CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application relates to and claims the priority of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/491,629, which was filed April 28, 2017; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/501,318, which was filed May 4, 2017; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/934,625, which was filed March 23, 2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/934,742, which was filed March 23, 2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/936,713, which was filed March 27, 2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/937,293, which was filed March 27, 2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/938, 130, which was filed March 28, 2018; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/938,427, which was filed March 28, 2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/941,397 which was filed March 30, 2018; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/965,009 which was filed April 27, 2018.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to devices having variable volume chambers such as, but not limited to, internal combustion engines, fluid pumps and compressors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Many internal combustion engines generate power using cooperative engine cylinder and piston arrangements that define a variable volume chamber for combustion events. Alternatively, cylinder and rotor arrangements are used to harness energy from combustion events. The motion of the engine pistons or the rotors may be used to intake or scavenge an air-fuel mixture or strictly air charge (in fuel injected engines) for combustion and expel spent exhaust gases in multicycle operations, such as, for example, in 2-cycle and 4-cycle operations. There are many inefficiencies in both piston and rotor type internal combustion engines which it would be beneficial to decrease or eliminate. Such inefficiencies may result, at least in part, from the nature of the variable volume chamber used to generate power from combustion events.

[0004] For example, the pistons in a piston type engine must constantly accelerate, travel, deaccelerate, stop, and reverse their motion in the region of bottom dead center and top dead center positons to create a variable volume chamber. While this constantly reversing pumping motion of the piston produces a variable volume chamber formed between the piston head and the surrounding cylinder, it eliminates conservation of momentum, thereby reducing efficiency. Accordingly, there is a need for engines and methods of engine operation that use variable volume combustion chambers while preserving at least some of the momentum built up through repeated combustion events.

[0005] Rotary engines are known for their superior mechanical efficiency as compared with piston type engines due to the fluid, non-stop motion of the rotary engine elements that preserve momentum. However, engine efficiency and power may also be a function of the mass of air in the combustion chamber. The air mass that can be loaded into the combustion chamber is a function of the pressure differential between the combustion chamber and the intake air source (e.g., manifold) during the intake cycle, as well as the effective size and flow characteristics of the intake port, and the duration of the intake cycle event. Piston type engines take advantage of a variable volume combustion chamber to further increase the pressure of a combustion charge by decreasing the volume of the chamber once it is loaded with the charge. Increasing any one or more of the combustion charge pressure, the effective size and/or flow profile of the intake port, and/or the effective intake cycle duration, will tend to increase air mass in the combustion chamber, and thus improve efficiency and power. Rotary type engines are less able to compress a combustion charge as compared with a piston type engine, decreasing efficiency as a result. Accordingly, there is a need for engines and methods of engine operation that increase and/or improve combustion charge pressure, intake port size and flow, and/or intake event duration, while at the same time improving upon the preservation of engine momentum.

[0006] One method of increasing combustion charge pressure is to use a turbocharger or a supercharger to boost the pressure of intake air supplied for the combustion process. Existing turbochargers and superchargers add weight, cost, and complexity when they utilize add-on elements that are otherwise unneeded for engine operation. Accordingly, there is a need for engines and methods of engine operation that use combustion generating components to also supercharge the intake air supply, thereby eliminating or reducing the need for dedicated supercharging add-on components.

[0007] Rotary engines, such as a Wankel rotary engine, have other advantages over reciprocating piston engines, such as: fewer components resulting from elimination of the valve train; lower vibration due to the elimination of reciprocating mass; lower weight and size for the power output; and smoother power delivery into a higher RPM range. However, Wankel rotary engines are not optimal in terms of fuel economy due to lower combustion chamber compression ratios, or in terms of emissions due to the more complete and faster combustion in piston engines. Accordingly, there is a need for engines and methods of engine operation that provide one or more of the benefits of both rotor type and piston type engines at the same time.

[0008] Existing piston type and rotor type engines almost universally require liquid lubricant, such as engine oil, to lubricate the interface between the piston or rotor and the cylinder within which it moves. Lubrication systems are usually mission critical and the failure of a lubrication system can be catastrophic. The need for a lubricant brings with it many disadvantages. The lubricant wears out and becomes contaminated over time, and thus requires replacement, adding expense and inconvenience to engine operation. Many lubricants require pumps and passages to reapply the lubricant to moving parts. Pumps and passages, and other elements of an active lubrication system need to operate correctly and require seals between interconnected elements. Lubrication system leaks naturally occur as seals deteriorate over time, and pumps leak and wear out, adding still further maintenance expense and inconvenience to engine operation. Leaks can also permit lubricant to enter the combustion chamber, interfering with combustion, and fouling inj ectors and spark or glow plugs. Lubricant in the combustion chamber can also result in unwanted exhaust emissions. Leaks can also result in the contamination of the lubricant with combustion by-products. All of the foregoing issues are attendant to the use of lubricants, and all add failure modes and maintenance costs. Accordingly, there is a need for internal combustion engines and methods of engine operation that depend less, or not at all, on lubricants.

[0009] The ability to limit or eliminate the use of lubricants in an engine may be a function of the sealing area for the combustion chamber. A larger sealing area for a given pressure difference across the seal permits the use of less effective seals, or produces a stronger sealing action and longer seal life. A larger seal area may also eliminate or reduce the prevalence of chamber hot spots and heat transfer issues, and permit better utilization of the thermodynamic energy produced. Accordingly, there is a need for internal combustion engines and methods of engine operation that include larger seal areas for a given combustion chamber displacement.

[0010] Two additional factors which impact engine efficiency are flame front propagation during combustion of fuel, and effective force transfer from the expansion of combustion gases to the piston used to generate power. Improved flame front propagation may provide more complete combustion and thus enhance fuel economy. Improved force transfer from combustion expansion may also improve fuel economy. Accordingly, there is a need for engines with superior flame front propagation and force transfer from expanding combustion gasses to the power generating elements.

[0011 ] Internal combustion engines generate waste heat as a matter of course which is dumped into the ambient environment using one or more cooling systems such as radiators and exhaust systems. Waste heat is by definition not used to generate output power and thus represents a form of inefficiency. Accordingly, there is a need for internal combustion engines which utilize what would otherwise be waste heat to generate positive power.

[0012] Boosting the pressure of air in internal combustion engines may benefit efficiency in many respects. Superchargers provide one means for boosting air pressures, however, they add cost and weight, take up space, and require maintenance. Accordingly, there is a need for superchargers that are superior to existing superchargers in terms of cost, weight, space utilization, and maintenance requirements.

[0013] The variable volume chamber of a piston type internal combustion engine may be used in non-engine applications to provide a fluid pump or compressor. However, the efficiency of piston type pumps and compressors is reduced for many of the same reasons that the efficiency of piston type engines is sub-optimal. For example, the lack of preservation of piston momentum negatively affects the efficiency of piston type pumps and compressors. Accordingly, there is a need for pumps and compressors that avoid one or more of the disadvantages of known piston type pumps and compressors.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

[0014] Accordingly, it is an object of some, but not necessarily all embodiments of the present invention to provide engines and methods of engine operation that preserve at least some of the momentum of the moving parts built up through repeated combustion events. The use of interconnected pivoting vanes to define variable volume chambers used for combustion, supercharging and/or heat engine functions may permit built up momentum to be preserved.

[0015] It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all, embodiments of the present invention to provide engines with the advantages of rotary engines without the disadvantage of having relatively lower combustion chamber compression ratios. The use of interconnected pivoting vanes to define a variable volume combustion chamber can provide compression ratios that are comparable to or exceed those attained with piston type engines, and that exceed those achieved with known rotor type engines.

