INCORPORATED THEREWITH

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application takes priority to Indian patent application nos. 201741036333 entitled UNDERWATER GLIDER WITH FLEXIBLE CHAMBER FOR VARIABLE BUOYANCY filed on October 12, 2017 and 201741036720 entitled UNDERWATER MANIPULATOR USING VARIABLE BUOYANCY ACTUATORS filed on October 16, 2017.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention generally relates to underwater robots. Specifically, the invention relates to manipulators or underwater vehicles based on variable buoyancy mechanism.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

[0003] In the recent past, underwater robots are being employed for various operations at higher depths, where human reach is impossible. The applications range from search and rescue, inspection and deployment of pipes and underwater structures, sampling of the ocean and its resources, etc. Some of these applications require manipulation and the present day underwater remotely operated vehicles are equipped with manipulators. Such manipulators have to be designed with specific considerations like the depth of operation, water sealing etc. The manipulators attached to the robots will have multiple rigid arms with a specific configuration based on the application. For some applications, planar manipulators (with respect to the robot) are sufficient to accomplish a task. Manipulators usually have serially linked rigid arms with each arm individually actuated using electric or hydraulic motors. Sealing of motors to operate at higher depths is a challenging task and the system becomes bulkier.

[0004] Variable buoyancy systems are common subsystems in underwater vehicles which are proven to be power efficient for their motion along heave (up and down) direction. Variable buoyancy is achieved either by changing the overall volume of the system without change in mass or by change of mass without any change in volume. When the system is heavier compared to the buoyancy contributed from its volume, it sinks and if the buoyancy force is more than the weight, the system starts to move upwards. By controlling either mass or volume of the system, motion of the system along heave can be controlled and thereby any depth can be achieved. Different methods of variable buoyancy are available in literature and are commonly used in underwater robots.

[0005] The US patent US8317555B2 discloses an amphibious robotic crawler having two frame units coupled end-to-end or in tandem by an actuated linkage arm, a control module and a buoyancy control element, however, the unit requires high power to operate as the structure is not neutrally buoyant. The US patent US3165899A relates to an underwater manipulator attached to a storage tank or similar vessel positioned on the ocean floor at enormous depths below the surface of the ocean. The interior of the manipulator device in '899 patent acts as an air chamber tending to float the device, and the buoyancy of the chamber is altered as desired by admitting water into it. The US application US20180021945A1 proposes a "snake-like" underwater robot with a plurality of links that can be filled with pressurized air or alternatively any "bladder" or fluid that can be compressed or expanded. The '945 patent also includes thrust devices.

[0006] A submarine boat incorporating bellows for variable buoyancy is disclosed in US3943869. However, the device requires a separate hull and power source external to the bellows structure.

[0007] While in most of the existing underwater vehicles, variable buoyancy system/engine is an integral part designed along with other subsystems, they can also be designed as standalone modules which can be used to have motion along heave (up and down) direction. Any method of variable buoyancy can be used to design a standalone variable buoyancy module. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The invention in its various embodiments discloses an underwater manipulator having a flexible structure anchored at one end and rotatable 360° about the anchor point with an end effector at the other end. The flexible structure includes a plurality of arms connected at pin joints, with each arm configured to rotate within a plane to a predetermined angle. Each arm of the manipulator has a rigid link and an axially flexible, elongatable cylindrical unit which forms at least a portion of the length of the arm, where the cylindrical units are configured to vary buoyancy of the arm to cause a moment that results in motion of the arm in upward or downward direction. The manipulator is configured to place the end effector at a 3-dimensional location within a predetermined radius of the elongated flexible structure.

[0009] In some embodiments the pin joint is configured to restrict rotation of the arm to an angle of rotation Θ which ranges between 0° to 90°. The elongatable cylindrical unit encloses a linear actuator assembly configured to expand and compress the flexible unit and includes a linear actuator with a linear actuator piston operated using hydraulic or electric means. The manipulator may operate as a standalone, anchored at one end to the sea floor by a base unit, or as an add-on to any autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). In one embodiment the manipulator arms are of varying sizes with elongatable cylindrical units of capacity based on size of arm and with the biggest link placed closest to the anchor point. Also each arm is configured to be neutrally buoyant to reduce the load on the preceding arms. The actuator assembly is driven by a power source which is placed within the cylindrical unit or it may be placed externally.

