VAPORIZER AND LIQUID DELIVERY SYSTEM USING SAME Field of Invention The present invention relates to liquid vaporizers and more particularly to a liquid vaporizer in which vaporization of a liquid is accelerated by the use of a novel arrangement of coaxially-aligned, thin, flat, thermally-conductive disks having different diameters, and by the introduction of a gas in a novel and useful way.
Background of the Invention Various processes utilize reactive gases carefully introduced into a processing chamber. For example, in the semi-conductor industry, precisely controlled amounts of a processing gas are often carefully introduced into a processing chamber for reaction with certain material(s) on a wafer to produce desired structures or devices. Some of these gases would be liquids at the process temperature and pressure and are generally classified as low vapor pressure liquids. It is not uncommon for a process to be run at a temperature and pressure where one of the required materials will not exist in purely gaseous form. The typical method of providing such materials in vapor form uses a device referred to as a bubbler. A bubbler is a heated container partially filled with the liquid in question. A gas is bubbled up through the liquid and combines with the vapor from the liquid. The resulting gas/ vapor mixture is then introduced into the process. Bubblers are not ideally suited to the precise control required for introduction of vapor to a processing chamber because of cumbersome plumbing and heating problems associated with those devices. Accordingly, attempts have been made to create a flash vaporizer, particularly adapted for semi-conductor processes, for providing various materials in vapor form. Flash vaporizers are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,361,800 and 5 ,371 ,828 to Ewing, currently assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The disclosed vaporizers include a heater assembly in thermal contact with a stack of thermally conductive, thin, flat disks biased together with a spring-loaded anvil. The heater assembly heats the disks to a temperature in excess of the flash point of the liquid to be vaporized at the process pressure. Liquid is supplied from a pumping
system through a tube passing through the center of the coaxially stacked disks and is forced between the parallel disks, against the bias of the spring-loaded anvil. The liquid is heated by the hot surfaces of the disks to a temperature above its flash point and is vaporized. However, there are many liquids that cannot be vaporized at the process temperature and pressure. The present invention is useful in addressing this limitation of the prior art devices. As used herein, the term "evaporation" means the conversion of a liquid to a vapor by the addition of latent heat. "Vaporization" , or "volatilization" , means the conversion of a liquid to a vapor by the application of heat and/or by reducing the pressure on the material. It is known that an equilibrium condition exists above the surface of a liquid, such that the number of molecules escaping the liquid surface equals the number of molecules re-entering the liquid. Each liquid has a characteristic vapor pressure- temperature profile. One can accelerate the vaporization process by increasing the rate at which vapor molecules escape from the liquid surface, by decreasing the rate at which liquid molecules reenter the liquid surface, and by increasing the vaporization surface area. By increasing the temperature of the liquid, the rate at which vapor molecules escape the liquid surface can be increased. By removing the escaping vapor molecules as they leave the liquid surface (thereby effectively lowering the pressure on the liquid surface), the reentry rate can be decreased. If the pressure on the liquid surface is constant, one can effectively reduce the partial pressure of the vapor molecules above the liquid surface, and thus accelerate the removal of vapor molecules from the liquid surface, by flowing a gas across die liquid surface. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,204,314 to Kirlin et al., in which a carrier gas is flowed past a heated foraminous matric element upon which the source reagent is deposited in liquid form to yield a carrier gas mixture containing the source reagent which is subsequently introduced into a processing chamber. This vaporization process can be further optimized by increasing the vaporization surface area. For rapid vaporization, the liquid should form an extremely thin film on the vaporization surfaces, such as the heated disks in the
Ewing patents. Thus, a large vaporization area and a means for accelerating the vaporization would be a desirable and beneficial combination.
Objects of the Invention It is an object of the present invention to provide a means for rapidly converting a low vapor pressure liquid to a vapor. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved liquid vaporizer over those described in the above-noted prior art. And anodier object of the present invention is to accelerate the vaporization rate of a liquid in a vaporizer. Yet another object of the present invention is to increase the ability of the liquid to form a film on the surfaces of the heated disks in the flash vaporizer of the type described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,361 ,800 and 5,371 ,828. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a vaporizer which can be used with or without an auxiliary gas.
