CHUNG, Tai-Shung (Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 7, 11907, SG)
LIU, Songlin (Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 7, 11907, SG)
SHAO, Lu (Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 7, 11907, SG)
XIA, Jianzhong (Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 7, 11907, SG)
LAU, Cher-Hon (Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 7, 11907, SG)
CHUNG, Tai-Shung (Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 7, 11907, SG)
LIU, Songlin (Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 7, 11907, SG)
SHAO, Lu (Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 7, 11907, SG)
XIA, Jianzhong (Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 7, 11907, SG)
| WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A monomer comprising: a poly(alkylene) oxide backbone having 20 to 1000 carbon atoms and 10 to 500 oxygen atoms, the carbon/oxygen ratio being 1:1 to 10:1; one to one hundred poly(alkylene) oxide side chains attached to the backbone, wherein each chain has 10 to 500 carbon atoms and 5 to 250 oxygen atoms, the carbon/oxygen ratio being 1 : 1 to 10: 1 ; and one to eight cross-linking groups also attached to the backbone, each cross linking group having two to four binding moieties, whereby the monomer is capable of cross-linking other monomers having the same structural features to form a polymer via its binding moieties and the binding moieties of the other monomers. 2. The monomer of claim 1, wherein one to three cross linking groups attach to each end of the backbone. 3. The monomer of claim 2, wherein the monomer is of the formula: wherein each of mi, m2, and m3, independently, is 5 to 500; each n, independently, is 1 20; each of x, x2, and x3, independently, is 2 to 500; and R2 is a hydrogen or an alkyl group. 4. The monomer of claim 2, wherein the monomer is of the formula: wherein each of mi, m2, and m3, independently, is 5 to 500; each n, independently, is 1 to 10; and each of x, x2, and x3, independently, is 2 to 500. 5. A polymer comprising a plurality of monomers that are cross-linked to each other, wherein each of the monomers, independently, is a monomer of claim 1. 6. The polymer of claim 5, wherein each of the monomers, independently, is a monomer of claim 3. 7. The polymer of claim 5, wherein each of the monomers, independently, is a monomer of claim 4. 8. A method of preparing a branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chain, the method comprising reacting a branched poly(alkylene) oxide backbone, having a first reactive group and a second reactive group on the backbone, with two to eight cross- linkers, each having a third reactive group, whereby the third reactive group of a cross linker covalently bonds with the first reactive group and the third reactive group of another cross linker covalently bonds with the second reactive group to form a branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chain, wherein each of the cross linkers has two to four binding moieties 9. A method of preparing a branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chain, the method comprising: reacting a poly(alkylene) oxide backbone, having a first reactive group and a second reactive group, with two to eight cross linkers, each having a third reactive, whereby the third reactive group of a cross linker covalently bonds with the first reactive group and the third reactive group of another cross linker covalently bonds with the second reactive group to form a cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbone; wherein each of the cross linkers has two to four binding moieties; and generating free radicals on the cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbone and reacting poly(alkylene) oxide side chains, each having a fourth reactive group at one end, with the cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbone to form a branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chain, via covalent bonding of the fourth reactive group to the cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbone. 10. A method of preparing a polymer, the method comprising reacting a plurality of branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chains, prepared by the method of claim 8 or claim 9, to form a polymer via bonding between binding moieties in one chain to binding moieties in other chains. 11. A method of altering the composition of a gaseous mixture, the method comprising: providing a membrane formed of the polymer of claim 5, and passing through the membrane a gaseous mixture, containing at least a first gas and at least a second gas, wherein the first gas is selected from the group containing H2, N2, CH4, 02, and C3H8, and the second gas is selected from the group containing C02, H2S, CO, and H20. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first gas is H2 and the second gas is C02. 13. A method of preparing a membrane, the method comprising: preparing a solution containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbones, poly(alkylene) oxide chains, and a solvent, the backbones and the chains being dispersed in the solvent, wherein each of the backbones has two to eight cross linking groups and each of the cross linking groups has two to four binding moieties; providing a layer of the solution; cross linking the backbones via covalent bonding between binding moieties in one backbone to binding moieties in other backbones; and removing the solvent to form a membrane; whereby the chains are blended with the cross linked backbones. 14. A method of preparing a membrane, the method comprising: preparing a solution containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbones, poly(alkylene) oxide chains, the backbones and the side chains being dispersed in the solvent, wherein each of the backbones has two to eight cross linking groups, each of cross linking groups has two to four binding moieties and each of the chains has a reactive group at an end; providing a layer of the solution; cross linking the backbones via covalent bonding between binding moieties in one backbone to binding moieties in other backbones; removing the solvent to obtain the membrane; and generating free radicals on the poly(alkylene) oxide backbones, whereby the chains, via the reactive groups, covalently bond to the backbones. 15. A membrane prepared by the method of claim 13. 16. A membrane prepared by the method of claim 14. 17. A method of altering the composition of a gaseous mixture, the method comprising passing a gaseous mixture through the membrane of claim 13 or 14, wherein the mixture contains at least a first gas is selected from the group containing H2, N2, CH4, 02, and C3H8, and the second gas is selected from the group containing C02, H2S, CO, and H20. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first gas is H2 and the second gas is C02. |
SEPARATION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Industrial emissions produce green house gases that have a negative impact on the environment. It is desirable to control them by separating the harmful green house gases from the others.
