UTILIZATION OF HEAVY OIL ASH TO PRODUCE SELF-CONSOLIDATED

CONCRETE

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing self- consolidated concrete utilizing heavy oil ash. More specifically, the invention relates to using heavy oil ash as a component of self-consolidated concrete.

Description of the Related Art

[0002] Conventional concrete can typically have Portland cement and water, plus any of a variety of aggregates, such as sand or gravel. Upon mixing, a "hydraulic reaction" occurs between the water and the cement, and the result is a cement paste that binds the aggregates together. In some types of concrete, silica fume or fly ash can be used a partial replacement or as an addition to the Portland cement. The silica fume and fly ash can react with calcium hydroxide from the cement (pozzolanic reaction). The pozzolanic reaction can increase the strength and denseness of concrete after it cures. Unfortunately, these pozzolans are relatively expensive and, thus, increase the cost of the concrete.

[0003] Self-compacting, or self consolidating, concrete ("SCC") differs from conventional concrete in that it can flow under its own weight. In the late 1980's, SCC was developed to ensure adequate compaction through self-consolidation and facilitate placement of concrete in structures with congested reinforcement and in restricted areas. SCC is a highly workable concrete that is able to flow through narrow gaps and complex structural elements, such as reinforcements, and adequately fill voids, without the use of vibration. [0004] A significant quantity of heavy oil ash is produced with burning of heavy or cracked fuel oil at power generation plants. This quantity is expected to increase as the use of heavy or cracked oil increases. This increasing quantity of heavy oil ash must be disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] In view of the foregoing, self consolidating concrete mixtures that include heavy oil ash, and methods of preparing the heavy oil ash cement concrete mixtures, are provided as embodiments of the present invention.

[0006] Oil Ash (OA) is a black powder type of waste material that results from burning of oil in power generation plants. In embodiments, OA is used as a filler to produce self- consolidated concrete (SCC). In embodiments, 5% OA can be used to produce SCC possessing high strength and good durability; SCC made with OA as an addition to cement has higher compressive strength than SCC made with 7% silica fume or 30% fly ash used as replacement of cement; SCC made with OA as an addition to cement has less drying shrinkage strain than SCC made with 7% silica fume or 30% fly ash used as replacement of cement. The use of OA decreases the cost of SCC compared to similar concretes produced utilizing silica fume or fly ash.

[0007] A significant quantity of OA is produced by burning heavy or cracked fuel oil at power generation plants. This quantity is expected to increase with further increases in the use of heavy or cracked oil. Therefore, it is desirable to use this byproduct as a useful material. The utilization of OA in construction materials is an outlet for this byproduct material that can protect the environment and eliminate the need for building special areas to dispose of OA.

[0008] Presently, SCC is produced with the use of silica fume or fly ash as a filler. Both fly ash and silica fume are expensive. Embodiments of the present invention can eliminate or reduce the need for using fly ash or silica fume to produce SCC and thus reduce the cost of the SCC. Embodiments can eliminate the requirements for special disposal methods and special dumping areas for OA. Furthermore, embodiments include a safe and economical disposal method for OA. Such disposal methods can reduce carbon foot print by utilizing OA as filler in SCC.

[0009] In embodiments, heavy oil ash self-compacting concrete includes aggregate; heavy oil ash fines, the heavy oil ash fines including at least 90% carbon and at least 80% of the heavy oil ash fines being finer than 45 micrometer (#325 sieve); water; and cement, the heavy oil ash cement concrete being the result of the mixing of the water and cement in the presence of the heavy oil ash fines and aggregate, the heavy oil ash self-compacting concrete flowing under its own weight.

[0010] In embodiments, the heavy oil ash self-compacting concrete is substantially free of superplasticizers. In embodiments, the amount of heavy oil ash, by weight, equals about 3- 10% of the weight of the cement In embodiments, the amount of heavy oil ash, by weight, equals about 5% of the weight of the cement. In embodiments, the heavy oil ash fines are substantially free of cementitious properties. In embodiments, the cement releases calcium hydroxide after reacting with the water, and has an absence of a reaction between the calcium hydroxide and the heavy oil ash. In embodiments, heavy oil ash self-compacting concrete is a homogenous mixture and is operable to remain homogenous while flowing. In embodiments, the heavy oil ash self-compacting concrete is operable to have a slump flow diameter of at least about 650 mm. In embodiments, the water absorption of the heavy oil ash cement concrete mixture, after 28 days cure time, is between about 4.50 and 4.60%.

