UV-dose indicator films

The invention pertains to UV-dose indicator films and the use thereof.

In WO 02/101462 a laser marking method, employing a composition comprising a colorant and a photolatent acid is disclosed. From WO 02/100914, US 7091257 and WO 04/052654 compositions, coloring upon exposure to light are known. WO 05/097876 provides a method of coloring a coating composition.

One recurrent issue for radiation processes and more especially for radiation curing is the determination of the energy profile of the radiation (for example the UV-light or EB-dose) on a substrate which is covered by a radiation-sensitive layer. Said determination of the energy profile is important, as the energy repartition on the radiation-curable coating determines the cure profile and the coating performances on the whole coated surface. Some light-indicator strips are already commercially available with the major drawback that it is almost impossible to characterize the energy profile on 3D substrates having a complex shape. Moreover, strength of coloration often depends on the curing temperature.

The intend of the UV-dose or EB-dose indicators according to the present invention is to offer a correlation between the coloration strength, the absorbed energy-dose, and the cure degree for a given coating system, or more generally for the treatment extent, , in particular for curing of coatings, adhesive and ink formuations and for coatings on three-dimensional substrates.

It has now been found that a dosis indicator film for the determination of radiation emitted by a UV-light source, a plasma generator or an electron beam, comprising a substrate, selected from the group consisting of polymer film, paper and aluminium foil, which substrate is coated with a photosensitive layer, characterized in that the photosensitive layer comprises (a) an acid responsive colorant selected from the group consisiting of

(b) at least one sulfonyloxime ester compound or a -N-O-sulfonyl compound as photo- latent acid; is in particular suited for the determination of the dose of radiation which has been absorbed by the irradiated coating.

Accordingly, said film is used as radiation-energy-dose indicator. In the composition applied on the substrate specific photolatent colorants are employed as UV-dose indicators or EB- dose indicators. The colorants are for example incorporated in a standard radiation-curable formulation and are applied e.g. on a white substrate. This radiation curable formulation, applied on the substrate, develops a color when it is subjected to radiation. Once the curing process is completed, the coating coloration is more or less pronounced depending on the absorbed energy-dose. Thus, a fast identification of critical places of the coating, i.e. places where the radiation is not strong enough to achieve a sufficient cure, is possible.

For example, the colorants can also be incorporated in a solventborne or waterborne or sloventless liquid ink formulation or adhesive formulation or hotmelt adhesive and are applied e.g. on a white or transparent substrate. The film is further dried, e.g. by a thermal process. The film further develops a color when it is subjected to radiation. Once the curing process is completed, the film coloration is more or less pronounced depending on the absorbed energy-dose.

The dosis indicators according to the present invention are in particular suited for the determination of the energy-dose brought on a coated substrate, in particular a three-dimensional coated substrate, to be cured by a plasma, for example in a plasma chamber. A plasma-curing process is for example disclosed in WO 03/089479 and WO 03/89155. The energy dose indicator according to the present invention is preferably used to determine the

energy dose in a process as disclosed in said references, which hereby are incorporated by reference.

The composition on the dosis indicator film according to the present invention comprises a specific acid responsive colorant, "acid-responsive" refers to a colorant, which forms color upon the action of an acid.

Accordingly, the determination of the radiation dose absorbed by a substrate may be performed with a colorant that as such is colorless and only forms a color upon the action of an acid. In the composition applied on the film according to the invention as well as in the process according to the invention the acid, reacting with the colorant is present in the composition in a latent form, i.e. the acid is only formed by the irradiation. The concentration, of the formed acid directly influences the degree of color change of the colorant, while the concentration of the formed acid is dependent on the dose of radiation. Therefore the system as described above is suitable for the determination of the dose of radiation absorbed by a coated substrate.

It is obvious that color fomers wherein the structures as shown above are slightly modified by specific substituents or annelated rings might be also suitable in the context of the present invention.

The photolatent acid according to the present invention is a sulfonyl oxime ester or a sulfonyl compound compound. In particular preferred is a composition comprising as the photolatent acid (b) a compound of the formula Na, lib, Nc, Nd or Ne

(Na) (lib) (lie)

- A -

; wherein

(lid) (lie)

R ₂ 0 is , (C0)0-Ci-C ₂ oalkyl, CN or Ci-C ₂₀ haloalkyl;

R ₂₁ has one of the definitions given for R _2O or is , phenyl, phenyl substituted by one or more d-Ci _O alkyl or Ci-Ci ₀ alkoxy, or R ₂₁ is

R ₂₂ is CrC ₂₀ alkyl, CrC ₂₀ haloalkyl, camphoryl, phenyl-CrC ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₃ ocycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl or phenanthryl, the groups cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and phenanthryl being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogen, Ci-Ci ₂ haloalkyl, CN, NO ₂ , Ci-C ₂₀ alkyl, phenyl, C _r Ci ₂ alkylthio, C _r Ci ₂ alkoxy, phenoxy, C _r Ci ₂ alkyl-O(CO)-, Ci-Ci ₂ alkyl-(CO)O-, R ₂₄ OSO ₂ - and/or -NR ₂₅ R ₂₆ ; u is O or 1 ; v is an integer from 2-6, preferably 3;

R ₂₃ is Ci-C ₂₀ alkyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, camphoryl, unsubstituted phenyl, or phenyl substituted by one or more halogen, Ci-Ci ₂ alkyl, OR ₂₇ , SR ₂₇ or NR ₂₅ R ₂₆ ; R ₂₄ is hydrogen, CrC ₂₀ alkyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted by Ci-C ₂₀ alkyl; R ₂₅ and R ₂₆ are each independently of the other hydrogen, CrC ₂₀ alkyl, C ₂ -Ci ₂ hydroxyalkyl, or R ₂₅ and R ₂₆ , together with the N atom to which they are bonded, form a 5- or 6-membered ring, which optionally contains one or more O or NR ₂₈ ; R ₂₇ is Ci-C ₂₀ alkyl, phenyl, phenyl-Ci-C ₆ alkyl or C ₂ -Ci ₂ hydroxyalkyl; and R ₂₈ is hydrogen, phenyl, phenyl-Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CrC ₂₀ alkyl or C ₂ -Ci ₂ hydroxyalkyl.

d-C _∑ oalkyl is linear or branched and is, for example CrCi ₈ -, C ₁ -C ₁₄ -, CrCi ₂ -, CrC ₈ -, CrC ₆ - or d-dalkyl. Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert- butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl and icosyl.

Phenyl-Ci-C ₆ alkyl is for example benzyl, phenylethyl, α-methylbenzyl, phenylpentyl, phenyl- hexyl or α,α-dimethylbenzyl, especially benzyl. Substituted phenyl-Ci-C ₆ alkyl is substituted one to four times, for example once, twice or three times, especially twice or three times, preferably on the phenyl ring.

C ₁ -C ₁₂ SIkOXy is linear or branched and is for example C1-C10-, CrC ₈ -, CrC ₆ - or d-C ₄ -alkoxy. Examples are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butyloxy, sec-butyloxy, iso-butyloxy, tert-butyloxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, octy- loxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy or dodecyloxy, in particular methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butyloxy, sec-butyloxy, iso-butyloxy, tert-butyloxy, especially methoxy.