[0010] In certain embodiments the moment caused due to the actuation of the elongatable cylindrical unit is either positive or negative based on the position of the center of buoyancy (CoB) with respect to the center of gravity (CoG) along the axis of the manipulator. In one embodiment an encoder is used, to provide feedback including angle of orientation of each link and the depth at which the cylindrical unit is placed.

[0011] In various embodiments, the invention discloses a method of manipulating the underwater manipulator which includes changing the position of the arm from the current angle of orientation to desired effector position by traversing azimuthally through an angle of rotation Θ defined between the base and the axis of the manipulator arm. The method achieves the change in position of the arm by elongating the cylindrical unit axially to create a moment when buoyancy (B) of the rigid arm acting through the CoB is greater than the weight (W) acting through CoG, causing an upward motion of rigid arm or by compressing the cylindrical unit to create a moment when the weight (W) of the rigid arm acting through the CoG is greater than the buoyancy (B) acting through CoB, causing a downward motion of rigid arm. Once the arm becomes perpendicular to the base i.e., Θ is 90°, the CoG is offset around the axis of link by rotating the actuator for the arm to traverse from 90° to 180°, since the maximum range of Θ is restricted to 90°.

[0012] The invention disclosed here in its various embodiments discloses a novel underwater glider device and methods of operation and control for efficient gliding underwater using variable buoyancy mechanism based on change of volume of the device. In some embodiments the underwater glider includes a flexible, elongatable cylindrical structure with a pair of wing structures affixed to its body to enable gliding underwater and an electric linear actuator assembly configured to elongate or contract the cylindrical structure enclosed in the bellows assembly, where the actuator assembly is configured to cause separation of a center of gravity (CoG) with reference to a center of buoyancy (CoB) of the structure, thereby providing, surge, heave or pitch motions to the structure. The elongatable cylindrical structure has a bellows assembly, which further includes a flexible hollow cylindrical metallic bellows for at least a portion of the structure, and bellows sealing arrangements at the bellows terminal ends, wherein the bellows sealing arrangement comprises a flange with lock heads and a bellows sealing plate.

[0013] In one embodiment the elongatable cylindrical structure contains a bellows assembly of predetermined lengths near the ends thereof with a middle portion having a hollow cylindrical profile. In another embodiment the bellows assembly is of a predetermined length near a middle portion thereof, the end portions having a hollow cylindrical profile. In yet another embodiment bellows assembly of a predetermined length covering a portion of the length from one end thereof. In some embodiments the electric linear actuator assembly enclosed in the bellows assembly, includes at least two linear actuators coupled with a connector placed at a middle portion of the structure, wherein each linear actuator has an actuator motor and a piston and wherein the linear actuators are operable independently to position the CoB with reference to the CoG to cause surge, heave or pitch motion to the structure. The bellows assembly further includes, a power source, electrical and electronic components and payload sensors. The wing assembly affixed to the structure includes a pair of rigid wing plates attached to the bellows. The glider device further includes a nose portion and a tail portion configured to minimize hydrodynamic drag on the structure. In a certain embodiment the tail portion is provided with thrusters and a rudder for improved speed and range.

[0014] In some embodiments the method of controlling the underwater glider having a flexible, elongatable cylindrical structure, an electric linear actuator assembly configured to elongate or contract the cylindrical structure to vary its centre of buoyancy (CoB) with reference to its center of gravity (CoG), a wing assembly, nose and tail structures, the tail comprising a thruster along with rudder is provided. The method in one embodiment includes contracting one or more of the linear actuators to cause the CoB to rise above the CoG, thereby causing downward motion in the (z) direction. In another embodiment The method expands one or more of the linear actuators to cause the CoB to fall below the CoG to cause an upward motion in the (z) direction. The differentially expanding or contracting of the linear actuators in tandem to cause either forward or backward tilt of the structure about a y directional axis; and operating the thruster with rudder to cause a lateral yawing motion of the glider wherein the method causes the glider to follow a predetermined trajectory in the x (longitudinal), y (lateral) or z (depth) directions.