[0016] It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all, embodiments of the present invention to provide engines and methods of engine operation that increase and/or improve intake air pressure using existing engine components and avoiding the need for dedicated add-on turbochargers or superchargers. Embodiments of the invention may use interconnected pivoting vanes to define a combustion chamber, and may provide internal superchargers that utilize the same interconnected pivoting vanes that are used for combustion to define variable volume supercharger chambers. This permits previously underutilized space to be more efficiently employed to benefit engine power. Locating internal superchargers directly within the engine may reduce associated power losses due to pumping and power transfer when compared with an externally located supercharger driven by pulleys, belts, or gears from a crankshaft output.

[0017] It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all embodiments of the present invention to provide engines, and methods of engine operation that provide the benefits of rotary type engines, while at the same time providing desired levels of combustion charge compression. Such benefits may include one or more of: fewer components, elimination of certain valves, lower vibration, lower weight and size, higher RPM capability, and smoother power delivery. Embodiments of the invention may use interconnected pivoting vanes to define one or more variable volume chambers that generally follow a smooth curved motion path providing many, if not all, the benefits of rotary type engines while also providing for desired levels of combustion charge compression.

[0018] It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all embodiments of the present invention to provide engines, and methods of engine operation that depend less on the use of lubricants, such as oil. It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all embodiments of the present invention to provide engines and methods of engine operation that limit or prevent the infiltration of oil into the combustion and supercharging chambers, thereby reducing objectionable emissions. By removing oil from the system, where practical, the oil aerosols are eliminated from the exhaust gasses, thereby preventing oil and oil by-product accumulation on the valves, injectors, spark plugs, turbochargers, catalytic converters, and other engine system components. It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all embodiments of the present invention to provide engines and methods of engine operation that limit or prevent the infiltration of combustion by products and by- products into the oil, which can introduce carbon particles, unspent hydro-carbons, and other particulates which can contaminate and modify the pH of the oil. Reducing or eliminating these oil contamination sources may prevent oil system corrosion and prolong the oil service life thereby decreasing required maintenance costs and decreasing ancillary oil handling, stocking, and recycling costs. Embodiments of the invention may use interconnected pivoting vanes that move relative to adjacent walls while maintaining a seal equivalent with such walls without the use of lubricants to achieve one or more of the foregoing objects. The pivoting vanes and/or the adjacent walls may be provided with fields of pockets that form a sealing system without the need for lubricants. The pivoting vanes may also provide a greater sealing area as compared with alternatives, which may make the non-lubricant sealing system more viable.

[0019] It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all embodiments of the present invention to provide engines, and methods of engine operation that provide desirable levels of flame front propagation and/or force transfer from expanding combustion gasses to power generating elements. To this end, embodiments of the invention may use interconnected pivoting vanes that promote optimal and/or shortened flame front propagation during combustion. The pivoting vanes may also permit the use of multiple spark plugs and improved spark plug location vis-a-vis the combustion charge and power generating elements.

[0020] It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all embodiments of the present invention to provide engines, and methods of engine operation that capture energy from what would otherwise be waste heat, and use such energy for power generation. Embodiments of the invention may use interconnected pivoting vanes to define a heat engine to capture waste heat energy and use it for power generation. Further, the interconnected pivoting vanes forming the heat engine may already be included in the engine to generate power from combustion events thereby deriving extra power generating benefits from already existing components and avoiding excessive added weight, cost or complexity.

[0021] It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all embodiments of the present invention to provide engines, and methods of engine operation that include improved external supercharger designs. Embodiments of the invention may include superchargers that are superior in terms of cost, weight, performance, maintenance and complexity.

[0022] It is also an object of some, but not necessarily all embodiments of the present invention to provide variable volume chambers that may be used for non-power generating applications, such as for pumps and compressors. To this end, embodiments of the invention may use interconnected pivoting vanes to define one or more variable volume chambers that may act independently or in concert to pump or pressurize fluids.

[0023] These and other advantages of some, but not necessarily all, embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0024] Responsive to the foregoing challenges, Applicant has developed an innovative variable volume chamber device comprising: a first surface included in a first member spaced from and fixed relative to a second surface included in a second member, wherein the first surface extends in a first reference plane, the second surface extends in a second reference plane, and the first reference plane is parallel to the second reference plane; a first variable volume chamber disposed between the first surface and the second surface, said first variable volume chamber defined at least in part by the first surface, the second surface, and a first assembly including a first vane, a second vane, a third vane, and a fourth vane; a first pivotal connection between the first vane and the second vane, wherein the first pivotal connection is maintained in a fixed location relative to the first surface and the second surface; a second pivotal connection between the second vane and the third vane; a third pivotal connection between the third vane and the fourth vane; and a fourth pivotal connection between the first vane and the fourth vane.

[0025] Applicant has further developed an innovative variable volume chamber device comprising: a first surface included in a first structure spaced from and fixed relative to a second surface included in a second structure, wherein the first surface extends in a first reference plane, the second surface extends in a second reference plane, and the first reference plane is parallel to the second reference plane; a first variable volume chamber disposed between the first surface and the second surface, said first variable volume chamber defined at least in part by the first surface, the second surface, and a first assembly including a first vane, a second vane, a third vane, and a fourth vane; a first pivotal connection between the first vane and the second vane; a second pivotal connection between the second vane and the third vane; a third pivotal connection between the third vane and the fourth vane; a fourth pivotal connection between the first vane and the fourth vane; and a drive bar having a first point and a second point distal from the first point, wherein the drive bar first point is connected to the first assembly at the third pivotal connection, and wherein the drive bar second point is connected directly or indirectly to a crankshaft.

[0026] Applicant has still further developed an innovative variable volume chamber device comprising: a first surface included in a first member spaced from and fixed relative to a second surface included in a second member, wherein the first surface extends in a first reference plane, the second surface extends in a second reference plane, and the first reference plane is parallel to the second reference plane; a first variable volume chamber disposed between the first surface and the second surface, said first variable volume chamber defined at least in part by the first surface, the second surface, and a first assembly including a first vane, a second vane, a third vane, and a fourth vane; a first pivotal connection between the first vane and the second vane; a second pivotal connection between the second vane and the third vane; a third pivotal connection between the third vane and the fourth vane; a fourth pivotal connection between the first vane and the fourth vane; a vane-surrounding structure surrounding at least a portion of the first vane and the second vane; and a second variable volume chamber defined at least in part by the first vane and the vane-surrounding structure.

[0027] Applicant has still further developed an innovative internal combustion engine comprising: a variable volume internal supercharger chamber; a variable volume combustion chamber; a variable volume heat engine chamber; one or more first working fluid passages connecting the variable volume supercharger chamber to the variable volume combustion chamber; and one or more second working fluid passages connecting the variable volume combustion chamber to the variable volume heat engine chamber.

[0028] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] In order to assist the understanding of this invention, reference will now be made to the appended drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like elements. The drawings are exemplary only, and should not be construed as limiting the invention.

[0030] Figure 1 is an isometric view of a two layer internal combustion engine in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. [0031] Figure 2 is a plan view of a first type of side plate included in the engine of Figure 1.

[0032] Figure 3 is a plan view of, inter alia, two vane assemblies, two horseshoes, and two side covers included in the engine of Figure 1.

[0033] Figure 4 is a plan view of a second type of side plate included in the engine of Figure 1.

[0034] Figure 5 is an isometric view of first and second vanes pivotally connected by a king pin which are included in the engine of Figure 1 and shown in Figure 3.

[0035] Figure 6 is an isometric view of third and fourth vanes pivotally connected together and which are included in the engine of Figure 1 and shown in Figure 3.

[0036] Figure 7 is a plan view of a vane assembly, horseshoe, drive bar, crank and intercooler shown in Figure 3 including a sealing system formed on the vane assembly and horseshoe.