Another means to minimize green house gas levels is to use energy sources other than fossil fuels, e.g., hydrogen gas. Such gases also require separation. For example, most industrial production of hydrogen is based on a two-step process:
It is essential to separate the carbon dioxide from the hydrogen thus produced.
Membranes have been used to separate gases. For industrial use, they need to be selective and permeable while maintaining durability. There is a need to develop durable membranes that have both high permeability and sufficient selectivity for separating gases.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of this invention relates to a monomer containing (i) a poly(alkylene) oxide backbone having 20 to 1000 (e.g., 20 to 400 or 20 to 100) carbon atoms and 10 to 500 (e.g., 10 to 200 or 10 to 50) oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen ratio being 1:1 to 10:1 (e.g., 2:1 and 3:1); (ii) 1 to 100 (e.g., 1 to 40) poly(alkylene) oxide side chains attached to the backbone, wherein each chain has 10 to 500 (e.g., 10 to 200 or 10 to 100) carbon atoms and 5 to 250 (e.g., 5 to 100 or 5 to 50) oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen ratio being 1:1 to 10:1 (e.g., 2:1 and 3:1); and (iii) one to eight cross-linking groups (e.g., four) also attached to the backbone, each cross linking group having two to four binding moieties (e.g., three ). The side chains are of a shorter length than the backbone. This monomer is capable of cross linking other monomers having the same structural features to form a polymer via its binding moieties and the binding moieties of the other monomers. An example of a cross linking group is -Si(OH)3, which has three binding moieties (e.g., three OHs).
The term "poly(alkylene) oxide" refers to a chain of repeating alkylene oxides, e.g., poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), and poly(butylene oxide.) The term "alkylene oxide" refers to an emer-containing hydrocarbon, having 1-10 carbon atoms, e.g., ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide.
In one embodiment of this monomer, one to three cross-linking groups attach to each end of the backbone.
Below are two exemplary monomers of this invention:
and
In these two examples, each of m l5 m 2 , and m 3 , independently, is 5 to 500 (e.g., 5 to 100); each n, independently, is 1 to 10 (e.g., 1 to 3); and each of x, x 2 , and x 3 , independently, is 2 to 500 (e.g., 2 to 200). R 2 can be a hydrogen or an alkyl group (e.g. -CH 3 ).
Another aspect of this invention is a polymer that includes a plurality of the above described monomers cross linked to each other.
A further aspect of this invention relates to a method of preparing a branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chain that includes reacting a branched poly(alkylene) oxide backbone, having a first reactive group and a second reactive group on the backbone, with two to eight cross-linkers, each having a third reactive group. The third reactive group of a cross linker covalently bonds with the first reactive group and the third reactive group of another cross linker covalently bonds with the second reactive group to form a branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chain. Each of the cross linkers used in this method has two to four binding moieties. A still further aspect of this invention relates to another method of preparing a branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chain. The method includes reacting a poly(alkylene) oxide backbone, having a first reactive group and a second reactive group, with two to eight cross linkers, each having a third reactive. The third reactive group of a cross linker covalently bonds with the first reactive group and the third reactive group of another cross linker covalently bonds with the second reactive group to form a cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbone. Each of the cross linkers used in this method has two to four binding moieties. This method also includes generating free radicals on the cross linker-contaiiiing poly(alkylene) oxide backbone and reacting poly(alkylene) oxide side chains, each having a fourth reactive group at one end, with the cross liriker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbone to form a branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chain, via covalent bonding of the fourth reactive group or groups to the cross linker-cxmtaining poly(alkylene) oxide backbone. In other words, the side chains form branches off the backbone by covalently bonding to the backbone.
A still further aspect of this invention relates to a method of reacting a plurality of branched cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxide chains to form a polymer via bonding between binding moieties in one chain to binding moieties in other chains.
