| JP3308248 | PURIFICATION OF AIR |
| JP2002532647 | INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: Gas separation stroke by a branched airflow centrifugal turbomachinery. |
| WO/2024/056425 | SEPARATION METHOD |
KUMAR RAVI (US)
| US4913709A | 1990-04-03 | |||
| US4869894A | 1989-09-26 | |||
| EP0311932A1 | 1989-04-19 | |||
| EP0232840A2 | 1987-08-19 | |||
| US4171206A | 1979-10-16 | |||
| US7871457B2 | 2011-01-18 |
CLAIMS
What is claimed is:
1. A vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) process for the recovery of CO 2 from a multi-component gas mixture containing at least CO 2 and H 2 in a VPSA unit containing at least one adsorption bed containing at least one CO 2 -selective adsorbent, the process comprising: feeding the multi-component gas mixture containing the at least CO 2 and the H 2 to the at least one adsorption bed at a first pressure within a first pressure range for a predetermined time to produce a H 2 -enriched stream; depressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a first depressurization step from the first pressure range to a second pressure within a second pressure range in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow; depressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a second depressurization step from the second pressure range to a third pressure within a third pressure range lower than the second pressure range and in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow; depressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a third depressurization step from the third pressure range to a predetermined pressure range (P*) in a same direction as the feed flow or in a direction opposite the feed flow to produce a H 2 -depleted stream; depressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a blowdown (BD) step from the P* pressure range to a pressure close to ambient pressure in a same direction or in a direction opposite as the feed flow to produce at least a first portion of CO 2 product; evacuating the at least one adsorption bed from the pressure close to ambient to a pressure below ambient in a direction opposite or in a same direction as the feed flow to produce at least a second portion of CO 2 product ; pressure equalizing the at least one adsorption bed in a first pressure equalization step in a direction opposite or in a same direction as the feed flow; further pressure equalizing the at least one adsorption bed in a second pressure equalization step in a direction opposite or in a same direction as the feed flow,- and repressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a repressurization (RP) step to the first pressure range; wherein the process is repeated cyclically.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one adsorption bed comprises five beds.
3. The process of claim I 7 wherein the at least one adsorption bed comprises eight beds.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the first pressure range is 100-500 psia.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the second pressure range is 80-400 psia.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the third pressure range is 60-300 psia .
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the pressure range for the pressure below ambient is 1-12 psia.
S. The process of claim 1, wherein the H 2 - enriched stream is fed to a H2 pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit.
9. A vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) process for the recovery of CO 2 from a multi-component gas mixture containing at least CO 2 and H 2 in a VPSA unit containing at least one adsorption bed containing at least one CO 2 -selective adsorbent, the process comprising: feeding the multi-component gas mixture containing the at least CO 2 and the H 2 to the at least one adsorption bed to a first pressure within a first pressure range for a predetermined time to produce a H 2 -enriched stream; depressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a first depressurization step from the first pressure range to a second pressure within a second pressure range in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow; depressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a second depressurization step from the second pressure range to a third pressure within a third pressure range lower than the second pressure range and in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow; depressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a third depressurization step from the third pressure range to a fourth pressure within a fourth pressure range lower than the third pressure range and in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow; depressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a fourth depressurization step from the fourth pressure range to a predetermined pressure P* range in a same direction as the feed flow or in a direction opposite the feed flow to produce a H 2 -depleted stream; depressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a blowdown (BD) step from the P* pressure range to a pressure close to ambient pressure in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow to produce at least a first portion of CO 2 product ,- evacuating the at least one adsorption bed from the pressure close to ambient to a pressure below ambient in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow to produce at least a second portion of CO 2 product; pressure equalizing the at least one adsorption bed in a first pressure equalization step in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow; further pressure equalizing the at least one adsorption bed in a second pressure equalization step in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow; further pressure equalizing the at least one adsorption bed in a third pressure equalization step in a same direction as or in a direction opposite to the feed flow; and repressurizing the at least one adsorption bed in a repressurization (RP) step to the first pressure range; wherein the process is repeated cyclically.
10. The process of claim 9, wherein the at least one adsorption bed comprises six beds.
11. The process of claim 9, wherein the first pressure range is 100-500 psia.
12. The process of claim 9, wherein the second pressure range is 80-400 psia.
13. The process of claim 9, wherein the third pressure range is 60-300 psia.
14. The process of claim 9, wherein the fourth pressure range is 50—200 psia.
15. The process of claim 9, wherein the pressure range for the pressure at or below ambient is 1-12 psia.
16. The process of claim 9, wherein the H 2 - enriched stream is fed to a H 2 pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit.
