BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an underwater sound projector and more particularly to such a projector which operates efficiently over a wide frequency range.

For towed array, active sonar systems such as are employed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) , it is highly desirable that the transducers used in the array be operable over a wide band of frequencies with high efficiency. It is also desirable that the transducers have a physical configuration that lends itself to underwater towing with low drag.

While various expedients have been proposed for broadening the response of some transducer designs, most prior art transducers, in fact, operate in a mode which involves a fixed- frequency mechanical resonance of the transducer itself, with the resonance frequency slightly modified by the radiation impedance. Examples of such transducers are the so called bending moment transducers of the type disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,150,347, 4,972,390 and 5,204,844. Various electromagnetic low frequency transducers have been devised which have fixed-frequency resonances with relatively broad responses, but these have typically entailed bulky and heavy physical configurations.

Among the several objects of the present invention may be noted the provision of an underwater sound projector which is operable efficiently over a wide range of frequency; the provision of such a transducer which is efficiently operable over a range of frequencies spanning three octaves; the provision of such a projector which provides a configuration suited for

underwater towing; the provision of such a projector which provides desirable directivity characteristics; the provision of such a projector that can be neutrally buoyant; the provision of such a transducer which is highly reliable and which is of relatively simple and inexpensive construction. Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The underwater sound projector of the present invention is adapted for radiating sound energy over a range of frequencies into a body of water in which the projector is immersed. A pair of stiff lightweight plates are employed as complimentary aligne and spaced apart pistons with their peripheries being flexibly sealed to exclude water from the space between them. A pluralit of linear actuators, e.g., piezoelectric stacks, are provided between the pistons for driving them in opposition thereby to radiate sound energy into the body of the water, the inertial component of the radiation impedance being substantially greater than the mass of the panels over the range of frequencies of interest.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the compliance of the linear actuator is such that

Cm α =1 where Cm is the combined mechanical compliance of the actuators and a is the product circular frequency times inertial component of the radiation impedance, over the frequency range where is substantially constant. A preferred method of fabricating the pistons is to fabricate them as honeycomb cored panels.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure l is a face view of a circular underwater sound projector constructed in accordance with the present invention, parts being broken away;

Figure 2 is a sectional view taken substantially on the line 2-2 of Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a face view of a rectangular underwater sound projector constructed in accordance with the present invention, again with parts being broken away; and

Figure 4 is a graph illustrating calculated normalized radiation impedance for a projector of the type illustrated in the Figure 3.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to Figures 1 and 2, the projector illustrated there employs a pair of pistons 11 and 13 which are set into corresponding recesses in a circular frame 15. While frame 15 is shown as including a central web 17, this web may be omitted in some arrangements since the pistons are driven in opposition as described hereinafter. The pistons may be described as complimentary, aligned and spaced apart. Flexible diaphragm seals 21 and 23 retained by clamp rings 22 and 24 are provided for flexibly sealing the piston panels so as to exclude water from the space between them. As will be understood, sliding or O-ring seals might also be employed.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the pistons 11 and 13 are constructed as relatively stiff, lightweight plates, preferable by being made up of honeycomb cored panels. As may be seen in Figure 2, the panels comprise outer and inner skins of stainless steel, designated by referenc characters 25 and 27 respectively, separated by an aluminum honeycomb 29. As is understood by those skilled in the art, suc a construction is highly resistant to bending since the skin panels take up the tension and compression forces of bending while the honeycomb maintains the desired spacing between the skins.

The pistons 11 and 13 are driven in opposition by a plurality of piezoelectric stacks 31 which are distributed essentially uniformly over the panels so that each stack drives an essentially equal area of the panel. Magnetostrictive or other types of linear actuators might also be used. Combined with the inherent stiffness of the panels, this distributed arrangement essentially eliminates flexing of the panels. In th illustrated embodiment, the stacks 31 work against the central web 17 but, as will be understood, in other arrangements where the web is omitted, a longer stack might be employed where each piston is, in effect, driven with respect to the opposite piston

As illustrated, the stacks 31 are set into recesses in the piston panels formed by flanged cylindrical sockets 33 and are clamped by through bolts 34. These sockets facilitate the coupling of driving forces from each stack to the corresponding local area of the honeycomb panel while maintaining the panel's structural integrity. These sockets also allow the two pistons 11 and 13 to be closely spaced, thereby making the overall projector thinner. As described in greater detail hereinafter, the piezoelectric stacks 31 are configured to provide a compliance or spring constant which is matched to the change in

the inertial component of the radiation impedance with frequency over the operating frequency range.

