The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional application serial number 62/526,160 filed June 28, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

Provided herein are compositions, systems, kits, and methods for treating nervous system injuries caused by trauma or neurodegeneration or aging in a subject by administering a CSPG or SOCS3 reduction peptide (CRP and SRP respectively), or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the CRP or SRP, wherein both the CRP and SRP comprise a cell membrane penetrating domain, and a lysosome targeting domain, and the CRP further comprises a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) binding domain, and the SRP further comprises a suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) binding domain.

BACKGROUND

There is a huge market desire to remove scares caused by trauma and/or

neurodegeneration to facilitate nerve regrowth and to enhance functional outcomes in both Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Central Nervous System (CNS) clinically. There is currently no intervention available clinically to target the spinal cord injury (SCI) and to address its associated neurological disorders including bladder control. The patients with SCI in the U.S. have been estimated to be approximately 276,000 people, with a range from 240,000 to 337,000 persons in 2014. The new cases are about 13,000 per year. The bladder function is a high priority that patients with SCI would like to be returned.

There are two major approaches applied in experiments to reduce chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG, the major component of scarring) are bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC and Lentiviral delivery of chondroitinase ABC. However, both chondroitinase ABC and Lentiviral delivery of chondroitinase ABC have only limited efficacy and are not clinically applicable. Chondroitinase ABC has low thermal stability, short longevity and must be applied locally. These disadvantages limit its efficacy and clinical application. Lentiviral delivery of chondroitinase ABC has a relatively low transfection rate, and biological safety concerns. In addition, Lenti virus needs to be applied about two weeks before injury/trauma. The timing and amount applied cannot be controlled. All of these disadvantages limit efficacy and clinical application of Lentiviral delivery of chondroitinase ABC. Another newly published peptide, intracellular sigma peptide (ISP), was originally designed to interfere the function of one of the receptors of CSPG (i.e. ΡΤΡσ) in order to block the inhibitory effects of CSPG, but has no effects on CSPG itself in vivo. While ISP when applied immediately after SCI in rats has been reported to have minor effects on promoting functional recovery after SCI, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown even after extensive investigation for years. The most critical disadvantage of ISP is that ISP has no effects on chronic SCI when ISP was applied two-month after SCI. Such disadvantages and the unknown mechanisms underlying its published effects significantly limit the efficacy and clinical application of ISP.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are compositions, systems, kits, and methods for treating nervous system injuries caused by trauma or neurodegeneration or aging in a subject by administering a CSPG or SOCS3 reduction peptide (CRP and SRP respectively), or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the CRP or SRP, wherein both the CRP and SRP comprise a cell membrane penetrating domain, and a lysosome targeting domain, and the CRP further comprises a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) binding domain, and the SRP further comprises a SOCS3 binding domain.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., advanced years, such as over 75 years old) in a subject comprising: administering a CSPG reduction peptide (CRP), or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the CRP, to a subject with a nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging, wherein the CRP comprises: i) a first amino acid sequence encoding a cell membrane penetrating domain, ii) a second amino acid sequence encoding a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) binding domain, and iii) a third amino acid sequence encoding a lysosome targeting domain.

In some embodiments, the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging is localized to at least one nervous system site on the subject (e.g., particular location between certain vertebrate on the spinal cord). In other embodiments, the administering is under conditions such that the CRP reduces the level of CSPG present at the at least one nervous system site (e.g., one site, two sites, three sites, etc.). In other embodiments, the nervous system site is in the spinal cord of the subject. In other embodiments, the nervous system site is in the degenerated brain and/or spinal cord of the subject. In further embodiments, the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging is to the subject's central nervous system (CNS). In some embodiments, the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging is to the subject's peripheral nervous system (PNS).

In certain embodiments, administering is conducted within about 24 hours of the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., within 1 hour ... 5 hours ... 15 hours ... 20 hours, or within 24 hours). In some embodiments, the administering is conducted after at least two days of the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., after 2 days ... 4 days ... or 6 days). In other embodiments, the administering is conducted at least one week after the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., after 7 days ... 15 days ... or 25 days). In further embodiments, the

administering is conducted at least one month after the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., at least one month or 1.5 months). In additional embodiments, the administering is conducted at least two months after nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., at least 2 months ... 5 months ... 1 year ... 2 years ... or 5 years after the injury or trauma).

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating multiple sclerosis

(MS), or aiding in limb transplant, in a subject comprising: administering a CSPG reduction peptide (CRP), or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the CRP, to a subject with MS (or other neurological condition) or undergoing limb transplant, wherein the CRP comprises: i) a first amino acid sequence encoding a cell membrane penetrating domain, ii) a second amino acid sequence encoding a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) binding domain, and iii) a third amino acid sequence encoding a lysosome targeting domain.

In some embodiments, provided herein are compositions, systems, and kits comprising: a CSPG reduction peptide (CRP) (e.g., to reduce scars), or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the CRP, wherein the CRP comprises: a) a first amino acid sequence encoding a cell membrane penetrating domain, b) a second amino acid sequence encoding a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) binding domain, and c) a third amino acid sequence encoding a lysosome targeting domain. In particular embodiments, the compositions, systems, further comprise a device for injecting a composition comprising the CRP into a subject's nervous system.

In particular embodiments, the first amino acid sequence is located at the N-terminal or C-terminal of the CRP. In other embodiments, the third amino acid sequence is located at the N-terminal or C-terminal of the CRP. In additional embodiments, the second amino acid sequence is located between the first and third amino acid sequences. In further

embodiments, the first amino acid sequence comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 5-27, or a sequence with one amino acid addition, subtraction or substitution. In additional embodiments, the third amino acid sequence comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 28-36, or a sequence with one amino acid addition, subtraction or substitution. In additional embodiments, the second amino acid sequence comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 37-53, or a sequence with one amino acid addition, subtraction or substitution.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., older than 75 ... 85 ... or 95) in a subject comprising: administering a SOCS3 reduction peptide (SRP), or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the SRP, to a subject with a nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging, wherein the SRP comprises: i) a first amino acid sequence encoding a cell membrane penetrating domain, ii) a second amino acid sequence encoding a Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) binding domain, and iii) a third amino acid sequence encoding a lysosome targeting domain.