CrC ₂₀ haloalkyl is for example CrCi ₈ -, C1-C12- C ₁ -C ₁₀ -, CrC ₈ -, CrC ₆ - or CrC ₄ -alkyl mono- or poly-substituted by halogen, C1-C20-, CrCi ₈ -, C1-C12- C ₁ -C ₁₀ -, CrC ₈ -, CrC ₆ - and CrC ₄ - alkyl being, for example, as defined above. The alkyl radical is for example mono- or poly- halogenated, up to the exchange of all H-atoms by halogen. The preferred halogen in the the halogenated alkyl is fluoro. Examples are chloromethyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, nona- fluorobutyl, octafluorobutyl, heptafluoropropyl, or 2-bromopropyl, especially trifluoromethyl, heptafluoropropyl, nonafluorobutyl or octafluorobutyl. Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, especially fluorine, chlorine and bromine, preferably fluorine.

C ₂ -C ₁₂ hydroxyalkyl for example is C ₁ -C ₁₀ -, C ₂ -Ci ₀ -, CrC ₈ -, C ₂ -C ₈ -, C ₂ -C ₄ - or CrC ₄ alkyl as described above, however mono- or polysubstituted by OH. For example 1 to 6, e.g. 1 to 4, or one or two OH-substituents are positioned at the alkyl. Examples are hydroxymethyl, hy- droxyethyl, dihydroxypropyl, hydroxypropyl, dihydroxyethyl, in particular hydroxyethyl.

C ₃ -C ₃ ocycloalkyl is a mono- or polycyclic aliphatic ring, for example a mono-, bi- or tricyclic aliphatic ring, e.g. C ₃ -C ₂₀ -, C ₃ -Ci ₈ -, C ₃ -Ci ₂ -, C ₃ -Ci ₀ cycloalkyl. C ₃ -C ₃₀ cycloalkyl in the context of the present application is to be understood as alkyl which at least comprises one ring. Ex- amples of monocyclic rings are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cyclohep- tyl, especially cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, a polycyclic ring is for example adamantyl. Further

examples are structures like -CH ₂ -^ ^) _ -CH ₂ -^ -^T ³ _ _ _a | _ky ι—\y e.g. ^x _c -\y

H ₂

\λJ etc.

H ₂

CrC ₁₂ alkylthio is linear or branched and is for example C1-C10-, CrC ₈ -, CrC ₆ - or C ₁ - C ₄ alkylthio. Examples are methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, sec- butylthio, iso-butylthio, tert-butylthio, pentylthio, hexylthio, heptylthio, 2,4,4- trimethylpentylthio, 2-ethylhexylthio, octylthio, nonylthio, decylthio or dodecylthio, in particular methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, sec-butylthio, iso-butylthio, tert- butylthio, preferably methylthio.

If R ₂ 5 and R ₂ 6, together with the N atom to which they are bonded, form a 5- or 6-membered ring, which optionally contains one or more O or NR ₂₈ saturated or unsaturated rings are formed, for example aziridine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, oxazole, pyridine, 1 ,3-diazine, 1 ,2-diazine, piperidine or morpholine, in particular morpholine.

The term "and/or" is intended to express the fact that not just one of the alternatives defined (substituents) may be present but that it is likewise possible for there to be two or more different alternatives (substituents) from among those defined, together, i.e. mixtures of different alternatives (substituents). The term "at least' is intended to define one or more than one, a mixture of more than one, e.g. one or two or three, preferably one or two.

In the description and the claims, the word "comprising" is to be understood to mean that a defined subject or a defined group of subjects is included but without ruling out any other substances not explicitly mentioned, unless expressly described otherwise.

In particular interesting photolatent acid compounds (b) are of the formula

(ll'a) , wherein R ₂₂ is C _r C ₂₀ haloalkyl, especially CF ₃ , and C ₁ -

C ₂₀ alkyl, especially propyl; of the formula (Na), wherein R ₂₁ is phenyl substituted by C ₁ -

Cioalkoxy, or R ₂₁ is [I I Jl I , [I I Jl I or V^ ^~ λ ^ ^~ λ // '> ^R 2o is C ₁ -

C ₂ ohaloalkyl or CN and R ₂₂ is Ci-C ₂ ohaloalkyl; or of the formula (ll'c) wherein R _d is Ci-C ₂ oalkyl, especially methyl, and R ₂₂ is Ci-C ₂ oalkyl, especially methyl, propyl, o octyl, camphoryl, p-tolyl or — ^ V- o-s— <^ ^- CH ₃ ; of the formula Ne and Nd as defined o — above, wherein R ₂₂ is haloalkyl, in particular trifluoromethyl; etc..

Specific examples are selected from the group consisting of

(13) any mixture thereof.

"(13) any mixture thereof" denotes any mixture of the compounds (1 )-(12) as described above, comprising for example 2-12 different components, or 2-6, or 2-4, or 2 or 3 or two different components, selected from the compounds of formulae (1 )-(12).

The preparation of such compounds is for example disclosed in WO 00/10972, WO 00/26219, GB 2348644, US 4450598, WO 98/10335, WO 99/01429, EP 780729, EP 821274, US 5237059, EP 571330, EP 241423, EP 139609, EP 361907, EP 199672, EP 48615, EP 12158, US 4136055, WO 02/25376, WO 02/98870, WO 03/067332 and WO 04/074242.

It is evident that the photolatent acid compounds may be used singly or in any combination with one another.

For example mixtures of photolatent acids can be used depending on the required sensitivity. If necessary, photosensitizers which shift or broaden the spectral sensitivity may be added. Examples of suitable sensitizer compounds are disclosed in WO 06/008251 , page 36, line 30 to page 38, line 8, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. For example thioxanthone and it's derivatives, benzophenones and corresponding derivatives, coumarin and coumarin derivatives, 3-(aroylmethylene)-thiazoline and derivatives thereof, rhodanine and corresponding derivatives, as well as any other customary sensitizer known the the person skilled in the art.

lnteresting is for example a colorant (a) / photolatent acid (b) combination of a compound of the formula (III) with (1 ), (III) with (2), (III) with (1 ) and (2), or for example (III) with (5), (III) with (9), (III) with (10), (III) with (11 ) or (III) with (12), For example (III) with (5), (III) with (9), (III) with (10), (III) with (11 ) and (III) with (12).

Other interesting combinations comprise a compound (I) with (1 ) and (2), (I) with (5), (I) with (10), (I) with (11 ) and (I) with (12).

Object of interest also are the combinations of (II) with (1 ), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (1 1 ), or (12) or a combination of (II) with any mixture the cited acids (1 )-(12), that is (II) with (13).

The above preferences concerning the combination of colorant (a) and photolatent acid (b) refer to all categories of the claims, in particular to the dosis indicator film, the dosis indicator ink, the dosis indicator adhesive layer and the methods employing both.

For the application on the substrate, whose energy-dose absorbance is to be determined, suitably the composition, comprising (a) a selected acid responsive colorant as described above and (b) a photolatent acid as described above, is incorporated in a common ultraviolet-curable (UV-curable) or electron beam curable (EB-curable) formulation. Accordingly, the components (a) and (b) are for example admixed with (c) a polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated component. That is an ethylenically unsaturated monomeric, oligomeric and/or polymeric compound.