[0011] Embodiments of a method for disposing of heavy oil ash include the steps of mixing cement and water to form a cement mixture; adding heavy oil ash to the cement mixture, the heavy oil ash being produced by the combustion of heavy fuel oil; and adding aggregate to the cement mixture, the cement mixture, heavy oil ash, and aggregate creating a heavy oil ash self-compacting concrete. In embodiments of the method, the heavy oil ash includes at least 90% carbon. In embodiments of the method, the cement releases calcium hydroxide after reacting with the water, and there is an absence of a reaction between the calcium hydroxide and the heavy oil ash.

[0012] Embodiments of the method also include the step of curing, after the heavy oil ash self-compacting concrete is mixed to produce a hardened self-compacting concrete, wherein the heavy oil ash prevents an ingress of water into the hardened self-compacting concrete. Embodiments of the method also include the step of pouring the self-compacting concrete into a cone and then removing the cone, wherein the self-compacting concrete flows into a circle having a diameter of 650-800mm. In embodiments of the method, the amount heavy oil ash added is equal to about 1% to about 10% of the amount of the cement, by weight. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] So that the manner in which the above-recited features, aspects and advantages of the invention, as well as others that will become apparent, are attained and can be understood in detail, more particular description of the invention briefly summarized above can be had by reference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the drawings that form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate some embodiments of the invention and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of the invention's scope, for the invention can admit to other equally effective embodiments.

[0014] FIG. 1 is a graph showing the compressive strength development of an embodiment of the present invention, compared to conventional embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 2 is a graph showing drying shrinkage of an embodiment of the present invention, compared to conventional embodiments.

[0016] FIG. 3 is a graph showing water absorption of an embodiment of the present invention, compared to conventional embodiments.

[0017] FIG. 4 is a graph showing corrosion potentials of an embodiment of the present invention, compared to conventional embodiments.

[0018] FIG. 5 is a graph showing corrosion current density of an embodiment of the present invention, compared to conventional embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] Heavy oil ash is residue resulting from the combustion of heavy oil or cracked oil. Heavy oil is generally defined as fuel oil having relatively long hydrocarbon chains such as, for example, carbon lengths of between about 12-70 carbon atoms or between about 20-70 carbon atoms. Heavy fuel oil can be classified as "No. 5 fuel oil" or "No. 6 fuel oil" as classified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Due to its high viscosity, heavy fuel oil is sometimes preheated before combustion in, for example, a power generation plant.

[0020] Cracking, in the oil refining industry, generally refers to breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler molecules by breaking the long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter hydrocarbon chains. Various processes can be used to crack oil including, for example, catalytic processes. After the cracking process, the resultant hydrocarbons can be separated into various types of fuel, including, for example, fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas ("LPG"), gasoline, light cycle oils, and heavy fuel oil. The heavy fuel oil produced by the cracking process can be referred to as "cracked fuel oil." For purposes of this application, cracked fuel oil and heavy fuel oil are both referred to as heavy fuel oil, unless otherwise specified. Electricity production plants can use heavy fuel oil and are expected to use increasing quantities of heavy fuel oil in the future. Combustion of heavy fuel oil produces residue, including ash. As one of ordinary skill will appreciate, the heavy oil ash can, and to some extent must, due to environmental restrictions, be captured rather than being released into the atmosphere.

[0021] Heavy oil ash ("HOA") is a black powder type of waste material that results from burning of heavy fuel oil. Heavy oil ash has unique characteristics compared to other types of ash. Typically, heavy oil ash includes more than about 90% by weight carbon. The remaining less than about 10% by weight of the heavy oil ash can frequently include sulfur, magnesium, and vanadium. Heavy oil ash can include various particle sizes.

[0022] Heavy oil ash contains various elements. For example, Table 1 presents a typical chemical analysis of HOA. The amounts of each element can vary depending upon the source of the heavy oil ash. The HOA used in embodiments of the present invention can contain more than about 90 wt. % carbon because it is formed by burning heavy oils. As can be seen in Table 1, the elemental composition of the HOA used in embodiments of the present invention is substantially different than that of traditional fly ash that has been previously used in concrete.