[0037] Figure 8A is a cross-sectional view of the first vane and king pin shown in Figures 3, 5 and 7 illustrating spark plug or glow plug mounting and wiring in accordance with the first embodiment of the invention.

[0038] Figure 8B is a cross-sectional view of the king pin shown in Figures 3, 5 and 7 illustrating spark plug or glow plug wiring in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention.

[0039] Figure 8C is a cross-sectional view of the king pin shown in Figures 3, 5 and 7 illustrating spark plug or glow plug wiring in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention.

[0040] Figure 8D is a cross-sectional view of the king pin shown in Figures 3, 5 and 7 illustrating spark plug or glow plug wiring in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention.

[0041 ] Figures 9 A-9I are plan views of the Figure 3 elements shown at different crank degree orientations.

[0042] Figure 10 is an exploded view of an example embodiment of an external supercharger that may be used with the engine shown in Figure 1.

[0043] Figures 11 and 12 illustrate the placement of an example water injector relative to a vane assembly and a side plate in the engine shown in Figure 1.

[0044] Figure 13 is a prophetic graph of external supercharger angular position and clearance for the external supercharger shown in Figure 10. [0045] Figure 14 i s a prophetic graph of external supercharger angular velocity for the external supercharger shown in Figure 10.

[0046] Figures 15 A-l 5C are cross-sectional plan views of selected elements from Figure 10 at different points of rotation.

[0047] Figure 16 is a pictorial view of an alternative embodiment external supercharger front rotor including a phantom illustration of internal chambers.

[0048] Figures 17A and 17B are plan views of the Figure 3 elements showing the relative offsets of elements in accordance to a preferred embodiment.

[0049] Figure 18 is a plan view of, inter alia, four vane assemblies as arranged and interconnected in an alternative embodiment of the invention.

[0050] Figure 19 is a plan view of, inter alia, four vane assemblies as arranged and interconnected in an alternative embodiment of the invention.

[0051] Figure 20 is a plan view of, inter alia, four vane assemblies as arranged and interconnected in an alternative embodiment of the invention.

[0052] Figure 21 is a plan view of, inter alia, two vane assemblies as arranged and interconnected in an alternative embodiment of the invention.

[0053] Figures 22A-22C illustrate example gear assemblies used in alternative embodiments of the invention.

[0054] Figure 23 is an exploded view of, inter alia, two staggered vane assemblies as arranged and interconnected in an alternative embodiment of the invention.

[0055] Figure 24 is an exploded view of, inter alia, two staggered vane assemblies as arranged and interconnected in an alternative embodiment of the invention.

[0056] Figure 25 is an exploded view of, inter alia, a vane assembly as arranged in an alternative embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0057] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. With reference to Fig. 1, a first example internal combustion engine embodiment of the invention is illustrated. In this example, the engine may incorporate two adj acent layers including two variable volume combustion chambers per layer. It is appreciated that alternative engine embodiments and pump embodiments may have more or less layers, and more or less variable volume chambers per layer. Starting at the portion of the engine closest to the viewer in Fig. 1 and progressing away from the viewer, the first layer may include a first end plate 33 connected to first type-B side plate 32. The first end plate 33 and the first type-B side plate 32 may have aligned openings extending through them to accommodate first and second output crankshafts 56, and first and second spark plugs 138. The first type-B side plate 32 also may include openings through it to accommodate first and second fuel injectors 136.

[0058] The first type-B side plate 32 may be spaced from a first type-A side plate 31 by a number of external and internal intermediate parts. The external intermediate parts may include a first horseshoe 101 and a second (lower) horseshoe, along with a type-A side cover 37 and a type-B side cover 38.

[0059] A second layer of the engine may be adjacent and connected to the first layer. The second layer may include a second type-A side plate 31 connected to the first type-A side plate 31. The second layer may further include a second type-B side plate 32 spaced from the second type-A side plate by a third horseshoe 101, a fourth horseshoe, the type-A side cover 37, and the type-B side cover 38. A second end plate 34 may connect to the second type-B side plate 32, thereby completing the two-layer stack. The second end plate 34, the second type-B side plate 32, and the third and fourth horseshoes 101 may include the same number and type of openings as their counterparts in the first layer of the engine. The first end plate 33, the second end plate 34, the type- A side plates 31, the type-B side plates 32, the horseshoes 101, the type-A side cover 37, and the type-B side cover 38 may each have a plurality of cooling fins formed along an outer edge. Each horseshoe 101 may include an exhaust opening 129 extending through the horseshoe.

[0060] With reference to Fig. 2, each of the type-A side plates 31 may include a combustion- chamber-facing generally flat interior surface (opposite of that shown) that extends in a first reference plane, and an outer edge formed with cooling fins 30. Portions of first and second intercoolers 52, which include first intercooler passages 53, are provided at opposing corners of the type-A side plates 31. The type-A side plates 31 also may include openings to receive first and second output crankshafts 56 spaced from each other on reference centerlines bisecting the type-A side plates. First and second bores or recesses 128 are provided in the type-A side plates 31 to receive the king pins (shown in Fig. 3).

[0061 ] Each of the type-A side plates 31 also may include four internal supercharger channels (i.e., passages) 48 formed in the non-combustion-chamber side of the plates (shown). Each of the internal supercharger channels 48 may extend from an open end formed at the central outer edges of the type-A side plates 31 to an internal supercharger air inlet 49 that communicates with the combustion chamber side of the plates. The channels 48 may have a curved hook shape configured to provide an extended flow path that assists in cooling the type-A side plates 31. Cooperating pairs of internal supercharger channels 48 may be provided on opposite sides of reference centerlines bisecting the type-A side plates 31 through the first and second output crankshaft 56 openings. Each cooperating pair of internal supercharger channels 48 may include one channel fitted with a heat engine blowdown port 46 on the combustion chamber side of the type-A side plates 31 (opposite of that shown).

[0062] With reference to Fig. 3, each half of the engine layer may be provided with a horseshoe 101, an intercooler 52, a king pin 105, and a vane assembly comprised of a type-A vane 65, a type-B vane 75, a type-C vane 85, and a type-D vane 93. The vane assembly in the upper portion of the engine layer may connect pivotally to a vane assembly in the lower portion of the engine layer by a drive bar 62. In turn, the drive bar 62 may connect pivotally to each of the internal crankshafts 58 by cranks 60. The horseshoes 101, the first type-A side cover 37, and the first type-B side cover 38 may, collectively, space the type-A side plate 31 from the type-B side plate 32 to form the second engine layer of the two layers shown in Fig. 1. For ease of discussion, only the upper portion of the engine (vane assembly, horseshoe, etc.) is described, with the understanding that the lower portion of the engine includes like elements, and the second layer of the engine includes like elements to the first layer.

[0063] With continued reference to Fig. 3 , the horseshoe 101 has a front face (shown) adj acent to and sealed against the type-A side plate 31. The horseshoe 101 also has a rear face adj acent to and sealed against the type-B side plate 32. The horseshoe 101 is, in general terms, a U-shaped frustum having an exhaust opening 129 extending through it, as well as some other passages formed therein. An exhaust pipe 130 may connect to the exhaust opening 129 extending through each horseshoe 101. The horseshoe 101 may include an inner curved wall that is coextensive with a reference cylinder extending from the front face of the horseshoe to the rear face. The inner curved wall may have a constant radius of curvature extending through an arc of more than 180 degrees, but less than 360 degrees so that there is an opening in the curved wall forming the open end of the U-shape. The opening in the curved wall of the U-shaped horseshoe 101 may face towards the center of the engine layer where the internal crankshafts 58 are disposed. A first internal supercharger boss 102 and a second supercharger boss 103 may project inward from generally opposite sides of the curved wall. The horseshoe 101 also may include two windage recesses 104 disposed adjacent to the opening in the curved wall at opposite ends of the U-shaped frustum. An external supercharger inlet passage 57 may extend through the horseshoe 101 from an ambient environment side to the outer chamber 55. A blow-off and transfer valve 122 with accompanying passages may connect the external supercharger inlet passage 57 to the internal supercharger compressed air passage 51 or to ambient environment.

