes and eosinophils cells that potentiate the allergic disorders. The claimed methods may, in particular, target eosinophils. Eosinophilia is an important component of allergic conditions and may be defined as the presence of more than 500 eosinophils/microlitre of blood. Thus, reducing numbers of circulating eosinophils represents an important therapeutic approach. Eosinophils, or eosinophil granulocytes, are white blood cells and represent an important immune system component. Along with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during haematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating into blood.

The name "eosinophil" derives from the eosinophilic "acid-loving" properties of the cell. Normally transparent, it is this affinity that causes them to appear brick-red after staining with eosin, a red dye, using the Romanowsky method. The staining is concentrated in small granules within the cellular cytoplasm, which contain many chemical mediators, such as histamines and proteins such as eosinophil peroxidase, ribonuclease (RNase),

deoxyribonucleases, lipase, plasminogen, and major basic protein. These mediators are released by a process called degranulation following activation of the eosinophil, and are toxic to both parasite and host tissues.

Eosinophils develop and mature in bone marrow. They differentiate from myeloid precursor cells in response to the cytokines interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 5 (IL-5), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Eosinophils produce and store many secondary granule proteins prior to their exit from the bone marrow. After maturation, eosinophils circulate in blood and migrate to inflammatory sites in tissues in response to chemokines such as CCL1 1 (eotaxin-1 ), CCL24 (eotaxin-2), CCL5 (RANTES) and MCP1/4. Eosinophils may be activated by Type 2 cytokines released from a specific subset of helper T cells (Th2); IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-3 are important for eosinophil activation as well as maturation. CD44 and CD69 have been shown to represent different types of cell-surface activation markers for human eosinophils. CD69 is absent from "fresh" eosinophils but expressed following activation (using cytokines). CD44 on the other hand is constitutively expressed but expression is significantly up-regulated in response to activation (Matsumoto et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., Volume 18, Number 6, June, 1998 860-866). Cell specific markers for eosinophils include CD9 and CDw125.

The three major types of lymphocyte are T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The term "T- lymphocyte" includes CD4 ⁺ T cells such as T helper cells (Th1 cells and Th2 cells), and CD8 ⁺ T cells such as cytotoxic T cells. Th1 cells may be characterized by expression of CCR5 and production of IFN-γ. Th2 cells may be characterized by expression of CCR3, CXCR1 and/or CXCR2 and production of IL-4. Basophils may also be known as basophil granulocyte. In contrast to eosinophils, these leukocytes are basophilic, i.e., they are susceptible to staining by basic dyes. Basophils contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope. However, when unstained, the nucleus is visible and it usually has 2 lobes. Basophils store histamine, which is secreted by the cells upon stimulation.

Basophils have protein receptors on their cell surface that bind IgE, an immunoglobulin involved in macroparasite defense and allergy. It is the bound IgE antibody that confers a selective response of these cells to environmental substances, for example, pollen proteins or helminth antigens. Recent studies in mice suggest that basophils may also regulate the behavior of T cells and mediate the magnitude of the secondary immune response.

Basophils may display an immunophenotype based upon expression (or lack thereof, indicated as "+" or "-" respectively of one or more of the following markers: FcsRI+, CD123, CD49b(DX-5)+, CD69+, Thy-1 .2+, 2B4+, CD1 1 bdull, CD1 17(c-kit)-, CD24-, CD1 9-, CD80-, CD14-, CD23-, Ly49c- CD122-, CD1 1 C-, Gr-1 - NK1 .1 -, B220-, CD3-, Y5TCR-, a TCR- , a4 and 34-integrin negative.

When activated, basophils degranulate to release histamine, proteoglycans (e.g. heparin and chondroitin), and proteolytic enzymes (e.g. elastase and lysophospholipase). They also secrete lipid mediators like leukotrienes, and several cytokines. Histamine and proteoglycans are pre-stored in the cell's granules while the other secreted substances are newly generated. Each of these substances contributes to inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that basophils are an important source of the cytokine, interleukin-4, perhaps more important than T cells. Interleukin-4 is considered one of the critical cytokines in the development of allergies and the production of IgE antibody by the immune system. There are other substances that can activate basophils to secrete which suggests that these cells have other roles in inflammation.

Neutrophils, also known as neutrophil granulocytes, may be subdivided into segmented neutrophils (or segs) and banded neutrophils (or bands). Neutrophils form part of the polymorphonuclear cell family (PMNs) together with basophils and eosinophils. Neutrophils staining a neutral pink on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological or cytological preparations. Normally neutrophils contain a nucleus divided into 2-5 lobes. Neutrophils are one of the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. Neutrophil granulocytes have an average diameter of 12-15 micrometers (μιη) in peripheral blood smears. When analyzing a pure neutrophil suspension on an automated cell counter, neutrophils have an average diameter of 8-9 Mm.

In addition to recruiting and activating other cells of the immune system, neutrophils play a key role in the front-line defence against invading pathogens. Neutrophils have three strategies for directly attacking micro-organisms: phagocytosis (ingestion), release of soluble anti-microbials (including granule proteins) and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Kinhult et al., (Clin Exp Allergy. 2003 Aug;33(8):1 141 -6) investigated the expression of surface activation markers on neutrophils, reflecting activation during their recruitment to the nose, and to see whether the inflammatory process during allergic rhinitis influences this process. A marked increase in the expression of CD1 1 b, CD66b and CD63 on the neutrophil cell surface was noticed following migration from the bloodstream to the surface of the nasal mucosa. The expression of the CDb1 1 b was reduced on neutrophils remaining in the circulation. In addition, the level of L-selectin was reduced on neutrophils derived from the blood during allergic inflammation. Cell specific markers for neutrophils include CD15 and CD16 in combination. CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressed on these aforementioned cells binds to chemokines such as eotaxin. Eotaxin is a major chemoattractant for eosinophils, lymphocytes, in particular T lymphocytes, basophils and neutrophils by means of their binding to its specific cell-surface receptor, CC-chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3). CCR3 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3. The HGNC ID for this gene is 1604. The gene is located at chromosome position 3p21 .3. The previous symbol and name for the gene is CMKBR3. Synonyms for this gene include CC-CKR-3, CD193 and CKR3. The Genbank reference sequence for CCR3 is AF247361 .1 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CCR2 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2. The HGNC ID for this gene is 1603. The gene is located at chromosome position 3p21 . The previous symbol and name CMKBR2. Synonyms for this gene include CC-CKR-2, CD192, CKR2, FLJ78302, MCP-1 -R. The RefSeq reference sequence for CCR1 is NM 001 123041 .2, as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is

incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CXCR1 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1 . The HGNC ID for this gene is 6026. The gene is located at chromosome position 2q35. The previous symbol and name for the gene is CMKAR1 , IL8RA, "interleukin 8 receptor, alpha". Synonyms for this gene include CD181 , CDw128a, CKR-1 . The Genbank reference sequence for CXCR1 is U1 1870.1 , as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. CXCR2 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2. The HGNC ID for this gene is 6027. The gene is located at chromosome position 2q35. The previous symbol and name for the gene is IL8RB, "interleukin 8 receptor, beta". Synonyms for this gene include CD182, CMKAR2. The Genbank reference sequence for CXCR2 is U1 1869.1 , as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The various embodiments of the methods of the invention may involve specific binding interactions with any one or more of the further cell-surface markers, characteristic of the cell types targeted according to the invention, in addition to the removal based upon binding to CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2. Suitable binding reagents can be prepared to specifically bind to these cell-surface markers. The discussion of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 specific binding reagents thus applies mutatis mutandis.

Kim et al., (Respiratory Medicine (2010) 104, 1436-1443) show that asthma is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and Th1 response and that none atopic asthma (NAA) patients showed higher percentage eosinophils and Eotaxin levels than atopic asthma and healthy controls.

Treatment according to the various embodiments of the invention may result in alleviation or amelioration of symptoms, prevention of progression, regression of the condition, or complete recovery. Measurable parameters of successful treatment include one or more, up to all, of a reduction in allergic symptoms and an absence of eosinophilia and/or a measurable decrease in eosinophils. In specific embodiments, a single treatment is sufficient to cause a depletion of around 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 70%, or higher up to 80%, 90%, 95% or more„or any range of values between and including these amounts, of the specific chemokine receptor, in particular CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2, expressing cells from the peripheral blood of the patient.. In specific embodiments, at least around 50% depletion is achieved in a single treatment. Thus, successful treatment may be defined with reference to depletion of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells. Treatment may lead to depletion of between approximately 100 and 500 million CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, such as eosinophils, in certain embodiments and more particularly to about 100, 1 50, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 million CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells. In specific embodiments, the cells removed in order to treat allergic conditions comprise eosinophils, in particular CCR3 expressing

eosinophils/granulocytes. In other embodiments, the cells removed in order to treat allergic conditions comprise neutrophils, in particular CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing neutrophils. In other embodiments, the cells removed in order to treat allergic conditions comprise monocytes, in particular CCR2 expressing monocytes.

By binding to the column through the binding reagent-chemokine receptor interaction, chemokine receptor expressing cells are immobilized. These immobilized cells express further unoccupied chemokine receptors, which may be of the same or different type to those used for capture. These additional chemokine receptors may permit circulating chemokines which contribute to the inflammatory condition to be captured from the peripheral blood. Thus, a reduction in circulating (specific) chemokine levels may provide a measure of successful treatment.

The duration of treatment may be readily determined by one skilled in the art and will depend upon factors such as the flow rate of the peripheral blood. Duration of treatment may be tied into monitoring of the treatment itself, with the treatment considered complete once a measurable parameter of treatment has reached a defined threshold. Any suitable parameter may be employed as discussed herein. Thus, for example, treatment may be considered complete when a reduction in CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, such as a 50% reduction in CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, has been achieved. The apheresis system may be operated at a flow rate of around 10-80 mL/min, or more specifically between around 20-70 mL/min, or between around 30-60 mL/min. In specific embodiments, the treatment is performed for a period of around 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 1 10,120 etc., or any range of values between and including these amounts, minutes. The treatment is typically not aimed to remove all of the cells expressing the chemokine receptor in the peripheral blood, as a basal level of those cells is required in healthy subjects. However, it has been found that only low blood volumes need to be applied to the columns of the various embodiments of the invention in order to achieve effective levels of depletion of the chemokine receptor-expressing cells. Thus, in certain embodiments, around 10-80% or more specifically around 20, 30, 40 or 50%, or any range of values between and including these amounts, of the patient's blood is applied to the column in a single treatment. The volume of blood circulated through the apheresis column or system may be in the region of around 1000-3000ml, such as around 1 000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 or 2000ml or any range of values between and including these amounts. The treatment may be considered complete once this volume of blood has been circulated. The patient may be administered anticoagulants prior to each treatment session. A suitable solution, such as a sterile saline solution, optionally including an anticoagulant such as Heparin, may be used for priming the apheresis (extracorporeal) system. An additional volume of anticoagulant may be added to the circuit at the start of each treatment session, for example as a bolus injection. In certain embodiments the invention relies upon a binding reagent which is capable of specifically binding to a chemokine receptor. This specific binding reaction permits cells expressing the chemokine receptor to be removed from the peripheral blood of the patient when the blood is passed over the solid support upon or within which the binding reagent is immobilized. One specific chemokine receptor of interest is CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2. The binding reagent can be any binding reagent capable of specifically binding to the receptor in question. By "specific binding" is meant that the binding reagent has sufficient specificity of binding and appropriate binding affinity/kinetics to permit removal of cells expressing CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 from the peripheral blood. Whilst it is not precluded that the binding reagent is capable of binding to other molecules, such as other chemokine receptors, the binding reagent will preferentially bind to cells expressing CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and in particular to cells expressing increased levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (as defined further herein). The binding reagent capable of specifically binding to CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 may be either an agonist or an antagonist of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2. As the disease condition relies upon up- regulation of expression of or signaling via CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2, in certain embodiments the binding reagent capable of specifically binding to CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 is an antagonist of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2. Chemokines are typically, although not necessarily exclusively (particularly in the case of truncated or modified forms) agonists of their cognate receptor and serve to activate the cells expressing the relevant receptor, as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. Antibodies against the relevant chemokine receptor are generally considered to be antagonists, as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. Specific examples of binding reagents include proteins or polypeptides, such as antibodies and receptor ligands, in particular chemokines. The binding reagent may be a nucleic acid molecule in certain embodiments. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is an aptamer. Nucleic acid aptamers are polynucleotides of approximately 15-40 nucleotides long. Nucleic acid aptamers can be made using the SELEX process (systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) or any other process known to those of skill in the art.

In other embodiments, the binding reagent may be a peptide, and in certain instances, a peptide aptamer. Peptide aptamers are artificial recognition molecules that consist of a variable peptide sequence inserted into a constant scaffold protein (Baines IC, Colas P. Peptide aptamers as guides for small molecule drug discovery. Drug Discov Today.

2006;1 1 :334-341 , incorporated herein by reference). A number of methodologies, such as phage display, ribosome display and yeast two-hybrid screening systems are available for screening a library of potential peptide-based binding agents. Similarly protein scaffolds based on domains such as fibronectins, ankyrin repeats, protein A, SH3 domains, lipocalins and ubiquitin can be used as the binding agent. Again a number of technologies such as phage display and ribosome display are available for screening a library of protein - based binding agents. Similarly, libraries of candidate chemical compounds can be screened for specific binding to the relevant chemokine receptor using suitable screening techniques known in the art, which may be high throughput screens in certain embodiments. The candidate binding agent may be immobilized on a solid support and the ability of the agent to specifically retain cells expressing the chemokine receptor of interest or labelled chemokine receptors determined. A range of cell types may be applied to the solid supports to confirm specificity of binding, or alternatively a mixed sample (such as peripheral blood) may be applied to the solid support. Retention of the cell type of interest (expressing the appropriate chemokine receptor) can be confirmed to identify suitable binding agents. A range of CCR3 antagonists are undergoing clinical studies. One example is the CCR3 antagonist YM- 344031 , which inhibits eosinophil degranulation release from human eosinophils (Suzuki et al., European Journal of Pharmacology 563 (2007) 224-232). Another example is

GW766944, undergoing a phase II clinical trial for asthma.