[0023] Unlike HOA, traditional fly ash is generally produced by burning coal. The main chemical components of traditional fly ash are silicon dioxide (Si0 ₂ ), aluminum oxide (AI ₂ O ₃ ), and iron oxide (Fe ₂ 03), and it is in accordance with ASTM C618. Fly ash is generally categorized depending on the type of coal burned. For example, class F fly ash is produced by burning anthracite and bituminous coal, while Class C fly ash is produced by burning lignite or sub-bituminous coal. In contrast, HOA, being at least 90% carbon, contains less than 10 wt. % silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide, combined. In embodiments, HOA contains less than 1 wt. % silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide, combined.

[0024] Silica fume is a byproduct from the production of silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys. Silica fume generally includes amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO ₂ ). The individual silica fume particles are much smaller than cement particles and have a relatively large surface area. The ASTM C 1240 and AASHTO M307 standards specify the quality of silica fume.

[0025] Concrete is a composition made from cement, water, and aggregate or aggregates. While "aggregate" can be plural, the term "aggregates" generally refers to more than one type or more than one size of aggregate. Cement is a binder that can bind the aggregates together. Ordinary Portland cement ("OPC") is one such binder that can bind to other materials, such as fine and coarse aggregates, thereby holding them together. A material that is a paste that can harden to bind materials together, in the manner of cement, is said to be a cementitious material or to have cementitious properties. One of skill in the art will appreciate that water can be added to dry cement to make cement paste. The water-cement ratio ("w/c ratio") of OPC is typically between about 0.25 and 0.5. By way of explanation, a w/c ratio of 0.25 indicates that there is one part water to four parts Portland cement (1/4=0.25). A w/c ratio of 0.5 indicates one part water to two parts cement.

[0026] As one of ordinary skill will appreciate, various types of conventional aggregates can be used as a filler in the concrete. Aggregates can include, for example, sand, gravel, crushed rock, slag, or any other type of aggregate. When aggregates are used in concrete, the cement generally coats them and then binds them together in a matrix. When various sizes of aggregate are used, the smaller aggregate materials can fill voids between the larger aggregate materials, thus creating a more dense matrix. The aggregates used in concrete can be defined in terms of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. Fine aggregates, also referred to as "fines," can include natural sand, crushed stone, or other suitable fine particles, with most particles smaller than 5 mm. Coarse aggregates generally include gravel or crushed stone with particles predominantly larger than 5 mm and typically between 9.5 mm and 37.5 mm. [0027] A pozzolan is a finely divided siliceous material or siliceous and aluminous material that reacts chemically with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) at ordinary temperature and in the presence of moisture to form a calcium silicate hydrate or other cementitious compounds. A material that has such pozzolanic properties is considered a pozzolan. Fly ash and silica fume are each a pozzolan. When fly ash or silica fume is used in concrete, in conjunction with Portland cement, it can contribute to the properties of the hardened concrete through hydraulic or pozzolanic activity, or both. Therefore, fly ash or silica fume can be used in concrete as an additive or partial replacement of cement.

[0028] When cement is mixed with water, chemical reactions cause the cement to crystallize and the crystals interlock the aggregates thereby giving strength to concrete. During this reaction, lime (calcium hydroxide) can become available within the concrete. It is this lime that can react with fly ash to give concrete increased strength. Over time, lime in the cement reacts with fly ash to fill the pores in the concrete and to further bind the concrete. The strength of concrete is often measured at 28 days because of the additional strength developed over the first 28 days as the fly ash reacts with the lime.

[0029] The standards controlling fly ash for use as a pozzolanic material are defined by ASTM C618. In particular, the carbon content, measured by the loss on ignition ("LOI") should be less than 6% or 4%, depending on the governing body. Because of the pozzolanic properties, it is common to make concrete wherein 30% or more of the Portland cement is replaced with fly ash. Similarly, silica fume, also having pozzolanic properties, can be used as a cement binder in concrete. In contrast, the LOI of HO A is often greater than 60%.

[0030] Self-compacting concrete ("SCC") is a concrete mixture that can be described as a high performance material which flows under its own weight. The term "flowability" is defined as the ease of flow of fresh concrete in an unconfined space. SCC is characterized by a high flowability, which allows it to flow under its own weight. Conventional concrete, in contrast, must be worked and molded into position. Unlike conventional concrete, SCC does not require vibrators to achieve consolidation and, thus can completely fill formworks, including areas of limited access, such as narrow gaps between reinforcement bars. The high flowability of SCC makes it possible to fill the formwork without vibration.