[0064] The horseshoe 101 may have an intercooler 52 connected to it, or alternatively, integrally formed with it as a single piece. An internal supercharger compressed air passage 51 may extend through the intercooler 52 and a portion of the horseshoe 101. The internal supercharger compressed air passage 51 may include two sub-passages that extend toward each other along a portion of the outside perimeter of the inner curved wall of the horseshoe 101. The two sub- passages may each include an opening on the surface of the horseshoe 101 that communicates with a corresponding supercharger outlet passage 50 (see Fig. 4) in the type-B side plate 32. Each supercharger outlet passage 50 extends from the combustion chamber side of the type-B side plate 32 to the non-combustion chamber side of the plate where it meets with one of the sub-passages of internal supercharger compressed air passage 51.

[0065] The vane assembly may be disposed in the space defined by the inner curved wall of the horseshoe 101. With reference to Figs. 3 and 5, the type-A vane 65 may have a planar front face and a planar rear face that are generally wedge shaped (when viewed end-on as in Fig. 3). Three primary walls may define the wedge shape. The three primary walls may extend between the front face of the type-A vane 65 and the rear face. A first wall and a second wall of the type-A vane 65 extend away from the two type-A king pin bosses 71 towards an outer curved third wall. The type-A king pin bosses 71 may have aligned bores that are configured to receive a king pin 105.

[0066] The first and second walls of the type-A vane 65 preferably extend away from the type- A king pin bosses 71 in reference planes that form an oblique angel with each other. The first wall may include a smooth peaked ridge heat engine deflection projection 69 that extends in a direction parallel with, and generally equally spaced from, the reference planes in which the front face and the rear face of the type-A vane 65 extend. The second wall of the type-A vane 65 may include two type-A side bosses 72 that project outward from the second wall and are disposed, respectively, at the front face and the rear face of the vane. A type-A combustion compression wedge 70 may be formed between the type-A side boss 72 and the type-A king pin boss 71 along the front face, and a second compression wedge 70 may be formed between the type-A side boss 72 and the type-A king pin boss 71 along the rear face.

[0067] The outer curved third wall of the type-A vane 65 may include a matching pair of internal supercharger fins 66 that project from, and are co-planar with, the front face and the rear face of the vane, respectively. The outer edges of the internal supercharger fins 66 may have a constant radius of curvature that is slightly less than the radius of curvature of the opening defined by the inner curved wall of the horseshoe 101. The curved outer edges of the fins 66 maintain a uniform, and very slight, distance from the cylindrical opening in the horseshoe 101 while pivoting within it. The front face fin 66 may include an internal supercharger inlet slit 67 formed therein. The rear face fin 66 may include an internal supercharger outlet slit 68 that is distal from the inlet slit 67. The internal supercharger fins 66 may define a first internal supercharger chamber 47 between them that is bound on the inside by the portion of the outer curved third wall of the type-A vane extending between the two fins, and bound on the outside by the curved wall of the horseshoe 101. The first internal supercharger boss 102 proj ecting from the horseshoe 101 forms a wall for the first internal supercharger chamber 47 while permitting the type-A vane 65 to move relative to the boss. Because the first internal supercharger boss 102 blocks fluid flow past it, the volume of the first internal supercharger chamber 47 varies as the type-A vane 65 pivots back and forth.

[0068] With continued reference to Figs. 3 and 5, the type-B vane 75 may have a planar front face and a planar rear face that are generally wedge shaped (when viewed end-on as in Fig. 3). Three primary walls may extend between the front face of the type-B vane 75 and the rear face to define the wedge shape. A first wall and a second wall of the type-B vane 75 extend away from a central type-B king pin boss 81 towards an outer curved third wall. The type-B king pin boss 81 may be sized to be received securely between the two type-A king pin bosses of the type-A vane 65, and have a bore that is configured to receive the king pin 105. The type-A king pin bosses 71 and the type-B king pin boss 81 should be configured to pivot relative to each other when interleaved as shown in Fig. 5 without significant working fluid leakage past the pivot point.

[0069] The first and second walls of the type-B vane 75 preferably extend away from the type- B king pin boss 81 in reference planes that form an oblique angel with each other. The angel formed between the first and second wall reference planes for the type-B vane 75 is preferably the same, or nearly the same, as the angel between the first and second wall reference planes for the type-A vane 65. The first wall of the type-B vane 75 may include two symmetrical flat-topped projections 79 that extend inward from the front face and rear face of the type-B vane 75, respectively. The projections 79 may define a central valley between them configured to receive the projection 69 on the type-A vane 65 when the two vanes pivot together. The second wall of the type-B vane 75 may include a type-B side boss 82 that projects away from the second wall and is disposed near a midpoint between the front face and the rear face of the vane. Two type-B combustion compression wedges 80 may extend from the second wall of the type-B vane 75 along the inner portion of the front face and the inner portion of the rear face of the vane, respectively.

[0070] The outer curved third wall of the type-B vane 75 may include a matching pair of internal supercharger fins 76 that project from, and are co-planar with, the front face and the rear face of the vane, respectively. The outer edges of the internal supercharger fins 76 may have a constant radius of curvature that is slightly less than that of the opening defined by the inner curved wall of the horseshoe 101. The curved outer edges of the fins 76 may maintain a uniform, and very slight, distance from the cylindrical opening in the horseshoe 101 while pivoting within it. The front face fin 76 may include an internal supercharger inlet slit 77 formed therein. The rear face fin 76 may include an internal supercharger outlet slit 78 that is distal from the inlet slit 77. The internal supercharger fins 76 may define a second internal supercharger chamber 47 between them that is bound on the inside by the portion of the outer curved third wall of the type-B vane 75 extending between the two fins, and bound on the outside by the curved wall of the horseshoe 101. The second internal supercharger boss 103 projecting from the horseshoe 101 forms a wall for the second internal supercharger chamber 47 while permitting the type-B vane 75 to move relative to the boss. Because the second internal supercharger boss 103 blocks fluid flow past it, the volume of the second internal supercharger chamber 47 varies as the type-B vane 75 pivots back and forth.

[0071] The type-A vane 65 may pivotally connect to the type-B vane 75 using the king pin 105. The king pin 105 may extend through the type-A king pin bosses 71 interleaved with the type-B king pin boss 81 to provide a fixed pivot point for the two vanes. The king pin 105 may be securely received by a first king pin mount recess 128 in the type-A side plate 31, and/or received by a second king pin mount recess 128 in the type-B side plate 32 (see Fig. 4). The king pin mount recesses 128 constrain the king pin 105 and the king pin pivot point for the type-A vane 65 and type- B vane 75 to a fixed location relative to the type-A side plate 31 and the type-B side plate 32. [0072] With reference to Figs. 3 and 6, the type-C vane 85 may have a planar front face and a planar rear face connected to each other by an inner convex wall and an outer convex wall. The inner convex wall and the outer convex wall may be spaced from each other. The inner convex wall may extend from (i) first and second type-C side bosses 86 at one end of the vane to (ii) first and second type-C drive bar bosses 87 provided at the opposite end of the vane. The outer convex wall of the type-C vane 85 also may extend from the first and second type-C side bosses 86 at one end of the vane to the first and second type-C drive bar bosses 87 provided at the opposite end. The type-C side bosses 86 may each have a type-C gas guide slit 90 extending around a portion of the outer circumference of the bosses. The type-C side bosses 86 may have aligned bores configured to receive a type-A side wrist pin 114. The type-C drive bar bosses 87 may have aligned bores configured to receive a drive bar wrist pin 118.

