CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application is a conversion of and claims priority to and the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 61/703714, entitled "Tunable Detection Instrument For Subatomic Particles," having a filing Date of September 20, 2012, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0003] The present application is related to United States Patent Application Number 13/894,305, filed May 14, 2013, entitled "SCALABLE AND TUNABLE NEUTRON DETECTION INSTRUMENT," naming Anshuman Roy as inventor, and having attorney docket number RHBS-0005.US. That application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Embodiments according to the present invention generally relate to detecting particles and more specifically to a device and platform for detecting subatomic particles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller in size than an atom. There are two types of subatomic particles: (a) elementary particles that are not made up of other particles, e.g., fermions and bosons, and (b) composite particles that are bound states of two or more elementary particles, e.g., hadrons, baryons (includes protons and neutrons) and mesons. [0006] Since the discovery of X-rays in 1895, several techniques have been developed for the detection and identification of subatomic particles (referred to herein as "particles"). Scores of particles have been discovered, but several others are predicted to exist in theory only. Recent growth of digital technologies and computing capabilities has enabled the discovery of some formerly obscure particles. For example, the Higgs boson that had been predicted to exist for more than 40 years was finally discovered in 2012 in the culminating stages of a decade long experiment at the Large Hadron Collider.

[0007] Conventional techniques for detecting subatomic particles are problematic because they are custom-made for specific particles. Technology developed for one type of particle cannot be easily modified to detect another type of particle. For instance, proportional high-pressure gas-filled tubes of ³ He (Helium-3), ¹⁰ BF ₃ (Boron Trifluoride) and ¹⁰ B (Boron) for neutron detection cannot be used to detect and discriminate gamma photons. Instead, an entirely different set of technologies must be used, such as sodium iodide (Nal) or cesium iodide (Csl) scintillators.

[0008] Furthermore, conventional technologies that can detect several subatomic particles employ expensive and difficult to acquire components. While the Geiger- Muller counter is an example of a technology that can detect several subatomic particles, such as alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays, discriminating one particle from another based on the signal they generate is a significantly complex and slow task.

[0009] Conventional technologies have also been fundamentally analog systems that are prone to system level noise that results in false signals. Voltage fluctuations, mechanical vibrations, and temperature and humidity changes are some extraneous factors that result in the generation of false signals.

[0010] Furthermore, conventional technologies also suffer from the following limitations: (a) long measurement times in very low source particle flux environments that limits practical use in scenarios with high background flux originating from anywhere other than the source (such as the sun, the cosmos etc.), (b) significant dead time, (c) effectively incapable of single particle detection, (d) require significant oversight either due to high operating voltages or potential of failure of some fragile component (such as photomultiplier) in the system, (e) require frequent maintenance that increases cost of use and reduces system availability.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] Accordingly, what is needed is a technology for particle detection that has the following features: (a) employs readily available and easily replaceable components whose sensitivity when aggregated appropriately can result in a highly sensitive detection instrument, (b) designed to be modular and/or tunable, (c) does not require the use of materials that are either too precious or rare (e.g., Helium-3), (d) digital and noise free, (e) single particle detection capability, (f) high fidelity of detection and

identification of particle type, (g) quick response time, and (h) no dead time.

[0012] Disclosed herein is a modular and tunable platform or device that offers the foregoing features. The platform comprises readily available, easy-to-acquire, off-the- shelf components that are assembled together to form a highly sensitive, high- performance instrument. The off-the-shelf components used to assemble the device may be tuned to be sensitive to different particles. Each component may be only modestly sensitive in detecting incident particles, but when several of these components are aggregated in an appropriate architecture, these components act in a concerted fashion to result in a highly sensitive, agile and reliable particle detection instrument. Furthermore, some versions of the instrument may also be capable of imaging and identification of individual incident particles at a single particle level. The architectures of the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein enable rapid, sensitive and flexible detection and identification of a wide variety of subatomic particles such as neutrons, gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles, neutrinos, muons, etc. using the same instrument.

[0013] In one embodiment, a method for detecting particles is presented. The method comprises generating a reaction to a plurality of particles using a converter material, wherein the converter material is operable to interact with the plurality of particles. Further, the method comprises converting a response to the reaction to a readable electrical signal using a sensor, wherein the sensor comprises an array of discrete pixel sensors each with a respective (x,y) coordinate within the array. Also, the method comprises processing the readable electrical signal from the sensor to generate information for each pixel on the array of pixels and transmitting the information to a processing unit. Finally, the method comprises analyzing the information using the processing unit to determine instances of impingement of the plurality of particles on said array of pixels. [0014] In another embodiment, an apparatus for detecting particles is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a converter layer operable to interact with and generate a reaction to a plurality of particles. It also comprises a sensor coupled to the converter layer, wherein the sensor is operable to convert a response to the reaction to a readable electrical signal, and wherein the sensor comprises an array of discrete pixel sensors each with a respective (x,y) coordinate within the array. The apparatus also comprises a first processing device operable to process the readable electrical signal to generate information for each pixel on the array and a second processing device

communicatively coupled to the first processing device. The second processing device is configured to: (a) control the first processing device; (b) receive the information from the first processing device; and (c) analyze the information to determine instances of impingement of the plurality of particles on the array.