Summary of the Invention These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by a liquid vaporizer which provides a precisely controlled amount of liquid material in vapor form. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the vaporizer comprises an enclosed vaporizing chamber having an inlet port, an outlet port, and a stack of coaxially-aligned, thermally-conductive, thin, flat disks comprising a first plurality of larger diameter disks of a first diameter D, stacked with a second plurality of smaller diameter disks of a second diameter D 2 smaller than D, . The stack of disks is positioned within the vaporizing chamber between the inlet port and the outlet port so ti at a liquid entering d e chamber through the inlet port is forced between adjacent disks of die stack and is vaporized prior to exiting d e outlet port. The evaporator vaporizer further includes biasing means for axially compressing the disks of the stack together, and heating means for heating the disks to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the liquid.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a liquid vaporizer comprises an enclosed vaporizing chamber having an inlet and outlet port, a plurality of coaxially-aligned. thermally-conductive, thin, flat heatable disks sized, shaped and assembled so as to provide a vaporization area, and biased together so that liquid introduced into the inlet port passes between the disks. The vaporizer includes means for introducing a gas into the vaporization area so as to accelerate the vaporization of liquid introduced into the vaporization area. In one embodiment, where at least two disk sizes are provided, means are provided for establishing a liquid film on at least a portion of the surfaces of the larger diameter disks and for accelerating the vaporization of the liquid. In another embodiment where at least two disk sizes are provided, the vaporization area is defined as including the outer perimeter of each larger diameter disk of the stack of disks. Each of the larger diameter disks includes at least one aperture, and preferably a plurality of apertures closely spaced equidistantly from the center of each disk by a predetermined amount, for introducing the gas. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the vaporizer includes pluralities of disks of at least two diameter sizes, with each of the plurality of larger disks being adjacent to at least one disk of die other plurality of smaller disks. In accordance with anodier aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for vaporizing a liquid into a gas comprises a liquid vaporizer as described above in combination with a positive displacement pump system coupled to the inlet port of die vaporizing chamber. The positive displacement pump system delivers liquid to the vaporizer at a substantially continuous and constant volumetric rate and pressure. Odier objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter. The invention accordingly comprises the apparatus possessing the construction, combination of elements and arrangement of pans which are exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, die scope of which will be indicated in die claims.
Brief Description of the Drawings For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIGURE 1 is a side view, in partial cross section, of one embodiment of a liquid vaporizer of the present invention; FIGURE 2A is a cross-sectional view of a stack of coaxially aligned, thermally conductive, thin, flat disks in a preferred arrangement within the liquid vaporizer; FIGURE 2B is a cross-sectional view of a stack of coaxially aligned, thermally conductive, thin, flat disks in an alternative arrangement within the liquid vaporizer; FIGURE 3 is a radial sectional view of the stack of disks shown in FIGURE 2A, in which a larger diameter disk and a smaller diameter disk are adjacent to one another in the stack of disks, and in which various dimensions of the disks are shown; FIGURE 4 is a side view, in partial cross section, of another embodiment of an evaporator vaporizer in accordance with the present invention and further including means for establishing a liquid film on at least a portion of the surfaces of the larger diameter disks; FIGURE 5 is an enlarged, cross-sectional detail view of a portion of the vaporizer of FIGURE 4 illustrating the flow of gas through the vaporizing chamber and dirough the apertures and over at least a portion of the surfaces of the larger diameter disks; and FIGURE 6 is a schematic illustration of a liquid delivery system for delivering a liquid in vapor form according to another aspect of the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Drawings In the drawings the same numbers are used to refer to the same or similar parts, and die same number with letters designates identical parts.
Referring to FIGURE 1, the liquid vaporizer of the present invention, generally shown as 100, comprises a block assembly 102 including a heating block 104 and a cover block 106 with a suitable seal 108 secured dierebetween. The blocks 104 and 106 and seal 108 are shaped and secured together so as to define an enclosed vaporizing chamber 110 having an inlet 112, preferably formed through the heater block 104, for the introduction of a liquid 150 thereto, and an outlet 114 from which vapor 160 exits the chamber. The vaporizer 100 further includes a stack of coaxially aligned, diermally-conductive, thin, flat disks 120. The disks include central apertures 122, all of which are axially aligned in the stack and preferably mounted coaxially with die inlet port 112. The vaporizer 100 also includes means, in the form of one or more compression springs 124 and an anvil 126, for axially compressing the disks 120 together. The anvil 126 preferably physically and thermally contacts substantially the entire surface of the upper disk 120 of the stack and functions to insure the application of a uniform axial compression force on the disks exerted by d e springs 124. As shown in FIGURE 1 , the anvil 126 is a relatively massive structure and is preferably made of a thermally