[0015] In various embodiments the method of operating the glider underwater involves changing the pitch motion or by adjusting the position of wing structures or both. In one embodiment the method changes the pitch by causing a shift in the CoB to rise above or fall below the CoG along the (z) direction thereby creating a moment along (y) direction, which is used along with the drag of the wing structures to vector the residual buoyancy (b) to achieve surge (horizontal motion). In another embodiment the method adjusts the position of wing structures to create a moment, which in combination with the contraction of the bellows, vectors the residual buoyancy (b) to achieve surge (horizontal motion). Both the methods of operating the underwater glider cause the glider to follow a predetermined trajectory in the x (longitudinal), y (lateral) or z (depth) directions.

[0016] This and other aspects are disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] The invention has other advantages and features which will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0019] FIG. 1A shows underwater manipulator configuration.

[0020] FIG. IB shows a three link manipulator actuated by variable buoyancy modules based on axially flexible metallic bellows.

[0021] FIG. 1C shows an axially flexible metallic bellows with details of linear actuator assembly.

[0022] FIG. 2A shows a single link manipulator at an intermediate joint angle.

[0023] FIG. 2B shows a single link manipulator at singular position.

[0024] FIG. 3 illustrates the stages involved in manipulation of a single link manipulator.

[0025] FIG. 3A shows the initial position of link where Θ = 0°.

[0026] FIG. 3B shows the singular position of link where Θ = 90°.

[0027] FIG. 3C depicts the changed location of CoG around the axis of link.

[0028] FIG. 3D shows the final position of link where Θ = 180°.

[0029] FIG. 4 flowchart showing methodology of manipulation of underwater manipulator.

[0030] FIG. 5A shows the neutrally buoyant underwater glider.

[0031] FIG. 5B shows exploded view of neutrally buoyant underwater glider.

[0032] FIG. 5C illustrates the electric linear actuator assembly.

[0033] FIG. 5D illustrates the bellows assembly.

[0034] FIG. 5E shows the bellows sealing arrangement.

[0035] FIG. 5F illustrates the wing assembly.

[0036] FIG. 6A-6C depict alternative embodiments of bellows assembly.

[0037] FIG. 7 represents a hybrid glider with tail thruster. [0038] FIG. 8 delineates the methodology of controlling a neutrally buoyant underwater glider using change of volume based variable buoyancy mechanism.

[0039] FIG. 9 A depicts glider body co-ordinate frame.

[0040] FIG. 9B shows the location of CoG and CoB in the glider body.

[0041] FIG. 10A-10F illustrates the shift in CoG and CoB based on expansion and compression of bellows and the resulting dive action.

[0042] FIG. 11 : Schematic of dive path of glider.

[0043] FIG. 12A shows the joint angle control architecture.

[0044] FIG. 12B shows the response time results of joint angle control manipulation.

[0045] FIG. 13 illustrates an AUV with the proposed manipulator.

[0046] FIG. 14A-14F: Simulation results of prototype glider.

[0047] FIG. 15: Mechatronic architecture of prototype.

[0048] Referring to the figures, like numbers refer to like parts throughout this specification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] While the invention has been disclosed with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt to a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope.

[0050] Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The meaning of "a", "an", and "the" include plural references. The meaning of "in" includes "in" and "on." Referring to the drawings, like numbers indicate like parts throughout the views. Additionally, a reference to the singular includes a reference to the plural unless otherwise stated or inconsistent with the disclosure herein.