[0015] In another embodiment a system for detecting particles is disclosed. The system comprises a plurality of sensor modules, wherein each sensor module comprises a plurality of sensor elements and a first processing device. Each sensor element comprises at least one converter layer operable to interact with and generate a reaction to a plurality of particles. Each sensor element also comprises a sensor coupled to the at least one converter layer, wherein the sensor is operable to convert a response to the reaction to a readable electrical signal, and wherein the sensor comprises an array of discrete pixel sensors each with a respective (x,y) coordinate within the array. The system further comprises a second processing device communicatively coupled to the plurality of sensor modules, wherein the second processing device is operable to read information regarding the readable electrical signal from a first processing device on each of the plurality of sensor modules, and wherein the second processing device is further operable to analyze the information to determine instances of impingement of the plurality of particles on respective arrays of discrete pixel sensors associated with the plurality of sensor modules. Finally, the system comprises a housing to encapsulate the plurality of sensor modules, wherein at least one of the plurality of sensor modules is tuned to detect a different particle from any other sensor module.

[0016] The following detailed description together with the accompanying drawings will provide a better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements. [0018] Figure 1 is a block diagram of an example of a computing system capable of implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 2 is a block diagram of an example of a network architecture in which client systems and servers may be coupled to a network, according to embodiments of the present invention. [0020] Figure 3 is an exemplary block diagram of a subatomic particle detection system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

[0021] Figure 4 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a typical hardware configuration for connecting the host machine with the sensor modules in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. [0022] Figure 5 A is an exemplary block diagram of a sensor array of pixels in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 5B is an exemplary block diagram illustrating the cross-sectional view for each pixel in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

[0024] Figures 6A and 6B illustrate two exemplary patterns created by two different types of subatomic particles and as detected by a pixel array of sensors in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

[0025] Figure 7 illustrates an exemplary information vector created for each pixel by the MPU in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 8 depicts a flowchart 800 of an exemplary process of detecting subatomic particles, including neutrons, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 9 illustrates exemplary signatures for neutron and gamma particles used to distinguish between the two particles in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] Reference will now be made in detail to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While described in conjunction with these embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the disclosure to these embodiments. On the contrary, the disclosure is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be understood that the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Some portions of the detailed descriptions that follow are presented in terms of procedures, logic blocks, processing, and other symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These descriptions and

representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. In the present application, a procedure, logic block, process, or the like, is conceived to be a self- consistent sequence of steps or instructions leading to a desired result. The steps are those utilizing physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, although not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated in a computer system. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as transactions, bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, samples, pixels, or the like.

[0030] It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the present disclosure, discussions utilizing terms such as "generating," "converting," "processing,"

"analyzing," "transmitting," "allocating," "detecting," "associating," "accessing," "erasing," "freeing," "controlling," "determining," "identifying," or the like, refer to actions and processes (e.g., flowchart 800 of Figure 8) of a computer system or similar electronic computing device or processor (e.g., system 110 of Figure 1). The computer system or similar electronic computing device manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.

[0031] Embodiments described herein may be discussed in the general context of computer-executable instructions residing on some form of computer-readable storage medium, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media may comprise non-transitory computer-readable storage media and communication media; non-transitory computer-readable media include all computer-readable media except for a transitory, propagating signal. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.

[0032] Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk ROM (CD- ROM), digital versatile disks (DVDs) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store the desired information and that can accessed to retrieve that information.

[0033] Communication media can embody computer-executable instructions, data structures, and program modules, and includes any information delivery media. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct- wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), infrared, and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above can also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0034] Figure 1 is a block diagram of an example of a computing system for a subatomic particle detecting system 110 capable of implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Computing system 110 broadly represents any single or multiprocessor computing device or system capable of executing computer-readable instructions. Examples of computing system 110 include, without limitation, workstations, laptops, client-side terminals, servers, distributed computing systems, handheld devices, or any other computing system or device. In its most basic configuration, computing system 110 may include at least one processor 114 and a system memory 116.

[0035] Processor 1 14 generally represents any type or form of processing unit capable of processing data or interpreting and executing instructions. In certain embodiments, processor 114 may receive instructions from a software application or module. These instructions may cause processor 114 to perform the functions of one or more of the example embodiments described and/or illustrated herein.

[0036] System memory 116 generally represents any type or form of volatile or non-volatile storage device or medium capable of storing data and/or other computer- readable instructions. Examples of system memory 116 include, without limitation, RAM, ROM, flash memory, or any other suitable memory device. Although not required, in certain embodiments computing system 110 may include both a volatile memory unit (such as, for example, system memory 116) and a non- volatile storage device (such as, for example, primary storage device 132). [0037] Computing system 110 may also include one or more components or elements in addition to processor 114 and system memory 116. For example, in the embodiment of Figure 1 , computing system 110 includes a memory controller 118, an input/output (I/O) controller 120, and a communication interface 122, each of which may be interconnected via a communication infrastructure 112. Communication infrastructure 112 generally represents any type or form of infrastructure capable of facilitating communication between one or more components of a computing device. Examples of communication infrastructure 112 include, without limitation, a communication bus (such as an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), PCI Express (PCIe), or similar bus) and a network. [0038] Memory controller 118 generally represents any type or form of device capable of handling memory or data or controlling communication between one or more components of computing system 110. For example, memory controller 118 may control communication between processor 114, system memory 116, and I/O controller 120 via communication infrastructure 112. [0039] I/O controller 120 generally represents any type or form of module capable of coordinating and/or controlling the input and output functions of a computing device. For example, I/O controller 120 may control or facilitate transfer of data between one or more elements of computing system 110, such as processor 114, system memory 116, communication interface 122, display adapter 126, input interface 130, and storage interface 134.

[0040] Communication interface 122 broadly represents any type or form of communication device or adapter capable of facilitating communication between example computing system 110 and one or more additional devices. For example, communication interface 122 may facilitate communication between computing system 110 and a private or public network including additional computing systems. Examples of communication interface 122 include, without limitation, a wired network interface (such as a network interface card), a wireless network interface (such as a wireless network interface card), a modem, and any other suitable interface. In one embodiment, communication interface 122 provides a direct connection to a remote server via a direct link to a network, such as the Internet. Communication interface 122 may also indirectly provide such a connection through any other suitable connection.