Yet another aspect of this invention is a method of altering the composition of a gaseous mixture. This method includes providing a membrane formed of a polymer of this invention and passing a gaseous mixture through the membrane. The gaseous mixture having a first gas (e.g., H 2 , N 2 , CH 4 , 0 2 , and C3H8) and a second gas (e.g., C0 2 , H 2 S, CO, and H 2 0). In one embodiment, the first gas is H 2 and the second gas is C0 2 . Two methods of preparing the membrane are described below.
Also within the scope of this invention is a method of preparing a membrane. The method includes first preparing a solution containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbones, poly(alkylene) oxide chains, and a solvent, the backbones and the chains being dispersed in the solvent; and then providing a layer of the solution. Each of the backbones has two to eight cross linking groups and each of the cross linking groups has two to four binding moieties. Subsequent steps of this method include cross linking the backbones via covalent bonding between binding moieties in one backbone to binding moieties in other backbones, and finally removing the solvent to form a membrane. In the membrane thus formed, the chains are blended with the cross linked backbones. In other words, the chains are non-covalently embedded within the cross linked backbones.
Further within the scope of this invention is another method of preparing a membrane. The method includes first preparing a solution containing poly(alkylene) oxide backbones, poly(alkylene) oxide chains, and a solvent, the backbones and the side chains being dispersed in the solvent; and then providing a layer of the solution. Each of the backbones has two to eight cross linking groups, each of cross linking groups has two to four binding moieties, and each of the chains has a reactive group at an end.
Subsequent steps of this method include cross linking the backbones via covalent bonding between binding moieties in one backbone to binding moieties in other backbones, then removing the solvent to obtain the membrane, and finally generating free radicals on the poly(alkylene) oxide backbones. The chains, via the reactive groups, are covalently bonded to, not blended with, the backbones.
The membranes prepared by the above described methods are also within the scope of this invention.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description of several embodiments and also from the appending claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This invention is based in part on an unexpected discovery that certain polymers composed of monomelic cross linker-containing poly(alkylene) oxides or blends thereof have increased permeability for H 2 and C0 2 and selectivity for the gas pair C0 2 /H 2 .
Described below, for illustrative purposes, is a modification to a previous approach of fabricating membranes containing a cross-linked network of PEO/silica. See Shao et al., International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34:6492-6504. As a result of this modification, C0 2 permeability is increased to 942 Barrer and H 2 permeability to 103 Barrer. This modification enables the grafting of short poly(ethylene glycol) chains onto the backbone of the PEO/silica polymer to form a branched polymer, which results in the increments in ¾ and C0 2 permeability whilst slightly enhancing the H 2 /C0 2 selectivity. This modified approach can be extended to other types of PEO/silica polymers.
Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the disclosure herein, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely descriptive, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. All publications cited herein are incorporated by reference.
Scheme 1 shows the compounds with the following structural formula that were used for the fabrication of PEO/silica membranes and were subsequently modified to obtain membranes that display ultrahigh permeability:
Scheme 1
(1) The first compound used is primarily made up of an organic epoxy moiety and an Si(OR) 3 moiety. R denotes an alkyl organic group.
(2) The second compound used is made up of organic ethylene oxide moieties couple with amine groups at both ends chain. The length of the chain depends on the repeating units of the ethylene oxide groups. Rl can be H, a CH3 group or a COOH group.
(3) The third compound used is made up of at least one methacrylate groups at the end of a chain of ethylene oxide groups. R2 and R3 could be made up of CH3 or H groups.
(4) The fourth compound used is made up of a chain of ethylene oxide units and a hydroxide unit.
(5) The fifth compound used is made up of a chain of ethylene oxide units and an azide unit.
Example 1. Preparation of PEO-silica solution
A pre-determined amount of PEG-diamines was dissolved in a mixture solution containing 70 wt% deionized water and 30 wt % ethanol. The inorganic epoxy containing silane ca. (1 mole) was hydrolyzed using a mixture solution that contains 1.13 moles of ethanol, 3.2 moles of deionized water, and 0.05 moles of hydrochloric acid (37.5%). The hydrochloric acid acts as a catalyst in this hydrolysis reaction. After 30 minutes of hydrolysis at room temperature, the alkoxysilane solution was immediately mixed with the PEG-diamine solution. The epoxy-amine reaction was facilitated by vigorous stirring for 1 hour at 60°C.
Example 2. Fabrication of PEO-silica polymer with PEGMA grafts/cross-links
Subsequently, the PEO-silica solution from Example 1 was exposed to wet ozonolysis treatment for 30 seconds. The flow rate of the ozone gas was set to 0.5 LPM.
