ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present U.S. patent application relates to and claims the priority benefit of U.S.

Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/597,951, filed December 13, 2017, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This present application relates to a method for controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger. In particular, the present invention discloses an expression system comprises a gene expressing for a fusion protein of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) and a transcription factor, wherein a targeted gene expression is regulated by a phase change of the fusion protein initiated by an environmental trigger, including changes of the temperature, the pH value, the ionic strength, or any combination thereof.

STATEMENT OF SEQUENCE LISTING

[0003] A computer-readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing is submitted concurrently with this application. The file, generated on December 13, 2018, is entitled

Sequence_Listing_67892-02_ST25_txt. Applicant states that the content of the computer- readable form is the same and the information recorded in computer readable form is identical to the written sequence listing.

BACKGROUND

[0004] This section introduces aspects that may help facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, these statements are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is or is not prior art.

[0005] Despite the considerable promise of microbes as chemical factories that produce

medicine, fuels and other materials sustainably, microbes manufacture relatively few products. This is due in large part to low yields that make these systems uncompetitive with traditional chemical synthesis. Enhancing production and economic viability of such systems requires gene circuits that regulate selected enzyme expression levels to redirect excess cellular resources towards synthesis of desired products (Anesiadis, N., et al., Metabolic Engineering 2008, 10(5), 255-266; Solomon, KV, et al., Metabolic Engineering 2012, 14(6), 661-671; Solomon, KV, et al., ACS Synthetic Biology 2013, 2(3), 126-135; Dahl, RH, et al., Nature Biotechnology 2013, 31(11), 1039-1046). Investigators can further improve yields by incorporating sensor-regulator elements within these circuits to monitor, and respond to, evidence of cellular stress in order to prevent premature cell death (Zhang, F, et al., Nature Biotechnology 2012, 30(4), 354-359; Farmer, WR, et al., Nature Biotechnology 2000, 18(5), 533-537). For example, production of the antimalarial drug precursor, amorphadiene, in E. coli improved approximately two-fold with the introduction of a re-purposed transcriptional regulator that prevented accumulation of toxic isoprenoid intermediates ⁶ . Sensor-regulator elements that autonomously balance the competing demands of cellular health and production, however, are not broadly available. Current approaches addressing this issue primarily rely on large screens that identify native transcription factors, which recognize specific individual products, but regulate both targeted genes and native, non-production pathways in frequently poorly defined ways.

[0006] Thus, there is a critical need for the development of new technologies that: 1) can easily be tailored to selectively recognize indicators of cellular stress, 2) can regulate only specified gene targets at pre-specified set points of cellular stress, and 3) do not interact with native processes (orthogonality). In the absence of such technologies, it will likely remain challenging to substantially improve the economic viability of microbial chemical factories, and broaden their product portfolio to valuable production targets.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] A better understanding of the present invention will be had upon reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0008] Fig. 1 depicts that ELP-Transcription Factor (TF) fusions is developed as programmable negative feedback controllers that regulate pathway flux and improve cell health for improved taxadiene production.

[0009] Fig. 2 shows a proposed scheme to taxadiene via the mevalonate isoprenoid

pathway (Martin, VJJ, et al., Nat. Biotech. 2003, 21, 796-802).

[0010] Fig. 3A shows that GST-EFP128 (70 kDa) and RDG-EFP 64 (40 kDa) are readily

expressed in BF2l(DE3). EFP is purified by sonicating and pelleting cell debris before aggregating EFPs in the lysate at 40°C (Pellet) and washing 3x with TN buffer (10 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, pH8).

[0011] Fig. 3B shows that purified GST-EFP128 displays a sharp phase transition with

increasing temperature to form a turbid solution. Phase change monitored at 600 nm while increasing temperature by 1 °C/min.

[0012] Fig. 3C shows that the transition temperature of GST-EFP128 may be determined from the peak change in absorbance per unit temperature (dA/dT).

[0013] Fig. 3D shows that EFPs may be used as biological sensors as small molecules such as butanol can disturb GST-EFP128 aggregation raising the transition temperature in a dose dependent manner.

[0014] Fig. 4A shows a proposed mechanism of action of a constructed system of EFP-sigma factor fusions control gene expression in response to stimuli.

[0015] Fig. 4B depicts relative normalized green fluorescence of E. coli MG1655 at 30 °C and 40 °C expressing GFP from PECF2O regulated by sigma factor ECF20. A control (ECF20 sigma factor) and EFP-SF (GST-EFP128-sigma factor fusion) were expressed from a T7 promoter using T7 RNA polymerase induced from vector pN565, while GFP was expressed from pVRb (Rhodius, VA, et al., Molecular Systems Biology 2013, 9, 702.

Doi: 10. l038/msb.20l3.58).

[0016] Fig. 5A shows the construct of expression vector. In Pre-RDF, the parent vector is

digested with (1) Acul and Bgll, and (2) BseRI and Bgll. EFP-containing DNA fragments are purified and (3) ligated together to reconstruct a functional plasmid, increasing the ELP length.

[0017] Fig. 5B shows the linker sequence design. The bar represents the Shine-Dalgarno

sequence. Start and stop codons are highlighted in gray. Type IIS cut sites indicated with vertical line (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2).

[0018] Fig. 5C depicts the sequence design of base ELP 25-mers (SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, and 5).

[0019] Fig. 6 shows anticipated results from a dynamic control experiment with stepwise control of temperature.

[0020] Fig. 7 shows the native E. coli genes (ispA) and the crt operon from pAC-Lyc convert DMAP to the bright red lycopene.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] While the concepts of the present disclosure are illustrated and described in detail in the figures and the description herein, results in the figures and their description are to be considered as exemplary and not restrictive in character; it being understood that only the illustrative embodiments are shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the disclosure are desired to be protected.