[0041] Communication interface 122 may also represent a host adapter configured to facilitate communication between computing system 110 and one or more additional network or storage devices via an external bus or communications channel. Examples of host adapters include, without limitation, Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) host adapters, Universal Serial Bus (USB) host adapters, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 1394 host adapters, Serial Advanced Technology

Attachment (SATA) and External SATA (eSATA) host adapters, Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) and Parallel ATA (PAT A) host adapters, Fibre Channel interface adapters, Ethernet adapters, or the like. Communication interface 122 may also allow computing system 110 to engage in distributed or remote computing. For example, communication interface 122 may receive instructions from a remote device or send instructions to a remote device for execution. [0042] As illustrated in Figure 1, computing system 110 may also include at least one display device 124 coupled to communication infrastructure 112 via a display adapter 126. Display device 124 generally represents any type or form of device capable of visually displaying information forwarded by display adapter 126. Similarly, display adapter 126 generally represents any type or form of device configured to forward graphics, text, and other data for display on display device 124.

[0043] As illustrated in Figure 1, computing system 110 may also include at least one input device 128 coupled to communication infrastructure 112 via an input interface 130. Input device 128 generally represents any type or form of input device capable of providing input, either computer- or human-generated, to computing system 110.

Examples of input device 128 include, without limitation, a keyboard, a pointing device, a speech recognition device, or any other input device.

[0044] As illustrated in Figure 1, computing system 110 may also include a primary storage device 132 and a backup storage device 133 coupled to communication infrastructure 112 via a storage interface 134. Storage devices 132 and 133 generally represent any type or form of storage device or medium capable of storing data and/or other computer-readable instructions. For example, storage devices 132 and 133 may be a magnetic disk drive (e.g., a so-called hard drive), a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a flash drive, or the like. Storage interface 134 generally represents any type or form of interface or device for transferring data between storage devices 132 and 133 and other components of computing system 110.

[0045] In one example, databases 140 may be stored in primary storage device 132. Databases 140 may represent portions of a single database or computing device or it may represent multiple databases or computing devices. For example, databases 140 may represent (be stored on) a portion of computing system 110 and/or portions of example network architecture 200 in Figure 2 (below). Alternatively, databases 140 may represent (be stored on) one or more physically separate devices capable of being accessed by a computing device, such as computing system 110 and/or portions of network architecture 200. [0046] Continuing with reference to Figure 1, storage devices 132 and 133 may be configured to read from and/or write to a removable storage unit configured to store computer software, data, or other computer-readable information. Examples of suitable removable storage units include, without limitation, a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, an optical disk, a flash memory device, or the like. Storage devices 132 and 133 may also include other similar structures or devices for allowing computer software, data, or other computer-readable instructions to be loaded into computing system 110. For example, storage devices 132 and 133 may be configured to read and write software, data, or other computer-readable information. Storage devices 132 and 133 may also be a part of computing system 110 or may be separate devices accessed through other interface systems.

[0047] Many other devices or subsystems may be connected to computing system 110. Conversely, all of the components and devices illustrated in Figure 1 need not be present to practice the embodiments described herein. The devices and subsystems referenced above may also be interconnected in different ways from that shown in

Figure 1. Computing system 110 may also employ any number of software, firmware, and/or hardware configurations. For example, the example embodiments disclosed herein may be encoded as a computer program (also referred to as computer software, software applications, computer-readable instructions, or computer control logic) on a computer-readable medium.

[0048] The computer-readable medium containing the computer program may be loaded into computing system 110. All or a portion of the computer program stored on the computer-readable medium may then be stored in system memory 116 and/or various portions of storage devices 132 and 133. When executed by processor 114, a computer program loaded into computing system 110 may cause processor 114 to perform and/or be a means for performing the functions of the example embodiments described and/or illustrated herein. Additionally or alternatively, the example embodiments described and/or illustrated herein may be implemented in firmware and/or hardware. [0049] A computer program for controlling the particle detection system may be stored on the computer readable medium and then stored in system memory 1 16 and/or various portions of storage devices 132 and 133. When executed by the processor 114, the computer program may cause the processor 114 to perform and/or be a means for performing the functions required for carrying out particle detection.

[0050] Figure 2 is a block diagram of an example of a network architecture 200 in which client systems 210, 220, and 230 and servers 240 and 245 may be coupled to a network 250. Client systems 210, 220, and 230 generally represent any type or form of computing device or system, such as computing system 110 of Figure 1. [0051] Similarly, servers 240 and 245 generally represent computing devices or systems, such as application servers or database servers, configured to provide various database services and/or run certain software applications. Network 250 generally represents any telecommunication or computer network including, for example, an intranet, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a personal area network (PAN), or the Internet.

[0052] With reference to computing system 110 of Figure 1, a communication interface, such as communication interface 122, may be used to provide connectivity between each client system 210, 220, and 230 and network 250. Client systems 210, 220, and 230 may be able to access information on server 240 or 245 using, for example, a Web browser or other client software. Such software may allow client systems 210, 220, and 230 to access data hosted by server 240, server 245, storage devices 260(1)-(L), storage devices 270(1)-(N), storage devices 290(1)-(M), or intelligent storage array 295. Although Figure 2 depicts the use of a network (such as the Internet) for exchanging data, the embodiments described herein are not limited to the Internet or any particular network-based environment.

[0053] In one embodiment, all or a portion of one or more of the example embodiments disclosed herein are encoded as a computer program and loaded onto and executed by server 240, server 245, storage devices 260(1 )-(L), storage devices 270(1)- (N), storage devices 290(1 )-(M), intelligent storage array 295, or any combination thereof. All or a portion of one or more of the example embodiments disclosed herein may also be encoded as a computer program, stored in server 240, run by server 245, and distributed to client systems 210, 220, and 230 over network 250.