Subject of the invention therefore also is a dosis indicator ink for the determination of radiation emitted by a UV-light source, a plasma generator or an electron beam, comprising (a) an acid responsive colorant selected from the group consisting of

(b) at least one sulfonyloxime ester compound or a -N-O-sulfonyl compound as photo- latent acid;

(c) a polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated component; and (d) a radical photoinitiator of the mono- or bisacylphosphine oxide type in combination with a radical photoinitiator of the alpha-hydroxy ketone type, in particular a combination of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenyl phosphine oxide and 2-hydroxy-1-{4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2- methyl-propionyl)-benzyl]-phenyl}-2-methyl-propan-1-one.

Interesting is for example a dosis indicator ink as described above as colorant (a) comprising a compound of the formula (I) or (II). Further interesting is a corresponding ink comprising a compound of the formula (I). Another interesting ink comprises a compound of the formula (II).

The composition (a) and (b) can also be extruded with (h) a polymer suitable to prepare foils. The person skilled in the art is familiar with such polymers. Examples for polymers suitable to prepare foils are polyethylene e.g. of low density (PE-LD), of high density (PE-HD), linear of low density (PE-LLD), polypropylene (PP), polyisobutylene (PIP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PCDC), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyamides (PA), polyurethanes (PUR), polyethylenetherephtalat.es (PET), polyethylene- naphthalates (PEN), polycarbonates (PC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polybutyleneterephtalate (PBT), ethylene-vinylacetate (EA/A) etc., and corresponding copolymers.

The photolatent acid and acid-responsive colorant mixture is for example provided in (c), (d), (h) or in a solvent under a concentrate form to be further incorporated into an ink, adhesive or coating composition or into a putty or gel.

The composition (a) (latent colorant) and (b) (photolatent acid) can also be dissolved in (i) a solventborne or waterborne or solventless liquid ink or a solventborne or waterborne or sol- ventless liquid adhesive or a hotmelt adhesive, e.g. polyacrylate resins, polymethyl

methacrylate, polyvinylbutyral, copolymers of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate, or can be dissolved into a solvent. Different categories of inks are for example described in "The printing ink manual", fourth edition, Edited by R. H. Leach. Different categories of adhesives are for example disclosed in "Kleben" 5th Edition by Gerd Habenicht.

Subject of the invention therefore also is a dosis indicator ink for the determination of radiation emitted by a UV-light source, a plasma generator or an electron beam, comprising (a) an acid responsive colorant selected from the group consisting of

(b) at least one sulfonyloxime ester compound or a -N-O-sulfonyl compound as photo- latent acid;

(i) a solventborne or waterborne or solventless liquid ink or solventborne or waterborne or solventless liquid adhesive or a hotmelt adhesive providing a dried film.

The type of matrix used for (a) and (b) [ (c), (h), (i)] may influence the color development with regards to the UV-dose and to the temperature.

The higher the glass temperature of the matrix resins the lower is the influence of the tem- perature on the color development.

The matrix advantageously does not comprise any basic or acidic components [besides (a) and (b)] which could interfere with the color forming reaction.

The matrix may also be based on oxidative drying systems or 2-pack systems, known to the person skilled in the art and for example published in "The printing ink manual", fourth edition, Edited by R. H. Leach or in "Kleben" 5th Edition by Gerd Habenicht.

(c) UV- and EB-curable formulations include polymers, oligomers or monomers selected from, for example, (meth)acrylate monomers, oligomers and polymers and copolymers, including urethane acrylates, epoxy acrylates, polyester acrylates, elastomeric (meth)acrylates, including mono, di, tri and tetra functional monomers or related oligomeric or polymeric compositions which optionally may be end-capped with monomeric units containing polymeriz- able double bonds, especially including vinyl or vinyl-type monomers, oligomers and polymers including those based on vinyl chloride, vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate and related vinyl monomers, oligomers and polymers. Preferred are acrylic resins having a low acid number (< 15mg KOH/g), preferably below 3mg KOH/g.

A radical photopolymerization initiator (d) is employed in the dosis indicator ink. Said initiator (d) is a radical photoinitiator of the mono- or bisacylphosphine oxide type in combination with a radical photoinitiator of the alpha-hydroxy ketone type. Such photoinitiators are commercially available, for example from Ciba Inc.. Examples are α-hydroxycycloalkyl phenyl ketones or α-hydroxyalkyl phenyl ketones, such as for example 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl- propanone, 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, 1-(4-dodecylbenzoyl)-1-hydroxy-1 -methyl- ethane, 1 -(4-isopropylbenzoyl)-1 -hydroxy-1 -methyl-ethane, 1 -[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2- hydroxy-2-methyl-1 -propan-1 -one, 2-hydroxy-1 -{4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionyl)-benzyl]- phenyl}-2-methyl-propan-1 -one, 2-hydroxy-1 -{4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionyl)-phenoxy]- phenyl}-2-methyl-propan-1-one, monoacyl phosphine oxides, e.g. (2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide, ethyl (2,4,6 trimethylbenzoyl phenyl) phosphinic acid ester; bisacylphosphine oxides, e.g. bis(2,6-dimethoxy-benzoyl)-(2,4,4-trimethyl- pentyl)phosphine oxide, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide or bis(2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl)-2,4-dipentoxyphenylphosphine oxide. Preferred are combinations of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenyl phosphine oxide and 2- hydroxy-1 -{4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionyl)-benzyl]-phenyl}-2-meth yl-propan-1 -one.

In the dosis indicator film or the dosis indicator ink of the present invention the acid responsive colorant (a) is for example present in a concentration of 0.1 %-20%, e.g. 1 %-12%, in par-

ticular 2%-8%, while the concentration of the photolatent acid (b) ranges between 0.1 %-20%, for example 0.1 %-8%, in particular 0.2%-4%, based on the composition. "%" in the context of the present applicaiton are intended to refer to the weight, unless specifically indicated otherwise.

The ratio of components (a), an acid responsive colorant and (b), a photolatent acid is for example from about 0.001 :1 to 1 : 0.001 , preferably from 0.01 :1 to 1 : 0.01.

The invention also pertains to a method to determine the radiation dose absorbed by a dosis indicator film as described above, by measuring the color intensity of the irradiated film, either visually or by colorimetry measurement, giving a direct correlation to the radiation-dose via the color change from the non-irradiated to the irradiated film, characterized in that the film comprises the photosensitive layer as defined above; and a method to determine the radiation dose absorbed by a dosis indicator ink as defined above, by measuring the color intensity of the irradiated ink, either visually or by colorimetry measurement, giving a direct correlation to the radiation-dose via the color change from the non-irradiated to the irradiated ink (e.g. after applying the ink onto a substrate, for example a film), characterized in that the ink comprises components (a), (b), (c) and (d) as defined above or comprises components (a), (b), (c) and (i) as defined above.

Interesting is a method as described above, wherein the color change evolves from a non- colored to a colored coating.