[0022] As used herein, the following terms and phrases shall have the meanings set forth below.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0023] In the present disclosure the term“about” can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 20%, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range. In the present disclosure, the term“substantially” can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 80%, within 90%, within 95%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or at least about 99.999% or more of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range.

[0024] As disclosed herein, a natural product refers to a product of nature, which is useful as food/feed or a supplement thereof, materials for construction or manufacture, or a

therapeutics.

[0025] This present application relates to a method for controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger useful for manufacturing a natural product or an analogue thereof. In particular, the present invention discloses an expression system comprises a gene expressing for a fusion protein of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) and a transcription factor (TF), wherein a targeted gene expression is regulated by the phase change of the ELP-TF fusion protein initiated by an environmental trigger, including changes of the temperature, the pH value, the ionic strength, or any combination thereof. The method, the expression system and their products are within the scope of this invention.

[0026] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger comprising the step of: a. fusing a gene for elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) to a gene for a transcription factor; b. cloning the fused gene into an expression system wherein said targeted gene expression is to be regulated;

c. expressing the ELPs-transcription factor fused gene to produce an ELPs- transcription factor fusion protein; and

d. initiating an environmental trigger causing the aggregation of ELPs-transcription factor fusion protein whereby said targeted gene expression is regulated.

[0027] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein the ELPs is fused to the N-terminus of the transcription factor.

[0028] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein the ELPs is fused to the C-terminus of the transcription factor.

[0029] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein the

environmental trigger is a change of temperature.

[0030] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein the

environmental trigger is a change of pH value.

[0031] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein the

environmental trigger is a change of ionic strength.

[0032] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein the

environmental trigger is a combination of the changes of ionic strength, pH value and/or temperature.

[0033] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein said expression system is a bacteria. [0034] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein said bacteria is E. coli.

[0035] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein said expression system is a yeast.

[0036] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein said expression system expresses a natural product or an analogue thereof.

[0037] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for

controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein said natural product is taxadiene or an analogue thereof.

[0038] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a product manufactured according to the method for controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger as disclosed herein.

[0039] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger.

[0040] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein said expression system is a bacteria.

[0041] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein said bacteria is E. coli

[0042] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein said expression system is a yeast.

[0043] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein said expression system expresses a natural product or an analogue thereof.

[0044] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein said natural product is taxadiene or an analogue thereof.

[0045] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein the sequence of ELPs is fused to the N-terminus of the transcription factor.

[0046] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein the sequence of ELPs is fused to the C-terminus of the transcription factor.

[0047] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein the environmental trigger is a change of temperature.

[0048] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein the environmental trigger is a change of ionic strength. [0049] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger, wherein the environmental trigger is a change of pH value.

[0050] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a product manufactured using an expression system comprising a fused gene for a fusion protein of ELPs and a transcription factor, wherein the expression system comprises a targeted gene of which expression is regulated through an environmental trigger.

[0051] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof comprising the step of: a. fusing a gene for elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) to a gene for a transcription factor;

b. cloning the fused gene into an expression system wherein expression of gene for said natural product or an analogue thereof is to be regulated;

c. expressing the ELPs-transcription factor fused gene to produce ELPs- transcription factor fusion protein; and

d. initiating an environmental trigger causing the aggregation of ELPs-transcription factor fusion protein whereby expression of gene for said natural product or an analogue thereof is regulated.

[0052] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the ELPs is fused to the N-terminus of the transcription factor.

[0053] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the ELPs is fused to the C-terminus of the transcription factor.

[0054] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the environmental trigger is a change of temperature. [0055] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the environmental trigger is a change of pH value.

[0056] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein the environmental trigger is a change of ionic strength.

[0057] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein said environmental trigger is a combination of changes of ionic strength, pH value and temperature.

[0058] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein said expression system is a bacteria.

[0059] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein said bacteria is E. coli.

[0060] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein said expression system is a yeast.

[0061] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein said natural product is taxadiene or an analogue thereof.

[0062] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a product

manufactured according to the method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein,

[0063] In some other illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing productivity of a natural product or an analogue thereof as disclosed herein, wherein ELPs comprise a repeating sequence of (VPGXG)n wherein n is an integral number; X is any amino acid residue except proline, and X may be varied from subunit to subunit. [0064] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein ELPs comprise a repeating sequence of (VPGXG)n wherein n is an integral number; X is any amino acid residue except proline, and X may be varied from subunit to subunit.

[0065] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to an expression system for controlling a targeted gene expression with an environmental trigger, wherein ELPs comprise a repeating sequence of (VPGXG)n wherein n is an integral number; X is any amino acid residue except proline, and X may be varied from subunit to subunit.

[0066] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention relates to a product manufactured biologically according to the method disclosed herein or using an expression system as disclosed in this present patent application.

[0067] The stereoselective chemistry of microbes and their ability to convert renewable

feedstocks to value-added products have helped to reinvigorate America’s bioeconomy with the promise of microbial chemical factories that produce compounds ranging from the industrial solvent 2,3 butanediol to precursors of the antimalarial drug artemisinin (Paddon, CJ, et al., Nature 2013, 496(7446), 528-532; Alam, MI, et al., Microbial Applications 2017, 2, 153-166). Expansion of this currently limited portfolio, however, is hindered by the low yield of many desired products. Despite advances in methods to improve efficiency with genetic circuits that redirect available resources toward product formation, there remains a need for strategies that can dynamically balance product formation and cellular health for superior microbial performance. The invention disclosed herein enables a novel

transcriptional gene regulation with the capacity to integrate markers of cellular stress with designated expression profiles for pathway genes to improve production of a natural product or an analogue thereof, such as the anticancer drug precursor taxadiene. This would help transform microbial chemical factory design by introducing a new tool for the design and optimization of novel production pathways, and to broaden the portfolio of feasible products manufactured biologically.