[0051] The invention in its various embodiments relates to an underwater manipulator configuration and a method of manipulation based on variable buoyancy (VB) technique. The underwater manipulator is equipped with serially linked multiple rigid arms of different sizes with each arm individually controlled using a variable buoyancy element of respective capacity, actuated using a linear actuator assembly and operated by hydraulic or electric means. The moment caused due to the actuation of the variable buoyancy element is either positive or negative based on the offset of the center of buoyancy (CoB) with respect to the center of gravity (CoG) along the axis of the manipulator and results in motion of the arm in heave direction (upward or downward).

[0052] The invention in its various embodiments further relates to an underwater glider device and control method that uses change of volume based variable buoyancy using a flexible chamber actuated by a linear actuator. The actuation causes separation of the center of gravity (CoG) with reference to a center of buoyancy (CoB) of the glider structure, thereby providing, surge, heave or pitch motions to the structure. The glider disclosed is neutrally buoyant by design. [0053] In several embodiments the invention proposes an underwater manipulator 100, which is an elongated structure having multiple arms 101-l,2..n, that are serially linked, with each arm individually controlled by a variable buoyancy element 103-1..n and a rigid link

102-1...n forming the remaining part of the arm, as shown in FIGs. 1A and IB. The manipulator 100 may have a suitable end effector 105 at the end thereof. In some embodiments the arms 101-l,2..n may be of varying sizes with variable buoyancy elements

103-1..n having capacity corresponding to the size of the arm. In various embodiments variable buoyancy elements 103-l..n are configured with flexible bellows 107-1...n that are actuated using a linear actuator assembly 110-1...n enclosed within it, as shown in FIG. 1C, to achieve a particular end effector position. The actuator assembly further comprises a linear actuator 112 with a linear actuator piston 114 operated using hydraulic or electric means. A gripper 105 is attached to the end of the last rigid arm link. Two adjacent links are coupled using a passive joint (J) 104-1...n configured to enable rotation of arm at an angle of rotation Θ which ranges between 0° to 90°.

[0054] In various embodiments the manipulator 100 either operates as a standalone unit to perform a particular task or as an add-on to any autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), platform or other structure. In one embodiment where manipulator 100 is used in a standalone configuration as shown in FIG.1A, the first arm from the bottom is hinged to a base unit 106 which may be anchored to the bed. The number of links in various embodiments is based on the type of application. In one embodiment the variable buoyancy elements 103-l..n are attached to the top end of each of the arms 101-l,2..n. In some embodiments the arms 101-l,2..n along with the elements 103-l..n are configured to be neutrally buoyant in order to reduce the load on the lower links. In various embodiments the length and size of the arms 101-l,2..n may vary and capacity of the buoyancy element 103- l..n may be configured to match the size of the arms. In some embodiments the arms 101- 1,2..n near the base may be configured to be of a bigger diameter or have larger sized bellows 107-1...n. The power source to operate the linear actuator assembly 110-1...n may in various embodiments be placed inside the element itself or may be provided externally. [0055] In some embodiments each module of the linear actuator assembly 110-1...n may have at least one linear actuator piston 114, to expand or compress the metallic bellows 107-1, as shown in FIG. 1C, which provides the internal view of the variable buoyancy element 103 in section through the bellows 107. Actuating the bellows i.e. expanding or compressing the bellows is accomplished using the piston 114 to attain the required residual buoyancy. Based on the direction of residual buoyancy, the arm 101 is configured to move either upwards or downwards. The flexible metallic bellows 107-1 is sealed water-tight on both ends using sealing plates 118. The linear actuator piston 114 is operated using an electric motor 116 or by hydraulic means. The arm may further include an axially mounted motor 117 to rotate the variable buoyancy element 103 by up to 180° in order to adjust directionality of movement of the element.

[0056] FIGs. 2A and 2B show two different positions of a single link manipulator after actuation of the VB element. The right handed co-ordinate frames are appropriately associated at the base and the joint to derive the kinematics and dynamics. The forces on the arm module and their point of action are also shown. Weight (W) and the buoyancy (B) are acting through CoG and CoB respectively. The CoG and CoB always act opposite to each other and the magnitude of B is a function of the length of expansion of bellows.