[0073] The type-B vane 75 may pivotally connect to the type-C vane 85 using the type-A side wrist pin 114. The type-A side wrist pin 114 may extend through a type-B side boss 82 interleaved with the type-C side bosses 86 to provide a movable pivot point for the type-B vane 75 and the type- C vane 85 relative to the type-A side plate 31 and the type-B side plate 32. The type-B side boss 82 and the type-C side bosses 86 may pivot relative to each other when interleaved without significant working fluid leakage past the pivot point.

[0074] With continued reference to Figs. 3 and 6, the type-D vane 93 may have a planar front face and a planar rear face connected to each other by an inner convex wall and an outer convex wall. The inner convex wall and the outer convex wall may be spaced from each other. The inner convex wall of the type-D vane 93 may extend from a type-D side boss 94 at one end of the vane to first and second type-D drive bar bosses 95 provided at the opposite end. The outer convex wall of the type-D vane 93 also may extend from the type-D side boss 94 at one end of the vane to the type- D drive bar bosses 95 provided at the opposite end. The type-D side boss 94 may have one or more type-D gas guide slits 98 extending around a portion of the outer circumference of the boss. The type-D side boss 94 may have a bore configured to receive a type-B side wrist pin 116. The type-D drive bar bosses 95 may have aligned bores configured to receive the drive bar wrist pin 118. The drive-bar wristpin 118, the type-A side wrist pin 114, and the type-B side wrist pin 116 may have an independent coupling rod 120 (Fig. 6) housed within to maintain the vane mechanism clearances from type-A side plate 31 and the type-B side plate 32. [0075] The type-A vane 65 may pivotally connect to the type-D vane 93 using the type-B side wrist pin 116. The type-B side wrist pin 116 may extend through first and second type-A side bosses 72 interleaved with the type-D side boss 94 to provide a movable pivot point for the type-A vane 65 and the type-D vane 93 relative to the type-A side plate 31 and the type-B side plate 32. The type-A side bosses 72 and the type-D side boss 94 may pivot relative to each other when interleaved without significant working fluid leakage past the pivot point.

[0076] The type-C vane 85, the type-D vane 93, and the drive bar 62 may pivotally connect together using the drive bar wrist pin 118. The drive bar wrist pin 118 may extend through the type- D drive bar bosses 95 that interleave with the type-C drive bar bosses 87 and the drive bar 62. The drive bar wrist pin 118 may provide a movable pivot point for the type-C vane 85, the type-D vane 93, and the drive bar 63, relative to the type-A side plate 31 and the type-B side plate 32. The type-C drive bar bosses 87, the type-D drive bar bosses 95, and the drive bar, may pivot relative to each other when interleaved without significant working fluid leakage past the pivot point.

[0077] With reference to Figs. 3 and 6, the drive bar 62 may be pivotally connected to one or more internal crankshafts 58 by one or more corresponding cranks 60. The drive bar 62, cranks 60 and internal crankshafts 58 may be disposed in an outer chamber 55 which constitutes the space within the engine layer that is outside of the horseshoes 101 and the vane assemblies. Preferably, the outer chamber 55 may communicate with an external supercharger inlet port 57 through which pressurized fluid, such as air, may be supplied. Preferably, the outer chamber 55 may be maintained at 1.5 to 3 atmospheres pressure during non-load engine operation although greater pressures may be employed. The pressure of the outer chamber 55 may be varied during the course of engine operation as needed to avoid unacceptable fluid leakage out of the combustion chamber 39 during engine operation.

[0078] The crankshafts 56, 58 may extend between the engine layers and out of the engine through the first end plate 33 (Fig. 1). The internal crankshafts 58 may be secured in place within the engine by one or more internal crankshaft bearings 59. The crankshafts 56, 58 may be configured to rotate repeatedly through 360 degrees in response to a rotational driving force received from the drive bar 62 and the cranks 60. The output of the crankshafts may be used for any powering purpose.

[0079] With reference to Figs. 17Aand 17B, the relative dimensions and offsets for the cranks 60, the drive bar 62, the internal crankshafts 58, and the king pins 105 are illustrated for an embodiment including two opposing chambers. These dimensions and offsets may vary in alternative embodiments, and may be a function of desired vane geometry, boss sizes, compression length, parasitic length, and clearances between vanes. In the preferred embodiment, the distance between the king pin 105 and the drive bar wrist pin may be determined for the compression phase and the parasitic phase. The crank 60 length may be determined by subtracting the parasitic length from the compression length and dividing the result by two. The distance from the center of the king pin 105 to the midpoint of a line segment connected between the internal crankshaft 58 centers may be calculated by adding the parasitic length, the drive bar 62 offset length, and the crank 60 length. Alternatively, this distance may be determined by adding the compression length to the drive bar 62 offset length and subtracting the crank 60 length.

[0080] With reference to Figs. 3 and 4, each engine layer is completed by a type-B side plate 32. A complete engine layer including a type-A side plate 31, horseshoes 101, a type-A side cover 37, a type-B side cover 38, and a type-B side plate 32, may be held together using any known structures, such as bolts, welds, adhesives, clamps, and the like. Preferably, one or more seals may be maintained between the parts to sufficiently prevent excess leakage of the working fluid out of the combustion chamber 39, and to prevent leakage of the lower pressure working fluid out of the outer chamber 55.

[0081] With reference to Fig. 4, each of the type-B side plates 32 may include a combustion- chamber-facing generally flat interior surface (shown) that extends in a second reference plane. The second reference plane is parallel to, and equally spaced from, the first reference plane in which the combustion-chamber-facing generally flat interior surface of the type-A side plate 31 (Fig. 1) extends. Portions of the first and second intercoolers 52, which include first intercooler passages 54, may be provided at opposing corners of the type-B side plates 32. A blow-off passage and valve 121 may connect each first intercooler passage 54 to the ambient environment. The type-B side plates 32 may include openings to receive first and second internal crankshafts 58 spaced from each other on reference centerlines bisecting the type-B side plates. The internal crankshafts 58 and the output crankshafts 56 (Fig. 3) may be supported by one or more crankshaft bearings 59. First and second bores or recesses 128 may be provided in the type-B side plates 32 to receive the king pins 105 (Fig. 3). The type-B side plates 32 may include openings to receive fuel injectors 136 and spark plugs 138. The spark plugs 138 may be located in the type-B side plates 32 so as to be revealed to the combustion chambers 39 when the chambers are near or at a minimum volume. [0082] Each of the type-B side plates 32 also may include six ports extending through the plate within the footprint of the vane assembly. Specifically, a combustion charge inlet port 40 may be located and sized on the type-B side plate 32 to selectively communicate with the combustion chamber 39 when it is increasing in volume. A combustion exhaust port 41 may be located and sized to selectively communicate with the combustion chamber 39 when it is decreasing in volume. The combustion charge inlet port 40 and the combustion exhaust port 41 may be generally trapezoid shaped and extend away from the king pin recess 128 roughly the same distance like spokes extending away from a hub. The centers of the combustion charge inlet port 40 and the combustion exhaust port 41 may be separated from each other by roughly 170-200 degrees relative to the king pin recess 128.

[0083] With reference to Figs. 3, 5 and 6, the inner walls of the type-A vane 65, type-B vane 75, type-C vane 85, and type-D vane 93 define a variable volume chamber 39, which in the engine embodiment shown in Fig. 3 comprises a combustion chamber. More specifically, the drive bar 62, the crank 60, the type-A vane 65, the type-B vane 75, the type-C vane 85 and the type-D vane 93 may connect to make a parallel ogramic or rhombic combustion chamber 39 between them with the internal angles dependent upon the drive bar position on its circular path. This parallelogramic or rhombic combustion chamber 39 may be used as an Otto or Atkinson cycle combustion chamber which completes a cycle that is fully equivalent to a two-crank rotation cycle of a four-stroke piston engine having intake, compression, expansion, exhaust, and parasitic events within one crank (360 degree) rotation.