17. A vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) process for the recovery of CO 2 from a multi-component gas mixture containing at least CO 2 and H 2 in a VPSA unit containing at least two adsorption beds, each bed containing at least one CO 2 -selective adsorbent, the process comprising: a feed step, a depressurization step, an evacuation step, a pressure equalization step and a repressurization step; wherein the feed step and the evacuation step are continuous; wherein the process is run in a cyclic manner and in cyclic steady state; wherein a H 2 -enriched stream, a H 2 -depleted stream and a final CO 2 product is produced from two CO 2 product streams ; and wherein the final CO 2 product is at a purity of approximately ≥90 mole% CO 2 -
18. The process of claim 17, wherein the number of adsorption beds comprises five beds.
19. The process of claim 17, wherein the number of adsorption beds comprises eight beds.
20. The process of claim 17, wherein the number of adsorption beds comprises six beds.
21. The process of claim 17, wherein each bed contains a water-selective adsorbent and a CO 2 - selective adsorbent.
22. The process of claim 21, wherein the water- selective adsorbent is selected from the group comprising: activated alumina, silica gel, zeolite molecular sieve and combinations thereof.
23. The process of claim 21, wherein the CO 2 - selective adsorbent is selected from the group comprising: NaY, HY, NaX, silica gel, activated carbon and combinations thereof.
24. The process of claim 17, wherein the H 2 - enriched stream is fed to a H 2 pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit. |
VACUUM PRESSURE SWING PROCESS TO RECOVER HIGH PURITY
CARBON DIOXIDE
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention generally relates to vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) processes and apparatus to recover CO 2 having a purity of approximately ≥90 mole% from streams containing at least CO 2 and H 2 (e.g., syngas) . The feed to the CO 2 VPSA unit can be at super ambient pressure. The CO 2 VPSA unit produces three streams, a H 2 -enriched stream, a H 2 -depleted stream and a CO 2 product stream.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Steam methane reforming (SMR) is the primary process to produce hydrogen (H 2 ) in bulk quantities. After catalytic conversion of natural gas, CO and H 2 is produced as follows in equation (1) :
(1) CH 4 + H 2 O <=> CO + 3 H 2 .
The gas mixture is shifted (by a water-gas shift reaction) to further produce H 2 according to equat ion (2 ) :
(2 ) CO + H 2 O <=> CO 2 + H 2 .
After the water-gas shift reaction, typical product gas has a pressure of between about 100-500 psia, a temperature of between about 60-150 0 F, and a composition of 60-80 mole% H 2 , 15-25 mole% CO 2 , 0.1-5 mole% CO, 3-7 mole% CH 4 , 0-5 mole% N 2 and is saturated with water. This gas mixture can then be fed to a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit to produce high purity H 2 (e.g., H 2 at a purity of at least 99%).
[0003] In some current H 2 production plants, an amine unit is placed between the shift reactor and the H 2 PSA unit to extract CO 2 from the stream produced by the shift reactor. This process, however, is energy intensive. In addition, amine units can be difficult to operate and are known to have operational problems, such as corrosion, loss of fluid and the like.
[0004] U.S. Patent No. 4,171,206 relates to production of high purity CO 2 and high purity H 2 at high CO 2 recovery from SMR off-gas. This patent discloses two trains of adsorption beds, which are in communication with each other during the feed and re- pressurization steps . Beds in the CO 2 train employ a rinse step by high purity CO 2 at high pressure. Depressurization and evacuation of the same bed follow this step. Depressurized gas is recompressed and used for high-pressure rinse. The effluent from the high pressure, high purity rinse step is recycled to the feed.
[0005] U.S. Patent No. 4,299,596 relates to the production of two products at high purity by employing two trains of beds, which are integrated during the feed and co-current depressurization steps. The train producing the more strongly adsorbed species is purged by the co-current depressurized gas after it has been recompressed. Part of the co-current depressurized gas may be recycled for re-pressurization. Evacuation and blowdown steps produce part of the more strongly adsorbed species and part of the purge gas .
[0006] U.S. Patent No. 4,770,676 relates to the production of methane and CO 2 from landfill gas. It is an integrated thermal (TSA) and pressure swing
_ o
adsorption (PSA) process. The waste produced from the PSA regenerates the TSA.
[0007] U.S. Patent No. 4,840,647 relates to production of ≥95% CO 2 from a feed stream containing 10-30% CO 2 at ambient pressure. The process steps are feed, co-current evacuation, countercurrent evacuation to produce product and a repressurization step. Co- current evacuated gas is used for pressure equalizations/repressurization and mixed with the feed.
[0008] U.S. Patent No.' 4,857,083 considers production of CO 2 from a gas mixture. At the end of the feed step, the discharge end of the feed column is connected with the inlet end of the evacuated bed to reduce the pressure in this bed. Carbon dioxide is then produced by evacuation. This is followed by- pressure build up steps .
[0009] U.S. Patent No. 4,913,709 relates to the production of two products at high purity. The reference suggests the use of two trains of beds, which are integrated during the feed and re-pressurization steps. The train producing the more strongly adsorbed species is purged by the more strongly adsorbed species obtained during the evacuation step. This purge is at low pressure and is carried out after the bed has been depressurized. Effluent during the purge step is recompressed and recycled as feed.