In the context of the various embodiments of the present invention the term "chemokine" also comprises biotinylated or otherwise labelled chemokines. The term "chemokine" also comprises modified and truncated versions of the chemokine and chemokine fragments with the proviso that the modified or truncated form retains its ability to bind to its cognate receptor (and thus remains functional in the context of the various embodiments of the invention). The chemokine does not necessarily need to retain biological activity as it is specific binding affinity for CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 that is required. In certain embodiments, the chemokine lacks biological activity, for example in terms of activation of the (CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2) receptor. Modifications may be made to improve protein synthesis, for example uniformity of product and yield. As known to those skilled in the art, exemplary modifications may comprise amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions or other modifications to one or more amino acids in the chemokine. Modifications may comprise substitution of the wild type amino acid with non-natural amino acids such as norleucine (NLeu) and derivatized amino acids such as pyroglutamic acid (pyroGlu). Such modifications may be made to minimize side-product formation during storage and use of the columns of the various embodiments of the invention. Modifications may be made to improve labelling, for example inclusion of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer to facilitate biotinylation. The biotinylation and/or conjugation with fluorochromes or other labelling groups of the chemokine is performed in a manner which does not substantially affect the receptor binding capacity. Site specific biotinylation or other labelling is preferred as non-selective labelling of chemokines may compromise receptor binding activity. Bioinylation or other labelling is generally preferred at or towards the C-terminus of the protein as the inventors have found that modifications in this area are generally well tolerated (in terms of a minimal effect on receptor binding capability). Biotinylation may be carried out site-specifically at any suitable amino acid. Examples of suitable amino acids include lysine, diaminopropionic acid and ornithine. Generally, reference may be made to Natarajan S et al, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1992, 40, 567-74; Baumeister B, Int. J. Peptide Res. And Therapeutics, 2005, 1 1 , 139-141 ; Bioconjugate techniques 2 ^nd edition, Greg T. Hermanson, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Truncations may involve deletion of either N or C terminal amino acids as appropriate, or both. Typically, the truncated version will retain the residues required for the chemokine to fold correctly, for example to retain a chemokine fold structure, consistent with the requirement that a truncated version must retain the ability to bind to the relevant receptor (expressed by (on the surface of) a leukocyte). Chemokine molecules typically include disulphide bonds between the 1 ^st and 3 ^rd and 2 ^nd and 4 ^th cysteine residues respectively, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. Where sequences are presented herein, it is assumed that these disulphide bonds will form in the folded protein (unless otherwise stated). Truncated versions may comprise anywhere between 1 and 100 less amino acids, such as 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 etc amino acids, than the wild type amino acid sequence in certain embodiments. Of course, truncated versions may comprise further modification as detailed herein. The modified or truncated version may have 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more overall amino acid sequence identity with the full length wild type chemokine (where a deletion is counted as a difference in amino acid sequence) in certain embodiments. Over the common sequence between the molecules (i.e the amino acids that have not been deleted), there may be 80%, 85%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity in certain embodiments. Sequence identity may be determined using known algorithms, such as BLAST or GAP analysis (GCG

Program) (applying default settings), which are freely available. Chemokines may lack the N- terminal signal peptide which is cleaved off during synthesis in vivo.

Specific chemokines useful in the various embodiments of the present invention include Eotaxin (CCL1 1 ), eotaxin-2 (CCL24), eotaxin-3 (CCL26), RANTES (CCL25), MCP-1 (CCL2), MCP-2(CCL8), MCP-3(CCL7), MCP-4 (CCL13), MCP5(CCL12), Lkn-1 (CCL15), MEC (CCL28), CXCL1 (GROalpha), CXCL2 (GRObeta), CXCL3(GROgamma), CXCL5(ENA-78), CXCL6(GCP-2), CXCL7(NAP-2), CXCL8(ll-8). Eotaxin and eotaxin-2 may bind solely to the chemokine receptor CCR3 and so these chemokines may be preferred in some

embodiments. In some embodiments, MCP-1 (CCL2) binds CCR2 expressing cells, such as monocytes. In other embodiments, IL-8 binds CXCR1 and/or CXCR2 expressing cells, such as neutrophils. Each chemokine is able to bind to a chemokine receptor implicated in allergic conditions. More specifically, each of Eotaxin (CCL1 1 ), eotaxin-2 (CCL24), eotaxin-3 (CCL26), RANTES (CCL25), MCP-1 (CCL2), MCP-2(CCL8), MCP-3(CCL7), MCP-4 (CCL13), MCP5(CCL12), Lkn-1 (CCL15), MEC (CCL28), CXCL1 (GROalpha), CXCL2 (GRObeta), CXCL3(GROgamma), CXCL5(ENA-78), CXCL6(GCP-2), CXCL7(NAP-2), CXCL8(ll-8) may be useful for removing CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells from the blood of a patient. The chemokines described in greater detail herein (with reference to the relevant figures and amino acid sequences, as set forth in the SEQ ID NOs) may each be applied according to the various embodiments of the present invention. The modified and truncated chemokines described in greater detail herein (with reference to the relevant amino acid sequences, as set forth in the SEQ ID NOs and accompanying experimental examples) may each be applied according to the present invention. Such modified forms may instruct the skilled person regarding additional modified forms of the same and other chemokines which may be suitable for use in the invention. Chemokines show variable sequence homology varying from less than 20% to over 90% but all share very similar tertiary structures consisting of a disordered N-terminus, followed by a long loop (the N-loop) that ends in a 3 ₁₀ helix, a 3-stranded β-sheet and a C-terminal helix. The overlall topology is stabilsed by disulphide bonds. This common tertiary structure is a common feature of the chemokine protein family (Fernandez EJ annd Lolis E., Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 202, 42, 469-99; Allen SJ et al, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2007, 25, 787-820, incorporated herein by reference). Truncations within this N-terminal region can maintain binding to the receptor but can lead to a change or loss of function (for examples Zhang YJ et al, J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 15918, ; Gong J-H and Clark-Lewis I., J. Exp. Med., 1995, 181 , 631 -640; Fernandez EJ annd Lolis E., Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 202, 42, 469-99; Allen SJ et al, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2007, 25, 787-820, each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

Truncations at the C-terminus of the chemokine can also be made and maintain receptor binding activity (Treating Inflammatory Disorders, Ola Winqvist and Graham Cotton,

WO2010/029317, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In other embodiments, fragments and variants of chemokines are used in the devices and methods as disclosed herein. More particularly, such fragments and variants retain the ability to specifically bind to their cognate chemokine receptor. Chemokines are known by those skilled in the art to share specific receptor binding domains, including a similar monomeric fold, characterized, for example, by a disordered amino-terminal domain, followed by a conserved core region, consisting of the so called "N-loop," three anti-parallel β-strands, and a carboxyl-terminal a-helix. While not being bound by theory, it is believed that the chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction is a two-step mechanism, in which the core of the chemokine interacts first with a binding site formed by the extracellular domains of the receptor, while another interaction is formed between the chemokine N terminus and a second binding site on the receptor in order to trigger receptor activation. Thus, a "fragment," such as a functional fragment of a chemokine is intended to mean a portion of the amino acid sequence of the protein that retains binding for its cognate receptor. The fragment may include, for example, the monomeric fold region, or portions thereof such as the amino- terminal domain, the conserved core region and/or the "N-loop," the anti-parallel β-strands, and/or the carboxyl-terminal a-helix or combinations and portions thereof.

Further, it is recognized that a polypeptide can be considerably mutated without materially altering one or more of the polypeptide's functions, for example, without altering specific binding and/or the folding of the protein. The genetic code is well known to be degenerate, and thus different codons encode the same amino acids. Even where an amino acid substitution is introduced, the mutation can be conservative and have no material impact on the essential functions of a protein (see for example, Stryer, Biochemistry 4th Ed., W.

Freeman & Co., New York, NY, 1995). This includes, for example, the ability of the protein to bind and interact with other proteins, such as a truncated chemokine binding to its cognate receptor.

In some examples, part of a polypeptide chain can be deleted without impairing or eliminating all of its functions. For example, the deletion of between about 1 and about 20 amino acids on the C- and/or N-terminus, such as deletions of about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 1 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids at the C- and/or N-terminus, can result in a chemokine that retains function, such as specific binding of its cognate receptor. Such truncations can retain the full function of an entire protein, and/or can allow for retained functions such as protein-protein interactions as in the case of ligand-receptor interactions. Chemokines having deletions of a small number of amino acids, for example, less than about 20% (such as less than about 18%, less than about 1 5%, less than about 10%, less than about 8%, less than about 5%, less than about 2%, or less than about 1 %) of the total number of amino acids in the wild type chemokine can also be used in the methods and devices disclosed herein. Moreover, insertions or additions can be made in the polypeptide chain for example, adding epitope tags, without impairing or eliminating its functions (Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publ. Assoc. and Wiley-lntersciences, 1998). Other modifications that can be made without materially impairing one or more functions of a polypeptide include, for example, in vivo or in vitro chemical and biochemical modifications or the incorporation of unusual amino acids. In some examples, a functional fragment of a chemokine may consist of about 10 or more, about 25 or more, about 50 or more, about 75 or more, about 100 or more, about 125 or more, about 150, about 175 or more, or about more or 200 or more amino acid residues of a chemokine amino acid sequence.

In some examples, the chemokine or a functional fragment thereof has an amino acid that has at least about 60% or 65% sequence identity, about 70% or 75% sequence identity, about 80% or 85% sequence identity, about 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity over its full length as compared to a reference sequence, such as those detailed herein, for example using the NCBI Blast 2.0 gapped BLAST set to default parameters. Alignment may also be performed manually by inspection. One or more conservative amino acid modifications can also be made in the chemokine amino acid sequence, whether an addition, deletion or modification, that does not substantially alter the 3-dimensional structure of the polypeptide or its ability to bind to the cognate receptor. For example, a conservative amino acid substitution does not affect the ability of the chemokine to specifically bind its cognate receptor. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. The following six groups each contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another: 1 ) Alanine (A), Serine (S), Threonine (T); 2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E); 3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q) ; 4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K); 5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); and 6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W).

Peptides, such as chemokines and fragments thereof, can be modified by a variety of chemical techniques to produce derivatives having essentially the same activity or function— such as binding to a cognate receptor— as the unmodified peptides, and optionally having other desirable properties. For example, carboxylic acid groups of the protein, whether carboxyl-terminal or side chain, may be provided in the form of a salt of a pharmaceutically- acceptable cation or esterified to form a C1 -C16 ester, or converted to an amide of formula NR1 R2 wherein R1 and R2 are each independently H or C1 -C1 6 alkyl, or combined to form a heterocyclic ring, such as a 5- or 6- membered ring. Amino groups of the peptide, whether amino-terminal or side chain, may be in the form of a pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salt, such as the HCI, HBr, acetic, benzoic, toluene sulfonic, maleic, tartaric and other organic salts, or may be modified to C1 -C16 alkyl or dialkyl amino or further converted to an amide.

Hydroxyl groups of the peptide side chains can be converted to C1 -C16 alkoxy or to a C1 - C16 ester using well-recognized techniques. Phenyl and phenolic rings of the peptide side chains can be substituted with one or more halogen atoms, such as F, CI, Br or I, or with C1 - C16 alkyl, C1 -C16 alkoxy, carboxylic acids and esters thereof, or amides of such carboxylic acids. Methylene groups of the peptide side chains can be extended to homologous C2-C4 alkylenes. Thiols can be protected with any one of a number of well-recognized protecting groups, such as acetamide groups. Those skilled in the art will also recognize methods for introducing cyclic structures into the peptides of this disclosure to select and provide conformational constraints to the structure that result in enhanced stability. For example, a C- or N-terminal cysteine can be added to the peptide, so that when oxidized the peptide will contain a disulfide bond, generating a cyclic peptide. Other peptide cyclizing methods include the formation of thioethers and carboxyl- and amino-terminal amides and esters.

Peptidomimetic and organomimetic embodiments are also within the scope of the present disclosure, whereby the three-dimensional arrangement of the chemical constituents of such peptido- and organomimetics mimic the three-dimensional arrangement of the peptide backbone and component amino acid side chains, resulting in such peptido- and

organomimetics of the proteins of this disclosure. For computer modeling applications, a pharmacophore is an idealized, three-dimensional definition of the structural requirements for biological activity. Peptido- and organomimetics can be designed to fit each pharmacophore with current computer modeling software (using computer assisted drug design or CADD). See Walters, "Computer-Assisted Modeling of Drugs", in Klegerman & Groves, eds., 1993, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Interpharm Press: Buffalo Grove, IL, pp. 1 65 174 and Principles of Pharmacology Munson (ed.) 1 995, Ch. 1 02, for descriptions of techniques used in CADD. Also included within the scope of the disclosure are mimetics prepared using such techniques.