[0084] The volume of the combustion chamber 39 may vary as the result of the movement of the type-A vane 65, the type-B vane 75, the type-C vane 85 and the type-D vane 93 while they are pivotally connected. The type-A vane 65 and the type-B vane 75 pivot about the king pin 105 in a back-and-forth motion. The type-C vane 85 and the type-D vane 93 pivot first away from each other and towards the type-A vane 65 and the type-B vane 75, and then towards each other and away from the type-A vane and the type-B vane. As a result of this motion, the combustion chamber 39 achieves a maximum volume twice and two minimum volumes per revolution of the drive bar 62.

[0085] With renewed reference to Fig. 4, the type-B side plate 32 may further include a heat engine exhaust port 45 located adjacent to the combustion charge inlet port 40, and a heat engine inlet port 44 located adjacent to the heat engine exhaust port. The heat engine inlet port 44 and the heat engine exhaust port 45 may be generally trapezoid shaped and extend away from the king pin recess 128 roughly the same distance like spokes extending away from a hub. The heat engine inlet port 44 and the heat engine exhaust port 45 may extend away from the king pin recess 128 roughly twice the distance that the combustion chamber inlet port 40 extends away from the king pin recess.

[0086] With reference to Figs. 3 and 4, the heat engine inlet port 44 may be located and sized on the type-B side plate 32 to selectively communicate with, and be exclusively revealed to, the heat engine chamber 43 formed between the type-A vane 65, the type-B vane 75, and the inner curved wall of the horseshoe 101. A transfer channel 42 connects the combustion exhaust port 41 with the heat engine inlet port 44 on the rear face (i.e., non-combustion chamber face) of the type-B side plate 32. The heat engine exhaust port 45 may be located and sized on the type-B side plate 32 to selectively communicate with, and be exclusively revealed to, the heat engine chamber 43. A channel for transferring working fluid may connect the exhaust opening 129 with the heat engine exhaust port 45 via a passage within the horseshoe 101 connecting through to the rear face (i.e., non- combustion chamber face) of the type-B side plate 32.

[0087] With reference to Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6, the first wall of the type-A vane 65 and the first wall of the type-B vane 75 may define a variable volume heat engine chamber 43 between them bound by the inner curved wall of the horseshoe 101. The volume of the heat engine chamber 43 may reciprocate between a maximum volume and a minimum volume due to the pivoting movement of the type-A vane 65 and the type-B vane 75 about the king pin 105. Working fluid may enter the heat engine chamber 43 through the heat engine inlet port 44 in the type-B side plate 32, and working fluid may exit the heat engine chamber through the heat engine exhaust port 45.

[0088] With reference to Fig. 4, the type-B side plate 32 may further include multiple internal supercharger outlet passages 50. Each internal supercharger outlet passage 50 may extend from the combustion chamber side of the type-B side plate 32 to the non-combustion chamber side of the plate where it meets with one of the sub-passages of internal supercharger compressed air passage 51. With reference to Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, the first and second internal supercharger chambers 47 may have variable volumes because the first and second internal supercharger bosses 102 and 103 block fluid flow as the type-A vane 65 and the type-B vane 75 pivot back and forth. These variable volume internal supercharger chambers 47 may communicate with the internal supercharger air inlets 49 in the type-A side plate 31 through the supercharger inlet slits 67 and 77, respectively. The first and second internal supercharger chambers 47 also may communicate with the internal supercharger outlet passages 50 through the supercharger outlet slits 68 and 78, respectively. [0089] With renewed reference to Figs. 2, 3 and 4, the planar front and rear faces of the first, second, third and fourth vanes 65, 75, 85 and 93 are uniformly spaced from and parallel to the combustion chamber faces of the type-A and type-B side plates 31 and 32. With reference to Fig. 7, the planar front and rear faces of the four vanes may have fluid sealing systems 64, 74, 84 and 92 provided thereon, respectively. Similarly, the first and second internal supercharger bosses 102 and 103 may have a fluid sealing system 100 provided thereon. The fluid sealing systems 64, 74, 84, 92 and 100 may be comprised of a plurality of recesses or pockets separated by lands forming a field of pockets. Preferably, the pockets may be of like shape and dimension in terms of shape at the mouth, shape at the base, height, width, diameter, depth, and/or volume. Preferably, the pockets are formed in or on the surfaces of the referenced vanes and bosses. The pockets in the field may be arranged in at least one row, or more preferably, in a grid pattern consisting of two or more vertically spaced rows of pockets. The number, shape, size and arrangement of the lands and pockets in the field shown in the drawing figures was selected for ease of discussion and illustration and is not considered limiting.

[0090] A seal or seal equivalent may be produced over the expanse of the referenced vanes and bosses, from high pressure side to low pressure side, due to the presence of the pockets and lands arranged in an appropriate sealing system field. The seal or its equivalent may be generated as the result of the pressure difference of the working fluid between the high pressure side (e.g., combustion chamber 39 side) and the low pressure side (e.g., the outer chamber 55 side). For example, as the vane assembly moves, the pressure and temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber 39 may rise and produce a working fluid pressure differential between the combustion chamber 39 and the outer chamber 55. This pressure differential may cause the working fluid in the space between the vane assembly and the type-A side plate and the type-B side plate, i.e., the seal gap, to flow towards the outer chamber 55. Flow of the working fluid through the seal gap may induce a local Venturi effect at each pocket in the field, which may locally increase the speed and decrease the pressure of the working fluid. The speed and pressure change of the working fluid may be a function of the practical small clearance distance between the vane assembly and the type- A side plate and the type-B side plate.

[0091] The pockets preferably may have relatively sharp edges at the junction with the planar front and rear faces of the vanes, i.e., at the junction with the lands. As the working fluid fiows over the sharp edge of a pocket, a decrease in local pressure may occur due to turbulence. As a result, the working fluid may expand creating a momentary decrease in pressure and an increase of localized turbulence. Further working fluid flowing over and into each successive pocket may begin a cycle wherein each pocket serves as a Helmholtz-like resonator or resonating column (dependent upon pocket shape deployed), which may cause the working fluid to be drawn into and expelled out of the pocket at a definable frequency creating further localized turbulence.

[0092] The resulting turbulence may be a function of the physical properties of the working fluid in the system and the diameter (or height and width), geometry, relational location, and depth of each individual pocket in the field. The resulting turbulence may also be a function of the practical small clearance distance or seal gap due to the ratio of the spatial volume above each land to the spatial volume above and within each pocket. This localized turbulence may interact with the flowing working fluid and generate a vortex motion that impedes further flow of the working fluid. The decrease in flow may momentarily decrease the resonance effect, which in turn may momentarily decrease the localized turbulence, which then may allow the flow rate of the working fluid to momentarily increase again.

[0093] When the vane assembly is progressing towards a minimum volume, the working fluid which has passed over the pockets in the upper most row (closest to the combustion chamber 39) may next encounter the pockets in the adjacent row of the pocket field where the described turbulence phenomena repeats, but at a lower starting pressure. This process may repeat as the working fluid passes over successive rows of the sealing system pocket field with successively relatively decreased starting pressure until the local pressure in the seal gap is reduced to the pressure level of the working fluid contained in the outer chamber 55. The repeating cycle of pressure reduction from pocket to pocket in the field may create a seal or the effective equivalent of a seal since no working fluid will flow past the point at which the local pressure in the seal gap is at or below the pressure of the working fluid in the outer chamber 55.