[0010] U.S. Patent No. 4,915,711 discloses production of two products at high purity using a single train of beds. The bed is purged by the more strongly adsorbed species obtained during the evacuation step. This purge is at low pressure and is carried out after the bed has been depressurized.
Effluent during the purge step and depressurization step is recompressed and recycled as feed.
[0011] U.S. Patent No. 5,026,406 discloses the production of two products at high purity by employing a single train of beds. The bed is purged by the more strongly adsorbed species obtained during the evacuation step. This purge is at low pressure and is carried out after the bed has been depressurized. Effluent during the purge step and depressurization step is recompressed and recycled as feed.
[0012] U.S. Patent No. 5,051,115 produces a more strongly adsorbed species from a gas mixture at high purity. A co-current purge step is employed by the high purity strongly adsorbed species . This purge stream and product are obtained during the evacuation step. Effluent from the purge step is recycled for repressurization.
[0013] U.S. Patent No. 6,245,127 discusses production of CO 2 from a low-pressure gas mixture at constant purity. It employs simultaneous purge and evacuation steps. The countercurrent purge is carried out by the less strongly adsorbed species.
[0014] It would be desirable to provide economically beneficial processes and apparatus for CO 2 recovery. It would further be desirable for such processes and apparatus to be more efficient and easier to use relative to the prior art .
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] The present invention generally relates to vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) processes and apparatus to recover CO2 having a purity of
approximately ≥90 mole% from streams containing at least CO 2 and H 2 (e.g., syngas). The feed to the CO 2 VPSA unit can be at super ambient pressure. The CO 2 VPSA unit produces three streams, a H 2 -enriched stream, a H 2 -depleted stream and a CO 2 product stream.
[0016] Carbon dioxide produced in accordance with the present invention may be used for any desired purpose . For example and while not to be construed as limiting, CO 2 produced as described herein can be used for liquefaction to produce food-grade quality product (s) , supercritical CO 2 for enhanced oil recovery or simply CO 2 for sequestration to avoid additional green house gases in the atmosphere in order to satisfy regulatory requirements .
[0017] When the CO 2 VPSA unit is installed between an SMR/shift reactor and a H 2 PSA unit, H 2 recovery is expected to be increased by extracting CO 2 , thereby increasing H 2 partial pressure in the H 2 PSA feed stream. The recovered CO 2 can be further upgraded, sequestered or used in applications such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) .
[0018] The present invention utilizes depressurizations of an adsorbent from high pressure to low pressure to increase CO 2 concentration in the bed(s) . After CO 2 concentration is increased, CO 2 product is produced by further pressure reduction. This can be accomplished because of the recognition that for some adsorbents, depressurization from high to low pressure increases CO 2 concentration in the adsorbent bed(s) . Consequently, the need for rinse, purge and/or recycle steps as used in the prior art can be eliminated. This in turn allows for the elimination
of certain pieces of rotating machines (e.g., rinse compressor, purge compressor, recycle compressor) and associated power requirements, thereby providing a process and apparatus which is expected to be simpler to operate and more efficient than prior art systems. The proposed processes do not require steam and thus are expected to reduce the cost of CO 2 separation. To increase CO 2 recovery and reduce H 2 losses, the present invention uses the depressurized gas to build up or increase the pressure in low-pressure beds. The bed depressurization therefore increases CO 2 concentration in the product, and by equalizing with other beds in the unit, at the same time, increases CO 2 recovery since this gas is not wasted. [0019] In preferred embodiments in which the CO 2 VPSA apparatus is installed between a steam methane reformer (SMR) /shift reactor and a H 2 PSA unit, the amount of CO 2 in the feed stream to the H 2 PSA unit is reduced, thereby allowing for increased recovery of H 2 from the H 2 PSA unit . In other embodiments of the present invention, a feed stream can be provided by a partial oxidation reactor or the like. In any of these embodiments, the feed stream to the CO 2 VPSA unit will be a stream containing at least H 2 and CO 2 at high pressure (for example, 100-500 psia) . By eliminating the hardware (i.e. rotating machinery) as mentioned hereinabove, and corresponding power requirements, the present invention is expected to more efficiently produce CO 2 from syngas or other streams containing at least CO 2 and H 2 relative to the prior art.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference should be made to the following Detailed Description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
[0021] Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment in accordance with the present invention in which a CO 2 VPSA unit is positioned upstream of a H 2 PSA unit;
[0022] Figure 2 illustrates an exemplary cycle step chart for a five bed process with two pressure equalizations in accordance with the invention;
[0023] Figure 3 shows a schematic view of the CO 2 VPSA unit for use with the five bed process of Figure 2 in accordance with the present invention;
[0024] Figure 4 shows the operation of the valves outlined in the process schematic of Figure 3 in accordance with the present invention;
[0025] Figure 5 illustrates a cycle chart for an alternative embodiment of the present invention having eight beds with two pressure equalizations;
[0026] Figure 6 illustrates an exemplary cycle step chart for a six bed process with three pressure equalizations in accordance with the present invention;
[0027] Figure 7 shows a schematic view of the CO 2 VPSA unit for use with the six bed process of Figure S in accordance with the present invention; and
[0028] Figure 8 shows the operation of the valves outlined in the process schematic of Figure 7 in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0029] As discussed hereinabove, the present invention generally relates to vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) processes and apparatus to recover CO 2 having a purity of approximately ≥90 mole% from streams containing at least CO 2 and H 2 (e.g., syngas) . The feed to the CO 2 VPSA can be at super ambient pressure. The CO 2 VPSA unit produces three streams, a H 2 -enriched stream, a H 2 -depleted stream and a CO 2 product stream.