Amino acids in a peptide, polypeptide, or protein generally are chemically bound together via amide linkages (CONH). Additionally, amino acids may be bound together by other chemical bonds. For example, linkages for amino acids or amino acid analogs can include CH2NH-, - CH2S-, -CH2-CH2 -, -CH=CH- (cis and trans), -COCH2 --, -CH(OH)CH2-, and -CHH2SO- (These and others can be found in Spatola, in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, B. Weinstein, eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 267 (1983); Spatola, A. F., Vega Data (March 1983), Vol. 1 , Issue 3, Peptide Backbone Modifications (general review); Morley, Trends Pharm Sci pp. 463-468, 1 980; Hudson, et al., Int J Pept Prot Res 14:177-1 85, 1979; Spatola et al. Life Sci 38:1243-1249, 1986; Harm J. Chem. Soc Perkin Trans. 1307-314, 1982; Almquist et al. J. Med. Chem. 23:1392-1398, 1980; Jennings-White et al. Tetrahedron Lett 23:2533, 1982; Holladay et al. Tetrahedron. Lett 24:4401 -4404, 1983; and Hruby Life Sci 31 :189-199, 1982. CCL1 1 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 1 , also known as eotaxin. The HGNC ID for this gene is 10610. The gene is located at chromosome position 17q21 .1 -q21 .2. The previous symbol and name for the gene is SCYA1 1 , "small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 1 1 (eotaxin)". Synonyms for this gene include MGC22554 and "eotaxin-1 ". The Genbank reference sequence for CCL1 1 is AB063614.1 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CCL24 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24, also known as eotaxin-2 and MPIF-2. The HGNC ID for this gene is 10623. The gene is located at chromosome position 7q1 1 .23. The previous symbol and name for the gene is SCYA24, "small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 24". Synonyms for this gene include "CK-beta-6", Ckb-6, MPIF-2, MPIF2, "eotaxin- 2", "myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 2". The Genbank reference sequence for CCL24 is U85768.1 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CCL26 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26, also known as eotaxin-3. The HGNC ID for this gene is 10625. The gene is located at chromosome position 7q1 1 .22. The previous symbol and name for the gene is SCYA26, "small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 26". Synonyms for this gene include "CC chemokine I MAC", IMAC, MIP-4a, MIP-4alpha, TSC-1 , "chemokine N1 ", "eotaxin-3", "macrophage inflammatory protein 4-alpha", "small inducible cytokine A26", "thymic stroma chemokine-1 ". The Genbank reference sequence for CCL26 is AF124601 .1 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CCL5 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5, also known as RANTES. The HGNC ID for this gene is 10632. The gene is located at chromosome position 17q1 1 .2-q12. The previous symbol and name for the gene is D17S136E, SCYA5, "small inducible cytokine A5 (RANTES)".

Synonyms for this gene include "beta-chemokine RANTES", MGC17164, RANTES,

"regulated upon activation, normally T-expressed, and presumably secreted", "SIS-delta", SISd, "small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 5", "T-cell specific protein p288", "T-cell specific RANTES protein", TCP228. The Genbank reference sequence for CCL5 is AF043341 .1 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CCL8 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8, also known as MCP-2. The HGNC ID for this gene is 10635. The gene is located at chromosome position 17q1 1 .2. The previous symbol and name for the gene is SCYA8, "small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 8 (monocyte chemotactic protein 2)". Another synonym for this gene is HC14. The Genbank reference sequence for CCL8 is X99886.1 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CCL7 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7, also known as MCP-3. The HGNC ID for this gene is 10634. The gene is located at chromosome position 17q1 1 .2-q12. The previous symbol and name for the gene is SCYA6, SCYA7, "small inducible cytokine A7 (monocyte chemotactic protein 3)". Synonyms for this gene include FIC, MARC, MCP-3, MCP3, NC28, "monocyte chemoattractant protein 3", "monocyte chemotactic protein 3". The Genbank reference sequence for CCL7 is AF043338 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CCL13 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13, also known as MCP-4. The HGNC ID for this gene is 10634. The gene is located at chromosome position 17q1 1 .2-q12. The previous symbol and name for the gene is SCYA6, SCYA7, "small inducible cytokine A7 (monocyte chemotactic protein 3)". Synonyms for this gene include FIC, MARC, MCP-3, MCP3, NC28, "monocyte chemoattractant protein 3", "monocyte chemotactic protein 3". The Genbank reference sequence for CCL13 is AJ001634 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CCL28 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 28, also known as MEC and CCK1 . The HGNC ID for this gene is 1 7700. The gene is located at chromosome position 5p12. Synonyms for this gene include "CC chemokine CCL28", CCK1 , MEC, "mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine", SCYA28, "small inducible cytokine A28", "small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 28". The Genbank reference sequence for CCL28 is AF1 10384.1 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. IL8 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for interleukin 8, also known as CXCL8. The HGNC ID for this gene is 6025. The gene is located at chromosome position 4q13-q21 . Synonyms for this gene include 3-10C, AMCF-I, b-ENAP, "chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8", CXCL8, GCP-1 , IL-8, K60, LECT, LUCT, LYNAP, MDNCF, MONAP, NAF, NAP-1 , SCYB8, TSG-1 . The Genbank reference sequence for CXCL8 is Y00787.1 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CCL2 is the gene symbol approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, also known as MCP-1 . The HGNC ID for this gene is 10618. The gene is located at chromosome position 17q1 1 .2-q21 .1 . The previous symbol and name for the gene is SCYA2 "small inducible cytokine A2 (monocyte chemotatic protein 1 , homologus to mouse Sig-je)". Synonyms for this gene include GDCF-2, HC1 1 , MCP1 , MGC9434, SMC-CF, "monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ", "monocyte chemotactic and activating factor", "monocyte chemotactic protein 1 , homologous to mouse Sig-je", "monocyte secretory protein JE", "small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 2". The Genbank reference sequence for CCL2 is BC009716.1 as available on 13 June 201 1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Examples of suitable modified chemokines of the various embodiments of the invention containing modifications and/or truncations and specifically adapted for use in the invention are described in detail herein. Eotaxin has been produced with Lys73 as the site of biotinylation on the chemokine (numbering based upon the mature protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2). Biotinylation permits immobilization of eotaxin on a solid support (via a biotin-avidin interaction). The basic amino acid sequence of eotaxin, including a 23 amino acid leader sequence is set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1 . The amino acid sequence of the mature protein is set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2. The inventors have determined that chemokines may display improved binding properties where the chemokine is biotinylated via a spacer group. The spacer may prevent the biotin group from impacting on the binding affinity of the chemokine. Any suitable spacer group may be employed. Further modifications may provide the molecule with advantageous properties.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments the invention also provides a modified eoxtaxin chemokine comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 in which one or more of the following modifications have been made:

a) the C terminus is produced as an amide derivative

c) the (C terminal region) lysine residue at position 96 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or position 73 of SEQ ID NO:2 is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer group, in order to permit immobilization of the chemokine on a solid support

d) the methionine residue at position 85 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or position 62 of SEQ ID NO: 2 has been replaced with norleucine

e) the lysine at position 96 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or position 73 of SEQ ID NO:2 is replaced with another amino acid that can enable biotinylation such as ornithine or diaminopropanoic acid.

The (C terminal region) lysine residue at position 96 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or position 73 of SEQ ID NO:2 may be biotinylated via a suitable spacer group, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer group, in order to permit immobilization of the chemokine on a solid support. In specific embodiments, the PEG spacer is 3,6-dioxo aminooctanoic acid. The sequence and biotinylation of a modified eotaxin chemokine of the invention is shown in figure 6. The modified eoxtaxin chemokines may be agonists or antagonists of CCR3 activity. They can be tested for activity in a suitable assay, such as cell-based assays. In particular, agonist and antagonist properties may be determined in aequorin functional cell-based assay on human CCR3 receptor.

An example of a chemokine of the various embodiments of the invention containing modifications and specifically adapted for use in the invention is described in detail herein (see Example 7 below). The modified CCL8 (MCP-2) corresponds to residues 1 to 76 of the full length mature protein (and lacks the N-terminal signal peptide of 23 amino acids, which is cleaved off) and thus retains the chemokine fold. The Gin at the N-terminus of the protein is subject to pyroGlu formation under physiological conditions. Thus Gln1 of the sequence may thus be substituted with pyroglutamine to prevent mixed species of N-terminal Gin and pyroGlu being generated (SEQ ID NO: 3). This improves the yield of synthesis and ensures a homogeneous chemokine preparation through column manufacture and use.

FmocLys(ivDde)-OH is incorporated as residue 75 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 4). The naturally occurring lysine at position 75 is modified through biotinylation. A PEG spacer may be incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin (SEQ ID NO: 5).

Thus, in certain embodiments the invention also relates to a modified chemokine comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3:

XPDSVSIPITCCFNVINRKIPIQRLESYTRITNIQCPKEAVIFKTKRGKEVCADPKE RWVRDSMKHLDQIFQNLXP

X1 = pyroGlu (but may remain as Gin in some embodiments)

X75 = an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer

molecule such as PEG, e.g. K(PEG-Biotin).

Or SEQ ID NO: 5

XPDSVSIPITCCFNVINRKIPIQRLESYTRITNIQCPKEAVIFKTKRGKEVCADPKE RWVRDSMKHLDQIFQNLXP

X1 = pyroGlu (but may remain as Gin in some embodiments)

X75 = K(PEG-Biotin).

A further example of a chemokine of the various embodiments of the invention containing modifications and specifically adapted for use in the invention is described in detail herein (see Example 6 below). The modified CCL5 (RANTES) corresponds to residues 1 to 68 of the full length mature protein (and lacks the N-terminal signal peptide of 23 amino acids, which is cleaved off) and thus retains the chemokine fold. The single methionine (Met67) within the sequence is mutated to lysine, to mitigate against oxidation of this residue during the chain assembly (SEQ ID NO: 6). This Met to Lys substitution provides a lysine at position 67 which can be modified through biotinylation. FmocLys(ivDde)-OH is incorporated as residue 67 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 7). The biotinylated version comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.

Thus, in other embodiments the invention also relates to a modified chemokine comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8:

SPYSSDTTPCCFAYIARPLPRAHIKEYFYTSGKCSNPAVVFVTRKNRQVC ANPEKKWVREYINSLEXS X is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or

diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG (e.g. K(Biotin)) A further example of a chemokine of the various embodiments of the invention containing modifications and specifically adapted for use in the invention is described in detail herein (see Example 5 below). The modified CCL2 (MCP-1 ) corresponds to residues 1 to 76 of the full length mature protein (and lacks the N-terminal signal peptide of 23 amino acids, which is cleaved off) and thus retains the chemokine fold (SEQ ID NO: 9). The Gin at the N-terminus of the protein (Gln1 ) is substituted with pyroglutamine to prevent mixed species of N-terminal Gin and pyroGlu being generated. This improves the yield of synthesis and ensures a homogeneous chemokine preparation through column manufacture and use.

FmocLys(ivDde)-OH is incorporated as residue 75 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 10). A suitable spacer, such as a PEG spacer, may be incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin. The biotinylated version comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 1 .

Thus, in other embodiments the invention also relates to a modified chemokine comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of the amino acid sequence of:

SEQ ID NO: 9:

XPDAINAPVTCCYNFTNRKISVQRLASYRRITSSKCPKEAVIFKTIVAKEIC ADPKQKWVQDSMDHLDKQTQTPKT

X = pyroGlu or Gin

And/or SEQ ID NO: 1 1 :

XPDAINAPVTCCYNFTNRKISVQRLASYRRITSSKCPKEAVIFKTIVAKEIC ADPKQKWVQDSMDHLDKQTQTPXT

XI = pyroGlu or Gin

X75 is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG, optionally K(PEG-Biotin)

A further example of a chemokine of the various embodiments of the invention containing modifications and specifically adapted for use in the invention is described in detail herein (see Example 8 below). The modified CXCL8 (IL-8) corresponds to residues 1 to 77 of the full length mature protein (and lacks the N-terminal signal peptide of 22 amino acids, which is cleaved off) and thus retains the chemokine fold. An amino acid residue capable of biotinylation, such as lysine or ornithine, is added as residue 78 (SEQ ID NO: 12).

FmocLys(ivDde)-OH may be incorporated as residue 78 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 13). The additional amino acid, in particular lysine or ornithine, at position 78 is modified through biotinylation. A suitable spacer, such as a PEG spacer, may be incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin (SEQ ID NO: 14). Thus, in other embodiments the invention also relates to a modified chemokine comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 14:

SEQ ID NO: 1 2 AVLPRSAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKL SDGRELCLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSX

X is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or

diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG SEQ ID NO: 14

AVLPRSAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKL SDGRELCLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSK(PEG-Biotin)

A further example of a chemokine of the various embodiments of the invention containing truncations and modifications and specifically adapted for use in the invention is described in detail herein (see Example 8 below). The modified CXCL8 (IL-8) corresponds to residues 6 to 77 of the full length mature protein, with the first 5 N-terminal amino acids removed, (and lacks the N-terminal signal peptide of 22 amino acids, which is cleaved off) and thus retains the chemokine fold. An amino acid residue capable of biotinylation, such as lysine or ornithine, is added as residue 78 (SEQ ID NO: 1 5). FmocLys(ivDde)-OH may be incorporated as residue 78 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 16). The additional amino acid, in particular lysine or ornithine, at position 78 is modified through biotinylation. A suitable spacer, such as a PEG spacer, may be incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin (SEQ ID NO: 17).

Thus, in other embodiments the invention also relates to a modified chemokine comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 or 17:

SEQ ID NO: 1 5

SAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKLSDGREL CLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSX

X is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or

diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG

SEQ ID NO: 1 7

SAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKLSDGREL

CLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSX

X is K(PEG-Biotin)

A further example of a chemokine of the various embodiments of the invention containing modifications and specifically adapted for use in the invention is described in detail herein (see Example 10 below). The modified CCL1 1 (Eotaxin) corresponds to residues 1 to 74 of the full length mature protein (and lacks the N-terminal signal peptide of 23 amino acids, which is cleaved off) and thus retains the chemokine fold (SEQ ID NO: 18). The lysine at position 73 may be modified through biotinylation. FmocLys(ivDde)-OH is incorporated as residue 73 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 19). A suitable spacer, such as a PEG spacer, may be incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin. The biotinylated version comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.

Thus, in other embodiments the invention also relates to a modified chemokine comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 or SEQ ID NO: 20:

SEQ ID NO: 1 8

GPASVPTTCCFNLANRKIPLQRLESYRRITSGKCPQKAVIFKTKLAKDICADPKKK WVQDSMKYLDQKSPTPXP

X is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or

diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG, e.g. K(PEG-Biotin).

SEQ ID NO: 20

H-GPASVPTTCCFNLANRKIPLQRLESYRRITSGKCPQKAVIFKTKLAKDICADPKK K WVQDSMKYLDQKSPTPXP-NH ₂

X is K(PEG-Biotin)

Chemokines useful in the various embodiments of the invention may be synthesised through any suitable means known in the art. Preferably, the chemokines are chemically synthesised as this facilitates modification and labelling etc. However, recombinant DNA based approaches may also be employed in combination with appropriate labelling and modification technologies as required. Thus, in certain embodiments the invention also provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding the chemokines of the various embodiments of the invention. The invention also relates to a vector containing such a nucleic acid molecule and a host cell containing the vector. The vector may additionally comprise a suitable promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid molecule, to facilitate transcription of the corresponding mRNA molecule. The host cell may be capable of expressing the protein by transcription and translation of the nucleic acid molecule encoding a chemokine of the invention.