[0031] The flowability of SCC can be measured by a variety of techniques. One such technique is called the "slump-flow" test. The slump-flow test includes filling a cone with a predetermined amount of the SCC, and removing the cone, as described in EN 12350-2. Unlike measuring the slump of conventional concrete, the SCC will flow under its own weight into a generally circular pattern. The slump-flow test is scored by measuring the largest diameter of the flow pattern. This test is described in detail in Exhibit B of The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete, May 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0032] The constituent materials used for the production of conventional SCC are the same as those for conventionally vibrated normal concrete except that conventional SCC contains a lesser amount of aggregates and larger amount of fines (cement and filler particles smaller than 0.12S mm) and can include a special plasticizer to enhance flowability. Fly ash, glass filler, limestone powder, silica fume, etc. are used as the filler materials in conventional SCC. In conventional SCC, high flowability and high segregation resistance of SCC can be obtained by using: (i) a larger quantity of fine particles, i.e. a limited aggregate content (coarse aggregate: 50% of the concrete volume and sand: 40% of the mortar volume); (ii) a low water/powder ratio; and (iii) a higher dosage of superplasticizer and stabilizer. Stabilizer can be used in SCC mixes for maintaining proper cohesiveness so that highly flowable SCC does not segregate. In general, SCC is so flowable that a slump test would result in at least a 280 mm (11 in.) slump but also maintain stability. In this case, stability means resistance to segregation, separation, bleeding, excessive air migration, or past separation. SCC, thus must be able to flow under its own weight, but have a high enough viscosity to suspend aggregate particles within the cement matrix. Silica fume and fly ash are normally use to improve the flow properties of conventional SCC. The EFNARC (European Federation of National Associations Representing producers and applicators of specialist building products for Concrete) has published guidelines for SCC as the "Specification and Guidelines for Self- Compacting Concrete," dated February 2002 ("EFNARC Guidelines"). Similarly, the Self- Compacting Concrete European Project Group published "The European Guidelines for Self- Compacting Concrete," dated May 2005 ("European Guidelines"). Both of these documents are incorporated herein by reference.

[0033] In an embodiment of the present invention, HOA is added to a concrete mixture to create a self-compacting concrete. In this embodiment, the HOA contributes to the flowability and suspension characteristics of the concrete mixture to develop or enhance self consolidating properties. In various embodiments, the SCC concrete of the present invention can include cement, water, heavy oil ash, and aggregates to create "heavy oil ash self- compacting concrete" or HOA SCC. In some embodiments, the heavy oil ash contains more than about 90 wt. % carbon. In one embodiment, about 16% by weight of the heavy oil ash is retained on a #325 sieve, while about 84% by weight of the material passes through the #325 sieve. This indicates that about 84% by weight of the ash can be finer than about 45 micrometers. In some embodiments, no processing of the HOA is required prior to using it in the HOA cement concrete. In some embodiments, no processing to reduce the carbon content is required or used.

[0034] Some embodiments of HOA SCC meet the requirements of either or both the EFNARC Guidelines or the European Guidelines, except to the extent that those standards do not allow the use of high-carbon content materials. In particular, various embodiments of SCC, each having from about 1 to about 10% HOA, can meet each of the following guidelines, as defined by Table A.6 of the European Guidelines, reproduced here as Table 2:

[0035] In one embodiment, HOA SCC can include plasticizers or superplasticizers such as, for example, polycarboxylate superplasticizers. In one embodiment, the HOA SCC can be free of any plasticizers or superplasticizers. In one embodiment, HOA SCC can include viscosity modifying agents to increase plastic viscosity and thus prevent segregation. In one embodiment, the HOA SCC can be free of any viscosity modifying agents.

[0036] In one embodiment, the HOA can be introduced into the concrete mix when the concrete mix is prepared. In one embodiment, voids, gaps, or pores (collectively referred to as "pores") can exist within the concrete matrix, and substantially all or at least a portion of the pores can be filled with HOA fines. In some embodiments, HOA SCC does not include or is at least substantially free of fly ash or silica fume. In other embodiments, fly ash or silica fume can be included in addition to the HOA. In an aspect, the heavy oil ash does not have cementitious or pozzolanic properties. Indeed, the HOA generally does not react with calcium hydroxide, or lime. In embodiments, the LOI of HOA is greater than 60%. In embodiments, the LOI of HOA is greater than 75%. In embodiments, the LOI of HOA is greater than 85%.