[0094] The localized turbulence at each pocket may decrease with time due to the gradual leaking allowed by the resonant action of the pockets. Therefore, the localized turbulence may also be a function of the rate of motion of the vane assembly relative to the type-A side plate and the type-B side plate. The effectiveness of the sealing system may require working fluid pressures that fluctuate to provide energetic flows into the sealing system field by providing a consistent flow in and out of the pockets, thereby maintaining the effectiveness of the sealing system. [0095] The rate of the sealing system leakage may be modified by using different land spacing patterns and pocket geometries within the sealing system field. The land spacing may be selected to induce the pockets to provide counter flow to prior (upper) pockets while forward (lower) pockets may prevent fluid flow to induce internally decaying self-reinforcing oscillations within the sealing system field.

[0096] The effectiveness of the sealing system field for a particular application may be a function of the outside dimensions of the sealing system field in addition to the design parameters of the individual pockets. The seal efficiency may be improved by modifying the geometry of some or all of the pockets to include a convergent area at the inner base of the pockets and a divergent area at the mouth of the pockets. A de Laval nozzle effect may be produced at the pockets using a convergent area and a larger divergent area to form a resonant cavity at the bottom of the pockets, which may create greater localized turbulence due to localized supersonic working fluid movement.

[0097] It is appreciated that the field of pockets described as being formed on or in the surfaces of the referenced vanes and bosses may instead be formed on or in the surface opposing these surfaces in alternative embodiments. It is also appreciated that the field of pockets described as being formed on or in the surface of the referenced vanes and bosses may also be formed on or in the surface opposing the piston in addition to being formed on or in the surfaces of the vanes and bosses.

[0098] The effectiveness of the sealing systems described in connection with Fig. 7, may be improved by increasing the pressure in the outer chamber 55 above that of the ambient environment atmosphere. An external relative motion oscillating supercharger may be used to pressurize the outer chamber 55. Bleed off from regulating this outer chamber 55 may be fed into the internal supercharger passage to the intercooler to augment the cooled and compressed air volume available for the engine and to serve as exhaust gas recirculation for any combustion gasses which may escape into the outer chamber 55.

[0099] With reference to Fig. 10, an example embodiment of an external relative motion oscillating supercharger is illustrated. The external relative motion oscillating supercharger may be used to pressurize the outer chamber 55 via the supercharger port 57 (Fig. 3). Bleed off from regulating this outer chamber 55 may be fed into the internal supercharger passage 54 in the intercooler 52 via blow-off and transfer valve 122 to augment the cooled and compressed air volume available for the engine and to serve as exhaust gas recirculation for any combustion gasses which may escape into the outer chamber. The external supercharger may include an intake-exhaust manifold and cover 125, a front rotor 124, and a rear rotor 123. The manifold and cover 125 may incorporate an air inlet pocket and passage 134 and an exhaust passage 135. The rear rotor 123 may include three fins spaced at 120-degrees center-to-center with compressed air output slits 132, 133 and passages located around the center hub. The slits and passages 132, 133 in the rear rotor 123 line up with compressed air output passages 131 in the front rotor 124 hub when either group of chambers is near minimum volume. These compressed air output passages 131 in the front rotor 124 lead to the exhaust passage 135 in the intake-exhaust manifold and cover 125.

[00100] Three air intake slits 119 may be provided around the outside circumference of the front rotor 124 at equal distances from each other. The air intake slits 119 allow filtered fresh air to be pulled into the front rotor 124 from the large circular air inlet pocket and passage 134 within the intake-exhaust manifold and cover 125. Air may be pulled into one-half of the area between the fins on the front rotor 124, as the fins on the rear rotor 123 divide the three chambers in the front rotor 124 into three groups of mating half-chambers, for a total of six chambers. The rear rotor 123 may block the air intake slits 119 in the front rotor 124 when the fins of the rear rotor are at a center position in each of the three groups of half chambers, but reveal the intake slits 119 to a group of three half chambers when the other group of three half chambers are at a minimum volume.

[00101 ] The external relative motion oscillating supercharger may be driven using two sets of bi-lobe gears 126 and 127, otherwise known as elliptical or oval gears. The two supercharger components (i.e., the front rotor 124 and the rear rotor 123) may be geared at a 90-degree offset and the fins on the opposing rotors may located at a 60-degree displacement from each other. Accordingly, the supercharger shaft keys for the front rotor 124 and the rear rotor 123 may have a starting 30-degree offset from one-another. The bi-lobe gears 126 and 127 provide two alternating speeds in four areas and four areas of speed transition per input shaft rotation. The external relative motion oscillating supercharger could also be driven by an electronically controlled motion system, an oscillating mechanism, or by other gear types such as multi-lobe constant speed gearing, nautilus gears, or other gears which would allow the appropriate motion of the mechanism.

[00102] With reference to Figs. 10, 13 and 15 A- 15C, the external relative motion supercharger may create a relative motion of the front rotor 124 fins and the rear rotor 123 fins by accelerating and decelerating each rotor between the two speeds provided by the gearing. Every time the two rotor angular velocity lines intersect as shown in Fig. 13, a first group of three of the six half chambers output compressed air at the half chamber minimum clearance angle as seen in Fig. 14. The minimum clearance angles shown in Fig. 14 translate to clearance distances of nearly zero between the front rotor 124 and rear rotor 123 fins due to the curved design of the fins themselves, which also accounts for the first group of half chambers appearing to have larger minimum angular clearances than the other group. In the simulation described by Figs. 13 and 14, the input shaft was driven at 120-degrees-per-second, which would drive the supercharger parts at two speeds with the speed scaling factor being approximately 1.7 above and below the input speed. One input drive shaft rotation generates four compressed air output cycles from the groups with the chambers alternating every other from the six half chambers of the supercharger.

[00103] The output at the intersection of the front and rear rotor velocity lines is due to the chasing movement created where the front rotor 124 chases and catches the rear rotor 123, then the rear rotor 123 chases and catches the front rotor 124. During each chasing motion, air passes through the air intake slits 119 into the space between the front rotor and the rear rotor 123, and thereafter compressed between the rotors. This creates a pseudo or relative motion oscillation without having the one rotor start, stop, reverse, and stop constantly while the other rotor remains stationary. This allows the mechanism to conserve some momentum and increase the air output when compared with a piston compressor. Like a piston compressor, the compressed air output pulsing can be smoothed by using multiple chambers keyed at differing offset angles from the gear train to allow common gearing at a reduced cost but to create a more consistent and/or larger output volume and pressure.

[00104] With reference to Fig. 15 A, the rear rotor fins are blocking the front rotor air intake slits 119 provided around the periphery of the rotor. Three half chambers are below atmospheric pressure if the design is equipped with one way valves (not shown) on the output passages or nearer to atmospheric pressure if it is not so equipped. The other three half of the chambers are at or slightly above atmospheric pressure. At this time, the front rotor is moving slowly and the rear rotor is moving briskly. As the drive shaft rotates counter-clockwise, the front rotor fins rotate clockwise. This causes three of the half chambers to intake air and the other three half chambers to begin compressing air.

[00105] With reference to Fig. 15B, the front rotor is beginning acceleration and the rear rotor is almost completely decelerated. Air has been drawn in through the air intake slit 119 and fills the space between the rotors that is in communication with the air intake slits. At this time, the compressed air passages 132, 133 leading to the chambers in the rear rotor connect to the compressed air outlets 131 in the front rotor, causing the compressed air that has been compressed between the rotors to push through the compressed air outlets and through optional one-way valves (not shown). The new compressed air volume is added to the volume in the exhaust passage in the intake-exhaust manifold and cover.