The chemokines useful in the various embodiments of the invention can be biotinylated by methods known in the art such as described in WO 00/50088 A2, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As indicated above, site-specific labelling of the chemokines of the various embodiments of the invention is preferable, although any labelling technique which does not significantly affect the receptor-binding capacity of the chemokine may be employed. Various site-specifically biotinylated chemokines and native chemokines are available commercially, for instance from Almac, Craigavon, UK. In specific

embodiments the one or more chemokines are biotinylated via a spacer group. The spacer may be employed to prevent the biotin group from impacting on the activity of the chemokine, in particular binding of the chemokine to its cognate receptor. Any suitable spacer that facilitates retention of receptor binding properties of the chemokine may be employed in the various embodiments of the invention. Thus, in the specific embodiments described above, spacers other than PEG spacers may be employed as appropriate. In specific embodiments, the spacer is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer. PEG has been shown to be an effective spacer permitting attachment of biotin to the chemokine (which can then be immobilized on the solid support through interaction with streptavidin) without compromising receptor binding capability.

In the context of the various embodiments of the present invention the term "antibody" includes all immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin-like molecules with specific binding affinity for the relevant chemokine receptor (including by way of example and without limitation, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, combinations thereof, and similar molecules produced during an immune response in any vertebrate, for example, in mammals such as humans, goats, rabbits and mice). Specific immunoglobulins useful in the various embodiments of the invention include IgG isotypes. The antibodies useful in the various embodiments of the invention may be monoclonal or polyclonal in origin, but are typically monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies may be human antibodies, non-human antibodies, or humanized versions of non- human antibodies, or chimeric antibodies. Various techniques for antibody humanization are well established and any suitable technique may be employed. The term "antibody" also refers to a polypeptide ligand comprising at least a light chain or heavy chain immunoglobulin variable region which specifically recognizes and binds an epitope of an antigen, and it extends to all antibody derivatives and fragments that retain the ability to specifically bind to the relevant chemokine receptor. These derivative and fragments may include Fab fragments, F(ab') ₂ fragments, Fv fragments, single chain antibodies, single domain antibodies, Fc fragments etc. The term antibody encompasses antibodies comprised of both heavy and light chains, but also heavy chain (only) antibodies. In specific embodiments, the antibodies may be engineered so as to be specific for more than one chemokine receptor, for example bi-specific to permit binding to two different chemokine receptors. Suitable commercially available antibodies which bind to the chemokine receptors of interest are listed in table 1 below. They may or may not be labelled. General reference may be made to "Antibodies a laboratory manual: By E Harlow and D Lane, pp 726. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 1988", which reference is incorporated herein in its entirety.

Table 1 . Commercially available fluorophore labelled antibodies against specific chemokine receptors The chemokine receptor expressing cells may thus be targeted using alternative binding agents, such as antibodies or other chemical compounds, as defined herein, rather than the natural chemokine binding partner. This approach is a new approach to treating inflammatory conditions.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments the invention also provides an apheresis column loaded with a solid support comprising a binding reagent capable of specifically binding to a chemokine receptor immobilized directly or indirectly on the support to permit removal of a cell expressing the chemokine receptor from the peripheral blood of a patient, wherein the binding reagent is not a chemokine. The binding reagent capable of specifically binding to the chemokine receptor may be an agonist or an antagonist of the chemokine receptor. In specific embodiments, the binding reagent capable of specifically binding to the chemokine receptor is selected from an antibody and a chemical compound.

In other embodiments the invention thus also provides a method for treating an inflammatory condition comprising applying peripheral blood from a patient/subject to an apheresis column as defined above (an apheresis column loaded with a solid support comprising a binding reagent capable of specifically binding to a chemokine receptor immobilized directly or indirectly on the support to permit removal of a cell expressing the chemokine receptor from the peripheral blood of a patient, wherein the binding reagent is not a chemokine) thus removing chemokine receptor expressing cells from the peripheral blood of the

patient/subject. The method may comprise returning the blood depleted of the chemokine receptor expressing cells to the patient/subject.

Similarly, in other embodiments the invention provides a binding reagent capable of specifically binding to a chemokine receptor for use in the treatment of an inflammatory condition, wherein the binding reagent is immobilized on a solid support contained within an apheresis column as defined above (an apheresis column loaded with a solid support comprising a binding reagent capable of specifically binding to a chemokine receptor immobilized directly or indirectly on the support to permit removal of a cell expressing the chemokine receptor from the peripheral blood of a patient/subject, wherein the binding reagent is not a chemokine), to which is applied peripheral blood from a patient thus removing chemokine receptor expressing cells from the peripheral blood of the patient.

These aspects of the various embodiments of the invention may be integrated into the more focused therapeutic aspects of the various embodiments of the invention (i.e. treating allergy conditions and various aspects thereof) and thus, the remainder of the disclosure, including all specific embodiments applies mutatis mutandis.

Solid support materials for immobilizing the binding reagents of the various embodiments of the invention are known in the art. "Solid support" refers to, for example, materials having a rigid or semi-rigid surface or surfaces, and may take the form of beads, resins, gels, microspheres, or other geometric configurations. A useful support material is one that does not activate blood cells so as to make them coagulate or adhere to the support as peripheral whole blood is applied to the device. In certain embodiments, a support treated with an agent to provide it with anti-coagulation properties, in particular a heparinized support is employed. Alternatively, the blood of the patient may be treated with an anti-coagulant such as heparin prior to application to the support. Useful support materials comprise high molecular weight carbohydrates, in particular carbohydrates having a molecular weight of 100 kDa or more, such as agarose, in particulate form, optionally cross-linked, and cellulose. Other preferred support materials are polymers, such as carboxylated polystyrene, and glass. The support of the various embodiments of the invention may be provided in the form of particles or fibres. The support particles may have regular form, such as spheres or beads, or irregular form. They may be porous or non-porous. A preferred average particle size of the support is from 50 μιη to 2 mm. In certain embodiments Sepharose™, a cross linked, beaded-form of agarose, is used as column matrix. It is chosen for its optimal distribution capacity and can provide a large available area for affinity binding. Solid supports may be provided in the form of magnetic beads, with the specific binding reagent immobilized on the magnetic beads. Following capture of the (CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2) chemokine receptor expressing cells from the blood, the beads can be removed from the blood with the aid of an appropriate magnetic separator.

Methods for immobilizing binding reagents on a solid support are known in the art. A binding reagent, such as a chemokine, antibody, peptide, nucleic acid or chemical compound, can be immobilized on the support in a direct or indirect manner. Immobilization can be by means of a suitable linker in some embodiments. A preferred method of indirect immobilization of a binding reagent, such as a chemokine, relies upon the interaction between biotin and avidin molecules. "Avidin" or "avidin molecule" refers to any type of protein that specifically binds biotin to the substantial exclusion of other (small) molecules that might be present in a biological sample. Examples of avidin include avidins that are naturally present in egg white, oilseed protein (e.g., soybean meal), and grain (e.g., corn/maize), and streptavidin, which is a protein of bacterial origin Thus, biotinylation of the binding reagent and use of an avidin molecule such as streptavidin immobilized on the solid support allows reliable attachment of the binding reagent to the solid support according to methods known in the art. Specifically, such a method may comprise providing the binding reagent in biotinylated form, providing a solid support having streptavidin immobilized on its surface, contacting the support with an aqueous solution of the biotinylated binding reagent, and rinsing the support with an aqueous solvent. In addition, binding pair interactions, such as antibody - antigen interactions may also be utilised for indirect immobilisation of binding reagent onto a support. In such embodiments the support may be derivatised with one member of a binding pair, such as an antibody or fragment or derivative thereof, as defined herein, which has known affinity for a particular peptide sequence or small molecule hapten. Incorporating the other member of the binding pair, such as an antigen, peptide sequence or the hapten onto or into the binding reagent facilitates immobilisation onto a solid support coated with the corresponding antibody or fragment or derivative thereof. Thus, the binding reagent may be modified to include the peptide sequence or hapten into the linear molecule or may be added as a side chain or label. Any suitable antibody-antigen pair may be employed. The antibody fragment or derivative may be any fragment or derivative that retains specific binding affinity for the appropriate antigen. Examples include Fab, F(ab') ₂ fragments, scFV, VH domains, single domain antibodies (such as nanobodies), heavy chain antibodies and humanized version of non-human antibodies etc. Other high affinity interactions can be utilised for immobilisation of binding reagents, as long as the binding reagent can be synthesised or derivatised with one of the interacting partners and the solid support synthesised or derivatised with the other interacting partner without loss of binding activity (i.e. binding of the binding reagent to the appropriate chemokine receptor). Immobilization may occur via essentially the same interaction in reverse in some embodiments. Thus, the binding reagent which may be a chemokine for example, may be attached to an antibody as defined herein, and the solid support derivatised with the antigen. The chemokine may be produced as a fusion protein with the antibody.

Alternatively binding reagents, such as chemokines and antibodies, can be immobilised directly onto a solid support using bioconjugation techniques established in the field. For example direct immobilisation of proteins onto cyanogen bromide activated solid supports via amino functionalities within the primary sequence of the protein. Alternatively, sulphydryl functionalities within proteins can be used to directly immobilise the protein to alkyl halide derivatised supports or supports containing free thiol functionalities. In further embodiments, proteins containing a-thioester functionalities can be directly immobilised on supports containing 1 ,2 amino thiol moieties (eg N-terminal cysteine) using the native chemical ligation reaction. Alternatively proteins modified with ketones and aldehydes can be immobilised on solid supports derivatised with hydrazinyl, hydrazide and aminoxy functionalities using hydrazone / oxime bond forming ligation reactions (and vice versa). Alternatively 'Click' chemistry can be used to immobilise proteins onto solid supports, whereby the protein and the support are derivatised with the appropriate mutually reactive chemical functionalities (azides and alkynes). In other embodiments Staudinger ligation chemistry can be used to immobilise appropriately derivatised proteins onto the appropriately derivatised solid supports.

The solid support is contained within or carried by the apheresis column. Thus, by "loaded" is meant that the column carries or contains the solid support in a manner such that (peripheral) blood can flow through the column in contact with the solid support. Thus, the solid support provides a matrix within the column through which blood flows, in continuous fashion in certain embodiments. This permits cells expressing the specific chemokine receptor to be removed from the blood passing through the column, such that blood exiting the column is depleted of the specific chemokine receptor-expressing cells. In specific embodiments, the apheresis column is loaded with a support comprising streptavidin immobilized on the support and one or more biotinylated binding reagents, such as chemokines, bound to the streptavidin on the support. The solid support may be comprised of a high-molecular weight carbohydrate, optionally cross-linked, such as agarose. As discussed above, the binding reagent is coupled to the solid support. The relative amounts of binding reagent may be controlled to ensure that coupling between the solid support and the binding reagent will be immediate, minimising the risk of binding reagent decoupling from the solid support. Thus, it may be ensured that there is a relative excess of immobilization sites for the binding reagent on the solid support. Alternatively, or additionally, following immobilization of the binding reagent on the solid support, the solid support may be washed to remove any unbound binding reagent. The apheresis column utilised in the various embodiments of the present invention acts as a leukapheresis treatment for allergic conditions. The column acts to specifically remove CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2-expressing cells such as eosinophils by exploiting the interaction between CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressed on the cell surface and a specific binding reagent immobilized on a solid support contained within or carried by the column. The overall column typically comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of three combined components; 1 ) a housing which contains or carries 2) the solid support and 3) one or more binding reagents (immobilized thereon) which specifically bind one or more chemokine receptors. The housing may be manufactured from any suitable material for clinical use. In certain embodiments the housing is composed of a plastic material. The housing includes an in flow site for entry of blood and an out flow site for blood (depleted of target cells) to exit the column. The housing may be designed to maintain a continuous blood flow through the solid support matrix. The housing (as shown for example in Figure 2) may include a top portion which comprises a distribution plate (2) at the inflow site (1 ) to spread the blood evenly over the entire matrix area. The distribution plate may act as a first safety barrier preventing larger particles flowing through the column and into the patient. However, the distribution plate is not essential and may be removed in some embodiments to decrease the overall resistance in the system. The column may contain one or more safety filter units (3 and 4) placed at the inflow (1 ) and/or outflow (5) sites of the plastic housing. Such filter units may act to prevent particles larger than blood cells passing in and/or out of the column. The safety filter units may contain a plurality of filters, such as two, three or four filters designed to be a robust barrier and stop all particles larger than blood cells passing through the column. Inclusion of safety filters (3 and 4) at both ends of the column serves to minimize the risk of leakage of particles into the patient, including in the event that the device is incorrectly connected resulting in blood flow in the opposite direction to that intended. The safety filters may comprise of any suitable pore size to prevent particles larger than blood cells from passing through the column, as would be readily understood by one skilled in the art. Suitable filters are commercially available. In specific embodiments, the pore size of the filter(s) is between approximately 60μιη and 100μιη, more specifically approximately 80 μιη. The solid support and binding reagent components are discussed in further detail herein.

The volume of the housing may be varied depending upon the blood volumes intended to pass through the column. Typically, the volume of the housing is between approximately 40ml and 200ml, more specifically 50ml to 150ml or 60ml to 120ml. The column is generally applied in the form of an apheresis circuit. In this context, the overall system includes the apheresis column, tubing and an appropriate pump to pump the blood around the circuit. The system is illustrated in figure 4. The patient (1 ) is connected to the extracorporeal circuit via sterile needles to veins in the right and the left arms. A saline bag (3) is also connected and the saline solution is pumped with a suitable pump (2). Blood is drawn from one arm of the patient through the sterile tubing system by the blood pump (4) and passed through the column (6) and back to the patient. The tubing system may be connected to the column via any suitable coupling, such as standard dialysis luer-lock couplings. The couplings on the column may be colour-coded for correct assembly. For example, red tubing for inflow to the red column top and blue tubing for outflow back to the patient. An air detector (8) may be present in the circuit. Inlet pressure (5) and/or Pven sensors (7) may additionally be employed to monitor the pressure in the circuit. An apheresis pump, such as the 4008 ADS pump manufactured by Fresenius Medical Care or the Adamonitor pump, may monitor the patient's inflow and outflow. The pump may also monitor the pressure in the extracorporeal circulation. The pump may be able to discriminate air by a bubble catcher and air detector. A clot catcher filter may be positioned inside the bubble catcher. The pump may also incorporate an optical detector to distinguish between light, e.g. saline solution or air present in the tubing system and dark e.g. blood present in the tubing system.