In some embodiments, the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging is localized to at least one nervous system site on the subject (e.g., particular location between certain vertebrate on the spinal cord). In other embodiments, the administering is under conditions such that the SRP reduces the level of SOCS3 present at the at least one nervous system site (e.g., one site, two sites, three sites, etc.). In other embodiments, the nervous system site is in the spinal cord of the subject. In other embodiments, the nervous system site is in the degenerated brain and/or spinal cord of the subject. In further embodiments, the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging is to the subject's central nervous system (CNS). In some embodiments, the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging is to the subject's peripheral nervous system (PNS).

In certain embodiments, administering is conducted within about 24 hours of the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., within 1 hour ... 5 hours ... 15 hours ... 20 hours, or within 24 hours). In some embodiments, the administering is conducted after at least two days of the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., after 2 days ... 4 days ... or 6 days). In other embodiments, the administering is conducted at least one week after the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., after 7 days ... 15 days ... or 25 days). In further embodiments, the

administering is conducted at least one month after the nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., at least one month or 1.5 months). In additional embodiments, the administering is conducted at least two months after nervous system injury or trauma or degeneration or aging (e.g., at least 2 months ... 5 months ... 1 year ... 2 years ... or 5 years after the injury or trauma).

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease (MND), ALS, or aiding in limb transplant, in a subject comprising: administering a SOCS3 reduction peptide (SRP), or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the SRP, to a subject with MND (or other neurological condition) or undergoing limb transplant, wherein the SRP comprises: i) a first amino acid sequence encoding a cell membrane penetrating domain, ii) a second amino acid sequence encoding SOCS3 binding domain, and iii) a third amino acid sequence encoding a lysosome targeting domain.

In some embodiments, provided herein are compositions, systems, and kits comprising: a SOCS3 reduction peptide (SRP) (e.g., to reduce scars), or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the SRP, wherein the SRP comprises: a) a first amino acid sequence encoding a cell membrane penetrating domain, b) a second amino acid sequence encoding a SOCS3 binding domain, and c) a third amino acid sequence encoding a lysosome targeting domain. In particular embodiments, the compositions, systems, further comprise a device for injecting a composition comprising the SRP into a subject's nervous system.

In particular embodiments, the first amino acid sequence is located at the N-terminal or C-terminal of the SRP. In other embodiments, the third amino acid sequence is located at the N-terminal or C-terminal of the SRP. In additional embodiments, the second amino acid sequence is located between the first and third amino acid sequences. In further

embodiments, the first amino acid sequence comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 5-27, or a sequence with one amino acid addition, subtraction or substitution. In additional embodiments, the third amino acid sequence comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 28-36, or a sequence with one amino acid addition, subtraction or substitution. In additional embodiments, the second amino acid sequence comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 54-89, or a sequence with one amino acid addition, subtraction or substitution.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1 shows a schematic of the exemplary CRP employed in Example 1.

Figure 2 shows a schematic of the experimental design for in vivo testing when a CRP was applied sub-acutely (one-day after SCI) or chronically (two-month after SCI) in Example 1. Figure 3 shows histological results from the testing when CRP was applied sub- acutely in Example 1, where the CRP effectively decreased CSPG (the major component of scares) in lesion epicenter and adjacent tissue two weeks after SCI.

Figure 4 shows results from the testing when CRP was applied sub-acutely, where the exemplary CRP significantly decreased CSPG three months after SCI.

Figure 5 shows results out to 91 days post-contusion shows that the CRP significantly promotes motor function recovery after SCI.

Figure 6 shows that the CRP improves voiding patterns after SCI.

Figure 7 shows that the CRP improves bladder function after SCI, reducing residual volume and volume per void toward normal condition.

Figure 8 shows that the CRP improves bladder function after SCI, reducing overactive bladder by the reduction of both the number and amplitude of non-voiding contraction.

Figure 9 shows that the CRP improves bladder function after SCI, improving external urethral sphincter (EUS) activity by increasing the number of burst, the EMG amplitude, and the coordination with detrusor contraction during the void period.

Figure 10 shows the CRP enhances sprouting of serotonin (5-HT) fibers below lesion after SCI.

Figure 11 shows that the CRP enhances nerve sprouting below lesion from neuron in brain stem and red nucleic after SCI.

Figure 12 shows the CRP, but not ISP, when applied one day after SCI effectively decreases CSPG in lesion epicenter and adjacent tissue two weeks after SCI. The expression of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is upregulated surround the lesion in spinal cord two weeks after contusive SCI in the vehicle-treated animal (A). CSPG reduction peptide (CRP) treatment (B) starting one day after SCI significantly decreases SCI-induced increases in CSPG. However, intracellular sigma peptide (ISP) treatment (C) does not decrease CSPG as compared to vehicle-treated group (A).

Figure 13 shows that the CRP, but not ISP, when applied two months after SCI effectively promotes locomotion recovery. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) 21 -point scoring test is used as the locomotion assessment after SCI. SCI causes significant deficits on locomotion function as indicated by the significant drop of BBB scores from 21 of the normal rats. CRP treatment starting two months after contusive SCI significantly improves locomotion recovery indicated by BBB score increased from 11.75 ± 0.164 (two months after SCI) to 14.33 ± 0.211 (A) with average increases in BBB scores by 3.0 ± 0.365 (B) by two months plus 42 days after SCI. However, ISP treatment slightly decreases BBB scores from 11.667 ± 0.211 (two months after SCI) to 11.00 ± 0.577 (two months plus 42 days after SCI) (A).

Figure 14 shows exemplary degradation of SOCS3 using an exemplary SRP peptide. At the top of Fig. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary design of an SRP peptide, including the N-terminal cell membrane penetration domain, the central SOCS3 binding domain, and the C-terminal lysosome targeting domain that directs SRP-bound SOCS3 to lysosomes for degradation.