[0037] In one embodiment, the amount of HOA equals about 5%, by weight, the amount of the cement. In one embodiment, the SCC can include about 1-10% HOA, Portland cement, aggregate (coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, or a combination thereof), and water.

[0038] In one embodiment, HOA can be used as an addition to Portland cement. In this embodiment, the compressive strength of the resulting HOA SCC can be higher than the compressive strength of SCC when cement is replaced with 7% silica fume or 30% fly ash. In one embodiment, wherein HOA is used as an addition to Portland cement, the resulting HOA SCC has less drying shrinkage strain than that of SCC when cement is replaced with 7% silica fume or 30% fly ash. In one embodiment, up to 10% by weight of the Portland cement can be replaced with heavy oil ash. In some embodiments, for example, about 3-6% of the cement is replaced with HOA.

[0039] One embodiment can be based on concrete having 2 parts water and 5 parts cement, thus having a w/c ratio of 0.4. In this embodiment, however, approximately 5% of the cement is replaced with HOA. Due to the replacement, the composition of the mixture is approximately 8 parts water, 19 parts cement, and 1 part HOA. The w/c of this embodiment is, thus, 0.421. Similarly, in some embodiments, the w/c ratio can be approximately 0.42 to 0.44. In some embodiments, the weight of the HOA can equal approximately 5-10% of the weight of the Portland cement. [0040] In an alternate embodiment, a concrete mixture having a composition that includes approximately 4 parts water, 10 parts cement, and I part HOA is provided, thus having a w/c ratio of about 0.4. The composition can include HOA that has been added in an amount up to about 10% by weight of the cement, for example OPC, or in certain embodiments between about 5 and 10% by weight of the cement. In one embodiment, an amount of HOA equal to 5% wt. of the weight of the Portland cement is added to the concrete mixture.

[0041] In one embodiment, the HOA can reduce the ingress of fluid into the HOA SCC. For example, the HOA can act to fill pores within the concrete matrix of the SCC, thereby reducing or preventing fluid from penetrating into the HOA SCC. In one embodiment, the HOA can reduce water absorption in SCC. Furthermore, by reducing or preventing the ingress of fluid within the SCC concrete matrix, corrosive fluids can have less of an effect on the HOA SCC. Indeed, members that are encased in the HOA SCC, such as rebar, can be protected from corrosion. The rate of corrosion of reinforcing members in HOA SCC can be lower than the rate of corrosion for ordinary Portland cement concrete. Also, the onset of corrosion can be delayed as compared to other forms of concrete. Furthermore, the corrosion potential of HOA SCC can be lower than the corrosion potential of ordinary Portland cement concrete.

[0042] The HOA can be introduced into the concrete mix at the time of preparing the concrete mixture. The HOA can be introduced into the cement mixture as a fine powder. In one embodiment, the HOA and the HOA SCC need not be heated prior to or during preparation. In one embodiment, the HOA need not be mixed with chlorine. In one embodiment, the cement content in the concrete mixture can be about 20-30%, by weight.

[0043] In addition to producing SCC with desirable properties, the use of HOA to make SCC is a useful way to dispose of otherwise unwanted HOA. Indeed, rather than placing HOA in a landfill or other container, the HOA is disposed of by producing HOA SCC with the properties described herein.

EXAMPLES

[0044] Table 3 shows the cement, water, and ash contents of various mixtures of conventional SCC and HOA SCC. In embodiments defined as "Replacement," the defined percentage of HOA is used to replace the same amount, by weight, of Portland cement. Because that percentage of Portland cement has been removed, the w/c ratio is increased. In embodiments defined as "Addition," the HOA is added to the mixture and, thus, the w/c ratio is not changed

[0045] The flow properties of SCC prepared with 7% silica fume, 30% fly ash, and 5% HOA, are summarized in Table 4. The flow properties of all the mixes were within the required values. Of particular interest is the flow of 5% HOA SCC, which shows flow properties comparable and within the limits. As shown in Table 4, an HOA SCC made with 5% HOA, that is substantially free of silica fume and fly ash, can meet various requirements for self-compacting concrete such as, for example, the requirements established by the EFNARC Specification & Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete, February 2002. One embodiment of HOA SCC can have a slump-flow diameter of greater than about 650mm and less than about 800mm. In one embodiment, the slump flow diameter can be greater than about 750mm. In one embodiment, the slump flow diameter can be equal to about 760mm. Similarly, HOA SCC, that is substantially free of silica fume and fly ash, can have a V-funnel time that is between about 6 seconds and about 12 seconds. In one embodiment, the V-funnel time can be about 10 seconds. HOA SCC, that is substantially free of silica fume and fly ash, can have an L-box (H2/H1) between about 0.8 and about 1.0 and a U-box (H2-H1) between about 0 mm to about 30 mm. In one embodiment, having 5% HOA and being substantially free of silica fume and fly ash, can have a V-funnel time of about 10 seconds, an L-box measurement of about 0.87, and a U-box measurement of about 6 mm.