[0057] In one embodiment the CoB is the volumetric center of the rigid arm module 101 and it is aligned to the axis of rigid link 102. In some embodiments the CoG of the arm 101 is offset from the axis thereof, because of the mechanical construction of the module. In some embodiments the CoB or CoG are configured to be offset from the axis of the arm 101. When the module is neutrally buoyant, the link is configured to stay still. When the element 103 is positively buoyant, it creates a moment at joint J _1; resulting in upward movement of the link. Whenever the module is brought back to neutrally buoyant condition, the motion gradually subsides. In the singular position of the manipulator where θι is 90° the buoyancy force is configured to align with the axis of the manipulator. When the module is actuated to become negatively buoyant, weight acting through the CoG will be more than B and hence there will be a moment along the line connecting CoG and joint Ji which will result in a downwards movement of the link. Hence the maximum range of θι in this configuration is between 0° and 90° as shown in FIG. 2B. The CoG is configured to be offset from the axis of the link to ensure that once the module reaches singularity at the topmost position, the residual buoyancy creates a moment to exit the singular position. In some embodiments of the method the location of CoG is modified in order to increase the range of motion up to 180°. In some embodiments the location of CoG is modified using axial rotation of the linear actuator 112 using motor 117 by up to 180° to shift this location from one side of the axis of the link to another.

[0058] The methodology of manipulation of the single link manipulator, is shown in FIG. 4 corresponding to positions as illustrated in FIG. 3A-3D, from θι = 0° to 180° and back to 0° is as follows:

1. In step 421, initial link position is at horizontal with θι=0 ^ο , shown in FIG. 3A

2. In step 422, the cylindrical module is elongated axially to become positively buoyant (B >W) resulting in upward motion of the rigid arm

3. Upward motion continues until the arm reaches singular position in step 423, and θι=90°, as shown in FIG. 3B

4. In step 424, location of CoG of the link is brought to the other side by turning the link by 180° using motor 117, as shown in FIG. 3C

5. In the next step 425, the module is compressed to become negatively buoyant (B<W) resulting in downward motion and reach 180° position, as shown in FIG. 3C and attain 180° position (step 426)

In some embodiments the steps involved in the method of manipulation 400 of the underwater manipulator discussed above, may be repeated as required. In other embodiments, the method 400 may be followed with other variable buoyancy methods with appropriate mechanisms of shifting the CoG.

[0059] In some embodiments, the invention includes a control strategy to position the manipulator at the required joint angle. The control method allows the link to reach intermediate joint angle between 0° and 180°. This may be achieved by precisely controlling the buoyancy force based on the feedback either from the joint encoder or from the depth at which the module is placed.

[0060] The architecture of the proposed underwater manipulator is suited for implementing various other techniques of variable buoyancy. Especially at higher depths, hydraulic variable buoyancy modules are used to handle high pressure. If the manipulator is attached to any existing underwater vehicle, the hydraulics in the vehicle itself can be extended to be used for this application with fewer modifications. In conventional manipulators the operation at higher depths is limited by the rotary actuators. Waterproofing and sealing the motors to withstand the hydrodynamic pressure at greater depths is challenging. The actuators with pressure casings are exposed to the environment and it requires frequent maintenance and servicing. The actuator proposed in this invention is completely concealed and the essential components for VB are packed inside a water sealed module. This allows the manipulators to be used at higher depths.

[0061] In several embodiments an underwater glider device 1500 as illustrated in FIG. 5A-5F, is disclosed. The device (FIG. 5A) includes a cylindrical hull structure 1530 incorporating a bellows assembly 1531 (FIG. 5D), electric linear actuator assembly 1510 (FIG. 5C) and wing assembly 1540 (FIG. 5F). The exploded view of the novel glider in FIG. 5B depicts its major parts. The bellows assembly 1531, as shown in FIGs. 5C, 5D, includes a flexible hollow cylindrical metallic bellows 1507 for at least a portion of the structure, and bellows sealing arrangements 1533 at the bellows terminal ends, wherein the bellows sealing arrangement includes a flange 1534 with lock heads 1535-1,2... n and a bellows sealing plate 1518. The bellows is configured with crests and troughs for enabling flexibility as shown FIG. 5D.