Figure 15 shows the distribution of FITC-labeled SRP in the spinal cord and in lysosomes of target cells 8 days after contusive SCI. A single subcutaneous injection of FITC-SRP was administered 8 days after contusive SCI. Spinal cords were harvested 3 hours after injection. A,

Representative image demonstrating FITC-labeled SRP (green) distributed surrounding the injury epicenter and in both gray matter and white matter. B-E, Representative 3D deconvolution images of co-localization (arrow, E) of FITC-SRP (C) with the lysosomal marker LAMP1 (B) in the spinal cord surrounding the injury epicenter. F-I, Singly injected FITC-SRP (G) co-localized (I) with SCI increased SOCS3 (F) in the areas surrounding the lesion epicenter at 8 days post SCI. The boxed area shows higher magnification of co- localization observed in the area indicated by the arrow.

Figure 16 shows that FITC-SRP was identified in neurons, microglia/macrophages, and oligodendrocytes. Representative 3D deconvolution images show the co-localization of FITC-SRP and neurons (NeuN+; A-D), or microglia/macrophages (ED1+; E-H), or oligodendrocytes (OSP+; I-L). The boxed area shows higher magnification of co-localized cells (arrow).

Figure 17 shows SRP significantly reduced SOCS3 levels in the spinal cord after SCI. SOCS3 protein expression in the spinal cord of the scrambled peptide group (scr) was significantly increased 7 days after SCI at the epicenter and in areas caudal to the injured site compared to normal rats (Nor). The SCI-upregulated SOCS3 was significantly reduced by SRP treatment (SRP) beginning one day after SCI (once per day). Additionally, significant activation of STAT3, as indicated by phospho-STAT3 Tyr705 (p-STAT3) expression, was observed in SRP -treated SCI animals. SOCSl and actin were not significantly altered by SRP treatment (A). Graphs represent mean ± SEM of five samples per group for the ratios of SOCS3 to actin (B) and p-STAT3 to STAT3 (C).

Figure 18 shows improvement of hind limb motor function with SRP treatment following T8 contusive SCI. Animals were subcutaneously injected with SRP daily for one month beginning one day after SCI and assessed by the BBB open field locomotion test to evaluate hind limb motor function at the designated time points. SR -treated animals showed significant

improvement in hind limb locomotion as compared to scrambled peptide (scr)-treated animals over the entire observation period.

Figure 19 shows SRP treatment improved bladder function after T8 contusive SCI. Animals were treated daily with SRP for one month, beginning one day after SCI.

Urodynamic analyses were conducted 3 months post-SCI. A representative cystometrograms (CMG) of three cycles of micturition events (red * indicates where micturition occurred) shows hyperactive bladder activity before reaching the voiding point in scrambled peptide- treated animals (A). SRP treatment (SRP) significantly reduced bladder hyperactivity (B). Statistical analysis revealed that SRP significantly reduced (C) residual volume, (D) the number of non-voiding contractions, and (E) the non-voiding contraction amplitude when compared to the scrambled peptide group (scr). Figure 19 (F and G) also shows SRP treatment improved bursting activities of external urethral sphincter (EUS) recorded by electromyogram (EMG) after T8 contusive SCI. EUS EMG recording were conducted 3 months post- SCI. The EUS EMG during the void period showed improvement in bursting activity indicated by red rectangle following SRP (G) when compared to the scrambled peptide (scrambled) group (F).

Figure 20 shows that SRP significantly increased TBK1 and mitophagy adaptors in the spinal cord after SCI. SCI-upregulated SOCS3 was significantly reduced by SRP treatment (SRP) beginning one day after SCI (once per day) compared to the scrambled peptide group (scr). The protein levels of TBK1 and optineurin were significantly increased with SRP treatment. Additionally, significant activation of TBK1 and p62, as indicated by phospho-TBKl Serl72 (p-TBKl) and phosphor-p62 Ser403 (p-p62) expression, was observed in SRP -treated SCI animals. (A). Graphs represented mean ± SEM of six samples per group for the % to GAPDH (B).

Figure 21 shows qRT-PCR analyses of markers for pro- vs. anti-inflammatory macrophages in spinal cord segments caudal to the injury site. Rats were treated once per day beginning one day after SCI with SRP or scrambled peptide (scr) and mRNA was then harvested and analyzed by qRT-PCR. As shown, SRP treatment increased arginase 1 (A), but decreased iNOS (B) expression, at both 7 and 14 days post-SCI. C. Notably, SRP decreased TNF-a expression at 7 days post-SCI, which was even more pronounced at 14 days post-SCI. Figure 22 shows SRP treatment robustly decreased SCI-increased ED1+

macrophages/microglia. SRP treatment beginning one day after SCI was administered for 30 consecutive days and then spinal cords were harvested three months post-SCI for double immunolabeling of EDI and GFAP. As shown, SRP treatment blocked SCI-induced upregulation of EDI + macrophages (C, D), but preserved more GFAP+ tissues (A, B) in the areas surrounding the lesion epicenter when compared to scrambled peptide (scrambled)- treated groups.

Figure 23 shows SRP significantly reduced SOCS3 levels in the sciatic nerve after sciatic nerve transection. The sciatic nerve transection-upregulated SOCS3 was significantly reduced by SRP treatment (SRP) beginning immediately after sciatic nerve transection for 4 consecutive days (once per day).

Figure 24 shows that applied CRP is found in the lysosome of Neu7 astrocytes and provides the results of an in vitro assays that demonstrates the concept of lysosmoal target domain in CRP. Such an in vitro assay was used to demonstrate the co-localization of FITC- CRP and lysosomal marker (LAMP1). Representative images indicate that FITC-CRP is brought to lysosomes (LAMP1+) for degradation after entering Neu7 cells (arrow).

Figure 25 shows that CRP significantly decreases Neu7 -produced CSPGs. In particular, Figure 25 shows that CRP significantly reduces CSPG produced by Neu7 cells to a comparable level what ChABC does. Note there is also a dosage response by CRP application.