[0054] TUNABLE DETECTION INSTRUMENT FOR SUBATOMIC

PARTICLES

[0055] Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and systems for detecting subatomic particles for example, neutrons, gamma rays etc. While the discussion below predominantly focuses on subatomic particles, embodiments and principles of the present invention can also be used to detect atomic species, e.g., ions, gases, etc. or molecular species as well.

[0056] Disclosed herein is a modular and tunable technology platform comprising readily available, easy-to-acquire, off-the-shelf components that may or may not be modified and that are assembled together to form a highly sensitive, high-performance instrument. The off-the-shelf components used to assemble the device may be tuned to be sensitive to different particles. The architecture of the invention disclosed herein allows for rapid, sensitive and flexible detection and identification of a wide variety of subatomic particles such as neutrons, gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles, neutrinos, muons, etc. using the same instrument. Also, the particle detection device of embodiment of the present invention can be designed using solid-state electronics which helps reduce noise and vibration induced effects.

[0057] Figure 3 is an exemplary block diagram of a subatomic particle detection system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The system can have a hierarchical architecture comprising elements and modules that are arranged in a configuration specific to the application. Figure 3 illustrates a system comprising "N" number of elements, from element El 320 to element En 325. These elements comprise the basic building blocks of the system. Each module 330 within the system may comprise hundreds or even thousands of elements. Accordingly, the number of elements "N" may only be bounded by practical considerations. [0058] As shown in Figure 3, in one embodiment, each element may have a converter layer, CI 390, that interacts with incident subatomic particles. In one embodiment, converter layer, CI 390, can be a thin film material that can be applied directly to the sensor. The design of the system is tunable because different materials (referred to herein interchangeably as "converter materials" or "reactive materials") can be used to develop CI 390 so as to make the elements sensitive to different subatomic particles. For example, in one embodiment, the system may be tuned for neutron detection by making C 1 a layer of reactive neutron-capturing materials such as

1 ⁵⁷ Gadolinium, ¹⁰ Boron, ⁶ Lithium, etc. In a different embodiment, the system may be tuned for gamma detection by developing CI with a reactive material that interacts with gamma rays such as Cesium Iodide, Sodium Iodide, etc. In another embodiment, one or more groups of elements may be coated with different converter layers to make the device sensitive to multiple types of particles simultaneously.

[0059] In one embodiment, each element may also comprise a sensor array of pixels, PI 315, that convert incoming particles, such as products of the interaction between the incident subatomic particles and CI 315, to an electrical output that may be converted from analog to a digital signal through a combination of transistors and analog to digital converters at the pixel level or separately. These transistors and analog to digital converters may reside in a control electronics module 310, wherein each element comprises its own control electronics module 310. In one embodiment, sensor array PI 315 may be an off-the-shelf sensor. The sensor, for example, among other things, could be an imager such as a photon detector. The sensor could also be a type of sensor commonly used in conventional consumer electronic device digital cameras.

[0060] In one embodiment, PI 315 is made from any material that can detect charged particles, some examples of which include semiconducting polymers, e.g., Poly(3-hexylthiphene), Poly[[9-(l-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5- thiophenediyl-2,l,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophened iyl] also known as PCDTBT, etc., small organic semiconducting molecules, or inorganic semiconductors such as silicon, Cadmium Telluride, Cadmium Zinc Telluride, etc., or compound semiconductors such as Gallium Nitride, Gallium Indium Arsenide, or liquid state semiconducting materials. [0061] In one embodiment, CI 390 may also comprise multiple layers of materials that interact with different subatomic particles, or it may be a composite of various materials, each of which interacts with a different subatomic particle, or it may be a combination of the two approaches. [0062] Further, the presence of CI 390 does not preclude the possibility of incident subatomic particles interacting directly with materials comprising the sensors. For example, in one embodiment, there may be instances where the materials forming the sensor pixel array are themselves sensitive to the incident subatomic particles, such as silicon is sensitive to gamma rays, muons, etc. or Boron used for p-type doping of silicon is sensitive to neutrons. Further, by way of example, a semiconductor such as silicon may be doped with high neutron capture cross section material such as 157Gd.

[0063] In one embodiment, the particle detection system may not include a converter layer CI 390 at all. Instead, converter material that would otherwise be used to create the CI layer 390 is homogeneously intermixed with the sensor material used to create pixel array, PI 315. In this embodiment, the element pixel array, PI 315, may comprise a combination of reactive materials, such as the materials used to comprise the CI layer as discussed above. Further, PI 315 may comprise a pixelated or monolithic sensor array made from semiconducting materials and materials sensitive to the products of the interaction between incident subatomic particles and the reactive materials. Also it may comprise composite materials sensitive to subatomic particles and capable of generating a readable signal. Dispersing the converter material within the sensor material, however, may require printing technology. Also, special processes would be required to intermix the converter material with the sensor. As discussed above, control electronics module 310 can be used for controlling the operation of the element and transmitting any analog or digital signal generated by the element to the remainder of the system.