A schematic diagram of a suitable pump, showing the air detector and optical filter is shown in figure 4. If the pump system detects air bubbles and optical fluctuations or if extracorporeal pressure values are out of the set range, then the pump may stop immediately. Alternatively or additionally a visual/ audible alarm may be emitted.

The treatment methods of the various embodiments of the invention may thus rely upon an extracorporeal circuit. The methods may be considered as ex vivo or in vitro methods and be defined solely with reference to steps performed outside of the patient. In some

embodiments, however, the method further comprises, prior to application of the blood to the column, collecting peripheral blood from the patient. In a further embodiment, the method further comprises, following the application of the blood to the column, infusing the blood depleted of (CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2) chemokine receptor expressing cells to the patient. This is then a complete leukapheresis treatment method. Thus, a leukaphereis method, for treating an allergic condition, comprises collecting peripheral blood from the patient; applying the peripheral blood to an apheresis column loaded with a solid support comprising a binding reagent capable of specifically binding to a chemokine receptor, in particular the chemokine receptor CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2, immobilized directly or indirectly on the support thus removing CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells from the peripheral blood of the patient; and infusing the depleted blood (of chemokine receptor expressing cells) to the patient. The peripheral blood may be continuously collected from the patient. Similarly, the depleted blood may be continuously infused to the patient, through use of an appropriate circuit as described herein. Thus, the support may be disposed in a column through which the blood is made to flow. This may be achieved using a suitable pump for example, as also described herein. Blood flow through the column enables the binding reagent(s) immobilized on the solid support to capture the cells expressing the chemokine receptor, thus depleting them from the blood and preventing their contribution to the allergic condition.

The methods of the various embodiments of the invention and binding reagents for use in the methods of the various embodiments of the invention may require that the patient has been selected for treatment on the basis of detecting an increase in the level of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 in a sample obtained from the patient. Such companion diagnostic methods are described in greater detail herein and are based, for example, on the observation that a range of allergic conditions involve inflammation caused by eosinophilia.

Thus, (in this context) in certain embodiments the invention also provides a method of diagnosing, monitoring progression of, or monitoring treatment of an allergic condition comprising determining:

a) the levels of the chemokine receptor CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells

b) levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2; and/or

c) levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2

in a sample obtained from a subject, wherein high levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, high levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 or high levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 or increased levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells compared to control, increased levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 compared to a control or increased levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 compared to a control indicate the presence or progression of an allergic condition. Levels of chemokine receptor expression, as opposed to cell numbers, may also be investigated as increased levels of chemokine receptor expression per cell may also be diagnostically relevant. In some embodiments, the cells relevant to allergic conditions comprise neutrophils, in particular CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing neutrophils or eosinophils, in particular CCR3 expressing eosinophils or monocytes, in particular CCR2 or CCR3 expressing monocytes.

"Diagnosing" is defined herein to include screening for a disease/condition or pre-indication of a disease/condition, identifying a disease/condition or pre-indication of a disease/condition and checking for recurrence of disease/condition following treatment. The methods of the various embodiments of the invention may also have prognostic value, and this is included within the definition of the term "diagnosis". The prognostic value of the methods of the various embodiments of the invention may be used as a marker of potential susceptibility to an allergic condition by identifying levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression linked to allergic conditions. Thus patients at risk may be identified before the disease has a chance to manifest itself in terms of symptoms identifiable in the patient. In certain embodiments, diagnosis may be made in conjunction with other objective indicators of an allergic condition. Thus, in specific embodiments, diagnosis is made in conjunction with one or more of the following indicators:

1 . Eosinophilia - an increase in eosinophils, which may be defined as the presence of more than 500 eosinophils/microlitre of blood.

2. Standard clinical symptoms as would be readily appreciated by one skilled in the art.

"Monitoring progression of" includes performing the methods to monitor the stage and/or the state and progression of the allergic condition. Monitoring progression may involve performing the diagnostic methods multiple times on the same patient to determine whether the levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells are increasing, decreasing or remaining stable over a certain time period. This may be in the context of a treatment regime.

"Monitoring the success of a particular treatment" is defined to include determining the levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells before and after a treatment. The treatment is generally one aimed at treating an allergic condition and may be a treatment according to one of the methods of the various embodiments of the invention as defined herein. Successful treatment may be determined with reference to a decrease in CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells as a result of, or following, the treatment. Thus, in such methods a level of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells is determined prior to treatment. This level is recorded and a further assessment made at a predetermined time following the treatment. The comparison of levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells permits the success of the treatment to be monitored. In specific embodiments, a single treatment is sufficient to cause a depletion of around 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 70%, or higher, up to 80%, 90%, 95% or more, or any range of values between and including these amounts, of the specific chemokine receptor, in particular CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2, expressing cells from the peripheral blood of the patient. In specific embodiments, at least around 50% depletion is achieved in a single treatment. Treatment may lead to depletion of between approximately 1 00 and 500 million CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells in certain embodiments. Thus, successful treatment may be defined with reference to depletion of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells. Additional factors may be included to determine successful treatment. For example, a lack of increase in CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells following treatment may indicate successful treatment in terms of preventing further progression of the condition, optionally combined with an improvement in other markers or staging of the allergic condition. In specific embodiments, the allergic condition is selected from asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic ocular disease, atopic dermatitis, food allergies and allergic inflammation.

The sample in which CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cell levels, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hl ) are determined may comprise any suitable tissue sample or body fluid sample. Generally, the test sample is obtained from a human subject. Typically, the sample is a blood sample, in particular a peripheral blood sample. The sample may comprise various biopsies, such as nasal or skin biopsy or BAL. in certain embodiments. The methods may involve determining levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing eosinophils, (T) lymphocytes, basophils and neutrophils in certain embodiments. In some embodiments, the cells relevant to allergic conditions comprise neutrophils, in particular CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing neutrophils or eosinophils, in particular CCR3 expressing eosinophils or monocytes, in particular CCR2 or CCR3 expressing monocytes.

Levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^h ) may be determined according to any suitable method. For example, flow cytometry may be employed in order to determine the number of cells expressing CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 in the sample, to determine levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression and/or to identify levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi cells. Flow cytometric techniques are described herein and examples of commercially available antibodies suitably labelled for use in flow cytometry are set out in Table 1 for example. Alternatively, the method may involve steps of collecting and fixing the cells in the sample, followed by incubation with a suitable binding reagent that binds specifically to the CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 chemokine receptor expressing cells in the sample. Any suitable binding reagent, as defined herein, may be employed. For example, a CCR-3 specific antibody may be employed. A wash step may be adopted following an incubation period to remove any unbound reagent. Suitable wash steps and incubation conditions would be well known to one skilled in the art. The binding reagent may be directly labeled in order to permit antibody binding to be directly determined. Alternatively a secondary binding reagent, such as an antibody, may be employed which binds to the first binding reagent and carries a label. Again, suitable incubation conditions and wash steps would be apparent to one skilled in the art. The primary and secondary binding reagents may form two halves of a binding pair. The binding interaction should not prevent the primary binding reagent binding to the CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 receptor expressing cells, unless a competition assay is being employed. The two halves of a binding pair may comprise an antigen- antibody, antibody-antibody, receptor-ligand, biotin-streptavidin pair etc. in certain embodiments. Other techniques used to quantify chemokine (CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2) receptor expressing cell levels, to quantify levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression and/or to quantify levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi cells include PCR-based techniques such as QT-PCR and protein based methods such as western blot. Quantitation may be achieved with reference to fixed cell lines carrying known numbers of various receptor expressing cells and/or known levels of receptor expression per cell. Such fixed cell lines are available commercially (for example ChemiScreen™ cell lines from Millipore). Methods analogous to the treatment methods of the various embodiments of the invention may also be employed, with binding of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells to the solid support being determined following peripheral blood being passed through the column. The levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^h ) may be determined relative to a suitable control. When diagnosing an allergic condition, a threshold level of cells, level of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or level of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hl ) may be set at or over which a positive diagnosis is made. This threshold may be determined based upon measuring levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi ) in samples obtained from diseased patients and comparing these levels with levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hl ) in samples obtained from healthy subjects.

In certain embodiments, an allergic condition is diagnosed on the basis of levels of chemokine receptor expressing cells, such as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells. A positive diagnosis may be made in subjects based upon the presence of greater than about 5%, greater than about 10%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 30%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 55%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, or more chemokine receptor expressing cells in the sample, as a percentage of total cells in the sample. In other embodiments, an allergic condition is diagnosed on the basis of the presence of a about a 1 .2 fold or greater increase, such as about a 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 1 0, 20, 50 or 1 00 or greater fold increase in chemokine receptor expressing cells, relative to healthy controls.

In specific embodiments, an allergic condition is diagnosed on the basis of levels of CCR3 expressing cells, in particular CCR3 expressing monocytes. A positive diagnosis may be made in subjects based upon the presence of greater than about 5%, greater than about 10%, greater than about 15% or greater than about 20% or more CCR3 expressing cells, in particular monocytes in the sample, as a percentage of total cells in the sample. An allergic condition may also be diagnosed on the basis of the presence of a about a 1 .2 fold or greater increase, such as about a 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 or greater fold increase in the specific chemokine receptor expressing cells, relative to healthy controls. In certain embodiments, progression of an allergic condition, which may be in the context of a treatment regime, is monitored on the basis of levels of chemokine receptor expressing cells at different time points , such as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells. Progression of an allergic condition may be indicated in subjects based upon an increase of greater than about 5%, greater than about 10%, such as an increase of greater than about 15%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 25%, greater than about 30%, greater than about 35%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 45%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 55%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75% or more chemokine receptor expressing cells in the sample, as a percentage of total cells in the sample, compared to a sample taken from the same subject at an earlier time point. In other embodiments, progression of an allergic condition is confirmed on the basis of the presence of a about a 1 .2 fold or greater increase, such as about a 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 or greater fold increase in chemokine receptor expressing cells, relative to a sample taken from the same subject at an earlier time point.

In specific embodiments, an allergic condition is monitored on the basis of levels of CCR3 expressing cells, in particular monocytes. Progression of the disease, which may be in the context of a treatment regime, may be indicated in subjects based upon the presence of an increase of greater than about 5%, greater than about 10%, such as greater than about 15%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 25%, greater than about 30%, greater than about 35%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 45%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 55%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75% or more chemokine receptor expressing cells in the sample, as a percentage of total cells in the sample, compared to a sample taken from the same subject at an earlier time point. In other embodiments, progression of an allergic condition is confirmed on the basis of the presence of a about a 1 .2 fold or greater increase, such as about a 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 or greater fold increase in CCR3 expressing cells , in particular monocytes relative to a sample taken from the same subject at an earlier time point.

Regression or successful treatment may be monitored based upon similar decreases over various time points. For example, regression or successful treatment may be indicated in subjects based upon a decrease of greater than about 5%, about 10%, such as a decrease of about 1 5%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75% or more chemokine receptor expressing cells in the sample, as a percentage of total cells in the sample, compared to a sample taken from the same subject at an earlier time point. In other embodiments, regression of an allergic condition is confirmed on the basis of the presence of a about a 1 .2 fold or greater decrease, such as about a 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 1 0, 20, 50 or 100 or greater fold decrease in chemokine receptor expressing cells, relative to a sample taken from the same subject at an earlier time point. In specific embodiments, an allergic condition is monitored on the basis of levels of CCR3 expressing cells, in particular monocytes. Regression or successful treatment of the disease may be made in subjects based upon a decrease of about 3%, such as such as a decrease of about 5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 1 1 %, about 12%, about 13%, about 15% or more CCR3 expressing cells in the sample, as a percentage of total cells in the sample or by a decrease of about 3%, such as a decrease of about 5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 1 1 %, about 12%, about 13%, about 15%, or more chemokine receptor expressing cells in the sample, as a percentage of total cells in the sample, compared to a sample taken from the same subject at an earlier time point. In other embodiments, regression of an allergic condition is confirmed on the basis of the presence of a about a 1 .2 fold or greater decrease, such as about a 1 .5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 1 0, 20, 50 or 100 or greater fold decrease in CCR3 expressing cells, in particular monocytes relative to a sample taken from the same subject at an earlier time point.

Suitable software is freely available (such as the R project for statistical computing) to perform the necessary statistical analysis of the data obtained to calculate a useful threshold. The threshold may be set to maximize sensitivity and/or specificity of the test. Performance of the test in these respects may be measured by plotting a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (sensitivity versus specificity). The area under the curve provides an indication of the overall performance of the test. Thus, once thresholds have been set for diagnosing the condition, a separate control experiment does not necessarily have to be run each time a sample is tested. Rather reference can simply be made to the pre-existing thresholds to determine the diagnosis. However, in certain embodiments, the sample is tested together with a control sample taken from a healthy subject to provide a comparator based upon essentially identical experimental conditions. The test sample is generally tested in parallel with the control sample. The test sample level of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi ) can then be compared with that of the control sample to make the diagnosis. A control sample from a disease patient may also be tested in certain embodiments. Reference to controls permits relative levels ("high", low" etc.) of CCR3,

CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells in the test sample to be readily identified and the significance thereof interpreted. Reference to controls also permits relative levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression ("high", "low" etc.) within the cell population to be determined and the significance thereof interpreted. Such determination may, for example, indicate the average levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression per cell in the test sample. Thus, in specific embodiments, high or higher levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells or high or higher levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression, for example average CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression per cell, or high or higher levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi cells correlate with active allergic condition or more active allergic condition. Similarly, lower or low levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, or low or lower levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression, for example average CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression per cell, or low or lower levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi cells may correlate with a lack of active inflammation or allergic condition. This may be defined as "less active disease ". It can readily be envisaged that control samples may be assessed and levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^h ) determined across the range of severities of allergic conditions. This may assist in correlating the levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hl ) in the test sample with the relative severity of the condition. When monitoring progression of, or monitoring treatment of an allergic condition, the control samples may be taken from the subject at an earlier time point. They may, however, be based upon known reference values as discussed above. Thus, relative levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, relative levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression including relative levels of average CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression per cell or relative levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi cells may be with reference to samples taken from the same subject at a different point in time. In certain embodiments, decreased levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells decreased relative levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression including decreased relative levels of average CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression per cell or decreased relative levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi cells correlate with successful treatment. The treatment may be any suitable treatment, but in specific embodiments is a treatment according to the various embodiments of the invention.