[0030] Carbon dioxide produced in accordance with the present invention may be used for any desired purpose. For example and while not to be construed as limiting, CO 2 produced as described herein can be used for liquefaction to produce food-grade quality product (s) , supercritical CO 2 for enhanced oil recovery or simply CO 2 for sequestration to avoid additional green house gases in the atmosphere in order to satisfy regulatory requirements.
[0031] When the CO 2 VPSA unit is installed between an SMR/shift reactor and a H 2 PSA unit, H 2 recovery is expected to be increased by extracting CO 2 , thereby increasing H 2 partial pressure in the H 2 PSA feed stream. The recovered CO 2 can be further upgraded, sequestered or used in applications such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) .
[0032] As mentioned above, the CO 2 VPSA processes and apparatus of the present invention can be used to produce CO 2 having a purity of approximately ≥90 mole% from streams containing at least CO 2 and H 2 (e.g., syngas) . The feed to the CO 2 VPSA can be at super ambient pressure. The CO 2 VPSA unit produces three
streams, a H 2 -enriched stream, a H2~depleted stream and a CO 2 product stream.
[0033] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention and as illustrated in Figure 1, system 10 includes CO 2 VPSA unit 30 positioned upstream of H 2 PSA unit 28. As discussed above, natural gas 12 and steam 14 can be reformed in steam methane reformer 16 to produce stream 18, as outlined in equation (1) hereinabove . Stream 18 is then fed to shift reactor 20 to produce stream 22 as outlined in equation (2) , as also set forth above. Stream 22 can be fed to CO 2 VPSA unit 30 via stream 24. Valve 26 will therefore typically be in the closed position and is in the open position when the CO 2 VPSA unit is not being used. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that valve 26 may alternatively be in the partially open position depending on the desired process capacity (i.e., CO 2 recovery) .
[0034] When the arrangement shown in Figure 1 is used with processes and apparatus in accordance with the present invention, CO 2 -rich stream 36 (e.g. ≥90 mole%) can be produced, together with H 2 -rich feed 32 that is expected to result in higher H 2 recovery 38 from H 2 PSA unit 28, and H 2 -depleted stream 34 (fuel stream) for use in the plant. Hydrogen PSA unit 28 can also produce fuel stream 40 for use in plant 10.
[0035] The present invention recognizes that depressurizations of a CO 2 -selective adsorbent layer increases the CO 2 concentration in the adsorbent bed(s). More specifically, the present invention recognizes and utilizes depressurizations of an adsorbent from high pressure (e.g./ 100-500 psia) to
low pressure (s) (i.e., close to ambient and/or subambient pressures) to increase CO 2 concentration in the bed.
[0036] As used herein, a "feed stream" being fed to a CO 2 VPSA unit in accordance with the present invention is a stream containing at least H 2 and CO 2 at a pressure between about 100-500 psia (e.g., 375 psia) . After the CO 2 concentration is increased by multiple depressurizations, it can be used to produce the CO 2 product by further pressure reduction. For some adsorbents, depressurization from high to low pressure increases CO 2 concentration in the adsorbent bed. This step in the process can be used to eliminate several process steps as described in the prior art . Consequently, several pieces of rotating machinery
(e.g., rinse compressor, purge compressor, recycle compressor) and associated power requirements can be eliminated, thus providing a process and system that enhances operation and improves efficiency. In a first illustrative embodiment of the present invention shown in Figures 2-4, the CO 2 VPSA unit includes five beds and utilizes nine steps. At any given time during the process, the beds will be in one of the following categories of steps: feed, depressurizations, evacuation, pressure equalizations and repressurization. A variation to the nine-step process shown in Figure 2 is shown in Figure 5. In the embodiment shown in Figure 5, eight beds are used rather than five beds.
[0037] In a second and alternative exemplary embodiment of the present invention shown in Figures 6- 8, the CO 2 VPSA unit includes six beds and utilizes
eleven steps. At any given time during the process, the beds will be in one of the following categories of steps: feed, depressurizations, evacuation, pressure equalizations and repressurization.