conductive material which will help retain heat in the disks so as not to dissipate heat appreciably from the disks. The compression springs 124 should also be made of a thermally conductive material because they are in thermal and physical contact with the anvil 126. A tube 128 is disposed within the apertures 122 and has radially directed apertures 130 for directing liquid 150 from the inlet 112 to the inner circumferential edges of the central apertures 122 so that the liquid can be forced between d e disks against d e bias of the springs 124. The vaporizer 100 also includes a heating unit 132, such as a heating coil, for heating the heating block 104 and the disks 120 so as to heat liquid 150 passing dirough the inlet 112 and between die disks 120 to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the liquid. The heating unit 132 can include any type of suitable heating device and can include, for example, a resistive heating coil, which is preferably embedded in and in thermal contact with the heating block 104 so that heat is distributed as evenly as possible through die disks 120. The heating unit 132 is connected to a source of power (not shown) and should be
capable of heating the disks 120 to a range of temperatures at which the liquid can be converted to a vapor. Referring to FIGURES 1, 2A, 2B and 3, and in particular to FIGURE 3, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the stack of coaxially aligned, diermally conductive, thin, flat disks 120 comprises a first plurality of larger disks 140 having a first diameter D] and a second plurality of smaller disks 142 having a second diameter D 2 so that the diameter D, is larger than D 2 . The total number of disks can vary depending on die rate at which liquid is to be vaporized. Further, die thickness of all the disks, bodi small and large, should be approximately the same, aldiough it should be appreciated that the d icknesses can vary as, for example, the larger disks could be thicker or thinner than the smaller disks. The diameters of the larger and smaller disks 140 and 142, respectively, are preferably each relatively great in comparison to the thickness, t, of the disks, with the ratios of the larger diameter D] to the thickness t and d e smaller diameter D 2 to the thickness t being in the order of 1000: 1, although these ratios can clearly vary. For example, in one preferred embodiment the dimensions include D, = 1.25 inch, D 2 = 1.00 inch, and t = 0.00075 inch. Preferably, each disk from the first plurality of larger diameter disks 140 is adjacent to and in contact with at least one smaller diameter disk 142. FIGURES 2A and 2B illustrate two of any number of possible arrangements of disks 140 and 142 within the vaporizer 100. As shown in FIGURE 2 A, in a preferred arrangement of disks, die larger and smaller disks are stacked in an alternating fashion so that the disks alternate (i.e. , large, small, large, small, large, small, etc.). This arrangement separates the larger diameter disks 140 from one another by a distance t, the thickness of a single smaller diameter disk. Preferably, but not necessarily, the disks at each end of me stack should be smaller for reasons which will become more evident hereinafter. As illustrated in FIGURE 2B, the disks can also be arranged, for example, so that a single larger diameter disk 140 is sandwiched between two smaller diameter disks 142, d e smaller diameter disks of each sandwiched set being adjacent to one anodier. Regardless of die particular arrangement of disks or the respective diicknesses of die disks, as will be more apparent hereinafter, as stacked die area beyond the periphery of die smaller diameter disks (between confronting
larger diameter disks, between the upper larger diameter disk and the anvil 126, and between the bottom larger diameter disk and the heating block 104), forms vaporization areas, designated 144, provided by virtue of the spacings created by d e presence of the smaller diameter disks 142 in the stack of disks 120. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, as shown most clearly in FIGURE 3, each of the larger diameter disks 140 includes at least one and preferably a plurality of apertures 146 for accelerating vaporization of the liquid 150 from the heated surfaces of the disks, in particular from the portion of the heated surfaces of die larger diameter disks 140 in die vaporization areas 144. Preferably, die larger diameter disks 140 each include a plurality of apertures 146 spaced around and radially spaced from die center of each of the disks. In a preferred embodiment, the apertures 146 are closely spaced a distance S apart from one another on each of the larger diameter disks 140 around an aperture circle of diameter C, as shown in FIGURE 3. The apertures 146 are preferably equidistantly spaced from die center of the disk 140 by a distance of C/2 and are preferably separated from one another by a distance S which is less than d e diameter or width d of the apertures 146. This close spacing of apertures 146 around die disk 140 provides numerous transverse paths or channels 148 through the stacked disks, even when die disks are randomly stacked (i.e. , wi out alignment relative to one another). In a preferred embodiment, the diameter C of die aperture circle on d e larger diameter disk 140 is greater man me diameter D 2 of the smaller diameter disk 142 by at least d so mat the apertures 146 are disposed entirely in the respective vaporization areas 144. The apertures 146 can be of any shape that has at least a width dimension of d. In a preferred embodiment, as illustrated in FIGURE 3, die apertures 146 are circular openings having a diameter d. However, they can be squares, ovals, crescents, triangles, slits, or any other shape that meets the above criterion. As shown most clearly in FIGURES 2 A and 2B, the apertures 146 in each of the respective larger diameter disks 140 are sufficiently closely spaced so that a plurality of channels 148 extends in a generally transverse direction dirough the parallel stacked disks around d e outside periphery of the smaller disks 142.