[0068] Unlike current available methods, the new class of transcriptional regulators would be modular and universal, as they would have the capacity to recognize the impact of product synthesis on cellular health, and could be tuned for many biomanufacturing processes by manipulating the controller set point via the ELP sequence. Moreover, this technology could be applied to virtually any species by swapping the fused transcription factor with a species- specific transcription factor, thereby greatly simplifying the process of implementing dynamic control. The work disclosed herein will lead to significant increases in the yield of sustainable biomanufacturing processes, including taxadiene production.

[0069] This invention focuses on the development of molecular technologies to improve the efficiency of microbial chemical factories, to create orthogonal, transcriptional regulators that dynamically regulate and balance product synthesis with cellular health in microbial chemical factories for significantly improved productivity. As proof of principle, the initial efforts introduce into E. coli a series of engineered proteins derived from elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) to optimize production of taxadiene, a precursor for the potent anticancer drug Taxol (Fig. 1) (Ajikumar PK, et al., Science 2010, 330, 70-74). ELPs have the well-documented property of reversible self-assembly in response to changes in temperature, pH, and/or ionic strength at a given critical point encoded in their tunable structure (Zhang, Y, et al., Biomacromolecules 2006, 7, 2192-2199: Dreher, MR, et al., J.

Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 130, 687-694; MacKay, JA, et al., Biomacromolecules 2010, 11, 2873- 2879). In our preliminary studies, we have demonstrated that reversible aggregation of ELPs fused to non-native transcription factors can effectively function to control gene expression. By using non-native transcription factors, we preclude possible disruption of native processes and, thus, can target regulation to selected genes via a promoter sequence (Rhodius VA, et al., Molecular Systems Biology 2013, 9, 702). As the degree of cellular health controls the intracellular ionic strength and pH, the central idea of this invention is that synthetic regulators can be designed to recognize intracellular indicators of cellular health, and can be precisely programmed to autoregulate expression of targeted pathway genes. These devices would provide potentially unprecedented opportunities to enhance biomanufacturing efficiency and help facilitate the development of a sustainable bioeconomy.

[0070] Taxol is a derivatized diterpenoid that arises from isoprenoid metabolism, an essential component of lipid metabolism found in all domains of life (Fig. 2). The first committed step of Taxol biosynthesis is the cyclization of the isoprenoid geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to taxa-4(5), 11(12) diene (taxadiene) via a taxadiene synthase (Koepp, AE, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270(15), 8686-8690). Thus, any high titer process for Taxol must produce high yields of the precursor taxadiene. Isoprenoid biosynthesis takes one of two forms: the bacterial methylerythritol-phosphate or the eukaryotic mevalonate pathway. Both pathways have successfully been used to produce taxadiene in E. coli and S. cerevisiae, respectively (Ajikumar PK, et ak, Science 2010, 330, 70-74). However, the native pathways are highly regulated due to their essential nature, making them difficult to optimize (Engels, B., et ak, Metabolic Engineering 2008, 10(3), 201-206). To overcome this challenge, researchers have introduced and optimized expression of the non-native mevalonate pathway in E. coli to make g/L titers of other isoprenoid-derived drugs (Martin, VJJ, et ak, Nat. Biotech. 2003, 21, 796-802). Despite this progress, commercial scale titers of Taxol or its precursors have yet to be achieved microbially. Moreover, the overexpression of pathway enzymes to maximize precursor formation may accumulate toxic levels of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which reduce yields (Dahl, RH, et ak, Nature Biotechnology 2013, 31(11), 1039-1046; Martin, VJJ, ibid., Withers, ST., et ak, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007, 73, 6277-6283).

[0071] Engineering metabolic negative feedback control to dynamically regulate pathway

enzyme expression is a promising approach to overcome pathway intermediate toxicity (Dahl, RH, et ak, Nature Biotechnology 2013, 31(11), 1039-1046; Zhang, F, et ak, Nature Biotechnology 2012, 30(4), 354-359). There are unmet needs in the fields of bio

manufacturing processes.

[0072] Preliminary Studies

[0073] To establish the feasibility of using ELPs to control gene expression, we have acquired neutral ELPs from colleagues at UC Riverside and Purdue University consisting of the motif VPGVG at varying lengths fused to either a GST purification tag or a random polypeptide domain (Ge, X, et ak, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131(25), 9094-9099; Liu, JC, et ak,

Biomacromolecules 2004, 5(2), 497-504). Using these samples, we have developed core competencies in the expression, purification and in vitro characterization of ELPs (Fig. 3). ELP phase change is reversible and sharply defined over a narrow programmed range, making them ideal sensors. While ELP phase change displays some hysteresis or dynamic lag in its response, the time scale over which this is observed (1 min) is much shorter than typical biological processes (-10 min) and unlikely to have a significant impact on the controllability of in vivo performance. As these ELP had no acidic or basic residues to evaluate pH sensitivity, we tested the ability of ELPs to respond in vitro to the presence of environmental signals that could interact with ELP aggregation behavior (as pH would).

ELPs were able to interact with mildly hydrophobic butanol to increase the transition temperature in a dose dependent manner. Under isothermal conditions (such as during cell culture), butanol would be able to independently trigger ELP phase change by increasing the transition temperature, ultimately dissolving ELP aggregates once the transition temperature exceeded the culture temperature. Thus, these preliminary data support the feasibility of ELP as a programmable sensor element to recognize environmental triggers in solution.