Figure 26 shows that CRP treatment improves gait patterns after SCI in rats. In particular Figure 26 shows Kinematics assessment in SCI rats. (A) Representative total of hindlimb movement trajectories for spinal-intact, SCI+scrambled peptide (scr) and SCI+CRP groups at 3 months post-SCI. (B-G) CRP treatment significantly improved several parameters of gait pattern with trajectories more consistent to what the spinal-intact animals did, when compared to scr treatment.

Figure 27 shows that CRP treatment improves bladder function after SCI. (A) Representative cystometrograms (CMG) with micturition (voiding) events (indicated by asterisk) for spinal-intact, SCI+scrambled peptide (scr) and SCI +CRP groups at 3 months post-SCI. (B~H) CRP treatment reduces hyperactive bladder and improve CMG parameters including lower voiding pressure and smaller bladder capacity when compared to scr application after T8 SCI.

Figure 28 shows that CRP treatment improves EUS EMG activity during the void after SCI (more bursting number and larger bursting amplitude). (A) Representative cystometrograms (CMG) with external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyogram (EMG) recordings at micturition events for spinal-intact, SCI+scrambled peptide (scr) and SCI+CRP groups at 3 months post-SCI. (B~D) CRP treatment improves EUS bursting activity when compared to scr application after T8 SCI. The red dot indicates bursting activity.

Figure 29 shows that CRP treatment reduced PNN in lumbosacral spinal cord after T8

SCI, and particularly shows the anatomical assessments of perineuronal nets (PNN) in SCI rats. (A, B) Representative L4 spinal cord transverse images show CRP treatment reduces overall PNN in grey matter of lumbar spinal cord neurons at 3 months post SCI. Notice areas with clear decreased WFA staining of the PNN (asterisk). (C, D) Statistical analyses show the significant reduction of PNN at both L4 and L6/S1 levels in CRP group when compared to the scrambled peptide group. (E, F) Representative higher power immunostaining images of the ventral horn of

transverse L4 sections show the strong PNN intensity (arrow) surrounding the NeuN+ cells in scr treated SCI rats (E), while CRP treatment reduces them (F).

Figure 30 shows that CRP enhances serotonergic fibers sprouting in lumbrosacral spinal cord. In particular, 5HT immunoreactivity in lumbosacral level after SCI. (A-F)

Representative spinal cord transverse images show that pretty low amount of 5HT fibers

(arrow) found at both L4 (A-C) and L6/S1 (D-F) levels after severe contusive SCI, while

CRP treatment significantly increases immunoreactivity of 5HT fibers. (G, H) Representative images with double staining of

WFA and 5HT showing areas of clear decreased PNN indicated by WFA+, in areas of intense

5-HT sprouting (asterisk).

Figure 31 shows that CRP improves locomotion after chronic SCI. In particular,

Figure 31 shows BBB scores that show that CRP treatment improves hindlimb locomotion after chronic SCI (N=6 to 8 animals per group). Note the significant increases in BBB locomotion scale by CRP at 5 months post SCI when compared to what at the time (two months post SCI) of beginning treatment.

Figure 32 shows that CRP treatment improves gait patterns after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 32 shows representative 2D trajectory patterns indicated CRP treatment improved stepping kinematic of both hindlimbs by CRP at 5 months post SCI when it compared to what at the time (two months post SCI) of beginning treatment.

Figure 33 shows that CRP treatment improves bladder function after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 33 shows representative cystometrograms (CMG) data indicated 3 months of CRP treatment (starting at 2 months post SCI) can reduce hyperactive bladder and improve other CMG parameters.

Figure 34 shows that CRP treatment improves EUS EMG activity during the void after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 34 shows representative urodynamic and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyogram (EMG) recordings indicated CRP treatment can improve EUS bursting activity during the void period when compared to the scrambled peptide application after chronic SCI. The box area indicates the bursting activity.

Figure 35 shows CRP enhances 5HT fibers sprouting in lumbar cord after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 35 shows representative spinal cord transverse images that CRP treatment can enhance 5HT+ nerve fibers sprouting in lumbosacral level when compared to the scrambled peptide treatment after chronic SCI.

Figure 36 shows CRP treatment enhances 5HT sprouting but decreases PN in lumbar cord after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 36 shows 5HT immunoreactivity in lumbosacral level after chronic SCI. Representative spinal cord transverse images show that low amount of 5HT fibers found at L4 levels after contusive SCI, while CRP treatment significantly increases immunoreactivity of 5HT fibers. Representative images with double staining of WFA and 5HT shows areas with robustly decreased PNN (indicated by WFA+) but enhanced 5-HT sprouting.

Figure 37 shows CRP treatment improves gait patterns after sciatic nerve injury. In particular, Figure 37 shows the acute treatment of CRP with allograft of a peripheral nerve segment (2 cm) improved the stepping performance of hindlimbs at 3 months after complete sciatic nerve transection. The representative 2D trajectory and improved kinematics parameters indicated CRP treated animals improved the stepping more toward to what the uninjured limb did, while compared to the vehicle treated animals. The CRP was delivered through subcutaneous injection near the injured site (once per day) staring immediately after surgery for 3 months.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein are compositions, systems, kits, and methods for treating nervous system injuries caused by trauma or neurodegeneration or aging in a subject by administering a CSPG or SOCS3 reduction peptide (CRP and SRP respectively), or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the CRP or SRP, wherein both the CRP and SRP comprise a cell membrane penetrating domain, and a lysosome targeting domain, and the CRP further comprises a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) binding domain, and the SRP further comprises a SOCS3 binding domain.

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the major components of scar, which are significantly increased after injury/trauma to both peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). However, there is no clinically applicable strategy to reduce CSPGs now. The CSPG reduction peptides (CRPs), and nucleic acid sequences encoding CRPs, provide an effective way to remove CSPGs from the site of injury caused by trauma or neurodegeneration or aging to CNS and PNS. The benefits of removing CSPGs after injury include promoting the regrowth of damaged nerves and enhancing functional outcomes.