[0038] In any of the embodiments, each bed is preferably packed with at least two layers of adsorbents. The type and sizing of the adsorbent layer toward the feed end (i.e., a water-selective adsorbent layer) in the bed is selected to remove moisture in the feed stream such that any residual moisture does not deteriorate the performance of the main (i.e., CO 2 - selective) adsorbent layer. The water-selective adsorbent layer is also preferably capable of removing impurities (e.g., trace amounts of sulfur or heavy hydrocarbon compounds) from the feed stream, to the extent such impurities are present. The main, second adsorbent layer (i.e., the CO 2 -selective adsorbent layer) is used for selectively adsorbing CO 2 from the feed stream after sufficient moisture has been removed. For the first adsorbent layer (i.e. the water-selective adsorbent layer) , adsorbents such as activated alumina, silica gel or zeolite molecular sieve are preferred.
[0039] These adsorbents are intended to be illustrative and other adsorbents capable of removing sufficient moisture are also suitable for use in accordance with the present invention. Preferred characteristics for such adsorbent (s) include: high crush strength capabilities, high attrition resistance, large bulk density, low inter-particle void, high heat capacity, large thermal conductivity, low-pressure drop and stable in liquid water.
[0040] The main adsorbent layer (i.e., the CO 2 - selective adsorbent layer) following the water- selective adsorbent layer preferably has the following characteristics: high selectivity, high working capacity, fast kinetics and low heat of adsorption. Typical examples of such adsorbents include, but are not limited to: NaY, HY, NaX, silica gel, and activated carbon. Other desired physical properties of the main layer adsorbents (i.e. the CO 2 -selective layer) include high crush strength, high attrition resistance, large bulk density, low inter-particle void, high heat capacity, large thermal conductivity and low-pressure drop during the feed and evacuation steps.
[0041] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a composite mixed layer containing both adsorbents could be used in the present invention so long as the characteristics of the adsorbents are satisfied. Referring now to Figures 2-4, a CO 2 VPSA unit having five beds (A1-A5) and utilizing nine process steps are shown. This embodiment of the invention employs two pressure equalizations, as shown. These process steps include :
1. Feed Step: A feed stream 24 (shown in Figure 1) containing at least CO 2 and H 2 gases at a high pressure between about 100-500 psia (for example, about 375 psia) and produced by the shift reactor 20 is diverted to the CO 2 VPSA unit of the present invention. High- pressure effluent 32 (i.e., a H 2 -enriched stream) from the CO 2 VPSA unit (unit 30 in Figure 1) is sent to the H 2 PSA unit 28, which in turn produces high-pressure, high purity H 2 product (stream 38 in Figure 1) . After
a predetermined time or after CO 2 breakthrough from the bed on the feed 24, the feed step is terminated.
2. Co-Current (CoC) Depressurization 1 (DPI) : The CO 2 VPSA bed, which has finished the feed step is now at high feed pressure (e.g., 100-500 psia) , is depressurized to a medium pressure (e.g., 80-400 psia) in a direction the same (shown in Figure 2) or opposite (not shown in Figure 2) as the feed flow.
3. Co-Current (CoC) Depressurization 2 (DP2) : The CO 2 VPSA bed, which is now at some medium pressure (e.g., 80-400 psia), is further depressurized to a lower pressure (e.g., 60-300 psia) in a direction the same (shown in Figure 2) or opposite (not shown in Figure 2) as the feed flow.
4. Co-Current (CoC) or Counter Current (CcC) Depressurization 3 (Fuel) : The CO 2 VPSA bed, which is now at a pressure lower than at the start of step 3
(DP2) is further depressurized in a direction the same (shown in Figure 2) or opposite (not shown in Figure 2) to the feed flow direction to produce a H 2 -depleted stream. This stream (stream 34 in Figure 1) contains less H 2 than the H 2 in stream 24. The H 2 -depleted stream is optionally and preferably mixed with fuel stream 40 generated by H 2 PSA unit 28 and is fed to SMR burners (unit 16) . Alternatively, stream 34 can be sent to an incinerator or vented, depending on regulatory considerations and desired use. This step is carried out to a predetermined pressure level, P * . For a feed pressure of about 375 psia, P* is in the range of about 30-130 psia for the embodiments shown in Figures 2-5.
As P* is reduced, CO 2 purity in the product increases and CO 2 recovery from the process decreases (and is used as stream 34) . Accordingly, P* for the CO 2 VPSA process can be determined and designed based upon customer demand and requirements.
5. Blowdown (BD) ; The CO 2 VPSA bed, which is at the predetermined pressure level (P * ) , is now depressurized close to ambient pressure (for example, about 20 psia) in a direction the same (not shown in Figure 2) or opposite (shown in Figure 2) to the feed flow to produce CO 2 product 36b shown in Figure 3. This stream may constitute part of the CO 2 product
(stream 36 in Figure 3) .