[0062] The bellows could be of any corrosion resistant material with suitable mechanical properties for providing a controllable volume capable of withstanding pressure of the surrounding fluid. Such materials may include various grades of stainless steel, nickel or cobalt-containing alloys. Metallic bellows may be made of sheet metal of suitable thickness and may either be welded or hydroformed to provide pressure-resistance and flexibility. The sheet metal thickness and configuration of bellows may be decided based on maximum expansion/compression required and the elastic properties of the material.

[0063] In some embodiments the wing assembly 1540 is attached to the bellows, with the wings 1541-1,2 on either sides of the bellows structure. In various embodiments the wing may be flat or of airfoil shape. The wings in some embodiments are attached to the bellows by means of a detachable attachment hoop 1542 coupled to the wings using a connector plate 1543. The wing assembly is shown in FIG.5F. Alternative embodiments of the wing assembly may use hinged semicircular hoops. Wings are attached at a fixed angle. The hoop in some embodiments is configured to fit into the undulations of the bellows. The position of the wing assembly in various embodiments is configured to be adjustable with respect to the body frame based on performance optimization. In some embodiments the wing assembly is easily detachable. Based on the application, the wing position may be easily changed. Since the wing assembly is attached with the flexible hull directly, the position of the wings with respect to the body frame may change as a function of overall length of the chamber.

[0064] A partially rigid hull may in some embodiments be used if the continuous shift in the position of wing is undesirable. In some embodiments, the position of the wing is not symmetric and is placed towards the rear/tail end of the glider. This results in a shift in the location of CoG which may be compensated in some embodiments by adding a dead mass or by increasing thickness of front bellows sealing plate.

[0065] In certain embodiments the electric linear actuator (LA) assembly 1510, includes two linear actuators 1512-1,2 connected back to back using a rigid LA coupling 1546, LA motors 1516-1,2 and LA pistons 1514-1,2 as shown in FIG. 5C. The LA assembly expands or compresses the cylindrical hull structure axially. This actuation causes separation of a center of gravity (CoG) with reference to a center of buoyancy (CoB) of the structure, thereby providing, surge, heave or pitch motions to the structure. The piston end of the linear actuator is connected to the LA piston coupling 1548 which in turn is connected to the flange 1534 using flange outfit 1549, flange connector plate 1550. The hull is completely water sealed on both sides using bellows sealing arrangements as shown in the exploded view in FIG. 5E. The bellows sealing plate and the flange have appropriate grooves 1551 to accommodate an O-ring 1552 to make the bellows assembly water tight. The bellows sealing plate is a circular plate with lock heads and provisions for payload sensors. The provisions for mounting the payloads may be a simple hole or special couplings based on the mounting requirements of the sensor. Lock heads 1535-l,2..n are welded equispaced along the circumference of the flange and bellows sealing plate through which, fasteners will be used to lock the hull water tight. While locking the hull at atmospheric pressure, the LAs should be expanded to half the maximum stroke, which will make the glider neutrally buoyant. The bellows assembly further encloses a power source, and electrical and electronic components required for operation of glider device.

[0066] The linear actuator in various embodiments may be electric, pneumatic or hydraulically actuated. The choice of linear actuator may in some embodiments depend upon the maximum depth of operation, stroke required and the scale of the glider. Electric linear actuators may include a motor, gear and screw mechanism and a piston in some embodiments. Embodiments of the electric linear actuators are optimal for shallow water applications. Ideally, single linear actuator is sufficient for the glider to work but some embodiments may involve proper weight balancing in order to maintain the alignment of CoG and CoB. In order to maintain symmetry and to maximize the limits of expansion and compression, two similar linear actuators may be used in some embodiments.