In certain embodiments, the CRP has the following sequence:

N - YGRKKRRQRRR-PKPRVTWNKKGKKVNSQRF-KFERQKILDQRFFE - C (SEQ ID NO:4). One of skill in the art could construct a corresponding nucleic acid sequence based on the known codon triplets for the amino acids specified in SEQ ID NO:4. The SEQ ID NO: 4 sequence has the following three components:

Cell membrane penetrating domain: YGRKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO: 1);

Central CSPG binding domain: PKPRVTWNKKGKKVNSQRF (SEQ ID NO:2); and

Lysosome targeting domain : KFERQKILDQRFFE (SEQ ID NO:3). In certain embodiments, the SRP has the following sequence:

N-terminal cell membrane penetrating domain: YGRKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO: l); Central CSPG binding domain from PTP sigma: VQpYSTVVHS (SEQ ID NO:54); and

C-terminal lysosome targeting domain: KFERQKILDQRFFE (SEQ ID NO:3).

Each of these domains may be constructed with longer, shorter, or mutated versions of the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-3 and 54. For example, one could change one, two, three amino acids in these sequences. For example, one could make conservative changes to a particular amino acid sequence. Conservative amino acid substitutions refer to the interchangeability of residues having similar side chains. For example, a group of amino acids having aliphatic side chains is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; a group of amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains is serine and threonine; a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains is asparagine and glutamine; a group of amino acids having aromatic side chains is phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; a group of amino acids having basic side chains is lysine, arginine, and histidine; and a group of amino acids having sulfur-containing side chains is cysteine and methionine. Exemplary conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine- tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, and asparagine-glutamine. In certain embodiments, provided herein are peptides that have substantial identity to at least a portion of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1-89.

In certain embodiments, the N-terminal cell-membrane penetrating domain of a CRP or SRP is an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 5-27 of Table 1 or such a peptide with one, two, or three (or more) N-terminal or C-terminal additions, subtractions or mutations therein. One of skill in the art could construct a corresponding nucleic acid sequence based on the known codon triplets for the amino acid sequences shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

In other embodiments, the cell membrane penetrating peptide is a protein transduction domain (PTD) with the presence of multiple arginine (R) residues as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 5-27 of Table 1. In other embodiments, the cell membrane penetrating peptide is a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) from the CPPsite 2.0, which is an updated version of database CPPsite. This site contains around 1700 unique cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) along with their secondary & tertiary structure, and can be found at www. followed by

"crdd.osdd.net/raghava/cppsite/."

In certain embodiments, the C-terminal lysosomal targeting domain of a CRP or SRP is an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 28-36 of Table 2 or such a peptide with one, two, or three (or more) N-terminal or C-terminal additions, subtractions or mutations therein. In other embodiments, the lysosomal targeting domain is a chaperone- mediated autophagy (CMA)-targeting motif (CTM) containing a KFERQ-like motif, such as those shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 28-36 of Table 2. One of skill in the art could construct a corresponding nucleic acid sequence based on the known codon triplets for the amino acid sequences shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

In certain embodiments, the CSPG binding domain of a CRP is an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 37-53 of Table 3 or such a peptide with one, two, or three (or more) N-terminal or C-terminal additions, subtractions or mutations therein. One of skill in the art could construct a corresponding nucleic acid sequence based on the known codon triplets for the amino acid sequences shown in Table 3. TABLE 3

In certain embodiments, the SOCS3 binding domain of a SRP is an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 54-89 of Table 4 or such a peptide with one, two, or three (or more) N-terminal or C-terminal additions, subtractions or mutations therein. One of skill in the art could construct a corresponding nucleic acid sequence based on the known codon triplets for the amino acid sequences shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4

SOCS3 binding domain peptides

V-X-Y-X-X-V-V-X 66

V-X-Y-X-X-L-V-X 67

y-x-Y-x-x-y-L-x 68

L-x-Y-x-x-v-y-x 69

y-X-Y-X-X-L-L-X 70

L-X-Y-X-X-y-L-X 71

L-X-Y-X-X-L-y-X 72

L-X-Y-X-X-L-L-X 73

Y~X~pY~X~X~Y~Y-X~$ 74

Y-X-pY-X-X-L-Y-X-S 75

y-x-pY-x-x- ^y -L-x-s 76

L-x-pY-x-x- ^y - ^y -x-s 77

Y-X-pY-X-X-L-L-X-S 78

L-X-pY-X-X-Y-L-X-S 79

L-X-pY-X-X-L- ^y -X-S 80

L-X-pY-X-X-L-L-X-S 81

S-T-AS-T-Y-E-pY-S-T-Y-Y-H-S-G 82

s-T-A-s-T- ^y -E-pY-s-T- ^y - ^y - -s 83

S-T-A-S-T-Y- -pY-S-Ύ-Υ-Υ-Η 84

S-T-A-S-T-Y- -pY-S-Ύ-Υ-Υ 85 s-T-A-s-T-y- -pY-s-T-y-y- -s-G 86

S-T-A-S-T-Y-Q-pY-S-T-Y-Y-H-S 87

S-T-A-S-T-Y- -pY-S-Ύ-Υ-Υ-Η 88

S-T-A-S-T-Y- -pY-S-Ύ-Υ-Υ 89 pY: phosphorylated tyrosine; X: any amino

Work conducted during development of embodiments described herein demonstrate that injected SRP distributes to macrophages/microglia to be co-localized with lysosomes and SCI-upregulated SOCS3. SRP specifically and significantly reduces SOCS3, and it is associated with increased STAT3 activity. SRP treatment post-SCI significantly decreased pro-inflammatory responses, as indicated by decreased expression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-a. Furthermore, SRP treatment significantly increased the amounts of TBK1 and the mitophagy adaptor optineurin, and enhanced phosphorylation of TBK1 and the mitophagy adaptor p62, as compared to treatment with scrambled peptide. Work conducted during development of embodiments described herein demonstrated that in a T8 contusion SCI model, SRP treatment significantly improves recovery of both locomotion and micturition three months after SCI. EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1

This Example describes treating spinal cord injury (SCI) in a model using a CSPG reduction peptide (CRP). The CRP had the following three components:

N-terminal cell membrane penetrating domain: YGRKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO: l); Central CSPG binding domain from PTP sigma: PKPRVTWNKKGKKVNSQRF (SEQ ID NO:2); and

C-terminal lysosome targeting domain: KFERQKILDQRFFE (SEQ ID NO:3).