6. Evacuation (Evac): The CO 2 VPSA bed, which is close to ambient pressure (e.g., about 20 psia), is evacuated using vacuum pump 44 to a predetermined low pressure (i.e., a subambient pressure, for example about 1-12 psia) in a direction the same as (not shown in Figure 2) or opposite (shown in Figure 2) to the feed flow. This stream (stream 36a in Figure 3) constitutes part of the CO 2 product (stream 36 in the Figures) . Optionally, stream 36a can be further compressed using a blower (not shown) prior to passing to tank 42.
7. Countercurrent (CcC) Pressure Equalization 2 (PE2) : The evacuated bed is now pressure equalized to the pressure range of the gas produced in step 3 (DP2) (60-300 psia) in a direction the same as (not shown in Figure 2) or opposite (shown in Figure 2) to the feed flow. This step increases CO 2 recovery by keeping the CO 2 from step 3 within the VPSA system. This minimizes
CO 2 loss by eliminating the need to send the CO 2 to a waste stream or to the fuel stream 34.
8. Countercurrent Pressure (CcC) Equalization 1 (PEl) : The bed pressure equalized in step 7 is further pressure equalized to the pressure range of the gas produced in step 2 (DPI) (80-400 psia) in a direction the same as (not shown in Figure 2) or opposite (shown in Figure 2) to the feed flow. This step further increases CO 2 recovery by keeping the CO 2 from step 2 within the VPSA system. This minimizes CO 2 loss by eliminating the need to send the CO 2 to a waste stream or to the fuel stream 34.
9. Repressurization (RP) : The pressure-equalized bed is repressurized to a feed pressure (100-500 psia) either by the feed gas or by part of the effluent generated from another bed in step 1 (i.e. feed effluent) . Following repressurization to feed pressure, this bed is now ready to go back to step 1. As further shown in Figure 3, CO 2 product 36 is formed of CO 2 from streams 36a (step 6) and 36b (step 5) by product tank 42. Product 36 is expected to have a CO 2 purity level of approximately 90 mole% or greater.
[0042] The nine-step process described is for one cycle for one bed in the CO 2 VPSA unit. The nine steps in this embodiment are carried out in a cyclic manner with the other beds in the CO 2 VPSA unit such that the feed-in and feed-effluent from step 1 are continuous. In addition, the evacuation step is continuous. This ensures that the vacuum pump operates continuously and that there is no interruption in feed into the CO 2 VPSA or to the H 2 PSA units .
[0043] In the embodiment described above, five adsorption beds are preferred to maintain the continuity of the key process steps. As described, this may be achieved by the process configuration as illustrated by the cycle chart in Figure 2. A corresponding schematic flow diagram is shown in Figure 3. The various valves in Figure 3 can be operated in the manner illustrated in Figure 4 to accomplish the nine steps in the five-bed process described hereinabove . For purposes of illustration and while not to be construed as limiting, typical step durations are listed in the left most columns of Figure 4. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such step durations are only exemplary and are provided for purposes of illustration.
[0044] When the feed flow is large, the arrangement shown in Figures 2-4 can be modified to use two trains of five beds, thus doubling the throughput capacity of the CO 2 VPSA unit. An alternative to a two train, five-bed arrangement for such flows is shown in Figure 5. The variation shown in Figure 5 is also a nine-step process having two pressure equalizations as described above. In this embodiment, however, one train of eight beds (A1-A8) is used. In addition and as shown in Figure 5, two beds are continuously in a feed step and at least two beds are continuously in an evacuation step.
[0045] An alternative and preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in Figures 6-8. This embodiment allows for higher CO 2 recovery. The arrangement shown in Figures 6-8 utilizes one train of six beds in the CO 2 VPSA unit. In this embodiment,
there are eleven process steps and three pressure equalizations .
[0046] As shown in Figure 6, steps DP3 and PE3 are additional steps relative to the embodiment shown in Figures 2-4. A process cycle for the embodiment shown in Figures 6-8 is as follows:
1. Feed Step: A feed stream 24 (shown in Figure 1) containing at least CO 2 and H 2 gases at a high pressure between about 100-500 psia (for example, about 375 psia) and produced by the shift reactor 20 is diverted to the CO 2 VPSA unit of the present invention. High- pressure effluent 32 (i.e., a H 2 -enriched stream) from the CO 2 VPSA unit (unit 30 in Figure 1) is sent to the H 2 PSA unit 28, which in turn produces high-pressure, high purity H 2 product (stream 38 in Figure 1) . After a predetermined time or after CO 2 breakthrough from the bed on the feed 24, the feed step is terminated.
2. Co-Current (CoC) Depressurization 1 (DPI) : The CO 2 VPSA bed, which has finished the feed step is now at high feed pressure (e.g., 100-500 psia), is depressurized to a medium pressure (e.g., 80-400 psia) in a direction the same (shown in Figure 6) or opposite (not shown in Figure 6) as the feed flow.