[0074] We then examined the ability of ELPs to regulate in vivo gene expression through

orthogonal ELP-sigma factor fusions (Fig. 4). We fused a bacterial transcription factor, ECF20, to the C-terminus of GST-ELP128 and assessed the ability of the fusion to a) drive gene expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from a promoter activated by ECF20 and, b) be regulated by ELP aggregation. ECF20 and its corresponding promoter are non-native to E. coli and do not interact with its promoters nor sigma factors, respectively (Rhodius, VA, et al., Mol. Systems Biology 2013, 9, 702). Thus, any fluorescence that is observed is due solely to the activity of our engineered ELP-sigma factor fusion. We grew E. coli cultures containing the ELP construct and GFP at a low and high temperature to stimulate ELP aggregation or dissolution before measuring the steady state fluorescence of the cultures. ELP-sigma factor fusions displayed comparable fluorescence to that of sigma factor controls at 30 °C. However, at the elevated temperature of 40 °C, the ELP-sigma factor construct displayed a 20% reduction in fluorescence (p = 0.01) while the control did not display a statistically significant change in fluorescence (p = 0.06). This experiment demonstrates an ability of ELP-transcription factor fusions to regulate gene expression in a stimuli - dependent manner. This invention disclosed herein: 1) creates a library of ELP sensor- regulators and characterizing their gene regulation properties in multiple species, 2) develops a production pathway test platform and identifying conditions in a metabolic pathway under which such ELP regulators might be useful, and 3) evaluates the dynamic properties of ELP regulators and assesses their ability to optimize biomanufacturing of taxadiene in a bacteria and a yeast expression system

[0075] Quantify the transcriptional response of synthetic ELP-transcription factor fusions

[0076] We hypothesize that engineered ELP-transcription factor fusions regulate genes over a characteristic range of expression levels and response times determined by regulator composition; and ELP-based regulators can be implemented in different species with appropriate transcription factors. While our preliminary studies demonstrate a capacity for ELP-transcription factor fusions to reproducibly regulate gene expression in response to environmental stimuli, the full potential of this technology remains to be determined. We further evaluate this potential expression method in both E. coli and S. cerevisiae, a bacteria and a yeast expression system, respectively. The approach is to build a library of ELPs varying in length and composition to enable reversible aggregation under increased temperatures, and changes in pH, and fuse them to species- specific transcription factors to moderate gene expression. The phase change properties of these constructs are characterized in vitro via a visible spectroscopy, while the in vivo ability to control a gene expression is evaluated with a reporter GFP gene under the control of a promoter that recognizes the fused transcription factor.

[0077] Establish a library of ELPs that aggregate under diverse environmental conditions

[0078] As ELPs consist of a repeating amino acid and nucleic acid sequence, creating a library of new constructs with common methods such as PCR or DNA synthesis are infeasible (Hommelsheim, CM, et al., Scientific Reports 2014, 4: SREP05052). Thus, the approach here is to build the library in pET28 using plasmid reconstruction via recursive directional ligation (PRe-RDL), which has been developed to create difficult constructs such as ELPs (Fig. 5A) (McDaniel, JR, et al., Biomacromolecules 2010, 11(4), 944-952). First, we generate a linker sequence via primer annealing that contains the Type IIS restriction sites BseRI and Acul, and integrate it in the multiple cloning site of pET28 via a conventional restriction digest and ligation (Fig. 5B and Fig. 5C). Type IIS restriction sites are recognized by restriction enzymes that cleave at a set distance from the recognition site, allowing us to define the sequence at the junctions of subsequent ligation reactions using these sites (Casini, A, et al., Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2015, 16(9), 568-576). We then generate a base 25- mer ELP subunit [(VPGXG)s] via primer annealing, and integrate the product between the Acul and BseRI sites.

[0079] As disclosed herein, ELPs comprise a repeating sequence of (VPGXG)n wherein n is an integral number; X is any amino acid residue except proline, and X may be varied from subunit to subunit. For an acidic ELP, X is Val/Ile/Glu in a ratio of 1:3:1. For a basic ELP, X is Val/His/Gly/Ala in a ratio of 1:2: 1:1. For a neutral ELP, X is Val.

[0080] After incorporation, we cut with either Acul or BseRI, and a third site found in the vector backbone, Bgll, to ligate together multiple 25-mer subunits. This can be repeated in an iterative fashion to double the ELP length in a single round, or add a smaller defined subunit (e.g. a single 25-mer), and rapidly generate ELPs that may phase change under

physiologically relevant conditions of 20 - 40 °C, 0.85% NaCl (-0.15 M), and pH = 6-8 as measured in vitro with visible spectroscopy (Fig. 3B). By using these Type IIS sites, we can create ELP constructs of arbitrary length that remain undisrupted by fusion‘scar’ sequences typical of traditional restriction enzymes. In the initial constructs, we design acidic ELPs that aggregate with decreasing pH, basic ELPs that aggregate with increasing pH, and neutral ELPs that are insensitive to pH (Fig. 5C). Guest residues are varied in the acidic and basic ELPs as indicated to tune the free energy of the system and allow for phase change at physiologically relevant temperatures using minimal sequence length (Mac Kay, JA, et al., Biomacromolecules 2010, 11(11), 2873-2879). We then measure in vitro the transition pH and transition temperatures of constructs purified as described in Fig. 3A by monitoring increases in absorbance with changes in stimuli. At the conclusion of these studies we expect to have constructed and identified at least 3 acidic, 3 basic, and 3 neutral ELPs that phase change under physiological conditions and will serve as the sensor element of our controllers.

