CEREALS, HERBS, MEDICINES AND GRANULATE

Technical Field to Which the Invention Relates

The invention belongs to the field of drying fruits, vegetables, cereals, herbs, medicines, granulate and the technology of moisture evaporation under reduced pressure, e.g. in vacuum.

According to the International Patent Classification the patent code is: F 26B 5/04

Technical Problem

How to design a dryer for drying fruits, vegetable, cereals, herbs, medicines and granulate, so that the drying process is performed under reduced pressure, which is below the atmospheric pressure, i.e. low-pressure, to improve the drying process in lower vacuum and lower temperatures, as well as to save energy, so the feed of heat is uniform and through direct contact with the heating surfaces, whose positon is changing constantly with gentle rotation of the dryer and with the same device washing of the products before drying as well as washing of the device after drying can be performed.

State of the Art

From available literature and propaganda materials from national and international manufacturers, as well patent based research, the drying process is carried out in a low-pressure chamber, but the product is placed on a fixed wattle, or in a mix chamber, whereby only a small part of the same surface of the drying products is exposed to the heating surface. The disadvantage of this process is the high energy consumption as well as the product sticks to the wattle during the drying process because of the movement deficit, or the product gets damaged by the mixer and therefore the membrane or outer part of the product is also damaged. The whole space of the drying chamber is exposed to vacuum, which limits the capacity, because the increasing dimensions require great reinforcements in structure to withstand the forces caused by vacuum. The existing solutions require pre-washing of the products in separate devices. Charging and discharging of such dryers is done by hand, as well as their cleaning and washing after drying. This causes great time consumption for preparing dryers for a new drying cycle.

Essence of the Invention

The -essence of the invention is the evaporation of the fluid from the product, which is performed under low-pressure is achieved through direct contact of the product with the heating surfaces, because the products are put into the vacuum area, which consists of multiple smaller cylinders in which snails are pivoted and these small cylinders are fitted into one big cylinder which is rotating gently around its axis. This produces a slight movement of the products achieving that all parts of the products get in contact with the internal volume of the smaller cylinders and snails, which are heated with warm water that circulates through the larger cylinder and the void in the snails. This contributes to saving energy while drying because the pressure can be dropped below 50 millibars and the drying temperature below 40°C, but the heat transfer to the product does not decrease significantly (vacuum is essentially an insulator for heat transfer and therefore the existing vacuum dryers consume more energy and for the same capacity they are considerably larger than the dryer which is the subject of this invention), and with the small and continuous movements of the products capillary phenomena in the products are promoted, which further accelerates the evaporation of fluid from the products, and the products do not stick to the heating surface, so the membrane of the product is not damaged and a superior quality of dried product is achieved. The invention also enables washing of products before drying, and also washing of the smaller cylinders and the snails after unloading of dried products in the same device, because the snails which are in the smaller cylinders facilitate cleaning of the smaller cylinders (the washing process with the existing dryers is done by hand and takes a long time, which reduces the productivity of the dryer). The invention also enables that the space for the products, i.e. smaller cylinders (1), is fed with chemical solutions, for example, to protect the cereal from fungal disease, or improving the appearance of the product after drying. Using PLC controllers, these processes take place fully automatically.

A Brief Description of the Drawings:

The invention is shown in the following illustration draft:

Figure 1. shows the device in a vertical position in the cross section view (in this position the dryer is loaded with products)

Figure 2. shows the device in a horizontal position (in this position washing of products prior to drying is carried out, also the drying of the products and washing of the small cylinders and snails after the finished process of drying is carried out)