For example, color change from clear to red can be monitored by a ^* parameter from CIE-Lab system, or by brightness L ^* , or by transmittance.

Subject of the invention is the use of a dose indicator film as defined above, or a dose indicator ink as defined above, for the determination of the dose of radiation absorbed by a substrate.

Accordingly, a composition comprising (a) an acid responsive colorant of the formula (I), (II) or (III) as described above and (b) a photolatent acid as described above is admixed with a component (c) and (d) or with a component (i) as described above in order to form a UV dose indicator ink or a a UV dose indicator adhesive. Or, a composition comprising (a) an acid responsive colorant of the formula (I), (II) or (III) as described above and (b) a photo-

latent acid as described above is admixed and applied on a polymer film, paper of an aluminium foil as the photosensitive layer.

Said photosensitive layer, or the ink is subjected to the irradiation. The difference of the color prior and after irradiation is determined by common color measurement methods, for exam- pie visually or by suitable colorimetry measurement means, known to the person skilled in the art. Said difference gives direct correlation to the energy dose which has hit the substrate.

In other words, a uv dose indicator film or ink according to the present invention is irradiated for determined periods of time with determined energy doses and the color changes are measured. The correlation between the measured color changes and the applied energy doses allows determination of the corresponding energy dose applied to a substrate.

Thus, a method to determine the radiation dose absorbed by a coated substrate, according to the invention comprises 1. preparing a dosis indicator ink comprising

(a) an acid responsive colorant of the formula (I), (II) or (III),

(b) a photolatent acid as defined above [compounds (1 )-(12) or mixtures thereof],

(c) ethylenically unsaturated monomeric, oligomeric and/or polymeric compounds, and

(d) a radical photoinitiator; 2. applying said ink to a substrate;

3. subjecting the coated substrate to the radiation of defined energy for a defined period of time;

4. measuring the color change of the coating.

Or, a method to determine the radiation dose absorbed by a coated substrate, according to the invention comprises

V. preparing a dosis indicator film, comprising a substrate, selected from the group consisting of polymer film, paper and aluminium foil, which substrate is coated with a photosensitive layer, comprising (a) an acid responsive colorant of the formula (I), (II) or (III),

(b) a photolatent acid as defined above [compounds (1 )-(12) or mixtures thereof], 2'. subjecting the film to the radiation of defined energy for a defined period of time; 3'. measuring the color change of the coating.

Or, a method to determine the radiation dose absorbed by a coated substrate, according to the invention comprises 1 ". preparing a dosis indicator ink or a dosis indicator adhesive comprising

(a) an acid responsive colorant of the formula (I), (II) or (III), (b) a photolatent acid as defined above [compounds (1 )-(12) or mixtures thereof],

(i) a solventborne or waterborne or solventless liquid ink or solventborne or waterborne or solventless liquid adhesive or a hotmelt adhesive formulation; 2". applying said ink or adhesive to a substrate and drying;

3". subjecting the coated substrate to the radiation of defined energy for a defined period of time;

4". measuring the color change of the coating

In particular said method comprises

1. preparing a dosis indicator ink comprising (a) an acid responsive colorant of the formula (I), (II) or (III),

(b) a photolatent acid as defined above [compounds (1 )-(12) or mixtures thereof],

(c) ethylenically unsaturated monomeric, oligomeric and/or polymeric compounds, and

(d) a radical photoinitiator;

2. applying said ink to a substrate; 3. subjecting the coated substrate to the radiation of defined energy for a defined period of time;

4. measuring the color change of the coating,

5. repeat steps 2-4 with different radiation doses and periods of time to determine the correlation between radiation dose and degree of color change; and 6. determining the unknown radiation dose applied on a sample prepared according to steps 1-2 by comparing the measured color change with the radiation dose/color correlation obtained according to step 5.

Or, in particular said method comprises V. preparing a dosis indicator film, comprising a substrate, selected from the group consisting of polymer film, paper and aluminium foil, which substrate is coated with a photosensitive layer, comprising

(a) an acid responsive colorant of the formula (I), (II) or (III),

(b) a photolatent acid as defined above [compounds (1 )-(12) or mixtures thereof],

2'. subjecting the film to the radiation of defined energy for a defined period of time;

3'. measuring the color change of the coating;

4'. repeat steps 2-3 with different radiation doses and periods of time to determine the correlation between radiation dose and degree of color change; and 5'. determining the unknown radiation dose applied on a sample by comparing the measured color change with the radiation dose/color correlation obtained according to step 4.

Or, in particular said method comprises

1 ". preparing a dosis indicator ink or dosis indicator adhesive comprising (a) an acid responsive colorant of the formula (I), (II) or (III),

(b) a photolatent acid as defined above [compounds (1 )-(12) or mixtures thereof], (i) a solventborne or waterborne or solventless liquid ink or a solventborne or waterborne or solventless liquid adhesive or hotmelt adhesive formulation; 2". applying said ink or adhesive to a substrate and drying; 3". subjecting the coated substrate to the radiation of defined energy for a defined period of time;

4". measuring the color change of the coating 5". repeating steps 2-4 with different radiation doses and periods of time to determine the correlation between radiation dose and degree of color change; and 6". determining the unknown radiation dose applied on a sample prepared according to steps 1-2 by comparing the measured color change with the radiation dose/color correlation obtained according to step 5.

"Drying" in the above described methods is considered to be a physical evaporation of the solvent (e.g. by raised temperature) or a chemical crosslinking reaction.

Interesting also are the methods as described above, wherein the radiation employed in step 3. is a plasma, especially a plasma produced in a plasma chamber.

The color measurement for the determination of the color change may be made with any known reproducible method. Preferably DIN and ASTM measurement methods are employed.

Non-limiting examples are υellownes Index" (Yl) measurement according to ASTMD1925- 70 and measurement according to the CIELAB-system (e.g. the a ^* parameter, brightness L ^*

or transmittance). Another example is the measurement of color changes according to DIN 6174 or DIN 6176.

Radiation whose dose is determined in the context of the present invention involves UV- radiation, for example of the wavelength range of about 150 to 800 nm, preferably from 200 to 400 nm, and energies of about 1 mJ/cm ² to 50 J/cm ² , preferably from 1 mJ/cm ² to 1 J/cm ² ; electron beam radiation (EB), for example with energies from about 0.1 kGy to 1000 kGy , especially from 1 kGy to 100 kGy as well as radiation emitted by a plasma, i.e. the UV- radiation emitted by a plasma gas, for example in a plasma gas chamber. Plasma gases and a plasma gas chamber are for example described in WO 03/089479 and WO 03/89155, hereby incorporated by reference.

Interesting therefore is a method as described above, wherein the radiation absorbed by the substrate origins from a UV radiation source, a UVA fluorescent lamp, an electron beam or a plasma gas.

According to the present invention the radiation dose indicator film comprises as substrate a polymer film, paper or aluminium foil.