[0081] Create transcriptional circuits incorporating ELP as a sensor and characterize their performance [0082] The approach is the similar to the one pursued in the preliminary studies. As pH responsive ELPs will also respond to elevated temperatures, we use a common experimental framework of temperature change to initially evaluate transcriptional circuit performance. Briefly, we fuse ELP to various transcription factors on the C-terminus with a flexible 5x Gly linker and test the ability of the construct to drive expression of a reporter green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene under the control of the corresponding promoter. We then assess the ability of the construct to control expression under a range of temperatures (25 - 40 °C) by culturing cells at different growth temperatures and measuring the fluorescence in mid-log phase via a plate reader to derive a relationship between temperature (stimuli- induced control) and gene expression. As a negative control, we measure the fluorescence from cultures where the reporter gene is driven directly by transcription factor. Feedback controllers must respond to positive and negative deviations beyond their set point reversibly and quickly. Thus, we need to evaluate the reversibility and response time of any ELP- mediated regulation by varying temperature in a stepwise fashion and measuring the time until fluorescence achieves -63.2% steady state to calculate a characteristic time constant (t, Fig. 6). This is repeated for increases and decreases in temperature to assess the suitability of a given ELP-transcription factor construct as a regulator.

[0083] To test regulation in E. coli, we initially fuse ELP to either an orthogonal sigma factor, ECF20 (Rhodius, VA, et al., Mol. Systems Biol. 2013, 9, 702), or TetR (Guzman, LM, et al., J. Bacteriol. 1995, 177, 4121-4130) to create opposing control modalities. ECF20 is a transcriptional activator, which should lead to decreases in gene expression when sequestered within an ELP aggregate. In contrast, TetR is a transcriptional repressor, which should lead to increases in gene expression when aggregated with ELP. We also test the ability of ELP transcriptional regulators to function in species other than E. coli. We fuse ELP to tTA (tetR- VPl6/Tet-Off) and express it from the inducible yeast episomal vector YEp35l to assess the ability of ELP-tTA and ELP-TetR (Tet-On) to regulate expression of eGFP from the TetR- CYC1 promoter in S. cerevisiae as described above (Gari, E, et al., Yeast 1997, 13(9), 837- 848; Hill, JE, et al., Yeast ( Chichester , England) 1986, 2(3), 163-167). Finally, we evaluate the ability of ELP-transcription factor constructs to form multiplexable circuits with independent triggers without cross-talk. Two ELP-transcription factor constructs from E. coli using two different orthogonal sigma factors fused to separate ELPs with distinct transition temperatures (e.g. 30 and 37 °C) is used to independently drive the expression of GFP and RFP at different temperatures. This performance is compared to that of the constructs in isolation to identify any potential for cross-talk. At the conclusion of these studies, we expect to have measured the potential response of EFP-transcription factor regulators, and established the suitability of individual designs to regulate gene expression in a feedback controller, and in more complex multiplexed gene circuits.

[0084] Accomplishment of this study is expected to result in several EFP-transcription factor constructs that may be used to control gene expression as new temperature responsive and pH responsive regulators at distinct set points encoded in their structure. We anticipate measuring in vitro the triggers for these new devices and their in vivo dynamic responses to form a library that allow users to tune gene expression within a range of values by selecting the appropriate transcriptional regulator. It is expected that these tunable transcriptional regulators phase change under physiological conditions in multiple species with minimal crosstalk, enabling their use as negative feedback controllers in multiplexed gene circuits that resist deviations from cellular homeostasis.

[0085] Potential Problems and Alternative Approaches. Although different ELP-transcription factor constructs may not have wide dynamic ranges as transcriptional regulators, given our preliminary data it is unlikely that all of our engineered constructs will fail to regulate gene expression. However, it may be possible that initial designs are unable to perform as designed. For example, the ability to drive expression may be compromised by an N or C terminal fusion of the transcription factor to EFP. Thus, we may need to explore fusions at the opposite end of the EFP protein, or vary the linker length to reduce steric interference between the transcription factor and EFP. Similarly, some transcription factors may not tolerate fusion at all at which time we would consider any of the other known transcriptional regulators (e.g. Facl or AraC in E. coli, and Gal4 in yeast. See: Traven, A, et al., EMBO Reports 2006, 7(5), 496-499; Futz, R, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 1997, 25, 1203-1210; Andersen JB, et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1998, 64(6), 2240-2246). Another potential problem could be the dynamic performance of constructed gene circuits. While EFP phase change, and thus transcriptional regulation, are rapid (minutes), the dynamics of such a gene circuit would be dictated by the stability of the proteins being expressed such as GFP. Thus, it may be difficult to observe or accurately estimate the dynamic response. To address this, we are currently building a dynamic model of potential gene circuits incorporating ELP based on mass action kinetics, empirical modeling of experimental phase change data, and mass balances to identify the rate limiting steps. Should our model or experiments indicate an issue with regulator dynamics, we could destabilize problem proteins identified in the model as needed with degradation tags such as LVA (Meier, SD, et al., J. Neuroscience Methods 2006, 155(2), 251-259).

[0086] Correlate level of taxadiene production with markers of cellular health in

engineered E. coli

[0087] Based on reports that an acid-stress promoter has been successfully used to regulate the isoprenoid pathway, production of taxadiene via toxic isoprenoid intermediates in E. coli directly alters intracellular pH, K ⁺ , and/or Na ⁺ to impact cellular health (Dahl, RH, et al., Nature Biotechnology 2012, 31(11), 1039-1046).