The diameter D, of the larger diameter disks 140 is preferably larger than the diameter D 2 of the smaller diameter disks 142 by a predetermined amount. The difference in sizes of the two pluralities of disks is believed to be critical to the invention, because accelerated vaporization occurs substantially all on diose portions of the surfaces of the larger diameter disks 140 which extend beyond the outer periphery of die smaller diameter disks 142, diereby defining the vaporization areas 144. According to one preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in FIGURE 3, the diameter D, of the larger diameter disk 140 is greater than or equal to the sum of the diameter D 2 of the smaller diameter disk 142 and eight times the aperture width dimension d of apertures 146, or D, > D 2 + 8d. This relationship between the diameters of die larger and smaller disks depends on, among other things, the characteristics of the liquid to be vaporized, the temperature at which vaporization is to occur, and the velocity of the gas flow over the vaporization areas. According to anomer preferred embodiment of die present invention, die diameter of the aperture circle C is greater than or equal to the sum of the diameter D 2 of die smaller diameter disk 142 and me aperture width dimension d, but less than or equal to the difference of die diameter D, of the larger diameter disk 140 and the aperture width dimension d, or D 2 + d < C < D, - d. Accelerated vaporization is facilitated by: 1) the number and placement of the apertures 146 on each larger diameter disk 140 at a distance of not less than C/2 from the center of the disk, the diameter C of the aperture circle being greater than (by an amount equal to "d") or at least equal to the diameter D 2 of the smaller diameter disk 142, and 2) means 170 for establishing a liquid film on at least a portion of die surfaces of the larger diameter disks 140. As illustrated best in FIGURES 4 and 5, liquid film establishing means 170 preferably includes means for transporting a gas 180 to the vaporization areas 146. Preferably, the liquid film establishing means includes a gas inlet 172 formed, for example, in the heating block 104 and means, such as a channel or passageway 174 provided in the heating block, for conducting a gas 180 from a gas source (not shown) outside of the vaporizing chamber 110 to the vaporization areas 144. The gas 180 flows into the vaporizing chamber 110 via channel 174, through the
apertures 146 in the larger diameter disks 140 and thus through the transverse channels 148 into the vaporization areas 144, where the gas 180 moves radially outward from the apertures 146 along the surfaces of the larger diameter disks 140 in me areas 144 to the edges of die larger diameter disks, as illustrated by the arrows in me enlarged detail view of the vaporizer in FIGURE 5. In order to insure that the gas 180 flows through all the transverse channels 148 at approximately the same pressure and flow rate, an annular well 182 (seen best in FIGURE 5) having an inner diameter of D 2 and an outer diameter of (D 2 +d) and coaxially aligned with the disks is in fluid communication with the passageway 174 so as to form an inlet plenum for the gas 180. This difference in disk diameters, along with an appropriate placement of apertures 146 in the larger diameter disks 140, and the flow of gas 180 over at least a portion of the heated surfaces of the larger diameter disks 140, ensures that the gas 180 effectively "smears" me liquid 150 over those portions of the heated disk surfaces and reduces the liquid film diickness thereon. The result is an increase in the rate at which the liquid 150 can be vaporized. More importantly, the gas 180 increases the vaporization rate by accelerating the removal of vapor molecules from above the surface of the liquid. As the gas 180 is transmitted dirough the heating block 104 it is preferably heated by the heating unit 132 prior to contacting the disks 140, so as to minimize heat dissipation from the disks. The gas 180 can be any gas, regardless of its inertness, corrosivity or combustibility. Indeed, the selection of the gas will depend greatly on die particular liquid which is to be vaporized, as well as on the process parameters. For example, the gas 180 could be selected to be chemically reactive wi a particular liquid 150 to facilitate the vaporization of the liquid. An apparatus for delivering a liquid in vapor form at a continuous and constant volumetric rate is illustrated schematically in FIGURE 6. The apparatus includes a liquid vaporizer 100 as described previously, and a positive displacement pump system 22 coupled to the inlet port 112 of die evaporator vaporizer 100. The positive displacement pump system 22 includes a controller 36 which controls the sequence and operation of die various pumps and valves in the pump system to
deliver a liquid 150 to the evaporator vaporizer 100 at a substantially continuous and constant volumetric rate and pressure. A detailed description of the operation of a preferred positive displacement pump system 22 in connection with a vaporizer is described in U.S. Patents 5,361 ,800 and 5,371 ,828 to Ewing, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. It should be appreciated that other positive displacement pumps can be utilized. Because certain changes may be made in the above apparatus without departing from the scope of the invention herein disclosed, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted in an illustrative and not a limiting sense.