The purpose of wet ozonolysis was to generate free radicals on the backbone chains so that free radical polymerization could take place when short poly (ethylene glycol) chains
(PEG) coupled with one or two methyl methacrylate groups (PEGMA) were added to the radicalized polymeric solution. 20-75 wt% of the short chain PEG were added to the ozonolyzed polymeric solution. To ensure that PEGMA react with the radicalized backbones, the mixture of solution was stirred for at least 3 hours.
The above-mentioned mixture was ultrasonicated in a water bath for 10 minutes at room temperature to remove trapped air. Subsequently, the solution was cast slowly on to a Teflon dish and the solvent was evaporated at 30°C for 1 day, and 40°C for at least 2 days. Thereafter, the nascent films were dried in a vacuum oven at 70°C for 24 hours to eliminate residual solvent and unreacted PEGMA. This process also promotes further reacting between the organic and inorganic components as well as facilitating
condensation. After the drying process, the dried films were removed from the Teflon dish and kept in a dry environment.
The structural and performance changes in the PEO/silica polymer could be ascribed to free radical formation during the wet ozonolysis process that reacted with the methacrylate groups of the PEGMA. From the reaction mechanism shown in Scheme 2, it is evident that the reaction took place between the methacrylate groups of PEGMA and the radicalized pendent RI groups (e.g., CH2' or COO') in the PEO main chain.
Scheme 2
The ratio of PEGMA to PEO/silica varied from 0 wt% to 60 wt% with respect to the PEO/silica polymer. The ratios of PEO to silica used were 50:50 wt%; 75:25 wt%; and 80:20 wt%. When the amount of ethylene oxide units in the membrane increased, the ¾ and C0 2 permeability of the PEO/silica polymer increased. The increment of ¾ permeability of PEGMA modified PEO/silica polymer increased slightly when the PEGMA increased from 20 wt% to 60 wt%, as seen in Table 1. Compared to the increment in C0 2 permeability when PEGMA content increased from 20 to 60-wt%, the increments in ¾ permeability appeared to be much smaller.
Example 3. Physical blending ofPEO-OH and PEO-silica polymers
In this fabrication process, pre-determined amounts of PEO-OH were added to the PEO-silica solution produced using the above-mentioned procedure in Example 1. This mixture was ultrasonicated in a water bath for 10 minutes at room temperature to remove trapped air. Subsequently, the solution was cast slowly on to a Teflon dish and the solvent was evaporated at 30°C for 1 day, and 40°C for at least 2 days. Thereafter, the nascent films were dried in a vacuum oven at 70°C for 24 hours to eliminate residual solvent. This process also promotes further reacting between the organic and inorganic components as well as facilitating condensation. After the drying process, the dried films were removed from the Teflon dish and kept in a dry environment. Scheme 3 depicts possible chemical reactions.
The ratio of mPEO-OH to PEO/silica varied with respect to the PEO/silica polymer. From Table 2, increments in ¾, N 2 , and C0 2 permeability were observed when the amount of ethylene oxide units increased. All tested gas permeabilities increased as a function of temperature. With increased temperatures, polymer chain rigidity is reduced. Hence, gas permeability will increase. It is also evident that CO2/H2 and CO2/N2 gas selectivities decreased as a result of increased mPEO-OH molecular weight. High gas permeabilities are also attained in less-desired physical blends.
Example 4. Reacting of PEO-azide with PEO-silica polymers
Pre-determined amounts of PEO-azide were added to the PEO-silica solution produced using the above-mentioned procedure in Example 1. The above-mentioned mixture was ultrasonicated in a water bath for 10 minutes at room temperature to remove trapped air. Subsequently, the solution was cast slowly on to a Teflon dish and the solvent was evaporated at 30°C for 1 day, and 40°C for at least 2 days. Thereafter, the nascent films were dried in a vacuum oven at 70°C for 24 hours to eliminate residual solvent and unreacted PEO-azide. This process also promotes further reacting between the organic and inorganic components as well as facilitating condensation. After the drying process, the dried films were removed from the Teflon dish and kept in a dry environment. The nascent films were heat treated at temperatures ranging from 100°C to 200°C. Scheme 4 depicts possible chemical reactions.
The ratio of PEO-azide to PEO/silica varied with respect to the PEO/silica polymer. From Table 3, increments in H 2 , N 2 , and C0 2 permeability were observed when the amount of ethylene oxide units increased. All tested gas permeabilities increased as a function of temperature. With increased temperatures, polymer chain rigidity is reduced. Hence, gas permeability will increase.
OTHER EMBODIMENTS
All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the claims.