Figure 3 illustrates a rectangular projector configuration which is particularly well adapted for inclusion as a transducer in a towed underwater array. For such an application, the rectangular pistons 51, set in a frame 53, may, for example, have a height of 5 meters and a width of 1 meter. Such a configuration gives significant directivity in the vertical dimension, which is useful in avoiding ocean bottom reflections, while being essentially omni-directional in azimuth over the working frequency range of 400 Hz to 3000 kHz. Again,

_* piezoelectric stacks 55 are distributed essentially uniformly over the pistons so that each stack drives an essentially equal area of the honeycomb panel. Arrangement of the stacks within recessed flanged cups is essentially the same as in the construction of Figures 1 and 2.

As will be understood, the piston construction employed in the preferred practice of the invention inherently provides a relatively thin panel, so that the transducer as a whole is relatively thin, e.g., 0.17 meters. Thus, the transducer itself provides a good approximation of a fin, which can be relatively easily towed, rather than having to be fit into\a flooded tow body as is the case with most prior art projectors intended for the same applications.

Figure 4 is a graph illustrating calculated and normalized radiation impedance for a 1 meter by 5 meter radiating piston such as is employed in the projector illustrated in Figure 3. The resistive component of the radiation impedance is represented by the curve 41 while the reactive or inertial component is represented by the curve 43. The abscissa values are the products of acoustical wave number and piston width. As may be

seen, the inertial component drops off significantly after a maximum at about 1.5, corresponding to 360 hertz. While there are various discontinuities in the behavior of the reactive component, the general behavior can be characterized as a slope (reference character 44) indicating that the radiation reactance decreases inversely with increasing frequency. The asymptotic frequency dependence of the reactive component can be expressed as follows:

I- (Z _r . _d ) -> 9 P ² -a b = .

where a and b represent the projector width and height.

In accordance with an important aspect of the present invention, the compliance reactance of the piezoelectric stacks is selected to cancel the mass reactance of the radiation reactance such that

Cm α = 1

Where Cm is the combined mechanical compliance of the actuators and is as defined above.

With this matching of compliance or spring constant with th inertial component of radiation impedance, a behavior essentiall equivalent to resonance in terms of transduction efficiency is obtained over a wide range of frequencies. This can be explaine in the following manner.

In general, resonant behavior occurs when the reactive impedance in the system is equal to zero.

I _B (Z _r . _d ) + I. (Z _B . _ch ) = 0

Z _Meh is the mechanical impedance of the pistons and the actuators. The piston mass is M _p .

I. (Z _t .d) + " M. - JL = 0 ωC,. and further if the radiation reactance is in the range described above:

— _ + _ω M _p - 0 ω ω Cm

However, if the mass of the piston (Mp) is made substantially less than the inertial component of the radiation reactance in the frequency range of interest, the corresponding term in the above equation drops out, and there remains.

so that resonant type behavior becomes pervasive over the frequency range. The limit on this behavior is when, at higher frequencies, the mass reactance of the projector exceeds the radiation mass, i.e., the inertial component of the radiation reactance.

However, as will be understood from the foregoing explanation and the graph of Figure 4, this condition of pervasive resonance can exist over a quite substantial frequency range, e. g. over three octaves. Over this range the projector will exhibit relatively high efficiency in the conversion of electrical energy to acoustic energy. Not only is this useful range considered to be substantially greater than that available with prior art arrangements, the physical configuration of the

-8- projector is well-suited for underwater towing as described previously.

In view of the foregoing it may be seen that several object of the present invention are achieved and other advantageous results have been attained.

As various changes could be made in the above constructions without departing from the scope of the invention, it should be understood that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.