The full CRP sequence is as follows:

N - YGRKKRRQRRR-PKPRVTWNKKGKKVNSQRF-KFERQKILDQRFFE - C (SEQ ID NO:4).

The designed CRP (SEQ ID NO: 4) includes an N-terminal cell membrane-penetrating domain (SEQ ID NO: l), a central CSPGs binding domain (SEQ ID NO:2), and a C-terminal lysosome targeting domain (SEQ ID NO: 3) for directing the CRP-CSPGs complex to lysosomes for degradation. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the exemplary CRP employed in this Example, as well as some of the benefits of such constructs.

In this Example, the CRP has been applied in a preclinical rat model to test the efficacy of the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). The injury was made at thoracic 8 level using contusive injury device. The contusive SCI is the most clinical relevance among all experimental SCI models. We have assessed both motor and bladder control as functional outcomes and analyzed anatomical evidences to support these findings. We also selected sub- acute phase (ONE-DAY after SCI) and chronic phase (TWO-MONTHs after SCI) to start our treatment. Figure 2 shows a schematic of the experimental design for the in vivo testing in this Example.

For the sub-acute treatment, continuous daily subcutaneous injection of CRP beginning one-day after SCI significantly reduces SCI-induced overexpression of CSPGs. Furthermore CRP can efficiently improve locomotion and bladder electromyography (EMG) activities and voiding patterns after SCI. Particularly, we found that CRP increases sprouting/regeneration of axons including serotonin (5-HT) and anterogradely traced fibers from brain stem and red nuclei, the critical pathways regulating both locomotion and bladder functions, below the SCI lesion and even in the lumbosacral spinal cord. The results of this testing are shown in the figures. In particular, Figure 3 shows histological results from the sub-acute treatment, where CRP effectively decreased CSPG in lesion epicenter and adjacent tissue two weeks after SCI. Figure 4 shows results from the sub-acute treatment, where CRP significantly decreased CSPG three months after SCI.

Figure 5 shows results out to 91 days post-contusion shows that CRP significantly promotes motor function recovery after SCI. Figure 6 shows that CRP improves voiding patterns after SCI. Figure 7 shows that CRP improves bladder function after SCI, reducing residual volume and volume per void toward normal condition. Figure 8 shows that CRP improves bladder function after SCI, reducing overactive bladder by the reduction of both the number and amplitude of non-voiding contraction. Figure 9 shows that CRP improves bladder function after SCI, improving external urethral sphincter (EUS) activity by increasing the number of burst, the EMG amplitude, and the coordination with detrusor contraction during the void period. Figure 10 shows CRP enhances sprouting of serotonin (5-HT) fibers below lesion after SCI. Figure 11 shows that CRP enhances nerve sprouting below lesion from neuron in brain stem and red nucleic after SCI.

The above were followed up with studies to evaluate the treatment effects of CRP in chronic SCI. The chronic SCI is not only way more challenge to be repaired but also is the clinical status of the majority of patients with SCI. Our results find that CRP subcutaneously injected even beginning two-month after SCI still significantly improves the locomotion and voiding patterns

In addition, we made a comparison of CRP with recently developed peptides, intracellular sigma peptide (ISP) targeting CSPG receptor pathways. Our data showed (1) CRP but not ISP could reduce CSPG after SCI and (2) importantly, CRP but not ISP could improve functional outcomes after chronic phase of SCI. Figure 12 shows CRP, but not ISP, effectively decreases CSPG in lesion epicenter and adjacent tissue two weeks after SCI. Figure 13 shows that CRP, but not ISP, when applied two months after SCI effectively promoted locomotion recovery.

Because CSPGs are the major physical barriers for axonal regeneration and functional recovery after trauma in both PNS and CNS and after neurodegenerative disorders, CRP type construction could apply to many disorders other than SCI. Indeed, CRP could be applied to limb transplants. In addition, neurodegeneration-induced increases in heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as well as CSPGs are unbeatable barriers for current treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), which indicates the therapeutic potential of CRP to treat neurodegenerative disorders such as MS and related conditions. EXAMPLE 2

This Example describes treating spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model using a SOCS3 reduction peptide (SRP). The SRP had the following three components:

N-terminal cell membrane penetrating domain: YGRKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO: 1);

Central CSPG binding domain from PTP sigma: VQpYSTVVHS (SEQ ID NO:54); and

C-terminal lysosome targeting domain: KFERQKILDQRFFE (SEQ ID NO:3). The full SRP sequence is as follows:

N - YGRKKRRQRRR-VQpYSTVVHS-KFERQKILDQRFFE - C (SEQ ID NO:90).

The designed SRP (SEQ ID NO: 90) includes an N-terminal cell membrane- penetrating domain (SEQ ID NO: l), a central SOCS3 binding domain (SEQ ID NO:54), and a C-terminal lysosome targeting domain (SEQ ID NO:3) for directing the SRP-SOCS3 complex to lysosomes for degradation. Figure 14 shows a schematic of the exemplary SRP employed in this Example.

In this Example, the SRP has been applied in a preclinical rat model to test the efficacy of the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) in a manner similar to Example 1 above for CRP. The results are as follows.

Figure 15 shows the distribution of FITC -labeled SRP (FITC-SRP) in the spinal cord and in lysosomes of target cells 8 days after contusive SCI. A single subcutaneous injection of FITC-SRP was administered 8 days after contusive SCI. Spinal cords were harvested 3 hours after injection. A,

Representative image demonstrating FITC-labeled SRP (green) distributed surrounding the injury epicenter and in both gray matter and white matter. B-E,

Representative 3D deconvolution images of co-localization (arrow, E) of FITC-SRP (C) with the lysosomal marker LAMP1 (B) in the spinal cord surrounding the injury epicenter. F-I, Singly injected FITC-SRP (G) co-localized (I) with SCI increased SOCS3 (F) in the areas surrounding the lesion epicenter at 8 days post SCI. The boxed area shows higher magnification of co-localization observed in the area indicated by the arrow.