[0067] Nose 1560 and tail 1570 structures are attached to the hull to reduce the drag effects in some embodiments. The nose and tail are also concealed structures along with the hull. They can house payload sensors or cameras. The connector end of nose and tail has equispaced lock heads using which they can be fastened to the hull. [0068] Some embodiments of hulls of the inventive device are shown in FIG. 6A-6C. The hull may be partially rigid and partially flexible depending upon the number of linear actuators used or the level of expansion/compression required, as illustrated in the embodiments of FIG. 6A-6C. The embodiments having a partially rigid hull may provide an advantage of firmly connecting the linear actuator at the middle of the hull to a rigid portion. In such embodiments, the rigid part of the hull may have suitable provisions to hold the linear actuator and the other subsystems. In embodiments of the device where the hull is completely flexible, the linear actuators are connected to the ends of the bellows which may result in sagging of bellows, even for a very small imperfection in the connection. Also, the electronics and payloads may be supported entirely on the linear actuator. In some embodiments, a guiding mechanism using telescopic rods/cylinders may be used in order to avoid sagging effect. In some embodiments an external telescopic enclosure may be provided around the bellows in other embodiments, to smoothen the hydrodynamic profile around the hull.

[0069] In some embodiments of the device, a hybrid glider 1600 based on the concept illustrated in FIG. 5 A is proposed in FIG. 7. In addition to the major parts of the glider, thrusters 1653 may be included at the rear end of the glider as shown in FIG. 7. Proper ducting for the flow of water through the inlet and outlet of the thruster is provided. Multiple thrusters along the sides of the hull may also be provided in alternative embodiments. The advantage of the hybrid device embodiments is the improved speed and range of the device. The size of the wings may be comparatively smaller than the ones discussed earlier. In some embodiments, an actuated wing may be incorporated with a suitable mechanism to improve the gliding performance.

[0070] In various embodiments the method of controlling the underwater glider device includes achieving the three degrees of freedom i.e., surge, heave, and pitch. The flowchart in FIG. 8 represents the methodology of control 1700. By design, CoG is below the CoB which ensures roll stability. The right handed co-ordinate frame assumed on the glider and the location of CoG and CoB with respect to the body centered co-ordinate frame is shown in FIGs. 9A and 9B respectively. The glider is initially designed to be neutrally buoyant. When the bellows is compressed by retracting the linear actuators, the glider becomes negatively buoyant and starts to sink (heave). Similarly when the bellows is expanded, the glider becomes positively buoyant and starts to surface. The shift in CoG and CoB based on expansion and compression of bellows and the resulting dive action are illustrated in FIG. 10A-10F, where FIGs. lOA-lOC depict sinking during bellows compression and FIGs. 10D- 10F depict rising during bellows expansion. In both the cases the weight remains same. Now, the pitch degree of freedom, which is rotation about Y axis, is to be achieved in order to vector the residual buoyancy.

[0071] In one embodiment the method achieves the pitch using the restoring moment created due to the misalignment of CoG and CoB along Z axis. CoB in the glider device is approximately the volumetric center of the hull along the X axis of the body frame, based on the length of bellows as shown in FIG. 9B. There is a shift in the location of CoG also, but insignificant compared to the change in location of CoB. In some embodiments shifting of CoG and CoB along Z axis of body frame creates a moment along Y axis is configured to result in pitch. The wing structure, along with the pitch, in various embodiments is configured to vector the residual buoyancy, resulting in surge motion. In one embodiment only one linear actuator is sufficient to provide glide motion. In some embodiments the position of the wing assembly is at the center of the hull.