Detailed Description of the Invention

The present invention, vacuum rotary automatic dryer, for fruits, vegetable, cereals, herbs, medicines and granulate, consists of a box frame 5 in which in the top section an axle 18 is horizontally supported to which a frame 8 is mounted. In the frame 8 a cylinder 4 is supported, which rotates around its axis using an electric motor 1 1, and using a pneumatic cylinder 19 which is attached to the box frame 5 and the frame 8 can be rotated in a vertical and horizontal position. In the cylinder 4, there are inserted and mounted smaller cylinders 1 in which the snails 3, 41 are mounted, which rotate because of the chain 15 and the sprocket 16 mounted in the casing 17. The drive of the sprocket 16 is achieved using the rotating movement of cylinder 4, on whose shaft 9 the central sprocket 23 is located, which is mounted with the bearing 44 on the shaft 9, which can rotate freely, whereby the central sprocket 23 stays still until the electromagnetic clutch 14 does not fix it to the shaft 9 and forces it to rotate together with the shaft 9, which transfers rotation using the chain 24 and the sprocket 12 to the snail 3 and further to the snails 41. Heating the dryer is done with warm water, which is fed from an external source (e.g. heat pump, solar collectors, biomass boiler, gas boiler or electric power) using the swivel joint 25 through the shaft 9, which is hollow in the space of the central tube 26. Warm water from the central tube 26 flows around the external surfaces of the small cylinders 1 and coming into the space of cylinder 4 in front of the entrance of axle 13, snail 3 and the entrance of the snails 41 through which the water passes up to the hollow shaft 27 and through the swivel joint 28 back to the external source of warm water. Vacuum is achieved using a vacuum pump 2 which is mounted to the frame 5 and connected with tubes 29, 30 through the condenser 31 and vacuum distributor 20 with the space under cover 32 which aligns with the top sheet 10 of cylinder 4 and closes the small cylinders 1. Therefore, vacuum acts only in the space under cover 32, i.e. in small cylinders 1. When it comes to evaporation, the vacuum pump 2 constantly draws vapor from the space of cylinder 1 through the condenser 31 where vapor is condensed. On this occasion transferred heat, achieved with condensed vapor using the heat pump 45, returns to the source of the heat achieving additional savings and energy effectiveness from this process. Releasing condensate, or rather distilled water, is done with a tap 33 and this water is used as a by-product. Products are loaded with the dispenser 6 and hopper 7 in the space between the entrance of the small cylinders 1 and the casing 17, and product-dozing is stopped when the space is full. The cylinder 4, in that occasion is in a vertical position and rotates slowly during dozing. The cover 32 is placed in an open position using a pneumatic cylinder 34 and a pneumatic valve 35. In that moment the electromagnetic clutch 14 is turned on and the rotation of snail 3 and snails 44 starts, loading the space of the small cylinders 1 with products to dry. After loading of the small cylinders 1 by turning on the pneumatic control valve 36 and the pneumatic cylinder 19, the cylinder 4 is placed in a horizontal position. By turning on the pneumatic control valve 37 and the pneumatic cylinder 38, the cover 39 is opened and the surplus of product which did not stay in the space of small cylinders 1 is removed. By turning on the pneumatic control valve 35, using the pneumatic cylinder 34 the small cylinders 1 are closed with cover 32. By turning on the circulation pump 21 water for washing the product is fed through the vacuum distributor 20 into the space of small cylinders 1 to 1/3 of their volume. Water is heated for more effective washing. The entire time cylinder 4 is rotating constantly with a possibility of change of direction of the rotation as desired. During washing and later during drying, the rotation of the operating snail 3 and also the snails 41 are stopped. After washing of products, with the micro-switch 42 the cylinder 4 is positioned so that the tap 40 has the lowest position and by using the pneumatic cylinder 43 it acts on the tap 40 and water is let out into the sewer.

In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, vacuum is realized only in the small cylinders 1, in that part of the space which is not filled with products, which significantly reduces the dimensions and the quantity of materials used for construction of the dryer, as well as the amount of used energy because the volume of the vacuum is minimal, and considering the rotation of cylinder 4 the products simultaneously perform slight movements in the small cylinders 1 due to which all the surfaces of the products are in contact with the walls of the small cylinders 1 and the snails 3, 41, which stimulates the capillary phenomena in products, so that the evaporation of fluid from products is additionally accelerated which additionally reduces energy consumption. The invention also allows that in the same device, washing of products before drying, as well as washing of small cylinders 1, operating snail 3 and snails 41 after unloading of dried products, can be performed, which shortens the cycle of washing between two processes of drying. The invention also allows that in the space for products i.e. smaller cylinders 1, chemical solutions in liquid or gaseous state can be fed, i.e. in order to protect cereal from fungal infection or improving the appearance of the product after drying, and using a PLC controller 22, these processes are fully automatic.

Type of Industrial or Other Applications of the Invention

The subject of the invention, vacuum rotary automatic dryer for fruits, vegetables, cereals, herbs, medicines and granulate, is technologically feasible for manufacturing, because the equipment for its production does not need new technologies and special machines.