Figure 16 shows that FITC-SRP was identified in neurons, microglia/macrophages, and oligodendrocytes. Representative 3D deconvolution images show the co-localization of FITC-SRP and neurons (NeuN+; A-D), or microglia/macrophages (ED1+; E-H), or oligodendrocytes (OSP+; I-L). The boxed area shows higher magnification of co-localized cells (arrow).

Figure 17 shows SRP significantly reduced SOCS3 levels in the spinal cord after SCI. SOCS3 protein expression in the spinal cord of the scrambled peptide group (scr) was significantly increased 7 days after SCI at the epicenter and in areas caudal to the injured site compared to normal rats (Nor). The SCI-upregulated SOCS3 was significantly reduced by SRP treatment (SRP) beginning one day after SCI (once per day). Additionally, significant activation of STAT3, as indicated by phospho-STAT3 Tyr705 (p-STAT3) expression, was observed in SRP -treated SCI animals. SOCSl and actin were not significantly altered by SRP treatment (A). Graphs represent mean ± SEM of five samples per group for the ratios of SOCS3 to actin (B) and p-STAT3 to STAT3 (C). +p < 0.05, ++p < 0.01, and +++p < 0.001 compared to normal animals, and *p< 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 compared to scrambled peptide animals (two way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple analyses).

Figure 18 shows improvement of hindlimb motor function with SRP treatment following T8 contusive SCI. Animals were subcutaneously injected with SRP daily for one month beginning one day after SCI and assessed by the BBB open field locomotion test to evaluate hind limb motor function at the designated time points. SRP -treated animals showed significant

improvement in hind limb locomotion as compared to scrambled peptide (scr)-treated animals over the entire observation period. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; two-way ANOVA. Values represent mean ± SEM.

Figure 19 shows SRP treatment improved bladder function after T8 contusive SCI. Animals were treated daily with SRP for one month, beginning one day after SCI.

Urodynamic analyses were conducted 3 months post-SCI. A representative cystometrograms (CMG) of three cycles of micturition events (red * indicates where micturition occurred) shows hyperactive bladder activity before reaching the voiding point in scrambled peptide- treated animals (A). SRP treatment (SRP) significantly reduced bladder hyperactivity (B). Statistical analysis revealed that SRP significantly reduced (C) residual volume, (D) the number of non-voiding contractions, and (E) the non-voiding contraction amplitude when compared to the scrambled peptide group (scr). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 (two- tailed t test, n=8 per group). Figure 19 (F and G) also shows SRP treatment improved bursting activities of external urethral sphincter (EUS) recorded by electromyogram (EMG) after T8 contusive SCI. EUS EMG recording were conducted 3 months post- SCI. The EUS EMG during the void period showed improvement in bursting activity indicated by red rectangle following SRP (G) when compared to the scrambled peptide (scrambled) group (F).

Figure 20 shows that SRP significantly increased TBK1 and mitophagy adaptors in the spinal cord after SCI. SCI-upregulated SOCS3 was significantly reduced by SRP treatment (SRP) beginning one day after SCI (once per day) compared to the scrambled peptide group (scr). The protein levels of TBK1 and optineurin were significantly increased with SRP treatment. Additionally, significant activation of TBK1 and p62, as indicated by phospho-TBKl Serl72 (p-TBKl) and phosphor-p62 Ser403 (p-p62) expression, was observed in SRP -treated SCI animals. (A). Graphs represented mean ± SEM of six samples per group for the % to GAPDH (B). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 compared to scrambled peptide

animals (two-tailed t test, n=3 per group).

Figure 21 shows qRT-PCR analyses of markers for pro- vs. anti-inflammatory macrophages in spinal cord segments caudal to the injury site. Rats were treated once per day beginning one day after SCI with SRP or scrambled peptide (scr) and mRNA was then harvested and analyzed by qRT-PCR. As shown, SRP treatment increased arginase 1 (A), but decreased iNOS (B) expression, at both 7 and 14 days post-SCI. C. Notably, SRP decreased TNF-a expression at 7 days post-SCI, which was even more pronounced at 14 days post-SCI. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 compared to scrambled peptide-treated animals, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple analyses, mean ± SEM, n=3 per group.

Figure 22 shows SRP treatment robustly decreased SCI-increased ED1+

macrophages/microglia. SRP treatment beginning one day after SCI was administered for 30 consecutive days and then spinal cords were harvested three months post-SCI for double immunolabeling of EDI and GFAP. As shown, SRP treatment blocked SCI-induced upregulation of EDI + macrophages (C, D), but preserved more GFAP+ tissues (A, B) in the areas surrounding the lesion epicenter when compared to scrambled peptide (scrambled)- treated groups.

Figure 23 shows SRP significantly reduced SOCS3 levels in the sciatic nerve after sciatic nerve transection. The sciatic nerve transection-upregulated SOCS3 was significantly reduced by SRP treatment (SRP) beginning immediately after sciatic nerve transection for 4 consecutive days (once per day). **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 compared to normal animals, and *p < 0.05 compared to scrambled peptide treated animals (two-tailed t test, n=4 per group). EXAMPLE 3

This Example describes additional in vitro and in vivo work with the CSPG reduction peptide (CRP) described in Example 1.

Figure 24 shows that applied CRP is found in the lysosome of Neu7 astrocytes and provides the results of an in vitro assays that demonstrates the concept of lysosmoal target domain in CRP. Such an in vitro assay was used to demonstrate the co-localization of FITC- CRP and lysosomal marker (LAMP1). Representative images indicate that FITC-CRP is brought to lysosomes (LAMP1+) for degradation after entering Neu7 cells (arrow).

Figure 25 shows that CRP significantly decreases Neu7 -produced CSPGs. In particular, Figure 25 shows that CRP significantly reduces CSPG produced by Neu7 cells to a comparable level what ChABC does. Note there is also a dosage response by CRP application.