The polymer film consists for example of any combination and kind of known polymers, e.g. polyester, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, etc. Such films are commercially available in a wide range. The substrate polymer film is for example opaque or transparent. The substrate polymer film is for example a thermoplastic, elastomeric, inherently crosslinked or crosslinked polymer. Examples of thermoplastic, elastomeric, inherently crosslinked or crosslinked polymers are listed below. 1. Polymers of mono- and di-olefins, for example polypropylene, polyisobutylene, poly- butene-1 , poly-4-methylpentene-1 , polyisoprene or polybutadiene and also polymerisates of cyclo-olefins, for example of cyclopentene or norbornene; and also polyethylene (which may optionally be crosslinked), for example high density polyethylene (HDPE), high density polyethylene of high molecular weight (HDPE-HMW), high density polyethylene of ultra-high mo- lecular weight (HDPE-UHMW), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), (VLDPE) and (ULDPE). Polyolefins, that is to say polymers of mono-olefins, as mentioned by way of example in the preceding paragraph, especially polyethylene and polypropylene, can be prepared by various processes, especially by the following methods:

a) by free radical polymerisation (usually at high pressure and high temperature); b) by means of a catalyst, the catalyst usually containing one or more metals of group IVb, Vb, VIb or VIII. Those metals generally have one or more ligands, such as oxides, halides, alcoholates, esters, ethers, amines, alkyls, alkenyls and/or aryls, which may be either π- or σ- coordinated. Such metal complexes may be free or fixed to carriers, for example to activated magnesium chloride, titanium(lll) chloride, aluminium oxide or silicon oxide. Such catalysts may be soluble or insoluble in the polymerisation medium. The catalysts can be active as such in the polymerisation or further activators may be used, for example metal alkyls, metal hydrides, metal alkyl halides, metal alkyl oxides or metal alkyl oxanes, the metals being ele- ments of group(s) Ia, Na and/or Ilia. The activators may have been modified, for example, with further ester, ether, amine or silyl ether groups. Such catalyst systems are usually referred to as Phillips, Standard Oil Indiana, Ziegler (-Natta), TNZ (DuPont), metallocene or Single Site Catalysts (SSC).

2. Mixtures of the polymers mentioned under 1 ), for example mixtures of polypropylene with polyisobutylene, polypropylene with polyethylene (for example PP/HDPE, PP/LDPE) and mixtures of different types of polyethylene (for example LDPE/HDPE).

3. Copolymers of mono- and di-olefins with one another or with other vinyl monomers, for example ethylene/propylene copolymers, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and mixtures thereof with low density polyethylene (LDPE), propylene/butene-1 copolymers, pro- pylene/isobutylene copolymers, ethylene/butene-1 copolymers, ethylene/hexene copolymers, ethylene/methylpentene copolymers, ethylene/heptene copolymers, ethylene/octene copolymers, propylene/butadiene copolymers, isobutylene/isoprene copolymers, ethylene/alkyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/alkyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and copolymers thereof with carbon monoxide, or ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers and salts thereof (ionomers), and also terpolymers of ethylene with propylene and a diene, such as hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene or ethylidenenorbornene; and also mixtures of such copolymers with one another or with polymers mentioned under 1 ), for example polypropylene- ethylene/propylene copolymers, LDPE-ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, LDPE- ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers, LLDPE-ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, LLDPE- ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers and alternately or randomly structured polyalkylene-carbon monoxide copolymers and mixtures thereof with other polymers, for example polyamides.

4. Hydrocarbon resins (for example C ₅ -C ₉ ) including hydrogenated modifications thereof (for example tackifier resins) and mixtures of polyalkylenes and starch.

5. Polystyrene, poly(p-methylstyrene), poly(α-methylstyrene).

6. Copolymers of styrene or α-methylstyrene with dienes or acrylic derivatives, for example styrene/butadiene, styrene/acrylonitrile, styrene/alkyl methacrylate, styrene/buta- diene/alkyl acrylate and methacrylate, styrene/maleic anhydride, styrene/acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate; high-impact-strength mixtures consisting of styrene copolymers and another poly- mer, for example a polyacrylate, a diene polymer or an ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer; and also block copolymers of styrene, for example styrene/butadiene/styrene, sty- rene/isoprene/styrene, styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene or styrene/ethylene-propylene/- styrene.

7. Graft copolymers of styrene or α-methylstyrene, for example styrene on polybuta- diene, styrene on polybutadiene/styrene or polybutadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers, styrene and acrylonitrile (or methacrylonitrile) on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate on polybutadiene; styrene and maleic anhydride on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride or maleic acid imide on polybutadiene; styrene and maleic acid imide on polybutadiene, styrene and alkyl acrylates or alkyl methacrylates on polybuta- diene, styrene and acrylonitrile on ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymers, styrene and acrylonitrile on polyalkyl acrylates or polyalkyl methacrylates, styrene and acrylonitrile on acry- late/butadiene copolymers, and mixtures thereof with the copolymers mentioned under 6), such as those known, for example, as so-called ABS, MBS, ASA or AES polymers.

8. Halogen-containing polymers, for example polychloroprene, chlorinated rubber, chlo- rinated and brominated copolymer of isobutylene/isoprene (halobutyl rubber), chlorinated or chlorosulfonated polyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and chlorinated ethylene, epichloro- hydrin homo- and co-polymers, especially polymers of halogen-containing vinyl compounds, for example polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride; and copolymers thereof, such as vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride/vinyl acetate.

9. Polymers derived from α,β-unsatu rated acids and derivatives thereof, such as poly- acrylates and polymethacrylates, or polymethyl methacrylates, polyacrylamides and poly- acrylonitriles impact-resistant-modified with butyl acrylate.

10. Copolymers of the monomers mentioned under 9) with one another or with other un- saturated monomers, for example acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile/alkyl acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile/alkoxyalkyl acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile/vinyl halide copolymers or acrylonitrile/alkyl methacrylate/butadiene terpolymers.

1 1. Polymers derived from unsaturated alcohols and amines or their acyl derivatives or acetals, such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, stearate, benzoate or maleate, poly-

vinylbutyral, polyallyl phthalate, polyallylmelamine; and the copolymers thereof with olefins mentioned in Point 1.

12. Homo- and co-polymers of cyclic ethers, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide or copolymers thereof with bisglycidyl ethers. 13. Polyacetals, such as polyoxymethylene, and also those polyoxymethylenes which contain comonomers, for example ethylene oxide; polyacetals modified with thermoplastic polyurethanes, acrylates or MBS.

14. Polyphenylene oxides and sulfides and mixtures thereof with styrene polymers or polyamides. 15. Polyurethanes derived from polyethers, polyesters and polybutadienes having terminal hydroxyl groups on the one hand and aliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanates on the other hand, and their initial products.

16. Polyamides and copolyamides derived from diamines and dicarboxylic acids and/or from aminocarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactams, such as polyamide 4, polyamide 6, polyamide 6/6, 6/10, 6/9, 6/12, 4/6, 12/12, polyamide 1 1 , polyamide 12, aromatic polyamides derived from m-xylene, diamine and adipic acid; polyamides prepared from hexamethylene- diamine and iso- and/or tere-phthalic acid and optionally an elastomer as modifier, for example poly-2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide or poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide. Block copolymers of the above-mentioned polyamides with polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ionomers or chemically bonded or grafted elastomers; or with polyethers, for example with polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polytetramethylene glycol. Also polyamides or copolyamides modified with EPDM or ABS; and polyamides condensed during processing ("RIM polyamide systems").