When monitoring progression of an allergic condition, increased levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells increased relative levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression including increased relative levels of average CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression per cell or increased relative levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hl cells may indicate the progression of condition or disease. Thus, if levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 and/or levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 (defined as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi ) are increased in a sample taken later than a sample from the same patient this may indicate progression of the condition. Since the levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expression or levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 ^hi cells are diagnostically relevant, determining such levels in a sample obtained from a subject may influence treatment selection for that subject. Accordingly, in certain embodiments the invention provides a method of selecting a suitable treatment for an allergic condition comprising determining:

a) the levels of the chemokine receptor CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells

b) levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2; and/or

c) levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2

in a sample obtained from a subject, wherein high levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, high levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 or high levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 or increased levels of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells compared to control, increased levels of expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 compared to a control or increased levels of cells with high expression of CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 compared to a control, result in selection of a treatment as defined herein for treatment of the allergic condition. In certain embodiments, the chemokine receptor expressing cells are high chemokine receptor expressing cells, in particular, high CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells. The cells may be CCR3 expressing monocytes.

In specific embodiments, an allergic condition is treated on the basis of measuring levels of chemokine receptor expressing cells. Thus, a treatment according to the various

embodiments of the invention may be applied based upon the presence of greater than about 5%, greater than about 10%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 30%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 55%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, or more chemokine receptor expressing cells in the sample, such as CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, as a percentage of total cells in the sample. In other embodiments, allergic condition is treated according to the various embodiments of the invention on the basis of the presence of a about a 1 .5 fold or greater increase, such as about a 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 or greater fold increase in chemokine receptor expressing cells, relative to healthy controls.

In specific embodiments, an allergic condition is treated on the basis of measuring levels of CCR3 expressing cells, in particular monocytes. Thus, a treatment according to the various embodiments of the invention may be applied based upon the presence of greater than about 2%, greater than about 3%, greater than about 5%, greater than about 7% or greater than about 10% CCR3 expressing monocytes in the sample, as a percentage of total cells in the sample or on the basis of the presence of a about a 1 .5 fold or greater increase, such as about a 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 or greater fold increase in chemokine receptor expressing cells, relative to healthy controls.

For the avoidance of doubt, all embodiments described in respect of the methods of the various embodiments of the invention apply to these aspects mutatis mutandis and are not repeated for reasons of conciseness. Specifically, allergic conditions may be indicated in conjunction with one or more of the following indicators:

1 . Eosinophilia - an increase in eosinophils, which may be defined as the presence of more than 500 eosinophils/microlitre of blood.

2. Standard clinical symptoms as would be readily appreciated by one skilled in the art. The allergic condition may be selected from asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic ocular disease, atopic dermatitis, food allergies and allergic inflammation. In specific embodiments, the sample is a peripheral blood sample. The methods and medical uses of the various embodiments of the invention thus can be tailored to the need of individual patients or groups of patients on the basis of the various diagnostic methods of the various embodiments of the invention. By removing from the circulation CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 expressing cells, such as eosinophils, (T) lymphocytes, basophils and neutrophils, upregulated in various inflammatory allergic conditions, an important factor in the inflammatory process of allergic conditions can be controlled. The method of the invention may be effective in treating or reversing conditions such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic ocular disease, atopic dermatitis, food allergies and allergic inflammation. The various embodiments of the invention will now be described in more detail by reference to the following non-limiting embodiments and examples:

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 a - binding of eotaxin to neutrophils/eosinophils (line) in peripheral blood. The graph represents a summary of four tests.

FIG. 1 b - binding of CCR3-antibody to neutrophils/eosinophils (line) in peripheral blood. The graph represents a summary of four tests. FIG. 2 - The plastic house and top showing the distribution plate (2) and safety filter units (3 and 4).

FIG. 3 - The overall leukapheresis system FIG. 4 - The pump with air detector and optical detector (4).

FIG. 5a - Results of in vitro depletion tests performed on the biotinylated eotaxin coupled matrix showing ability to eliminate CCR3-expressing cells from blood from a healthy donor. FIG. 5b - Results of in vitro depletion tests performed on the biotinylated RANTES coupled matrix showing ability to eliminate chemokine receptor-expressing cells from peripheral blood taken from a healthy donor. FIG. 6 - Sequence and biotinylation, via a spacer group, of mature protein eotaxin derivative containing C-terminal amide.

FIG. 7 - Sequence and biotinylation, of RANTES derivative FIG. 8a, 8b & 8c - the binding of IL-8 by by CD4+, CD8+ T-cells and CD16+ neutrophils respectively, obtained from peripheral blood of a healthy donor;

FIG. 9 - example of gating criteria for CCR2 expressing monocytes. FIG. 10 - Expression of the receptors CXCR1 , CXCR2, CCR3 and CCR2 on immune cells from allergic patients:

FIG. 10a - Frequency of neutrophils that express CXCR1 and CXCR2.

FIG. 10b - Frequency of monocytes that express CCR2.

FIG. 10c - Frequency of eosinophils that express CCR3.

FIG. 1 1 a - Binding of the chemokine bEotaxin (CCL1 1 ) to granulocytes from patient with allergy. Blood from a patient with allergy was incubated with bEotaxin and analysed with flow cytometry. Granuocytes were characterized based on size and granularity.

FIG. 1 1 b - Binding of the chemokine blL8 to neutrophils from a patient with allergy. Blood from a patient with allergy was incubated with blL8 and analysed with flow cytometry. The neutrophils were characterized as CD16 positive cells.

FIG. 12a - Depletion of CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing neutrophils with Sepharose Streptavidin-matrix conjugated with blL8.

FIG. 12b - Depletion of CCR3 expressing granulocytes with Sepharose Streptavidin-matrix conjugated with bEotaxin.

FIG. 12c - Depletion of CCR2 expressing monocytes with Sepharose Streptavidin-matrix conjugated with bMCP1 .

Blood cells from a patient with allergy were incubated with biotinylated-Chemokine- SepharoseStreptavidin-matrix. Unbound cells were retrieved by washing the matrix with

Phosphate Buffer Saline. The cells (After Depletion) were then analysed with flow cytometry and compared with cells that had not been incubated with bMCP1 -matrix (Before Depletion).

FIG. 13 - Increased frequency of CCR3 expressing monocytes in blood from 4 allergic patients compared to 20 healthy controls. Analysed with flow cytometry.

FIG. 14 - Depletion of CCR3 expressing monocytes in one allergic patient with Sepharose StreptavidinMatrix-bEotaxin. FIG. 15 - Increased frequency of eosinophils in blood from four allergic patients compared to twenty healthy controls. Analysed with flow cytometry. Eosinophils were characterized as CD16 negative granulocytes.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A range of allergic conditions include an inflammatory component. Eosinophilia appears to be central to allergy related conditions. For example, Kim et al., (Respiratory Medicine (2010) 104, 1 36-1443) show that asthma is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and Th1 response and that none atopic asthma (NAA) patients showed higher percentage eosinophils and Eotaxin levels than atopic asthma and healthy controls. The inventors have identified removal of CCR-3 expressing cells, up-regulated in allergic inflammation, as a suitable therapeutic target. The inventors show, see Fig. 1 5 that eosinophils are increased in frequency in (peripheral blood of) allergic subjects compared to healthy subjects.

It is shown herein (see Fig. 13) that subjects or patients suffering from allergies displayed increased frequency of CCR3 expressing monocytes and that these cells can be depleted using a suitable reagent (Fig. 14) such as eotaxin (CCL1 1 ). It is further shown herein that subjects suffering from allergic conditions contain chemokine receptor expressing cells in the peripheral blood. Subjects suffering from allergic conditions contain CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing neutrophils, CCR2 expressing monocytes and CCR3 expressing eosinophils. The expression of these receptors was not increased in allergic patients; however, the cells expressing the relevant receptors are increased in number in the inflammatory tract of patients with allergic disease. Moreover, the cells are potentially different in their proinflammatory profile with regards to other mediators. Therefore it may be beneficial for the subjects/patients to remove these cells from the circulation in order to prevent and reduce the influx of cells to the inflammatory tract. It is also shown herein that a potentially therapeutic proportion of the relevant chemokine receptor expressing cells can be removed using a suitable binding reagent. Thus, CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing cells may be depleted from peripheral blood using IL-8 as binding reagent, in particular biotinylated IL-8 conjugated to a sepharose straptvidin matrix. CCR2 expressing cells may be depleted from peripheral blood using MCP-1 (CCL2) as binding reagent, in particular biotinylated MCP-1 conjugated to a sepharose straptvidin matrix. CCR3 expressing cells may be depleted from peripheral blood using eotaxin (CCL1 1 ) as binding reagent, in particular biotinylated eotaxin conjugated to a sepharose straptvidin matrix.

EXA PLE 1 -Materials and methods

Isolation of peripheral blood leukocytes. Heparinized peripheral blood from healthy blood donors patients was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 4 minutes, hemolyzed for 15 minutes with a 0.83 % ammonium chloride solution and washed twice in FACS buffer to obtain a suspension of blood leukocytes. Chemokines. The leukocytes were incubated for 30 min in the dark at 4 ^Q C with biotinylated and Alexa647 Fluor® labeled eotaxin (in concentrations 10 ng/μί and 50 ng^L). The cells were then washed with FACS-buffer and analyzed by flow cytometry. All chemokines used in the Examples were provided by Almac Sciences Scotland Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Flow cytometry assay. The flow cytometry assay was performed on a two laser FACS Calibur cytometer (BD Immunocytometry systems, San Jose, Ca, USA). Ten thousand cells were counted and analysed in each sample. For data analyses, Cell Quest Pro software from Becton Dickinson was used.

Neutrophils/eosinophils were investigated for their expression of CCR3, (FIG. 1 b) and their ability to bind eotaxin (FIG. 1 a). CCR3, expression was noted in all neutrophils/eosinophils with the majority of neutrophils/eosinophils expressing high levels, using an anti-CCR3, antibody (FIG. 1 b). The eotaxin binding to neutrophils/eosinophils shown in FIG. 1 a corresponds to the CCR3 ^hl expressing population shown in FIG. 1 b. Thus, eotaxin binds favourably to CCR3 ^hl expressing cells.

EXAMPLE 2 - Tailored leukapheresis

COLUMN DESIGN AND PROPERTIES

Introduction

Apheresis is an established treatment used for depletion of blood components, such as antibodies, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and blood cells. Leukapheresis is the apheresis treatment used for removal of white blood cells, leukocytes. The patient is connected to an extracorporeal blood circulating system; the blood is drawn from a vein in one arm, passed through a column device and returned into the other arm of the patient. Side effects of leukapheresis treatments are varying from mild events like headache, dizziness,

hypotension, palpitation and flush seen in 0.1 to 5% of treated patients.

The column

The column is intended to be used as a leukapheresis treatment for an allergic condition. It will specifically remove CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2-expressing leukocytes, in particular eosinophils, through the use of a binding reagent, more specifically a biotinylated eotaxin containing resin, exploiting the CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2-chemokine interaction. The column consists of three combined components, the plastic house, the streptavidin (SA) Sepharose™ BigBeads matrix and biotinylated eotaxin bound to the matrix. The treatment is conducted using the same techniques as a standard apheresis procedure.

The plastic house (FIG. 2)

The plastic house, designed to keep a continuous blood flow through the matrix, consists of a transparent body and red-coloured top. The top has a distribution plate (2) at the inflow site (1 ) to spread the blood evenly over the entire matrix area. The plate is the first safety barrier preventing larger particles flowing through the column and into the patient. Safety filter units (3 and 4) are placed at the inflow (1 ) and outflow (5) sites of the plastic housing. The safety filter unit contains three filters designed to be a robust barrier and stop all particles larger than blood cells passing through the column. The plastic housing design is shown in Figure 2. The design with safety filters (3 and 4) at both ends of the column device will minimize the risk of leakage of particles into the patient, including in the event that the device is placed up side down with the blood flow in the opposite direction to that anticipated.

Streptavidin Sepharose™ BigBeads

The second component in the device is the affinity matrix called streptavidin Sepharose™ BigBeads (Sepharose™ GE Healthcare, Sweden). Sepharose™ is a cross linked, beaded- form of agarose, which is a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed. Sepharose™ and agarose are commonly used as column matrices in biomedical affinity techniques. It is chosen for its optimal distribution capacity and can provide a large available area for affinity binding. Binding reagent

Coupled to the matrix is the third component of the device, the binding reagent that binds specifically to CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2. Chemokines such as eotaxin may be employed. These peptides may be synthetic, engineered versions of the human chemokine, which are truncated and biotinylated, but retain binding activity to the CCR3, CXCR1 , CXCR2 and/or CCR2 receptor. By biotinylating the engineered chemokine, it is able to bind to the streptavidin molecules in the Sepharose™ matrix. The biotin-streptavidin binding is known be one of the strongest biological interactions with a Kd in the order of 4 x 10 ^"14 M. The calculated ratio of streptavidin:biotin binding sites in the column is 10:1 . Therefore, the coupling between the matrix and chemokine will be immediate, minimising the risk of chemokine decoupling from the matrix.

The apheresis system

To conduct the leukapheresis the following components are needed; the column, tubing system, and a 4008 ADS pump (Fresenius Medical Care).