[0046] Figure 1 shows the compressive strength development in SCC with HOA, fly ash, and silica fume. Specifically, Figure 1 shows the compressive strength development of SCC specimens each prepared with 7% silica fume as a replacement of cement, 30% fly ash as a replacement of cement, or 5% HOA used in addition to cement. The compressive strength increased in all the concrete specimens with age. In one embodiment, the compressive strength of SCC prepared with HOA was greater than about 70 MPa. Furthermore, the compressive strength of this embodiment was greater than the compressive strength of SCC prepared with either silica fume or fly ash.

[0047] The drying shrinkage strain in the SCC specimens prepared with HOA, fly ash or silica fume is depicted in Figure 2. Specifically, the drying shrinkage strains are shown for SCC specimens each prepared with 7% silica fume as a replacement of cement, 30% fly ash as a replacement of cement, or 5% HOA used in addition to cement. As expected, the drying shrinkage strain increased with age in all the concrete specimens. The drying shrinkage of SCC incorporating HOA was less than that of fly ash or silica fume specimens.

[0048] The water absorption in the SCC specimens prepared with HOA, fly ash, or silica fume is depicted in Figure 3. Specifically, the water absorption is shown for SCC specimens each prepared with 7% silica fume as a replacement of cement, 30% fly ash as a replacement of cement, or 5% HOA used in addition to cement. After 28 days of curing, the water absorption for all specimens was in the range of 3.87% to 5.60%. The values for all specimens, after 90 days of curing, were in the range of 3.20% to 5.44%. Least water absorption was noted in the 30% fly ash cement concrete specimens followed by 5% HOA cement concrete specimens. It can be noted that the water absorption of SCC with 5% HOA is comparable with other SCC mixes. Specifically, in one embodiment, the water absorption of HOA SCC can be between about 4.00 and 5.00. In one embodiment, the water absorption of HOA SCC can be between about 4.40 and 4.80. In one embodiment, the water absorption of HOA SCC can be between about 4.50 and 4.60. In one embodiment, the water absorption of HOA SCC, after 28 days, can be about 4.67, and after 90 days, can be about 4.65.

[0049] The corrosion potentials on steel in the SCC specimens prepared with HOA, fly ash or silica fume are depicted in Figure 4. Specifically, the corrosion potentials on steel are shown for SCC specimens each prepared with 7% silica fume as a replacement of cement, 30% fly ash as a replacement of cement, or 5% HOA used in addition to cement. The potentials were less than the threshold value in the SCC specimens prepared with 5% HOA. The horizontal line in Figure 4 indicates the ASTM C876 threshold value of -270mV SCE.

[0050] The corrosion current density on steel in the SCC concrete specimens prepared with HOA, fly ash or silica fume is depicted in Figure 5. Specifically, the corrosion current density on steel is shown for SCC specimens each prepare with SCC prepared with 7% silica fume as a replacement of cement, 30% fly ash as a replacement of cement, or 5% HOA used in addition to cement. The corrosion current density was measured up to 64 days of exposure to the chloride solution. The corrosion current density of SCC with 5% HOA was less than that in the fly ash or silica fume cement concrete.

[0051] The data in Figures 1 through 5 indicate that the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of 5% HOA SCC were generally better than those of SCC specimens prepared with silica fume or fly ash. This indicates that 5% HOA can be used to produce SCC possessing high strength and good durability.

[0052] Although the present invention has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made hereupon without departing from the principle and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be determined by the following claims and their appropriate legal equivalents.

[0053] The singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0054] Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstances may or may not occur. The description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not occur. [0055] Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value, along with all combinations within the said range.

[0056] Throughout this application, where patents or publications are referenced, the disclosures of these references in their entireties are intended to be incorporated by reference into this application, in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which the invention pertains, except when these reference contradict the statements made herein.