17. Polyureas, polyimides, polyamide imides, polyether imides, polyester imides, poly- hydantoins and polybenzimidazoles.

18. Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dialcohols and/or from hydroxy- carboxylic acids or the corresponding lactones, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybuty- lene terephthalate, poly-1 ,4-dimethylolcyclohexane terephthalate, polyhydroxybenzoates, and also block polyether esters derived from polyethers with hydroxyl terminal groups; and also polyesters modified with polycarbonates or MBS.

19. Polycarbonates and polyester carbonates.

20. Polysulfones, polyether sulfones and polyether ketones.

21. Crosslinked polymers derived from aldehydes on the one hand and phenols, urea or melamine on the other hand, such as phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde and mela- mine-formaldehyde resins.

22. Drying and non-drying alkyd resins. 23. Unsaturated polyester resins derived from copolyesters of saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with polyhydric alcohols, and also vinyl compounds as crosslinking agents, and also the halogen-containing, difficultly combustible modifications thereof. 24. Crosslinkable acrylic resins derived from substituted acrylic esters, e.g. from epoxy ac- rylates, urethane acrylates or polyester acrylates. 25. Alkyd resins, polyester resins and acrylate resins that are crosslinked with melamine resins, urea resins, isocyanates, isocyanurates, polyisocyanates or epoxy resins.

26. Crosslinked epoxy resins derived from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic or aromatic glycidyl compounds, e.g. products of bisphenol-A diglycidyl ethers, bisphenol-F diglycidyl e- thers, that are crosslinked using customary hardeners, e.g. anhydrides or amines with or without accelerators.

27. Natural polymers, such as cellulose, natural rubber, gelatin, or polymer-homologously chemically modified derivatives thereof, such as cellulose acetates, propionates and bu- tyrates, and the cellulose ethers, such as methyl cellulose; and also colophonium resins and derivatives. 28. Mixtures (polyblends) of the afore-mentioned polymers, for example PP/EPDM, poly- amide/EPDM or ABS, PVC/EVA, PVC/ABS, PVC/MBS, PC/ABS, PBTP/ABS, PC/ASA, PC/PBT, PVC/CPE, PVC/acrylates, POM/thermoplastic PUR, PC/thermoplastic PUR, POM/acrylate, POM/MBS, PPO/HIPS, PPO/PA 6.6 and copolymers, PA/HDPE, PA/PP, PA/PPO, PBT/PC/ABS or PBT/PET/PC.

Optionally, the substrate film, on which the photosensitive layer is applied according to the present invention is given a blister-free protective covering, and the outer film here facing toward the UV source reduces the radiation dose, by virtue of a suitable material and a suitable thickness, to an extent such that the radiation-sensitive layer of the dose indicator film re- ceives a suitable UV dose and does not overheat. It is self-evident that there may also be a plurality of different radiation-sensitive layers arranged in the dose indicator film which are in particular sensitive to different types of radiation and which jointly have been given a protective covering by outer foils. A decisive factor here is that the outer foils are in immediate full- surface contact with the radiation-sensitive layer, without any intervening air inclusions.

The advantage of the protective covering is that use of the outer foil as described below avoids inhibition of the radiation-sensitive layer via atmospheric oxygen or other influences. By way of example, the dose indicator film can be exposed to a mechanical load by passage over deflector rolls, thus being subjected to buckling or bending. The additional protective- covering foil protects the UV-sensitive layer from abrasion, so that even after or during mechanical loading it is possible to make a visual monitoring check of the radiation exposure of the dose indicator film. The additional protective-covering foil permits in particular the handling of very thin radiation-sensitive layers which are used, for example, in dose indicator films for electron-beam curing.

The additional outer foil achieves impermissible heating via temperature-related effects during the radiation of the radiation-sensitive layer and, respectively, excessive radiation exposure, via a reduction in the amount of radiation reaching the radiation-sensitive layer. This can be carried out by a person skilled in the art by selecting the appropriate thickness and material of the outer foils.

In addition, there can be an opacifier, in particular iron oxide, provided in the radiation- sensitive layer. With this it is possible to eliminate measurement errors through thickness variations, as described for example in US 2007/0221864.

It is preferable that the thickness of the radiation-sensitive layer is designed to be from 1 to 200 μm and in particular from 2 to 50 μm, in order to obtain a flexible dose indicator film which can also be adhesive-bonded to flexible materials which are conducted over deflector rolls in an irradiation system, for example.

Object of the invention therefore also is a dosis indicator film as described above, where the photosensitive layer on the film is covered by a protective-covering foil. Optionally, in said dosis indicator film, the radiation sensitive layer of the dosis indicator film is provided with an opacifier, in particular iron oxide.

For absorption of the UV radiation in the outer foil, its thickness advantageously is designed so that from 0.1 to 95%, and in particular from 1 to 50%, of the UV radiation impacting the dose indicator film, and in particular here of the UVC radiation, preferably reaches the radiation-sensitive layer. The selection is made in accordance with the desired film sensitivity.

Materials proposed for the outer foils comprise for example plastics and/or coated paper, the plastic here preferably being selected from the following materials: PET, PP, PE, PVC and PS.

According to another embodiment, the outer foil is composed of a vapor-deposited metallic reflective layer which reflects a portion of the radiation as a function of its vapor-deposited thickness. This metallized reflective layer can itself be designed to be radiation-sensitive.

For attachment of the dose indicator film on a desired substrate at least the outer foil or the substrate carrying the radiation indicator film has been provided with an adhesive layer on its outward-facing side, for adhesive-bonding of the dose indicator film on the substrate. For handling of the dose indicator film, which usually is wound up to give a roll, this adhesive layer itself is provided with a further release layer preferably in the form of a release liner. For bonding of the outer foil to the radiation-sensitive layer, the adhesive layer is used to bond these respectively to one another. Adhesives that can be used are in particular solvent- containing adhesives or hot-melt adhesives.

The colorimetric measurement can also be performed by an automated measurement in a specifically designed measurement device as for example described in US 2007/0221864, for example a device from the company Polymer Physik.

Typical irradiation apparatuses in which the dose indicator method is used have radiation apparatuses with source powers of from 40 to 240 W/cm per source, and the UV systems here can be composed of from 1 to 10 or more tube-shaped sources. The dose indicator method is also suitable for sources of lower power and with other structural shapes. The radiation doses that can be measured using the UV-dose indicator film, for which the behavior of the film is linear, are from 0.5 to 50 mJ/cm ² in UVC when no particular measures are taken to keep the film cool. It is self-evident that the dose indicator films can additionally be cooled in order to increase their capability. When the film does not run immediately past a high- power UV source or is not excessively heated it remains linear up to about 200 mJ/cm ² . The abovementioned radiation doses correlate here with the values measured for UV-C radiation. Since sensors with various wavelengths and wavelength ranges are used in the electronic

UV dosimeters available on the market, different products can be irradiated with the respective UV radiation doses needed.