The circuit

The system is illustrated in Figure 3. The patient (1 ) is connected to the extracorporeal circuit via sterile Venflon needles to veins in the right and the left arms. A saline bag (3) is also connected and the saline solution is pumped with an ACD pump (2). Blood is drawn from one arm of the patient through the sterile tubing system by the blood pump (4) and passed through the column (6) and back to the patient. The tubing system is connected to the column via standard dialysis luer-lock couplings. The couplings on the column are colour- coded for correct assembly; red tubing for inflow to the red column top and blue tubing for outflow back to the patient. An air detector (8) is present. Inlet pressure(5) and Pven sensors (7) are employed to monitor the pressure in the circuit.

The 4008 ADS pump An apheresis pump, from Fresenius Medical Care, monitors the patient's inflow and outflow, the pressure in the extracorporeal circulation and can discriminate air by a bubble catcher and air detector. A clot catcher filter is placed inside the bubble catcher. The pump also has an optical detector to distinguish between light, e.g. saline solution or air present in the tubing system and dark e.g. blood present in the tubing system.

A schematic diagram of the pump, showing the air detector and optical filter is shown in Figure 4. If the pump system detects air bubbles and optical fluctuations or if extracorporeal pressure values are out of the set range, then the pump stops immediately and a visual/ audible alarm are emitted.

Legend for FIG. 4:

1 . Monitor

2. Holder for waste bag

3. Modules (left to right - Blood pump, ACD pump, Air detector)

4. Reserve places for further modules

5. Absorber holder

6. Drip detector

7. IV pole

Preparation of the patient

The patient will be administered anticoagulants prior to each treatment session. A sterile saline solution with 5000 IE Heparin will be used for priming the extracorporeal system, thereafter a bolus injection with 4000 IE Heparin will be added into the circuit at the start of each treatment session. Leukapheresis time and flow rate

The apheresis system should be operated at a flow rate of 30-60 mL/min. A treatment is finalised after 1 800mL of blood has been circulated.

Storage conditions

The column devices should be stored between 1 and 25 °C avoiding freezing and more elevated temperatures. Stability data > 3 months indicate no difference in functionality over time or by temperature (room temperature and refrigerated). The columns will be kept in refrigerated conditions until use. Mechanical damage as those resulting from violent vibrations and trauma should be avoided. Column stored outside of these recommendations should not be used.

Transport conditions

The column devices will be transported under refrigerated condition, avoiding freezing and more elevated temperatures. Mechanical damage such as those resulting from violent vibrations and trauma should be avoided.

In-vitro depletion of target cell populations - eotaxin To investigate the ability to eliminate CCR3-expressing cells, in vitro tests have been performed on the eotaxin coupled matrix. Blood was collected from blood donors and passed through a magnetic column device containing eotaxin coupled MACS beads. Blood samples were taken before and after column passage and analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS) for the depletion of CCR3-expressing cells.

The results demonstrate significant depletion of the target population CCR3-expressing neutrophils/eosinophils post matrix perfusion. Depletion tests were performed on blood from a healthy donor. The results are shown in Figure 5a. In conclusion, the in-vitro results demonstrate a specific reduction of around 25% of the CCR3-expressing cells by the column. Non-CCR3 -expressing cells remained unaffected (data not shown).

In-vitro depletion of target cell populations - RANTES

To investigate the ability to eliminate CCR1 , 3 or 5 -expressing cells, in vitro tests have been performed on the biotinylated RANTES coupled matrix. Blood was collected from blood donors and passed through the column device containing biotinylated RANTES coupled matrix. Blood samples were taken before and after column passage and analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS) for the depletion of CCR1 , 3 or 5-expressing cells.

The results demonstrate significant depletion of the target population chemokine receptor- expressing cells post matrix perfusion. Depletion tests were performed on blood from a healthy donor. The results are shown in Figure 5b.

The in-vitro results demonstrate a specific reduction of the majority of the chemokine receptor 1 , 3 or 5-expressing cells by the column.

The RANTES molecule was synthesized by Almac. The amino acid sequence of the biotinylated RANTES molecule is set forth as SEQ ID NO: 6:

H2N- SPYSSDTTPCCFAYIARPLPRAHIKEYFYTSGKCSNPAVVFVTRKNRQVCANPEKKWVRE YI NSLEKS

-C02H

This molecule has the naturally occurring methionine at position 67 replaced with lysine to facilitate biotinylation at position 67.

The side-chain of Lys 67 was directly biotinylated to given the protein primary structure shown in figure 7. The protein was folded and disulphide bonds formed between the first and third cysteine residues in the sequence and between the 2nd and 4th cysteines.

EXAMPLE 3 - EOTAXIN DERIVATIVES

Eotaxin has been produced with position 73, thought to be a lysine residue, as the site of biotinylation on the chemokine (numbering based upon the mature protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2). Biotinylation permits immobilization of eotaxin on a solid support (via a biotin-avidin interaction). The basic amino acid sequence of eoxtaxin, including a 23 amino acid leader sequence (signal peptide) is set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1 , MKVSAALLWL LLIAAAFSPQ GLAGPASVPT TCCFNLANRK IPLQRLESYR RITSGKCPQK AVIFKTKLAK DICADPKKKW VQDSMKYLDQ KSPTPKP

The amino acid sequence of the mature protein is set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2,

GPASVPT TCCFNLANRK IPLQRLESYR RITSGKCPQK AVIFKTKLAK DICADPKKKW VQDSMKYLDQ KSPTPKP

The inventors have determined that chemokines may display improved binding properties where the chemokine is biotinylated via a spacer group. The spacer may prevent the biotin group from impacting on the binding affinity of the chemokine. Thus, eoxtaxin derivatised at the ε-amino side chain functionality of Lys73 with PEG-Biotin (TFA salt) will be synthesised. The PEG spacer will be 3,6, - dioxoaminooctanoic acid. The molecule will be synthesised as a C-terminal amide (via synthesis on an amide linker) to avoid diketopiperazine formation during the synthesis. The molecule is shown schematically in Figure 6.

A biotin eotaxin Met to Nleu analogue will also be synthesised. The single methionine within the sequence will be altered to Norleucine, to mitigate against oxidation of this residue during the chain assembly and improve stability of the final product. Once synthesised, the activity of the various eoxtaxin derivatives will be determined in cell- based assays. In particular, agonist and antagonist properties will be determined in functional cell-based assay on human CCR3 receptor.

EXAMPLE 4 - Affinity of blood cells to biotinylated IL-8

Materials and methods

Isolation of peripheral blood leukocytes. Heparinized peripheral blood from healthy blood donors or IBD patients was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 4 minutes, hemolyzed for 15 minutes with a 0.83 % ammonium chloride solution and washed twice in FACS buffer to obtain a suspension of blood leukocytes.

Chemokines. The leukocytes were incubated for 30 min in the dark at 4 ^S C with the following biotinylated and Alexa647 Fluor® labeled chemokines: CCL25 (in concentrations of 0,1 ng/μί, 0,5 ng/μί and 5 ng^L), MIP-1 a or MCP-1 (in concentrations 1 0 ng/μί and 50 ng^L). The cells were then washed with FACS-buffer and analyzed by flow cytometry. All chemokines used in the Examples were provided by Almac Sciences Scotland Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Flow cytometry assay. The flow cytometry assay was performed on a two laser FACS Calibur cytometer (BD Immunocytometry systems, San Jose, Ca, USA). Ten thousand cells were counted and analysed in each sample. For data analyses, Cell Quest Pro software from Becton Dickinson was used.

In Fig. 8 the binding to biotinylated IL-8 (CXCL8) of CD4+ lymphocytes (Fig. 8a), CD8+ lymphocytes (Fig. 8b) and CD16+ neutrophils (Fig. 8c) obtained from healthy donors is shown. After 30 min of incubation all CD16+ neutrophils bound to IL-8. In contrast no binding was observed with CD4+ lymphocytes and CD8+ lymphocytes.

EXAMPLES 5 to 10

Chemokine Synthesis - GENERAL PROTOCOLS

Assembly:

Chemical synthesis of chemokines was performed using standard Fmoc solid phase peptides synthesis (SPPS) techniques on an ABI 433 peptide synthesiser. DIC (0.5 M in DMF) and OxymaPure (0.5 M in DMF) were used for activation, acetic anhydride (0.5 M in DMF) for capping, and 20 % piperidine in DMF for Fmoc deprotection. Rink Amide resin was utilised for the generation of C-terminal amide chemokines and Wang resin for C-terminal acid chemokines. After assembly, the resin was washed with DMF and DCM and then dried in vacuo.

Removal of Dde Protection:

The Dde protecting group was removed by treatment of resin with a solution of 2.5% hydrazine in DMF (200ml) over a 2 hour period. The resin was then washed with DMF. Labelling steps:

1 . Couple Fmoc-8-amino-3,6-dioctanoic acid (PEG)

Resin was swollen in DMF and then a solution of Fmoc-8-amino-3,6-dioctanoic acid (0.38g, 1 mmol), DIC solution (2ml, 0.5 M in DMF) and OxymaPure solution (2ml, 0.5 M in DMF) was added. The mixture was sonicated for 3 hours and then washed with DMF.

2. Capping

The resin was capped with acetic anhydride solution (0.5 M in DMF, 10ml) for 5 minutes and then washed with DMF.

3. Fmoc deprotection

Fmoc deprotection was carried out by treatment with 20% piperidine in DMF solution (2 x 50ml) for 15 minutes each. The resin was washed with DMF.

4. Couple Biotin-OSu

A solution of Biotin-OSu (341 mg, 1 mmol) and DIPEA (348μΙ) in DMF (10ml) was added to the resin and the mixture was sonicated for 3 hours. The resin was washed thoroughly with DMF and DCM then dried in vacuo.

Cleavage:

Dry resin was treated with TFA (10 ml) containing a scavenger cocktail consisting of TIS (500 μΙ), thioanisole (500 μΙ), water (500 μΙ), DMS (500 μΙ), EDT (250 μΙ), NH ₄ I (500 μg) and phenol (500 μ9) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. The solution was filtered into cold ether and the resin rinsed with TFA. The precipitated peptide was centrifuged, washed with ether, centrifuged and lyophilised. Purification Protocol:

The crude peptide was purified by reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) using a Jupiter C18, 250 x 21 mm column, 9 ml/min, eluting with an optimised gradient [Buffer A: water containing 0.1 % TFA, Buffer B: acetonitrile containing 0.1 % TFA]. Folding Protocol:

Pure peptide (10mg) was dissolved into 6M GnHCI (16 ml) and then rapidly diluted to 2M GnHCI concentration by the addition of 50mM TRIS pH 8.5 (84 ml) containing 0.3mM GSSG and 3mM GSH. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours and then analysed by RP-HPLC (Jupiter C1 8, 250 x 4.6 mm column, 10-60% B over 30 minutes. Purification by RP-HPLC using an optimised gradient afforded the desired product.

EXAMPLE 5 - biotinMCP-1 (CCL2)

Target Molecule: MCP-1 derivatised at the ε-amino side chain functionality of Lys(75) with PEG-Biotin (TFA salt)

Modifications: Human MCP-1 corresponding to residues 1 -76, is initially expressed as 99 amino acids comprising the chemokine fold, and a 23 amino acid signal peptide which is cleaved off. The Gin at the N-terminus of the protein is subject to pyroGlu formation under physiological conditions. Thus Gln1 of the sequence was substituted with pyroglutamine to prevent mixed species of N-terminal Gin and pyroGlu being generated. This improves the yield of synthesis and ensures a homogeneous chemokine preparation through column manufacture and use. The naturally occurring lysine at position 75 was modified through biotinylation on the resin. A PEG spacer was incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin.

The linear amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9) is shown, prior to attachment of the PEG spacer and biotin molecules at amino acid 75 (K):

H-XPDAINAPVTCCYNFTNRKISVQRLASYRRITSSKCPKEAVIFKTIVAKEIC

ADPKQKWVQDSMDHLDKQTQTPKT-NH ₂

X = pyroGlu or Gin

The engineered MCP-1 sequence was assembled on a solid support (Rink Amide resin), using Fmoc protocols for solid-phase peptide synthesis as described in the general protocols section:

SEQ ID NO: 1 0

H-XPDAINAPVTCCYNFTNRKISVQRLASYRRITSSKCPKEAVIFKTIVAKEIC ADPKQKWVQDSMDHLDKQTQTPXT-RESIN

X1 = pyroGlu or Gin

X75 = K(ivDde) FmocLys(ivDde)-OH was incorporated as residue 75 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein. Subsequent removal of the ivDde protecting group, followed by coupling of the PEG spacer and Biotin, was carried out as described in the general protocol section. Cleavage, purification and folding protocols were carried out as described to furnish the desired active chemokine.

SEQ ID NO: 1 1

H-XPDAINAPVTCCYNFTNRKISVQRLASYRRITSSKCPKEAVIFKTIVAKEIC

ADPKQKWVQDSMDHLDKQTQTPXT-NH ₂

X1 = pyroGlu or Gin

X75 is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG, optionally K(PEG-Biotin)

Electrospray ionisation with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) data of purified folded biotinMCP-1 : obtained = 9032.8 Da; expected 9034.4 Da.

Functional Assay Data:

biotinMCP-1 was tested for agonist activity in an Aequorin assay against hCCR2b,

(Euroscreen) and an EC50 value of 9.6nM was reported, c.f. EC50 for recombinant native MCP-1 is 3.1 nM.

EXAMPLE 6 - biotinRANTES (CCL5)

Target Molecule: RANTES derivatised at the ε-amino side chain functionality of Lys(67) with Biotin (TFA salt)

Modifications: Human RANTES corresponding to residues 1 -68, is initially expressed as 91 amino acids comprising the chemokine fold, and a 23 amino acid signal peptide which is cleaved off. The single methionine (Met67) within the sequence was mutated to lysine, to mitigate against oxidation of this residue during the chain assembly, which was observed during the synthesis of the natural sequence derivative. This Met to Lys substitution provided a lysine at position 67 which was modified through biotinylation on the resin.