Figure 26 shows that CRP treatment improves gait patterns after SCI in rats. In particular Figure 26 shows Kinematics assessment in SCI rats. (A) Representative total of hindlimb movement trajectories for spinal-intact, SCI+scrambled peptide (scr) and SCI+CRP groups at 3 months post-SCI. (B-G) CRP treatment significantly improved several parameters of gait pattern with trajectories more consistent to what the spinal-intact animals did, when compared to scr treatment. *, P< 0.05; ***, P< 0.001 when compared to the spinal-intact group; +, P< 0.05; +++, P< 0.001 when compared to scr group. N=6 to 8 per group.

Figure 27 shows that CRP treatment improves bladder function after SCI. (A)

Representative cystometrograms (CMG) with micturition (voiding) events (indicated by asterisk) for spinal-intact, SCI+scrambled peptide (scr) and SCI +CRP groups at 3 months post-SCI. (B~H) CRP treatment reduces hyperactive bladder and improve CMG parameters including lower voiding pressure and smaller bladder capacity when compared to scr application after T8 SCI. *, P< 0.05; **, P< 0.01 ; ***, P< 0.001 when compared to the spinal-intact group; +++,

P< 0.001 when compared to the scr group. N=6 to 8 per group.

Figure 28 shows that CRP treatment improves EUS EMG activity during the void after SCI (more bursting number and larger bursting amplitude). (A) Representative cystometrograms (CMG) with external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyogram (EMG) recordings at micturition events for spinal-intact, SCI+scrambled peptide (scr) and SCI+CRP groups at 3 months post-SCI. (B~D) CRP treatment improves EUS bursting activity when compared to scr application after T8 SCI. The red dot indicates bursting activity. **, P< 0.01 ; ***, P< 0.001 when compared to the spinal-intact group; +, P< 0.05, + +, P< 0.01 ; +++, P< 0.001 when compared to the scr group. N=6 to 8 per group.

Figure 29 shows that CRP treatment reduced PNN in lumbosacral spinal cord after T8 SCI, and particularly shows the anatomical assessments of perineuronal nets (PNN) in SCI rats. (A, B) Representative L4 spinal cord transverse images show CRP treatment reduces overall PNN in grey matter of lumbar spinal cord neurons at 3 months post SCI. Notice areas with clear decreased WFA staining of the PNN (asterisk). (C, D) Statistical analyses show the significant reduction of PNN at both L4 and L6/S1 levels in CRP group when compared to the scrambled peptide group. (E, F) Representative higher power immunostaining images of the ventral horn of

transverse L4 sections show the strong PNN intensity (arrow) surrounding the NeuN+ cells in scr treated SCI rats (E), while CRP treatment reduces them (F). *, P< 0.05 when compared to the scr treatment. N=8 per group.

Figure 30 shows that CRP enhances serotonergic fibers sprouting in lumbrosacral spinal cord. In particular, 5HT immunoreactivity in lumbosacral level after SCI. (A-F) Representative spinal cord transverse images show that pretty low amount of 5HT fibers (arrow) found at both L4 (A-C) and L6/S1 (D-F) levels after severe contusive SCI, while CRP treatment significantly increases immunoreactivity of 5HT fibers. (G, H) Representative images with double staining of

WFA and 5HT showing areas of clear decreased PNN indicated by WFA+, in areas of intense 5-HT sprouting (asterisk). ***, P< 0.001 when compared to the scrambled peptide treatment. N= 8 per group.

Figure 31 shows that CRP improves locomotion after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 31 shows BBB scores that show that CRP treatment improves hindlimb locomotion after chronic SCI (N=6 to 8 animals per group). Note the significant increases in BBB locomotion scale by CRP at 5 months post SCI when compared to what at the time (two months post SCI) of beginning treatment.

Figure 32 shows that CRP treatment improves gait patterns after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 32 shows representative 2D trajectory patterns indicated CRP treatment improved stepping kinematic of both hindlimbs by CRP at 5 months post SCI when it compared to what at the time (two months post SCI) of beginning treatment.

Figure 33 shows that CRP treatment improves bladder function after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 33 shows representative cystometrograms (CMG) data indicated 3 months of CRP treatment (starting at 2 months post SCI) can reduce hyperactive bladder and improve other CMG parameters.

Figure 34 shows that CRP treatment improves EUS EMG activity during the void after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 34 shows representative urodynamic and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyogram (EMG) recordings indicated CRP treatment can improve EUS bursting activity during the void period when compared to the scrambled peptide application after chronic SCI. The box area indicates the bursting activity.

Figure 35 shows CRP enhances 5HT fibers sprouting in lumbar cord after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 35 shows representative spinal cord transverse images that CRP treatment can enhance 5HT+ nerve fibers sprouting in lumbosacral level when compared to the scrambled peptide treatment after chronic SCI.

Figure 36 shows CRP treatment enhances 5HT sprouting but decreases PN in lumbar cord after chronic SCI. In particular, Figure 36 shows 5HT immunoreactivity in lumbosacral level after chronic SCI. Representative spinal cord transverse images show that low amount of 5HT fibers found at L4 levels after contusive SCI, while CRP treatment significantly increases immunoreactivity of 5HT fibers. Representative images with double staining of WFA and 5HT shows areas with robustly decreased PNN (indicated by WFA+) but enhanced 5-HT sprouting.

Figure 37 shows CRP treatment improves gait patterns after sciatic nerve injury. In particular, Figure 37 shows the acute treatment of CRP with allograft of a peripheral nerve segment (2 cm) improved the stepping performance of hindlimbs at 3 months after complete sciatic nerve transection. The representative 2D trajectory and improved kinematics parameters indicated CRP treated animals improved the stepping more toward to what the uninjured limb did, while compared to the vehicle treated animals. The CRP was delivered through subcutaneous injection near the injured site (once per day) staring immediately after surgery for 3 months.

All publications and patents mentioned in the specification and/or listed below are herein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described method and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those skilled in the relevant fields are intended to be within the scope described herein.