[0088] Implement and optimize the mevalonate pathway for the production of the

taxadiene precursors. The mevalonate pathway for biosynthesis of taxadiene precursors is non-native to E. coli and must be heterologously introduced and expressed (see Fig. 2). Subcomponents of these pathways from organisms such as S. cerevisiae, S. pneumoniae , and E. faecelis, have been optimized for expression in E. coli to convert acetoacetyl-CoA to DMAP, but there has been, to date, no systematic optimization of individual genes described in the literature. Thus, our approach to addressing this task is to combinatorially assemble the pathway genes under the control of a library of mutant T7 promoters using the

ePathOptimize system (Jones, JA, et al., Scientific Reports 2015, 5: SREP11301). Using this plasmid system, we can optimize production of taxadiene precursors by modulating the expression of each gene of the pathway individually.

[0089] Briefly, we clone the 7 mevalonate genes from previously described plasmids pMevT and pMBIS (Martin, VJJ, et al., Nat. Biotech. 2003, 21, 796-802) and the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) gene from p20TrcGT (Ajikumar, PK, et al., Science 2010, 330, 70-74) into the ePathBrick vector pETM6. Next, the genes are sub-cloned into a library of pETM6 vectors containing one inducible T7 promoter from a library of 5 mutants with varying expression strengths, or a weak constitutive promoter from the vector pXylA (Pitera, DJ, et al., Metab. Eng. 2007, 9, 193-207). From these libraries we can use sub-cloning to combinatorially build randomized libraries of the complete pathway. In parallel, we examine the effect of metabolic burden placed on the cell by discretizing the pathway into modules that reduce the number of biochemical steps that are realized in a single cell. Each module is independently expressed by an E. coli strain. The various modules are then combined in a single co-culture of different E. coli that is simultaneously expressed to produce

intermediates that freely diffuse from cell to cell and react to form the desired product. The first module (Module 1) contains the genes to convert acetyl-CoA to free diffusing mevalonate (Jones, JA, et al. 2015; Wang, C-W, et al., Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1999, 62(2), 235-241). The second module (Module 2) converts mevalonate to

geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). As GGPP is not freely diffusible, the taxadiene synthase is expressed from a second plasmid in strains containing Module 2 (Xue, D, et al., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2015, 99(14), 5907-5915). In this co-culture system, each module is optimized individually, independent of the other module, and then the highest-producing strains from each module is inoculated together in varying ratios to determine the optimum for production. For the first module (3 genes), this results in a total of 216 constructs (6 different promoters 6 ³ ). The second module (5 genes) consists of 7 ,776 possible constructs (6 ⁵ ). Due to the high number of possible combinations, a high-throughput screen will be necessary to determine high-production strains.

[0090] Production of lycopene, a carotenoid and red pigment, utilizes many of the same

intermediates as the mevalonate pathway including FPP and GGPP. Previous work in the literature has demonstrated that increased production of mevalonate led to an increase in carotenoid production in Bacillus , and a similar biosensor system has been used in yeast to determine genes with roles in isoprenoid production (Xue, D., et al., ibid.; Ozaydin, B, et al., Metabolic Engineering 2013, 15, 174-183). We use the lycopene pathway expressed from the previously described vector pAC-LYC, consisting of the operon crtEIB, to convert isoprenoid intermediates to lycopene (Fig. 7) (Cunningham, FX, et al., The Plant Cell Online 1994, 6(8), 1107-1121). The basis of our use of this pathway as a biosensor is that increased intracellular concentrations of the intermediates mevalonate or GGPP result in higher lycopene production, or darker red colonies, which can be measured by visible spectroscopy in high throughput. Using this colorimetric biosensor screen we identify constructs resulting in low- to high-producing strains. DNA sequencing is used to determine which promoters in our library correlate with high or low levels of production. Thus, after screening with lycopene, we are able to grow high-producing strains in pure culture to quantify terpenoid production using analytic HPLC and GCMS methods analysis. At the conclusion of these studies, we expect to have implemented the mevalonate pathway in E. coli and to have generated a set of strains that produce mevalonate, GGPP and taxadiene at varying levels. These strains are then used to develop a modular co-culture system capable of producing high-value terpenoid products, and will also be used to study the impact on the intracellular environment of variably-producing strains.

[0091] Characterize the intracellular pH, K ⁺ and Na ⁺ levels in IPP/FPP/GGPP producing cells. The study here is to coexpress, or introduce, commercially available fluorescent probes that are confirmed to be sensitive to pH, K ⁺ , or Na ⁺ levels as a noninvasive, real-time method to evaluate the impact of mevalonate production on cellular health. There are several engineered mutants of fluorescent proteins which display pH sensitivity and may be used to noninvasively measure intracellular pH (Arosio, D, et al., Nature Methods 2010, 7(7), 516- 518: Orij, R, et al., Microbiology 2009, 155(1), 268-278; Kneen, M, et al., Biophysical J. 1998, 74(3), 1591-1599; Mahon, MJ, et al., Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology (Print) 2011, 2(3), 132-137; Tantama, M., et al., /. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133(26), 10034- 10037). Here, we use the RFP mutant pHRED developed by collaborators, which is a ratiometric pH sensitive marker that can be excited at either 440 nm or 585 nm to emit at 610 nm. However, as the pH increases, excitation at 585 nm decreases while excitation at 440 nm increases. Thus, we are able to accurately correlate the intracellular pH with the ratio of fluorescence after excitation at 440 nm and 585 nm to noninvasively measure intracellular pH. More importantly, by measuring fluorescence ratiometrically in this manner, the pHRED probe serves as its own internal control that reduces possible measurement errors due to variations in levels of protein expression. For these experiments, we first express pHRED alone in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using a weak constitutive promoter (J2313, Anderson promoter library, parts.igem.org). We then incubate these cells in buffer solutions ranging from pH 6-8 with 20 mM sodium benzoate, an ionophore that permeabilizes the membrane thereby allowing the intracellular pH to equilibrate with the buffer solution (Wilks, JC, et al., J. Bacteriol. 2007, 189(15), 5601-5607). After sufficient equilibration time, we measure the fluorescence ratio of pHRED to generate a calibration curve of pH with fluorescence.