The linear amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) is shown, prior to attachment of the biotin molecule at amino acid 67 (K):

H-SPYSSDTTPCCFAYIARPLPRAHIKEYFYTSGKCSNPAVVFVTRKNRQVC

ANPEKKWVREYINSLEKS-OH The engineered RANTES sequence was assembled on a solid support (Wang resin), using Fmoc protocols for solid-phase peptide synthesis as described in the general protocols section: H-SPYSSDTTPCCFAYIARPLPRAHIKEYFYTSGKCSNPAVVFVTRKNRQVC

ANPEKKWVREYINSLEXS-RESIN

X is K(ivDde)

FmocLys(ivDde)-OH was incorporated as residue 67 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 7). Subsequent removal of the ivDde protecting group, followed by coupling of the Biotin, was carried out as described in the general protocol section. Cleavage, purification and folding protocols were carried out as described to furnish the desired active chemokine (SEQ ID NO: 8). H-SPYSSDTTPCCFAYIARPLPRAHIKEYFYTSGKCSNPAVVFVTRKNRQVC

ANPEKKWVREYINSLEXS-OH

X is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or

diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG (e.g. K(Biotin))

Electrospray ionisation with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) data of purified folded biotinRANTES: obtained = 8068.9 Da; expected 8070.2 Da.

Functional Assay Data:

BiotinRANTES was tested for agonist activity in an Aequorin assay against hCCR5, (Euroscreen) and an EC50 value of 0.5nM was reported.

EXAMPLE 7 - biotinMCP-2 (CCL8)

Target Molecule: MCP-2 derivatised at the ε-amino side chain functionality of Lys(75) with PEG-Biotin (TFA salt)

Modifications: Human MCP-2 corresponding to residues 1 -76, is initially expressed as 99 amino acids comprising the chemokine fold, and a 23 amino acid signal peptide which is cleaved off. The Gin at the N-terminus of the protein is subject to pyroGlu formation under physiological conditions. Thus Gln1 of the sequence was substituted with pyroglutamine to prevent mixed species of N-terminal Gin and pyroGlu being generated. This improves the yield of synthesis and ensures a homogeneous chemokine preparation through column manufacture and use. The naturally occurring lysine at position 75 was modified through biotinylation on the resin. A PEG spacer was incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin.

The linear amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) is shown, prior to attachment of the PEG spacer and biotin molecules at amino acid 75 (K): H-XPDSVSIPITCCFNVINRKIPIQRLESYTRITNIQCPKEAVIFKTKRGKEVCADPKE

RWVRDSMKHLDQIFQNLKP-N H2

X = pyroGlu or Gin

The engineered MCP-2 sequence was assembled on a solid support (Rink Amide resin), using Fmoc protocols for solid-phase peptide synthesis as described in the general protocols section: H-XPDSVSIPITCCFNVINRKIPIQRLESYTRITNIQCPKEAVIFKTKRGKEVCADPKE

RWVRDSMKHLDQIFQNLXP-N H2

XI = pyroGlu or Gin

X75 = K(ivDde) FmocLys(ivDde)-OH was incorporated as residue 75 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 4). Subsequent removal of the ivDde protecting group, followed by coupling of the PEG spacer and Biotin, was carried out as described in the general protocol section. Cleavage, purification and folding protocols were carried out as described to furnish the desired active chemokine (SEQ ID NO: 5):

H-XPDSVSIPITCCFNVINRKIPIQRLESYTRITNIQCPKEAVIFKTKRGKEVCADP KE

RWVRDSMKHLDQIFQNLXP-N H2

X1 = pyroGlu or Gin

X75 = an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer

molecule such as PEG, e.g. K(PEG-Biotin).

Electrospray ionisation with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) data of purified folded biotinMCP-2: obtained = 9263.6 Da; expected 9263.8 Da.

Functional Assay Data:

biotinMCP-2 was tested for activity in an Aequorin assay against hCCR2b, (Euroscreen) and was shown to be a partial agonist with an EC50 value of 50.9nM. c.f . EC50 for recombinant native MCP-2 is 23.5nM (partial agonist).

Example 8 - biotinlL-8 (CXCL8)

Target Molecule: IL-8 derivatised at the ε-amino side chain functionality of Lys(78) with PEG- Biotin (TFA salt) Modifications: Human IL-8 corresponding to residues 1 -77, is initially expressed as 99 amino acids comprising the chemokine fold, and a 22 amino acid signal peptide which is cleaved off. An additional lysine was inserted at the C-terminus at position 78, and modified through biotinylation on the resin. A PEG spacer was incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin.

The linear amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 12) is shown, prior to attachment of the PEG spacer and biotin molecules:

H-AVLPRSAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKL

SDGRELCLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSX-NH ₂

X is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or

diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG, e.g. K(PEG-Biotin)

The engineered IL-8 sequence was assembled on a solid support (Rink Amide resin), using Fmoc protocols for solid-phase peptide synthesis as described in the general protocols section:

H-AVLPRSAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKL

SDGRELCLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSX-RESIN

X is K(ivDde)

FmocLys(ivDde)-OH was incorporated as residue 78 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 13). Subsequent removal of the ivDde protecting group, followed by coupling of the PEG spacer and Biotin, was carried out as described in the general protocol section. Cleavage, purification and folding protocols were carried out as described to furnish the desired active chemokine (SEQ ID NO: 14):

H-AVLPRSAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKL

SDGRELCLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSX-NH ₂

X is K(PEG-Biotin)

Electrospray ionisation with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) data of purified folded biotinlL-8: obtained = 9416.9 Da; expected 9417.0 Da.

Functional Assay Data:

BiotinlL-8 was tested for agonist activity in an Aequorin assay against hCXCRI , (Euroscreen) and an EC50 value of 18.9nM was reported, c.f. EC50 for recombinant native IL-8 is 4.2nM.

Example 9 - biotinlL-8 (6-78)

Target Molecule: IL-8 (6-78) derivatised at the ε-amino side chain functionality of Lys(78) with PEG-Biotin (TFA salt)

Modifications: Truncated form of IL-8 corresponding to residues 6-77, the first five N-terminal residues have been removed and an additional lysine was inserted at the C-terminus at position 78, and modified through biotinylation on the resin. A PEG spacer was incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin.

The linear amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 15) is shown, prior to attachment of the PEG spacer and biotin molecules:

H-SAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKLSDGREL

CLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSX-NH ₂

X is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or

diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG

The engineered IL-8 sequence was assembled on a solid support (Rink Amide resin), using Fmoc protocols for solid-phase peptide synthesis as described in the general protocols section:

H-SAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKLSDGREL

CLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSX-RESIN

X is K(ivDde)

FmocLys(ivDde)-OH was incorporated as residue 78 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 16). Subsequent removal of the ivDde protecting group, followed by coupling of the PEG spacer and Biotin, was carried out as described in the general protocol section. Cleavage, purification and folding protocols were carried out as described to furnish the desired active chemokine (SEQ ID NO: 17):

H-SAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPHCANTEIIVKLSDGREL

CLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENSX-NH ₂

X is K(PEG-Biotin)

Electrospray ionisation with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) data of purified folded biotinlL-8 (6-78): obtained = 8880.50 Da; expected 8880.4 Da.

Functional Assay Data:

BiotinlL-8 (6-78) was tested for agonist activity in an Aequorin assay against hCXCRI ,

(Euroscreen) and an EC50 value of 6.1 nM was reported, c.f. EC50 for recombinant native IL- 8 is 4.2nM.

EXAMPLE 10 - biotinEotaxin (CCL11)

Target Molecule: Eotaxin derivatised at the ε-amino side chain functionality of Lys(73) with PEG-Biotin (TFA salt) Modifications: Human eotaxin corresponding to residues 1 -74, is initially expressed as 97 amino acids comprising the chemokine fold, and a 23 amino acid signal peptide which is cleaved off. The naturally occurring lysine at position 73 was modified through biotinylation on the resin. A PEG spacer was incorporated between the ε-amino functionality and the biotin.

The linear amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18) is shown, prior to attachment of the PEG spacer and biotin molecules at amino acid 73 (K): H-GPASVPTTCCFNLANRKIPLQRLESYRRITSGKCPQKAVIFKTKLAKDICADPKKK WVQDSMKYLDQKSPTPXP-NH ₂

X is an amino acid residue that can be biotinylated, such as lysine, ornithine or

diaminopropionic acid and optionally is biotinylated, optionally via a spacer molecule such as PEG, e.g. K(PEG-Biotin).

The engineered eotaxin sequence was assembled on a solid support (Rink Amide resin), using Fmoc protocols for solid-phase peptide synthesis as described in the general protocols section: H-GPASVPTTCCFNLANRKIPLQRLESYRRITSGKCPQKAVIFKTKLAKDICADPKKK WVQDSMKYLDQKSPTPXP-NH ₂

X is K(ivDde)

FmocLys(ivDde)-OH was incorporated as residue 73 to facilitate site-specific labelling at this position of the protein (SEQ ID NO: 19). Subsequent removal of the ivDde protecting group, followed by coupling of the PEG spacer and Biotin, was carried out as described in the general protocol section. Cleavage, purification and folding protocols were carried out as described to furnish the desired active chemokine (SEQ ID NO: 20): H-GPASVPTTCCFNLANRKIPLQRLESYRRITSGKCPQKAVIFKTKLAKDICADPKKK WVQDSMKYLDQKSPTPXP-NH ₂

X is K(PEG-Biotin)

Electrospray ionisation with tandem mass spectrometry (ESi-TOF-MS) data of purified folded biotinEotaxin: obtained = 8731 .3 Da; expected 8731 .3 Da.

Functional Assay Data:

biotinEotaxin was tested for activity in an Aequorin assay against hCCR3, (Euroscreen) and was shown to be an antagonist with an EC50 value of 21 1 .8nM. c.f. EC50 for recombinant native eotaxin is 10.7nM (agonist).

EXAMPLE 11 - Treatment of Allergy using CXCR1 , CXCR2, CCR2 and CCR3 and biotinylated IL8, Eotaxin and MCP1 Materials and methods

1 . Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood

Peripheral blood from patients and healthy controls was collected in heparin tubes. The red blood cells were lysed using Fix Buffer (Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) citrate with 4% paraformaldehyde) for four minutes at 37°C and Lysing buffer (PBS with 1 0mM Tris and 160mM NH4CI, pH 7.5) for 15 min at 37°G. The cells were washed in PBS with 2% Bovine Growth Serum, incubated with 10% human serum for 15min at room temperature (RT) and stained with antibodies (Table 2) at 4°C for 30min. The cells were analysed by flow cytometry on a FACS Canto flow cytometer with the FACSDiva software (BD Biosciences).

Table 2. List of antibodies for flow cytometric analysis.

2. Chemokine Binding test

Peripheral blood from patients and healthy controls was collected in heparin tubes. The red blood cells were lysed using Fix Buffer (Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) citrate with 4% paraformaldehyde) for four minutes at 37°C and Lysing buffer (PBS with 1 0mM Tris and 160mM NH4CI, pH 7.5) for 15 min at 37°G. The cells were washed in PBS with 2% Bovine Growth Serum, incubated with 10% human serum 15min at room temperature (RT) and stained with cell specific antibodies together with biotinylated chemokine (1 μΜ) or the corresponding chemokine receptor antibody at 4°C for 30min (Table 2). The biotinylated chemokine was detected via the interaction between biotin and a fluorophore conjugated Streptavidin. The samples were analysed by flow cytometry on a FACS Canto flow cytometer with the FACSDiva software (BD Biosciences).

3. Cell depletion by matrix conjugated with biotinylated chemokine

Cells were prepared from peripheral blood (section 1 ). 1 mL Sepharose BigBeads matrix conjugated with 0.4mg/mL Streptavidin (GE Healthcare) was washed in 50 mL PBS and added to a 5 mL polystyrene tube (BD Falcon™). Biotinylated chemokine was added to the tube and incubated for 20 min at RT to enable immobilization of the chemokine on the matrix via the biotin-streptavidin interaction. Next, the cells were added to the chemokine-matrix and incubated for 20 min at RT. The cells that did not bind to the matrix were removed by washing the matrix with PBS in a sterile 40um nylon filter (BD Falcon™ Cell Strainer). The flow through cells were stained with antibodies (Table 2), analysed by flow cytometry and compared with cells from peripheral blood that had not been incubated with the chemokine- matrix.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1 . Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood

White blood cells from patients with allergy (three of the patients were allergic to birch and one patient was allergic to cats, dogs and grass) were analysed for cell surface markers with flow cytometry. The neutrophils expressed the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, the monocytes expressed CCR2 and the eosinophils expressed CCR3, based upon flow cytometry data (Figure 10a-c).

The expression of these receptors was not increased in allergic patients; however, the cells are increased in the inflammatory tract of patients with allergic disease. Moreover, the cells are potentially different in their pro-inflammatory profile with regards to other mediators. Therefore it could be beneficial for the patients to remove these cells from the circulation in order to prevent and reduce the influx of cells to the inflammatory tract.

CCR3 expressing monocyte levels are increased in allergic patients (Fig. 13). 2. Chemokine Binding test

The ligand for CXCR1 and CXCR2 is IL-8, the ligand for CCR3 is eotaxin, and the ligand for CCR2 is MCP-1 .Circulating blood cells from patients with allergy bind to biotinylated IL8 (blL8) and biotinylated Eotaxin (bEotaxin) (Figure 1 1 a and b). 3. Cell depletion by matrix conjugated with biotinylated chemokine

About 50 percent of the CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressing neutrophils were efficiently depleted with blL8-conjugated Sepharose Streptavidin Matrix (Fig 12a).

44% of the CCR3 expressing granulocytes were efficiently depleted with bEotaxin-conjugated Sepharose Streptavidin Matrix (Fig 12b). 50 percent of the CCR2 expressing monocytes were efficiently depleted with bMCP1 -conjugated Sepharose Streptavidin Matrix (Fig 12c).

CCR3 expressing monocytes can be depleted using biotinylated eotaxin (Fig. 14).

We conclude that the immune cells from allergic patients express the CXCR1 , CXCR2, CCR2 and CCR3 receptors. The cells can bind their respective ligand and can be removed with Sepharose Streptavidin matrix conjugated with the corresponding biotinylated chemokine.

The various embodiments of the present invention are not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the various embodiments of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, all embodiments described herein are considered to be broadly applicable and combinable with any and all other consistent embodiments, as appropriate.

Various publications are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.