[0064] In one embodiment, each of the elements El 320 through En 325, may comprise a lensing apparatus LI 305 for focusing the particles towards the sensor with the intent of improving the instrument's sensitivity. For example, if the particle detection system is set up for detecting neutrons, the neutrons can be lensed using appropriate materials such as glass poly-capillary fibers made from lead-silica glass and used for focusing ultra-cold to fast neutrons. Alternatively, if the particle detection system is set up for detecting X-rays, the X-rays can be lensed using appropriate materials such as microstructured capillary arrays. [0065] The array of elements El 320 through En 325, in one embodiment, is connected, in serial or parallel configuration, to a slave processing unit 335 (referred to herein as "SPU"). In one embodiment, the slave processing unit 335 can be a Field Programmable Gate Array ("FPGA"), a Complex Programmable Logic Device

("CPLD"), a microcontroller, etc. The slave processing unit may also be placed and internalized within the elements labeled El to En thereby minimizing or altogether obviating the need for an external processing unit such as 335. The elements in conjunction with the SPU form a "sensor module" 330.

[0066] One or more sensor modules may be placed in a configuration that is optimized to maximize system performance. For example, multiple sensor modules could be configured to operate in parallel so as to increase the sensitivity of the device. Because each of the elements may only be modestly sensitive in detecting incident particles, the overall sensitivity to the particles being detected can be increased by stacking more than one sensor module 330 in parallel.

[0067] Each element may be only modestly sensitive in detecting incident particles, but when several of these elements are aggregated in an appropriate architecture, these components act in a concerted fashion to result in a highly sensitive, agile and reliable particle detection instrument. The aggregation of sensors operating in parallel results in higher sensitivity to the particles and resultant imaging as compared to individual elements or an individual module. In one embodiment, the multiple sensor modules can be loaded onto and operate in parallel on a common printed circuit board. In a further embodiment, multiple printed circuit boards, each with at least one sensor module, can be configured to operate and detect particles in parallel to further increase the sensitivity and fidelity of the platform. [0068] Each of the modules can be comprised of multiple elements. In one embodiment, the elements, El 320 to En 325, can be made as large or small as needed in order, for example, to embed them in confined geometries such as inside the human body for medical applications such as single-photon emission computed tomography ("SPECT"), positron emission tomography ("PET"), etc.

[0069] In one embodiment, a subset of the elements El 320 to En 325 can be configured to detect different particles from the remaining elements by coating them with a different CI converter layer from the other elements. Accordingly, a single module 330 can be used to detect more than one type of subatomic particle. [0070] Each sensor module 330 is connected to, either wirelessly or through wires, to a system level master processing unit 345 (referred to herein as "MPU") that controls the operation of the SPU on the module and processes the data it receives from the SPU. In one embodiment, the SPU in one of the modules may also be able to serve as the MPU. An MPU, in one embodiment, may be connected to several sensor modules, wherein each sensor module is configured to be sensitive to and detect a different subatomic particle. Alternatively, an MPU may be connected to several stacked sensor modules acting in concert to detect the same particle.

[0071] In one embodiment, the MPU 345 may be part of a computing system similar to computing system 110 from Figure 1 described above in detail. Further, the MPU 345 may also comprise a system memory 116 and storage memory 132 and 133 for storing data received from the various sensor modules similar to computing system 110 in Figure 1. The MPU 345 may send processed data to the display 350 that has a user interface (UI) that can be used to program the entire system. The display may perform a similar function to display device 124 discussed above in relation to Figure 1. [0072] Further, the data from the MPU may also be relayed wirelessly through wireless module 380 to a host server 370, wherein the host server may perform a similar function to servers 240 and 245 described in relation to Figure 2. Each of the client devices 210, 220 and 230 in Figure 2, in fact, may be a discrete computing system comprising a MPU, connected to its own set of SPUs, and reporting the results of a particle detection operation to a host server 240 or 245 through network 250. For example, client devices 210, 220 and 230 may be security devices installed at an airport to screen passengers' baggage for explosive devices. Each of the client devices could then, in turn, report the results of the screening to a centrally located server 240 or 245. The results from all the various screening operations could also be stored in storage devices 260(1)-(L), storage devices 270(1)-(N), storage devices 290(1)-(M), or intelligent storage array 295. In another embodiment, MPU 345 may relay data to host server 370 through a wired connection (not shown) instead of through wireless module 380. [0073] In one embodiment, the data from the various SPUs could simply flow through an MPU and be transmitted to a host machine 360. The host machine, in one embodiment, could be a personal computer or a tablet PC or even a smart phone that may be a computing system similar to computing system 110 from Figure 1 described above in detail. The host machine in such an embodiment would be connected to the MPU 345 through a communication interface similar to interface 122 described in detail above.

[0074] In one such embodiment, the host machine 360 would be responsible for processing the data received from the various SPUs instead of the MPU. The MPU would, however, be responsible for controlling the operation of the various SPUs connected to it. The host machine would, as mentioned above, therefore perform a similar function to computing system 110. The display 350 may then be connected to the host machine 360, wherein a user of the system could program the system using the display connected to the host machine. Alternatively, in one embodiment, the MPU 345 may reside on host machine 360 instead of within the housing 340 of the particle detection system and control the various SPUs from within the host machine 360.

[0075] In one embodiment, the particle detection system of Figure 3 is encapsulated for protection from the element such as temperature, humidity, dust, etc., by placing it inside a housing 340 made from materials such as plastic, metal, etc. The housing 340, in one embodiment, may be designed to restrict the entry of certain subatomic particles, such as photons in the visible range, ultraviolet range, or more energetic photons such as X-rays or gamma rays, etc. For certain applications, such as neutron detection, for example, the housing 340 may contain materials such as high-density polyethylene ("HDPE") that moderate the incident neutron velocity. The design of the housing 340 and the materials used to construct it will vary depending on the application for the particle detection system. For example, if the detector is being used for oil and gas exploration within oceanic waters, the housing 340 will need to be constructed with materials able to withstand extremely high subterraneous temperature and pressure.