3. Co-Current (CoC) Depressurization 2 (DP2) : The CO 2 VPSA bed, which is now at some medium pressure (e.g., 80-400 psia), is further depressurized to a lower pressure (e.g., 60-300 psia) in a direction the same as (shown in Figure 6) or opposite (not shown in Figure 6) as the feed flow.
4. Co-Current (CoC) Depressurization 3 (DP3) : The CO 2 VPSA bed, which is now at some medium pressure (e.g., 60-300 psia), is further depressurized to a
lower pressure (e.g., 50-200 psia) in a direction the same as (shown in Figure 6) or opposite (not shown in Figure 6) as the feed flow.
5. Co-Current (CoC) or Counter Current (CcC) Depressurization 4 (Fuel): The CO 2 VPSA bed, which is now at a pressure lower than at the start of step 4
(DP3) is further depressurized in a direction the same (shown in Figure 6) or opposite (not shown in Figure 6) to the feed flow direction to produce a H 2 -depleted stream. This stream (stream 34 in Figure 1) contains less H 2 than the H 2 in stream 24. The H 2 -depleted stream is optionally and preferably mixed with fuel stream 40 generated by H 2 PSA unit 28 and is fed to SMR burners (unit 16) . Alternatively, stream 34 can be sent to an incinerator or vented, depending on regulatory considerations and desired use. This step is carried out to a predetermined pressure level, P * . For a feed pressure of about 375 psia, P* is in the range of about 30-100 psia for the embodiment shown in Figures 6-8. As P* is reduced, CO 2 purity in the product increases and CO 2 recovery from the process decreases (and is used as stream 34) . Accordingly, P* for the CO 2 VPSA process can be determined and designed based upon customer demand and requirements .
6. Blowdown (BD) : The CO 2 VPSA bed, which is at the predetermined pressure level (P * ) , is now depressurized close to ambient pressure (for example, about 20 psia) in a direction the same (not shown in Figure 6) or opposite (shown in Figure 6) to the feed flow to produce CO 2 product 36b shown in Figure 7. This stream may constitute part of the CO 2 product
(stream 36 in Figure 7) .
7. Evacuation (Evac.) ; The CO 2 VPSA bed, which is close to ambient pressure (e.g., about 20 psia) , is evacuated using vacuum pump 44 to a predetermined low pressure (i.e., a subambient pressure, for example about 1-12 psia) in a direction the same as (not shown in Figure 6) or opposite (shown in Figure 6) to the feed flow. This stream (stream 36a in Figure 7) constitutes part of the CO 2 product (stream 36 in the Figures) . Optionally, stream 36a can be further compressed using a blower (not shown) prior to passing to tank 42.
8. Countercurrent (CcC) Pressure Equalization 3 (PE3) : The evacuated bed is now pressure equalized to the pressure range of the gas produced in step 4 (DP3)
(50-200 psia) in a direction the same as (not shown in Figure 6) or opposite (shown in Figure 6) to the feed flow. This step increases CO 2 recovery by keeping the CO 2 from step 4 within the VPSA system. This minimizes CO 2 loss by eliminating the need to send the CO 2 to a waste stream or to the fuel stream 34.
9. Countercurrent (CcC) Pressure Equalization 2 (PE2) : The bed pressure equalized in step 8 is now pressure equalized to the pressure range of the gas produced in step 3 (DP2) (60-300 psia) in a direction the same as (not shown in Figure 6) or opposite (shown in Figure 6) to the feed flow. This step increases CO 2 recovery by keeping the CO 2 from step 3 within the VPSA system. This minimizes CO 2 loss by eliminating the need to send the CO 2 to a waste stream or to the fuel stream 34.
10. Countercurrent Pressure (CcC) Equalization 1 (PEl) : The bed pressure equalized in step 9 is further
pressure equalized to the pressure range of the gas produced in step 2 (DPI) (80-400 psia) in a direction the same as (not shown in Figure 6) or opposite (shown in Figure 6) to the feed flow. This step further increases CO 2 recovery by keeping the CO 2 from step 2 within the VPSA system. This minimizes CO 2 loss by eliminating the need to send the CO 2 to a waste stream or to the fuel stream 34.
11. Repressurization (RP) : The pressure-equalized bed is repressurized to a feed pressure (100-500 psia) either by the feed gas or by part of the effluent generated from another bed in step 1 (i.e. feed effluent) . Following repressurization to feed pressure, this bed is now ready to go back to step 1. As further shown in Figure 7, CO 2 product 36 is formed of CO 2 from streams 36b (step 6) and 36a (step 7) by product tank 42. Product 36 is expected to have a CO 2 purity level of approximately 90 mole% or greater.