[0092] We then co-express pHRED with the mevalonate pathway encoding plasmids described above in shake-flask cultures and regularly sample the culture to track fluorescence with mevalonate, and taxadiene production. In parallel experiments, we also measure changes in intracellular K ⁺ and Na ⁺ levels with either the K ⁺ -selective benzofuran isopthalate fluorophore (PBFI; Ex 380 nm/Em 500 nm) (Meuwis, K. et al., Biophysical J. 1995, 68(6), 2469-2473; Yoon, S.-H., et al., J. Biotechnol. 2009, 140(3-4), 218-226), or the Na ⁺ selective fluorophore CoroNa Green Na ⁺ (Ex 492 nm/Em 516 nm) (Chen, Z. et al., J. Biol. Chem.

2002, 277 (27), 24653-24658). These ion selective fluorophores demonstrate strong increases in fluorescence in the presence of their selected ion with weaker dependence on pH. To correlate ion concentration with fluorescence, we first take small samples of control E. coli BL21 (DE3) and incubate the cells with dye to load them. We then incubate the cells in increasing concentrations of KC1 solution and nigericin to equilibrate potassium

concentrations (Graven, SN, et al., PNAS USA 1966, 56(2), 654-658), or increasing concentrations of NaCl and gramicidin to equilibrate sodium concentrations between the buffer and the cell cytoplasm (Kelkar, DA, et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Act (BBA) - Biomembranes 2007, 1768(9), 2011-2025). The fluorescence of these treated cells are then used to generate calibration curves for buffer ion concentration at various pH. Once we have created these curves, we express the plasmid-based mevalonate pathway in a shake flask culture, and periodically sample the cells to load them with dye and assay potassium and sodium concentrations. Completion of these studies is expected to allow us to noninvasively quantify how intracellular pH, K ⁺ and/or Na ⁺ are affected by mevalonate production.

[0093] Accomplishment of this study results in the quantification of the impact of mevalonate and taxadiene production on intracellular pH, K ⁺ and/or Na ⁺ , and establishes a high producing strain for taxadiene precursors. We anticipate being able to document a strong correlation with cellular health (or deviation from cellular homeostasis) and production as influenced by high, medium, and low production plasmids. That, in turn, help to establish key metabolic set points for those parameters that must be maintained by the proposed transcriptional regulators.

[0094] Potential Problems and Alternative Approaches. While the extent to which taxadiene production impacts intracellular levels of K ⁺ or Na ⁺ is currently not known, there is strong evidence in the literature to suggest an effect on intracellular pH (Dahl, RH, et al., Nature Biotechnology 2013, 31(11), 1039-1046). Notwithstanding this, however, the magnitude of this deviation may prove to be too small to measure accurately. In such a case, we would shift our attention to other fluoro metric pH sensors such as phluorin (Mahon, MJ, et al., Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2011, 2(3), 132-137) or more sensitive methods such as NMR to measure pH changes (Cohen, JS, et al., Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2004, 51(5), 900-903). While this could be less convenient than the proposed primary approach, it is nevertheless still feasible. An alternate approach could also exploit the fact that intracellular pH is primarily maintained through a proton pump that extrudes protons to establish a membrane gradient that can be used to generate energy. Decreases in intracellular pH are accompanied by increases in pumping activity and increased membrane potential (Zilberstein, D. et al., J. Bacteriol. 1984, 158(1), 246-252). Thus, we could, if necessary, measure this membrane potential using more invasive methods in order to assay the intracellular pH. Other potential problems could include difficulties in identifying high, medium, and low mevalonate producing strains using the proposed combinatorial approach. However, the mevalonate pathway has been studied and optimized in E. coli for over 10 years with published implementations attaining a range of production titers. From this collected body of work, we could identify and request plasmids from the corresponding authors with production titers at the desired levels to serve as viable alternatives.

[0095] Identify synthetic ELP-transcription factor fusions that improve taxadiene

production by introducing negative feedback regulation of key genes

[0096] Engineered ELP-transcription factor fusions are able to selectively recognize changes in homeostatic conditions (e.g. pH), and regulate expression of metabolic genes that control flux through the isoprenoid pathway to reduce toxic intermediate accumulation and promote taxadiene production. Here we measure in vivo phase change of the ELP library via fluorescent microscopy with ELP-GFP fusion, and identify appropriately tuned ELP- transcription factor fusions and characterize the impact of ELP based negative feedback on yields of taxadiene

[0097] While dynamic stress response promoters have been identified that have the capacity to regulate the production of isoprenoids via the mevalonate pathway (Dahl, RH, et al, 2013), the response of this system may well be suboptimal, as it was evolved in a context far removed from biomanufacturing. Our objective in this study is to identify tunable ELP- transcription factor fusions that can detect and respond to changes in the intracellular environment to optimize taxadiene production. This study is to characterize the in vivo phase transition properties of a library of ELP-transcription factor constructs to identify appropriate controllers that are then used to control the flux of toxic IPP (Martin, VJJ, et al, Nat. Biotech. 2003, 21, 796-802). We have established that ELPs are environmentally responsive phase changing proteins that can function to sequester fused transcription factors to control gene expression, thereby introducing much needed feedback control to maintain toxic intracellular intermediates at low levels, and improve cellular health and production yields. At the conclusion of this study, we would have improved the yield of the isoprenoid pathway through ELP-transcription factor feedback controllers and other methods to optimize the production of taxadiene and other value-added chemicals.