[0076] Figure 4 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a typical hardware configuration for connecting the host machine with the sensor modules. The embodiment illustrated in Figure 4 is one wherein the display 340 and UI is connected to or implemented within host machine 360 as described above. The host machine 360 is responsible for processing the data it receives from MPU 345 over communicator bus 491. MPU 345 is responsible for controlling the operation of the various SPUs on sensor modules 430A-430N. Sensor modules 430A-430N perform essentially the same function as sensor module 330 from Figure 3. Each of the sensor modules 430A-430N shown in Figure 4 may be configured to detect a different subatomic particle.

[0077] Alternatively, as discussed above, the sensor modules 430A-430N may be stacked and operating in parallel to reliably detect the same particle. By using a plurality of sensor modules acting in concert, the sensitivity and reliability of the system can be vastly improved even though one of the sensor modules in itself may only be modestly efficient in detecting the particle.

[0078] The sensor modules 430A-430N constitute a module array that can plug directly into board sockets within the particle detection chassis 450. The MPU 345 may be populated on the same board that comprises the sockets for plugging in sensor modules 430A-430N, or one of the SPU's in 430A to 430N may be programmed to serve the function of MPU 345, thereby eliminating the need for a separate MPU345. Because they plug into board sockets, the sensor modules can be easily inserted and removed from apparatus 450. Further, the placement of the sensor modules 430A-430N can be determined based on the type of particle each sensor module is configured to detect and how sensitive to the particle the user needs the system to be. [0079] Host machine 360 uses communication interface 122, as illustrated in Figure 1, to communicate with the particle detection apparatus 450 encapsulated within housing 340 over communicator bus 491. The communicator bus 491 provides a highspeed electronic communication channel between the host machine 360 and the particle detection apparatus 450. The communicator bus can also be referred to as a backplane, a module connection enabler, or system bus. Physically, communicator bus 491 is a fast, high-bandwidth duplex connection bus that can be electrical, optical, etc.

[0080] Particle detection apparatus 450 can, in one embodiment, also be used in a standalone mode, such as a handheld instrument, backpack instrument etc. In this embodiment, the housing of the apparatus 450 would comprise MPU 345, the display 350, a wireless module 380, and one or more sensor modules 330, so that the user could freely use the particle detector without needing to physically connect to a host machine. The particle detection apparatus 450 can, in another embodiment, be also connected through a wired (such as Ethernet or USB) or wireless (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) to a computing device such as tablet PC or smart phone. In this embodiment, there will be no need for a display 350 on the detection apparatus. As discussed above, MPU 345 could be part of a computing system similar to computing system 110 illustrated in Figure 1 with an associated memory and display. Such a system, along with its modules, could serve as a component in an assembly of systems that would be placed at desired locations arbitrarily far from each other to act as agents for detecting subatomic particles over large geographic regions, on land, underground, on water, underwater, or any other location including space. Data gathered from the various agents may be relayed to a central host machine 370 and analyzed to prepare maps of incident particles across any geographic region. [0081] In one embodiment, the module 330 can be programmed to determine the rate of subatomic particles incident on it. Alternatively, the MPU can be programmed to collect information from the SPUs connected to it and determine the rate of various subatomic particles incident on the entire apparatus 450. In another embodiment, particle detection apparatus 450 can be configured to establish the direction of incident particles by placing the modules 430A-430N within it in an appropriate geometric configuration, e.g., around a sphere, or in a stacked parallel configuration. In yet another embodiment, appropriate design of material used to develop sensor pixel PI 315, such as fully depleted deep CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) or CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) sensors made from inorganic or organic

semiconductors, will allow the system to determine the energy of incident subatomic particles and thereby enable spectroscopy.

[0082] Further, in one embodiment, the entire system, or each module in the system, or even each element in the system can be tuned to be sensitive to different subatomic particles. For example, module 430A can be configured to be more sensitive to gamma rays while module 430B can be configured to be more sensitive to neutrons.

Conversely, the modules can also be configured, in one embodiment, to be insensitive to certain subatomic particles. One method to make the modules insensitive to certain subatomic particles is to coat the converter layer CI with appropriate blocking layers that reduce sensitivity to certain particles. This chemical tunability is an advantageous feature of the present invention because it gives a user the unique flexibility to configure a system to be sensitive to a select subset of subatomic particles of interest while being insensitive to other particles that the user may not be interested in tracking.

[0083] In one embodiment, choosing elements El 320-En 325 that are highly pixelated can significantly increase the granularity of the particle detection device. For example, the more pixels an element can comprise, the easier it is for the system to detect the location and direction a particular particle came from. It also makes it easier to detect the particle's energy. Figure 5 A is an exemplary block diagram of a sensor array of pixels in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As seen in Figure 5 A, the higher the number of pixels on pixel array PI 315, the more granular it is and the easier it is to precisely detect the position of particles 550. [0084] Figure 5B is an exemplary block diagram illustrating the cross-sectional view for each pixel on the sensor array of pixels in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As discussed above, the sensor may be an off-the-shelf component typically found in a conventional digital camera (e.g. a silicon CMOS sensor). The electronics for the pixel may be mounted on silicon substrate, comprised of p-silicon 550 and n-silicon 560. The area of the pixel that collects information regarding incident particles, e.g., photons is photo-diode 570. The pixel may also comprise three transistors 580, Tl, T2 and T3, that are used to collect the information captured by the photodiode. For example, if subatomic particles or products of the reaction between the incident subatomic particle and the converter layer (390 in Figure 3) impinge upon photo-diode 570, voltage (or current) 595 is induced through a combination of distortion and ionization of the electron field within the photodiode as well as the photoelectric effect. The energy of individual incident subatomic particles or products of the reaction between a single incident subatomic particle and the converter layer (390 in Figure 3) impinging on photo-diode 570 dictates how much charge accumulates within the pixels. If several particles become incident during the time when the sensor is in an exposed state, a proportionately larger number of islands of pixels will accumulate charge. The transistors are used to collect information regarding the accumulated charge during a capture cycle and convey this information to an A/D converter within control electronics module 310. Each pixel may report an A/D converted value of between 0 and 1024 based on the intensity of impingement on the pixel.