It is preferable that the light of the different wavelengths is generated by a photodiode which is known to the person skilled in the art and is easy to handle and is long-lived. Furthermore, it is possible to draw film strips or dose indicator films of any desired length by motor through the measurement device, thus permitting any desired endless materials to be equipped with the dose indicator films and irradiated in a desired manner. Using process technology known to the person skilled in the art, the measured values from the measurement device are read out from a computer or are immediately transferred thereto and preferably displayed in the unit "mJ/cm ² " for purposes of easy monitoring.

It is also possible to display, in a diagram reproduced on a computer screen, a location- dependent representation of the entire UV radiation acting on the dose indicator film in order, for example, to permit monitoring of the entire web width of a material to be irradiated. Particular possibilities here are irradiation across the entire width of a material in the form of a web, and also control via the dose indicator film. Furthermore, three-dimensional parts onto which the dose indicator film has been adhesive-bonded can also be irradiated in a desired manner, while the dose indicator film permits measurement of the amount of the entire radiation dose on the surface of the three-dimensional item. A sensitivity factor is determined for each batch produced of the dosimeter film and is noted on the film rolls. This sensitivity factor can be input into the measurement device and saved as a parameter. Ability to calibrate the measurement devices for the future is thus provided.

The present invention pertains to a radiation dosis indicator film and a radiation dosis indicator ink. In the present invention a radiation dosis indicator film is preferred.

Suitable substrates for the application of the dose indicator ink according to the invention are organic or inorganic substrates. The inorganic or organic substrate to be coated can be in any solid form. The substrate is for example in the form of a woven fabric, a fibre, a film or a three-dimensional workpiece. The substrate may be, for example, a thermoplastic, elas- tomeric, inherently crosslinked or crosslinked polymer, a metal, a metal oxide, a ceramic material, glass, paper, leather or textile. Preferably the substrate is a white substrate. In case of an extruded component (h), as described above, the polymer foil is applied on any substrate mentioned above or is used as a free film.

The ink or the adhesive is applied uniformly to a substrate by means of known coating techniques, for example by printing, inkjet printing, spin coating, dip coating, knife coating, bar coating, curtain coating, brushing, spraying, for example by electrostatic spraying or pneumatic spraying, by reverse-roll coating, and also by means of electrophoretic deposition. It is also possible to apply the composition to a temporary, flexible support and then to coat the final substrate, for example a three-dimensional metal sheet, by transferring the layer via lamination.

The quantity applied (coat thickness) and the nature of the substrate (layer support) are dependent on the desired field of application. The range of coat thicknesses generally com- prises values from about 0.1 μm to more than 200 μm, for example 40 μm or 0.02 to 10 μm, preferably 1 to 90 μm.

The same means are employed for the coating of the substrate for the UV dose indicator film of the present invention with the photosensitive layer.

Interesting is a radiation dose indicator film, wherein the substrate is a polymer film, in particular a polyester film; as well as a radiation dose indicator film, wherein the substrate coated with the photosensitive layer comprising components (a) and (b), is laminated with a transparent polymer film.

The photosensitive layer of the uv dose indicator film according to the invention comprising components (a) and (b), or the uv dose indicator ink according to the invention comprising components (a), (b), (c) and (d), or the uv dose indicator ink or the uv-dose indicator adhesive according to the invention comprising components (a), (b) and (i) may for example also comprise further additives (g), in particular such customary in the coating and ink industry.

Non-limiting examples of further additives (g) are thermal inhibitors, antistatics, antioxidants, flow improvers, adhesion promoters, optical brighteners, fillers, wetting agents, levelling assistants; as stabilizers to increase the stability on storage in the dark, e.g. copper compounds, phosphorus compounds or quaternary ammonium compounds, wax-like substances to exclude atmospheric oxygen during the polymerization, light stabilizers which can be added in a small quantity are UV absorbers, for example those of the hydroxyphenylben- zotriazole, hydroxyphenyl-benzophenone, oxalamide or hydroxyphenyl-s-triazine type. These compounds can be used individually or in mixtures, with or without sterically hindered amines (HALS).

The photosensitive layer of the UV-dose indicator film according to the invention comprising components (a) and (b), or the uv dose indicator ink according to the invention comprising components (a), (b), (c) and (d) or the uv dose indicator ink or uv-dose indicator adhesive according to the invention comprising components (a), (b) and (i) may for example also comprise another photosensitive substance, e.g. pararosanilin-nitril as illustrated in patent WO 2005/108937.

It is also possible to incorporate another pigment or colorant, e.g. titanium dioxide. These additives for example reduce the dependency of color development with regard to the film thickness.

To accelerate the photopolymerization in the case of a uv-dose indicator film comprising components (a), (b) and (d), it is e.g. possible to add oxygen scavengers, accelerators, coini- tiators, autoxidizers, chain transfer agents, photosensitizers which shift or broaden the spec- tral sensitivity.

The radiation-dose-indicators (film and ink) according to the present invention may be used in different aspects, for example to optimize an irradiation profile on a three-dimensional substrate. This is for example an object which is irradiated by UV-lamps or in a plasma chamber. Therefore the substrate (said object) is covered all over with the UV-indicator matrix. The differentiation in coloration represents the UV-dose which hits the substrate on each square mm of the three-dimensional object.

Or the UV-indicator can for example be used as a process control device. For this a small stripe or dot is applied on the substrate which is irradiated. Via the radiation dose indicator is monitored that each of the objects covered with a UV-curable coating has been irradiated with the same dose.

For example said UV-curable coating is a laquer, e.g. clear or colored, a printing ink, an adhesive etc. Further, the indicator can for example be used as a sun light indicator and for example be at- tached as foil to the clothing, e.g. a bathing costume. As soon as the indicator reaches a certain color the skin should be covered to avoid an overdose of radiation of dangerous UV- light.

Another field of application for the energy-dose indicator of the present invention is its use as a freshness indicator for food or pharmaceuticals which are sensitive to light or other type of irradiation.

Decorative and imaging purposes can also be fulfilled. The indicator for example may also be employed to monitor the daily light dose for the optimal plant growth e.g. in green houses.

Further, the quantification of the dosis emitted by an electron beam is possible. In particular interesting is the use of the composition according to the present invention for the assessment of the energy amount for a radiation-process, such as for example a plasma surface treatment.

The radiation-dose indicator can also be employed to make a direct correlation between color and surface or film property.

This summary of possible applications for the composition and method of the present invention is not limited - in general, the composition and process reveals a direct correlation be- tween the color change of an irradiated subject and the energy-dose which caused said change in any application.

The radiation whose intensity is determined with the composition and the method according to the present invention is for example ultraviolet (UV) radiation of e.g. from about 190 nm to 800 nm, for example 190-600 nm, (including the UV-vis region). A UV-radiation source is for example sunlight or light from artificial light sources. Examples are carbon arc lamps, xenon arc lamps, low-, medium-, high- and super high- pressure mercury lamps, possibly with metal halide dopes (metal-halogen lamps), microwave-stimulated metal vapour lamps, excimer lamps, superactinic fluorescent tubes, fluorescent lamps, argon incandescent lamps, elec- tronic flashlights, light-emitting diodes (LED), e.g. UV light emitting diodes (UV-LED), organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), photographic flood lamps, also electron beams and X-rays. Also the emitted energy dose / intensity of radiation emitted by laser light sources, for example excimer lasers, such as F ₂ excimer lasers at 157 nm exposure, KrF excimer lasers for exposure at 248 nm and ArF excimer lasers for exposure at 193 nm or lasers emitting in the visible region, may be determined with the presently claimed method and composition.