[0047] The eleven-step process described is for one cycle for one bed in the CO 2 VPSA unit . The eleven steps in this embodiment are carried out in a cyclic manner with the other beds in the CO 2 VPSA unit such that the feed-in and feed-effluent from step 1 are continuous. In addition, the evacuation step is continuous. This ensures that the vacuum pump operates continuously and that there is no interruption in feed into the CO 2 VPSA or to the H 2 PSA units.
[0048] In the embodiment described above in Figures 6-8, six adsorption beds are preferred to maintain the continuity of the key process steps. As described, this may be achieved by the process configuration as illustrated by the cycle chart in Figure 6. A
corresponding schematic flow diagram is shown in Figure 7. The various valves in Figure 7 can be operated in the manner illustrated in Figure 8 to accomplish the eleven steps in the six-bed process described hereinabove . For purposes of illustration and while not to be construed as limiting, typical step durations are listed in the left most columns of Figure 8. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such step durations are only exemplary and provided for purposes of illustration.
Example
[0049] The nine step process cycle of Figure 2 described above was tested on a single-bed bench scale unit and is expected to readily scale up for a five-bed system. The inner diameter (ID) of the column was 0.68 inches and the packed bed height was 5 feet . The column was packed with about 0.5 Ib of commercially available 1/16 inch NaY pellets. The feed contained 74 mole% helium (to simulate H 2 for safety reasons) , 16 mole% CO 2 and 10 mole% CH 4 (to simulate CH 4 +CO + N 2 ) - The feed was at about 374 psia.
[0050] The process was run in a cyclic manner until it reached cyclic steady state. The bed was depressurized to about 20 psia. This was followed by evacuation to about 4 psia. The quantity and concentration of the depressurized and evacuated gas was measured. By choosing the pressure at the end of the fourth step (P * ) to be about 40 psia, the total CO 2 produced from steps five and six was approximately 1 mmole/lb at about 93% CO 2 purity and about 75% recovery.
[0051] By operating the same single bed unit in an eleven step process (including three pressure equalizations as shown in Figure 6) as described above with reference to the six-bed arrangement , CO 2 recovery increased to about 77% (with about 93% purity) . Such results are expected to readily scale up for a six-bed system.
[0052] It is expected that the present invention can be modified to produce higher amounts of CO 2 . For example, one may need or desire to process higher feed flow rates than may be handled by a single vacuum train or single vessel (due to fluidization or transportation limitations) . In such situations, the nine process steps may be arranged such that more than one bed is on feed all the time and/or more than one bed is under evacuation all the time. As discussed hereinabove, an example of such an arrangement is shown in Figure 5 for a process with two pressure equalizations.
[0053] The processes described herein may be operated at feed pressures higher than 100 psia, and more preferably greater than 300 psia (for example, about 375 psia) . Carbon dioxide in the feed gas is preferably higher than 10 mole%, and most preferably greater than 15 mole% (e.g., 15-25 mole!) . Feed temperature may be between about 40-200 0 F, more preferably between about 60-150 0 F, and most preferably about 100 0 F.
[0054] In alternative embodiments of the present invention, storage tanks may be added in place of some of the adsorbent beds in the process cycle to store some of the intermediate gas streams such as the
depressurized gas. The purpose of these storage tanks is to maintain flow into and out of the CO 2 VPSA unit as continuous.
[0055] The present invention thus provides vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) processes and apparatus to recover CO 2 having a purity of approximately ≥90 mole% from streams containing at least CO2 and H 2 (e.g., syngas) . In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention, there is constant feed, constant product being produced and rotating machinery is preferably run continuously so as to eliminate unnecessary tank(s) . If, however, there are reasons for limiting the number of adsorbent beds
(e.g., high cost of the adsorbent) storage tanks instead of the adsorbent vessels may be used as explained above. While every bed in a given process cycle goes through the same cycle, the number of beds is to be minimized taking these factors into consideration.
[0056] The feed to the CO 2 VPSA unit can be at super ambient pressure, and the CO 2 product can be produced in two streams as described above. When the CO 2 VPSA unit is installed upstream of a H 2 PSA unit, H 2 recovery is expected to increase by extracting the CO 2 , thereby increasing H 2 partial pressure in the H 2 PSA feed stream. The recovered CO 2 can be used as produced or further upgraded such as shown in commonly owned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/395,137, filed on even date herewith and entitled "Carbon Dioxide Production Method" by Shah et al . , the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . The
recovered CO 2 can then be used, sequestered or used in applications such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) .
[0057] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to embodiments where the CO 2 VPSA unit is placed downstream of an SMR/shift reactor and upstream of a H 2 PSA unit . The present invention can also be used, for example, with a partial oxidation reactor together with any, feed stream as defined hereinabove. It will also be appreciated that in some cases, the pressure equalization steps could be eliminated. This may reduce H 2 and/or CO 2 recovery since more H 2 and/or CO 2 could be present in stream 34. In such cases, the number of beds may be reduced.
[0058] It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the specific embodiments disclosed above may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims .
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