[0085] In certain embodiments, CI 390 may be reactive to more than one type of subatomic particle. In these embodiments, a discrimination process may be run on MPU 345 that is used to discriminate between the different types of particles while minimizing any false positives. Each subatomic particle may be unique with respect to the intensity values they generate or the pattern in which they impinge on the pixels of pixel array PI 315. The discrimination procedure comprises information regarding all the particles' unique "digital signatures" and uses these to differentiate between particles to ensure that false positives are not generated. [0086] For example, incident neutrons particles may interact with the material in C 1 or the material of the sensor pixels and produce one type of electric signal and gamma rays produce another type of signal or pattern of islands of pixels in which charge is generated beyond the thermally generated charges.

[0087] This ability to discriminate between different types of particles is enabled by unique digital signatures for each type of particle. The term digital signature here refers to patterns of islands of pixels where charge gets deposited by the incident particles or products of the interaction between the incident particles and the converter layer CI . Therefore, different types of particles can be distinguished from each other and identified at the same time. Furthermore, every radioactive material (or radionuclide) emits a unique family of sub-atomic particles. For example, highly enriched uranium emits neutrons and gamma photons. Since at least some or all of these subatomic particles are detected and discriminated in the proposed system with the help of its discriminating procedure, the source (radionuclide/isotope etc.) of these particles can be identified by referring to a library of digital signatures in the system's memory or a memory external to the system.

[0088] Figures 6A and 6B illustrate two exemplary patterns created by two different types of subatomic particles and as detected by a pixel array of sensors in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Figure 6A illustrates a pattern created by hypothetical Particle A, while Figure 6B illustrates a pattern created by hypothetical Particle B. If both Particle A and Particle B are detected by the same sensor PI 315 because converter layer CI 390 reacts with both types of particles, then a discrimination procedure is required to be able to tell the particles apart so as not to generate false positives. The discrimination procedure will be programmed to recognize that Particle A will create a pattern of lesser intensity than Particle B, and further that the pattern will comprise of pixels that are clumped together as opposed to the diagonal pattern generated by Particle B. Accordingly, the discrimination procedure can use the respective signatures of Particle A and Particle B to distinguish between each other.

[0089] The discrimination procedure can, in one embodiment, compare a pattern created by a particle to patterns stored in memory 116 of host machine 360 to identify which of the patterns in memory the particle most closely resembles in order to identify the particle.

[0090] It is important to note that in one embodiment of the present invention the signature patterns of various different particles can be identified at the same time. For example, the discrimination procedure would be configured to identify both Particle A and Particle B at the same time in the example illustrated in Figures 6 A and 6B. Further, if other particles were detected in the system, those particles could be identified using their digital signatures at the same time as well.

[0091] Figure 9 illustrates exemplary signatures for neutron and gamma particles used to distinguish between the two particles in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The discrimination procedure discussed above can be configured to detect pattern 910 associated with neutron generated alpha particles and distinguish pattern 910 from pattern 920 associated with gamma photons. Thus, discrimination procedure can identify both neutrons and gamma photons and distinguish them from each other. [0092] In one embodiment, the digital signature can be generated using several stacked sensor modules, e.g., 430A-430N in Figure 4. In this embodiment, the generated digital signature can be a vector in three dimensional space. The

discrimination procedure uses information, e.g., coordinates of sensors, intensity of impingement based on the A/D read-out from the pixels, time of impingement etc. to determine a pattern of impingement in three dimensional space and compares the pattern to the digital signatures stored in memory and performs a statistical match in order to determine the identity of the particle. Performing digital signature comparison in three dimensional space allows for increased reliability in the system. For example, certain particles with higher energy may leave a pattern of higher intensity on the surface modules as opposed to modules deeper within the stack. Or, for example, particles with higher momentum may leave a pattern of higher intensity on modules deeper within the stack but only a trail of lower intensity on the surface modules. Thus, analyzing the intensity of the reaction of the particles with the sensors at different layers of the module stack allows for increased fidelity and accuracy. [0093] Furthermore, in one embodiment of the present invention the noise generated and accumulated within the pixels due to thermal or any other reason, and especially during the time interval of exposure, can be eliminated. The methods for reducing or completely eliminating such noise may include: (a) timely resetting of individual pixels or aggregates of pixels or entire rows and columns of pixels within the pixels; (b) optimization of exposure, readout and reset time cycles so that pixels are reset as often as is required; (c) changing the temperature of operation of the sensors, such as cooling them down.

[0094] The present invention is highly scalable because not only does it use relatively cost effective off-the-shelf components that may be chemically tuned using appropriate converter layers, but also users have the ability to incorporate as many sensor modules within an apparatus as needed. Further, because the parts of the present invention are readily available and low cost, they are relatively easy to replace.

Accordingly, if a sensor module gets damaged, it will typically be less troublesome to replace it than to fix it resulting in a system that degrades gracefully. [0095] Further, another advantage of the present invention is that the housing 340 of the particle detection system is flexible and can be configured in ways specifically customized for several different applications. For example, the housing may be chosen in a way so that the pixel arrays can be stacked or tiled side by side along a wall of a cargo container, and used to detect radiation in containers being shipped. Also, as discussed above, particle detection apparatus 450 can be configured to establish the direction of incident particles by placing the modules 430A-430N within it in an appropriate geometric configuration, such as around a sphere. In this case, the housing 340 would be spherical. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the system can be designed to fit in a hand held device or a backpack device. In yet other embodiments, the modules 330 and any other printed circuit boards ("PCBs") within the housing 340 may be constructed using flexible materials, so that the system can be imbedded in clothing and other areas where using rigid materials would not be pragmatic. Further, using flexible materials allows the surface area of the detector to increase, thereby, increasing the sensitivity of the system. This advantageously allows the present invention to be utilized for various different applications using the same system design.