The compositions of the present invention exhibit a good thermal stability and possess a high flexibility for different applications by producing reliable and reproducable results, thus providing for the necessary process stability.

The examples which follow illustrate the invention in more detail, without restricting the scope to said examples only. Parts and percentages are, as in the remainder of the description and in the claims, by weight, unless stated otherwise. Where alkyl radicals having more than three carbon atoms are referred to in the examples without any mention of specific isomers, the n-isomers are meant in each case.

In the following examples the following colorants are used:

Colorant-1

Colorant-2

Colorant-3

In the following examples the following photolatent acids are used:

Example 1

A formulation is prepared by mixing the following components: 99.44 g of a copolymer of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate )Vinylite VYHH 14% solids in ethylacetate, provided by Dow)

0.07 g Acid-1 0.21 g Acid-2 0.28 g Colorant-3

The formulation is printed onto a polyester foil (Melinex foil, provided by Dupont) by means of a bar coater and dried for 10 minutes at 60 ⁰ C to provide a dry film thickness around 4 μm. The film is further exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp 200 W/cm at different belt speeds. The color of the film is measured by means of CGREC software combined to a Minolta spectrophotometer CM-3600d. Table 1 summarizes the color values measured under different irradiation conditions.

Table 1

Example 2

A formulation is prepared by mixing the following components: 99.44 g of a copolymer of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate (Vinylite VYHH 14% solids in ethylacetate, provided by Dow) 0.07 g Acid-1 0.21 g Acid-2

0.28 g Colorant-2

The formulation is printed onto a polyester foil (Melinex foil, provided by Dupont) by means of a bar coater and dried for 10 minutes at 60 ⁰ C to provide a dry film thickness around 4 μm. The film is further exposed to different UV-dosis. Table 2 summarizes the color values measured under different irradiation conditions. Table 2

Example 3

A formulation is prepared by mixing the following components: 99.44 g copolymer of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate (Vinylite VYHH 14% solids in ethylace- tate, provided by Dow)

0.07 g Acid-1 0.21 g Acid-2 0.28 g Colorant-1

The formulation is printed onto a polyester foil (Melinex foil, provided by Dupont) by means of a bar coater and dried for 10 minutes at 60 ⁰ C to provide a dry film thickness around 4μm. The film is further exposed to different UV-dosis. Table 3 summarizes the color values measured under different irradiation conditions.

Table 3

Example 4

A formulation is prepared by mixing the following components:

99.44 g of a copolymer of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate (Vinylite VYHH 14% solids in ethylacetate, provided by Dow)

0.28 g Acid-4

0.28 g Colorant-3

This formulation is printed onto a polyester foil (Melinex foil, provided by Dupont) by means of a bar coater and dried for 10 minutes at 60 ⁰ C to provide a dry film thickness around 3 μm. The film is further exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp 200 W/cm at different belt speeds. Table 4 summarizes the color values measured under different irradiation conditions.

Table 4

Example 5

A formulation is prepared by mixing the following components: 99.44 g of a copolymer of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate (Vinylite VYHH 14% solids in ethylacetate, provided by Dow) 0.28 g Acid-3 0.28 g Colorant-3

The formulation is printed onto a polyester foil (Melinex foil provided by Dupont) by means of a bar coater and dried for 10 minutes at 60 ⁰ C to provide a dry film thickness around 3 μm. The film is further exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp 200 W/cm at different belt speeds. Table 5 summarizes the color values measured under different irradiation conditions.

Table 5

Example 6

A formulation is prepared by mixing the following components: 99.44 g of a copolymer of vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate (Vinylite VYHH 14% solids in ethylacetate, provided by Dow) 0.28 g Acid-5 0.28 g Colorant-3

The formulation is printed onto a polyester foil (Melinex foil provided by Dupont) by means of a bar coater and dried for 10 minutes at 60 ⁰ C to provide a dry film thickness around 3 μm. The film is further exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp 200 W/cm at different belt speeds. Table 6 summarizes the color values measured under different irradiation conditions.

Table 6

Example 7

A formulation is prepared by mixing the following components: 89 g of Component A as described below

0.5 g Acid-1 1.5 g Acid-2 2 g Colorant-2

2 g 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenyl phosphine oxide (radical photoinitiator,

DAROCUROTPO, provided by Ciba Inc.) 5 g 2-hydroxy-1 -{4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionyl)-benzyl]-phenyl}-2-meth yl- propan-1-one (radical photoinitiator, IRGACURE®127, provided by Ciba Inc.) Component A:

46 g Bisphenol-A epoxy diacrylate (EBECRYL 605 provided by Cytec)

13.2 g Tetrafunctional acrylate (EBECRYL 40 provided by Cytec) 39.5 g propoxylated glycerol triacrylate (OTA 480 provided by Cytec) 0.65 g Silicone hexaacrylate (EBECRYL 1360 provided by Cytec)

0.65 g Nonreactive silicone glycol copolymer surfactant (Dow Corning 57 provided by

Dow Corning)

This formulation is printed onto a polyester foil (Melinex foil provided by Dupont) by means of a bar coater to provide a dry film thickness around 4 μm. The film is further exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp 200 W/cm at different belt speeds. Table 7 summarizes the color values measured under different irradiation conditions. Table 7

The examples show, that depending on the exposure conditions (=the intensity of radiation absorbed by the film), the color change of the film is different. That is, a clear correlation between the color change and the dosis of the radiation is given and thereby it is possible to use this correlation to determine the dosis of radiation absorbed by a substrate.

Example 8

A formulation is prepared by mixing the following components:

99.44 g polymethyl methacrylate, Plexigum M 914, 14% solids in ethylacetate, provided by Rohm

0.07 g Acid-1

0.21 g Acid-2

0.28 g Colorant-3

The formulation is printed onto a Melinex foil (polyester foil provided by Dupont) by means of a bar coater and dried for 10 minutes at 60 ⁰ C to provide a dry film thickness around 2 μm. The film is further exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp 200 W/cm and 80 W/cm at different belt speeds. Table 8 summarizes the color values measured under different irradiation conditions.

Table 8:

Example 9

A formulation is prepared by mixing the following components: 99.44 g Polyvinylbutyral, Pioloform BL 18 14% solids in ethylacetate, provided by WackerChemical Corporation

0.07 g Acid-1

0.21 g Acid-2

0.28 g Colorant-3

The formulation is printed onto a Melinex foil (polyester foil provided by Dupont) by means of a bar coater and dried for 10 minutes at 60 ⁰ C to provide a dry film thickness around 2 μm. The film is further exposed to a medium pressure mercury lamp 80 W/cm at different belt speeds. Table 9 summarizes the color values measured under different irradiation conditions.

Table 9

Lamp output W/cm m/min a b ^* L'

80 20 24 4 -21. 2 78 6

80 50 17 5 -16. 9 82 7