[0098] Measure the in vivo phase transition properties of our ELP library. As the inverse phase change behavior of ELPs is dependent on ionic strength, pH, ELP concentration, and temperature, which are all relatively fixed in the cell, we need to establish how engineered ELP-transcriptional controllers will behave in a cellular context. Thus, it is necessary to characterize the phase transition properties of ELP under different expression strengths to identify the optimal design for a controller that would be triggered at metabolic set points identified to correlate with poor cellular health. Our approach is to visualize this in vivo transition similar to that of Ge et al (Ge, X, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131(25), 9094- 9099). Briefly, we fuse the members of our ELP library with C-terminal GFP separated by a 5X Gly linker, and express the library in E. coli from a plasmid with either a strong, medium, or weak constitutive promoter from the Anderson collection (J23101, J23111, J23116; relative strengths 0.70, 0.58, 0.15 as reported in the iGEM Registry, parts.igem.org). ELP- GFP fusions are visible under microscopy as diffuse fluorescence throughout the cell.

However, when the inverse phase change is triggered, the fluorescence migrates to the poles of the cell forming a separate aqueous phase. We grow cells expressing this fusion protein under a fluorescent confocal microscope and then vary temperature or intracellular pH using an ionophore and buffer to trigger the phase change. The process of aggregation is monitored via microscopy in order to identify the metabolic set points, or conditions, for a given construct at a given expression level that triggers aggregation. These data are used to construct an empirical model for how ELP concentration or expression affects phase change in vivo by comparing total fluorescence per cell (expression) to the transition trigger for different constructs. At the conclusion of these studies, we expect to have evaluated the in vivo phase change triggers of aggregation and their dependence on ELP expression strength in order to inform selection of appropriate constructs that will function as negative feedback controllers to optimize taxadiene production.

[0099] Characterize the impact of ELP based negative feedback on ERG19 and GGPPS expression on yields of taxadiene. Toxicity in the production of taxadiene and other isoprenoids is believed to arise from accumulation of IPP (Martin, VJJ, et al., Nat. Biotech. 2003, 21, 796-802). This toxicity is believed to increase intracellular pH, leading to cell death and poor production yields. Thus, negative feedback regulators that recognize the impact of IPP accumulation, namely shifts in intracellular pH, to regulate the flux of IPP may lead to increased cell viability and improved productivity. We examine two control architectures for a potential negative feedback controller based on our designed ELP-transcription factor regulators. In the first architecture, the ability of positive regulation that pulls flux away from IPP under cell stress (increasing pH) by increasing GGPPS synthesis is evaluated. Here, we use an acidic ELP-ECF20 controller tuned to dissolve with increased intracellular pH to activate gene expression of GGPPS driven by PECF2O. Similarly, we examine basic ELP-TetR that aggregates under increasing pH to derepress GGPPS driven by P _tet . In parallel, the negative control architectures that reduce the expression of ERG 19 to reduce IPP

accumulation are examined. Here, we use a basic ELP-ECF20 fusion that aggregates with increased pH to deactivate expression of ERG 19 driven by PECF2O. And again, we test an acidic ELP-TetR used to drive ERG19 from P _tet where increased pH increases the amount of free TetR, thereby increasing TetR repression of ERG19. While these studies may be empirically undertaken, research results from previous research tasks are used to guide the design and construction of these constructs. We implement designs tuned to respond to deviations beyond nominal intracellular pH in E. coli expressing the completed pathway, and assess the ability of feedback control to improve pathway yields. To confirm that ELP-based controllers are indeed responsible, as a control TetR containing constructs are decoupled from regulation by addition of anhydrotetracyline (aTc). Since aTc allosterically prevents TetR binding to DNA, thereby removing its ability to control gene expression. At the conclusion of these studies, we expect to have designed and incorporated a synthetic, tunable negative feedback control in the mevalonate pathway, and evaluated its ability to improve production of taxadiene precursors.

[00100] This experiment optimizes the production process of valuable precursors for a number of compounds including taxadiene, a precursor of the potent anticancer drug Taxol. We anticipate that this work establish a design principle for a novel class of gene circuit leading to an expanded and more flexible toolkit for the control of metabolic pathways.

[00101] Potential Problems and Alternative Approaches. Although the designed ELP controllers are anticipated to regulate gene expression of the pathways, their dynamic range may not be optimal for the production. For example, while a controller may have a 5-fold change in expression between OFF and ON, optimal production may require a higher baseline expression level for the OFF state. In those cases, we may need to supplement the gene circuit with additional constitutive promoters to ensure proper function. Analogous strategies of tuning plasmid copy number, and promoter expression strengths, among other strategies, may be applied to ensure that controllers display an appropriate range of expression. Another issue that may arise is poor dynamics that may be tackled by tuning the half-life of proteins involved in the circuit with degradation tags and similar approaches. To guide these circuit-level interventions, a simplified model of the system as previously described is used. [00102] Those skilled in the art will recognize that numerous modifications can be made to the specific implementations described above. The implementations should not be limited to the particular limitations described. Other implementations may be possible.

[00103] While the inventions have been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only certain embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected.

[00104] It is intended that that the scope of the present methods and compositions be defined by the following claims. However, it must be understood that this disclosure may be practiced otherwise than is specifically explained and illustrated without departing from its spirit or scope. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various alternatives to the embodiments described herein may be employed in practicing the claims without departing from the spirit and scope as defined in the following claims.