[0096] In one embodiment, the MPU 345 processes the data from the various SPUs it is connected to and performs all the calculations necessary to determine if a particular particle has been detected. The MPU 345 can use the information from the pixel arrays of the elements El 320 through En 325 to determine precisely the coordinates of the pixels that tested positive for the particle. The MPU 345 may create a vector of information for each pixel comprising the coordinate of the pixel and the element and sensor module it is located within.

[0097] Figure 7 illustrates an exemplary information vector created for each pixel by the MPU in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The information vector 700 may comprise information regarding the pixel number or (x,y) coordinate 710, information regarding the element or sensor number 720, and information regarding module number 730 on which pixel 710 and element 720 reside. Also, the vector may comprise information regarding the intensity value 740 read out from the pixel and a timestamp 750. This vector of information can either be stored in memory for further analysis or passed on to display 350 for a user to visually analyze the data or passed along to a computing device (such as a tablet PC or smart phone) attached to the detector box through a wired or wireless connection. Alternatively, the information may be relayed to a remote location through wireless module 380. The MPU 345 may also compare the vectors received from a pixel array to the various signatures of different subatomic particles stored in memory to determine or confirm the identity of the particle.

[0098] Further, the MPU 345 can be programmed to flag an alarm for the user of the system if more than a critical threshold number of particles are detected over a certain period of time and over a certain area. For example, in one embodiment, when the detection instrument is rendered as a handheld instrument homeland security

applications, the MPU 345 may be programmed to flag an alarm on the display 350 if more neutrons or gamma rays are detected per unit area (or volume) of the instrument than the cosmic neutron or gamma background.

[0099] Figure 8 depicts a flowchart 800 of an exemplary computer controlled process of detecting subatomic particles, including neutrons, according to an

embodiment of the present invention. The invention, however, is not limited to the description provided by flowchart 800. Rather, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings provided herein that other functional flows are within the scope and spirit of the present invention. Flowchart 800 will be described with continued reference to exemplary embodiments described above, though the method is not limited to those embodiments.

[00100] At step 802, subatomic particles, including neutrons, may be lensed towards a sensor El 320 by using a lensing apparatus LI 305. Focusing the neutrons towards the sensor improves the instrument's sensitivity as discussed above.

[00101] At step 804, a reaction is generated when the neutrons come into contact with converter layer, CI 390. The converter layer can interact with the incident particles to generate a reaction, the results of which are then converted by a sensor array of pixels, PI 315, to a readable electrical signal at step 806 using control electronics module 310. As discussed above, in one embodiment, converter layer CI may comprise multiple layers of materials that interact with different subatomic particles or it may be a composite of materials, each of which interact with a different subatomic particle.

Further, in one embodiment, instead of being a discrete layer, the CI layer may be intermixed with the sensory array PI 315 itself. [00102] At step 808, SPU 335 processes the signal from the various elements, El 320 to En 325, to generate pixel data for each sensor. While each element El 320 to En 325 individually may have modest sensitivity for detecting the incident subatomic particles, the elements in aggregate result in a highly sensitive level of detection.

[00103] At step 810, the pixel data is transmitted to MPU 345. The MPU 345 controls the various SPUs connected to it, collects the data from the SPUs, and analyzes the data at step 812 to determine the impingement of any subatomic particles of interest on the pixels of sensor 315. At step 814, the MPU 345 runs the discrimination procedure used to discriminate between the different types of particles without generating any false positives. For example, the MPU 345 may be programmed to discriminate neutrons from other particles such as high energy gamma rays that may be coincident along with the neutrons.

[00104] While the foregoing disclosure sets forth various embodiments using specific block diagrams, flowcharts, and examples, each block diagram component, flowchart step, operation, and/or component described and/or illustrated herein may be implemented, individually and/or collectively, using a wide range of hardware, software, or firmware (or any combination thereof) configurations. In addition, any disclosure of components contained within other components should be considered as examples because many other architectures can be implemented to achieve the same functionality.

[00105] The process parameters and sequence of steps described and/or illustrated herein are given by way of example only. For example, while the steps illustrated and/or described herein may be shown or discussed in a particular order, these steps do not necessarily need to be performed in the order illustrated or discussed. The various example methods described and/or illustrated herein may also omit one or more of the steps described or illustrated herein or include additional steps in addition to those disclosed.

[00106] While various embodiments have been described and/or illustrated herein in the context of fully functional computing systems, one or more of these example embodiments may be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, regardless of the particular type of computer-readable media used to actually carry out the distribution. The embodiments disclosed herein may also be implemented using software modules that perform certain tasks. These software modules may include script, batch, or other executable files that may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium or in a computing system. These software modules may configure a computing system to perform one or more of the example embodiments disclosed herein. One or more of the software modules disclosed herein may be implemented in a cloud computing environment. Cloud computing environments may provide various services and applications via the Internet. These cloud-based services (e.g., software as a service, platform as a service, infrastructure as a service, etc.) may be accessible through a Web browser or other remote interface. Various functions described herein may be provided through a remote desktop environment or any other cloud-based computing environment. [00107] The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as may be suited to the particular use contemplated.

[00108] Embodiments according to the invention are thus described. While the present disclosure has been described in particular embodiments, it should be appreciated that the invention should not be construed as limited by such embodiments, but rather construed according to the below claims.