[0072] In another embodiment the method may rely on the position of wing to provide gliding potion. In one embodiment the wings are placed at the rear end of the glider. In this embodiment two linear actuators 1512-1,2 are used, and when the actuation is configured to be symmetric, there will not be any shift in the location of CoB. In this embodiment, since the wings are towards the rear end of the glider, the drag on the wings is configured to create a pitch and thus the residual buoyancy force caused due to compression of bellows is vectored along X axis, resulting in surge motion. Similarly, by expanding the linear actuators, the glider may be made positively buoyant, thereby diving up. In some embodiments, dissimilar motion of the linear actuator is configured to result in additional pitch. In some embodiments the additional pitch may be constructively used to improve the gliding performance. In various embodiments, by controlling the level of expansion or compression of the LAs, an effective gliding performance of the glider may be achieved. A schematic of the path traced by the glider is shown in FIG. 11. It is to be noted that the residual buoyant force exists even after the termination of actuation (after maximum expansion/compression) of the metallic bellows. Hence the glider does not consume power to continue its current dive action. Only to change the direction of dive, the bellows needs to be actuated again in the reverse direction.

[0073] In the proposed invention the glider device uses linear actuators to actuate the flexible chamber and the bellows is locked at atmospheric pressure, filled with air. Hence the motion dynamics is purely dependent on the expansion/compression of the bellows. Also, the chamber by itself acts as a hull. Hence the glider device is simple in construction and uses fewer components compared to the conventional gliders.

[0074] While the invention has been disclosed with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt to a particular situation or material the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. Further, the examples to follow are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention which will be as delineated in the claims appended hereto.

[0075] EXAMPLES

[0076] Example 1: One embodiment architecture of implementation of control for such manipulators is shown in FIG. 12A. A PID control strategy has been implemented to the single link manipulator with feedback from both joint encoder and depth. The comparison of the control performances is shown in FIG. 12B. The results presented in FIG. 12B shows that the joint angle control may be implemented by controlling each joint angle precisely using the VB element of each rigid arm. [0077] Example 2: The manipulator may also in some embodiments be used with other underwater vehicles. One such possible schematic of an AUV with the proposed manipulator is shown in FIG. 13. The necessary power and communications for the manipulator may be provided from AUV through appropriate cables and connectors. In some embodiments, out of the plane motion of the manipulator is also possible using suitable mechanism in the AUV.

[0078] Example 3: Simulation results of underwater glider: Numerical simulations were carried out in MATLAB Simulink at different input conditions. The dimensions of the fuselage of the glider which is the hull along with the nose and the tail, are optimally chosen to make the system neutrally buoyant. The dimensions of wings are decided in a way to maximize the lift to drag ratio. The design variables used in this maximization problem are G_S and d. CFD based simulations are carried out with the optimized dimensions to estimate the added mass and drag parameters of the fuselage. Initially, few simulations were conducted to test the motion of the fuselage alone without the wings, to understand the behavior of the system in heave direction. The shift in the location of CoG and CoB helps in roll stability. Later the wing dynamics were also included in the model for simulation studies.

[0079] The results of one of the cases of simulation for the whole system is presented in Figure 14A-14F. A pulsed input voltage is given to the system and the corresponding change in the residual buoyancy is shown. The maximum residual buoyancy of the system is +/-19 N. The path traced by the glider in XZ plane is shown in Figure 14B and the corresponding variation in the angle of attack, pitch, and the velocities in body frame is also shown. Multiple such simulations were carried out at different gliding conditions and the results proved the ability of the system to be able to glide underwater.

[0080] Example 4: Experimental prototype underwater glider: The overall mechatronic architecture of the system is shown in Figure 15. The electronic subsystem comprises user console and the glider console. Commands to the linear actuator and the parameter adjustments can be made from the GUI in the PC. The data and power communications between the user and glider consoles happen through a tether. The glider is equipped with an accelerometer to measure accelerations along surge and heave axis along with pitch measurement. The depth is measured using a pressure sensor and another pressure sensor is used inside the chamber to estimate the overall level of expansion/compression. The information from all these sensors is gathered using a microcontroller and sent to the user console. The linear actuators are controlled using individual motor drivers and the rate of buoyancy change can be controlled using pulse width modulated signals from the microcontroller. The experimental prototype was successfully tested for diving with open loop commands from the user. The performance of the glider was found to be suitable for shallow water applications.