[00106] With reference to Fig. 15C, the rear rotor fins have rotated clockwise, blocking the front rotor 124 air intake slits 119. This begins the compression cycle for the second group of three half chambers and leads to a fresh air intake cycle for the previously compressed half chambers. At this time, the front rotor moves briskly and the rear rotor moves slowly. The compressed air passages 132, 133 leading to the chambers in the rear rotor connect to the compressed air outlets 131 in the front rotor as the drive shaft continues to rotate. This leads to a similar compression cycle and compressed air volume addition as previously described for the first group of half chambers. This process repeats so that three half chambers are outputting compressed air while the other three half chambers intake air.

[00107] With reference to Figs. 10 and 16, it may also be advantageous to shape the outside of the front rotor 124 with air directing ridges 154 adjacent to the air intake slits 119 to form an air fan/pump/compressor between the intake-exhaust manifold and cover and the front rotor 124. It may also be advantageous to employ one-way valves (not shown) on the intake slits 119 and on the compressed air output passages to increase the volume and pressure that the compressor can produce by allowing the chambers to intake for a longer period. These one-way valves may also be employed per group of three half chambers for reduced cost if the intake slit 119 number is increased from three to six with each intake slit being located at an offset distance from its original central location giving each half chamber a separate intake slit (not shown).

[00108] With reference to Figs. 8A through 8D, in alternative embodiments, the spark plug(s) 138 may be mounted within one or more of the vanes, such as the type-A vane 65 and/or type-B vane 75. The spark plug 138 may be mounted within a vane to position the flame front propagation point near the center of the chamber. In order to do so, the energy required by the spark plug 138 must be delivered to it, and the spark plug must be serviceable.

[00109] Fig. 8 A illustrates an example spark plug 138 mounting in which the ignition pulse is delivered from the king pin 105 via a high voltage insulated wire 108 with potting 107 isolating the wire cavity from the king pin body and the oil passages 109. A first spark plug access cap 155 may be disposed in the type-A vane 65 and a second spark plug access cap 156 may be disposed in the horseshoe 101. The spark plug access caps 155 and 156 protect the spark plug 138 from contaminants. The wire 108 exits the king pin 105 and extends to the spark plug 138 through an opening in the type-A vane 65. The spark plug 138 may be replaced without disassembling the engine by rotating the engine to the proper crank angle to align the passage in the type-A vane 65 in which the spark plug 138 is mounted with a matching passage in the horseshoe 101. Once the passages are aligned, the spark plug access caps 155 and 156 may be removed providing access to the spark plug from outside of the horseshoe 101.

[00110] With reference to Fig. 8B, in an alternative embodiment, the wire 108 may be coupled to the spark plug 138 using a high-voltage brush/wiper contact assembly 111.

[00111] In another example, shown in Fig. 8C, the spark plug ignition energy may be transmitted by toroidal coil modules 1 10. The oil passage 109 is contained within the king pin 105. The coil may be grounded to the vane body and the positive side of the transformer may be coupled to the spark plug 138 via a spark plug wire 108. Energy is supplied to the matching toroidal coil modules 110 when a spark is to be output.

[00112] In yet another example, shown in Fig. 8D, continuous energy and data may be transmitted via toroidal coil modules 1 10. The coil may be grounded to the vane body and both sides of the transformer may be coupled to a spark module 112. This allows the spark module 112 to harnesses the continuous energy and read the high-frequency composite or differential data streams to supply a spark output from the module at the proper time(s) through a spark plug wire 108 attached to the spark plug 138. This configuration does not require additional ignition coils as this function is integrated into the module but it does require a more complex control system to supply the proper continuous energy and data stream to the module.

[00113] The motion of the engine described in connection with Figs. 1-7 is illustrated in Figs. 9A through 91. The motion of crank 60 in this preferred embodiment is counter-clockwise with the twelve o'clock position defined as 0 crank degrees of rotation. The cranks 60 may be attached to the drive bar 62 in such a way that all of the cranks remain parallel as the cranks travel through their complete rotations. This crank 60 parallel motion may cause the drive bar 62 to translate in a purely circular path. The drive bar 62 and cranks 60 may clear the horseshoe at the horseshoe windage recesses (Fig. 3, 104) which helps to reduce air turbulence and encourage cooling of type-A side plate 31 and the type-B side plate 32. The circular translation motion is illustrated by progressive positions through 360 crank degrees of rotation in Figs. 9A-9I. [00114] With reference to Figs. 1 -7 and 9A-9I, the motion of the example engine to provide the internal supercharger function may begin its cycle when the engine is cranked starting from about 180 crank degrees, as shown in Fig. 9E. At this engine position, filtered fresh air flows through openings in the type-A side cover 37 and the type-B side cover 38 into the internal supercharger air channels 48 in the type-A side plate 31. The air may flow over the type-A side plate 31, cooling the plate until it reaches the internal supercharger air inlets 49.

[00115] When the engine reaches about 315 crank degrees, as shown in Fig. 91, the filtered fresh air flows from the internal supercharger air inlet 49 to the internal supercharger inlet slit 77 in the type-B vane 75, and from there into a first internal supercharger chamber 47. The flow may be encouraged since the internal supercharger chamber 47 may be below atmospheric pressure due to the chamber expansion motion during the pivoting motion of the type-B vane 75.

[00116] When the engine reaches about 45 crank degrees, as shown in Fig. 9B, the filtered fresh air flows from the internal supercharger air inlet 49 to the internal supercharger inlet slit 67 in the type-A vane 65, and from there into a second internal supercharger chamber 47. Again, the flow may be encouraged if the internal supercharger chamber 47 is below atmospheric pressure due to the chamber expansion motion during the pivoting motion of the type-A vane 65.

[00117] As the engine continues to crank, the type-A and type-B vanes 65 and 75 pivot away from each other so that the first and second internal supercharger chambers 47 steadily decrease in volume as the chambers advance toward the first and second internal supercharger bosses 102 and 103, respectively. The internal supercharger chamber 47 formed by the type-B 75 may be at full compression at about 135 crank degrees, as shown in Fig. 9D, and the internal supercharger chamber 47 formed by the type-A vane 65 may be at full compression at about 225 crank degrees, as shown in Fig. 9G.

[00118] When the internal supercharger chambers 47 are near their minimum volumes, the internal supercharger outlet slits 68 and 78 provide an egress for the compressed gasses in the chambers to flow into the internal supercharger outlet passages 50 in the type-B side plate 32. The internal supercharger outlet passages 50 connect to the internal supercharger compressed air passage 51 in the horseshoe 101, the first intercooler passage 53 in the type-A side plate 31, and the second intercooler passage 54 in the type-B side plate 32. These passages (51, 53 and 54) extend through the intercooler 52, which cools the compressed air. The internal supercharger compressed air passage 51 also may provide a small flow of blowdown air through the heat engine blowdown port 46 located on the bottom of the type-A side plate 3 lfor the heat engine chamber 43 when uncovered by the type-B vane 75 (i.e., when the type-A vane 65 and the type-B vane 75 are positioned to the right most rotational position above the king pin 105 with the heat engine chamber 43 volume at a maximum value).

[00119] As the engine continues to crank for the generation of positive power, the air pressure in the intercooler 52 and the outer chamber 55 may increase. The cooled compressed air drawn in from the intercooler 52 via the type-B side plate 32 intercooler passage 54 has an appropriate amount of fuel added by port injector 136 at the appropriate time or times on the way to the combustion charge inlet port 40 to allow for proper fuel vaporization and atomization to create an appropriate charge.

[00120] At about 45 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9B, the combustion charge inlet port 40 is revealed to the combustion chamber 39 at the full port open position of the charge intake stroke. The charge may be drawn through the combustion charge inlet port 40 in the type-B side plate 32 and over type-A combustion compression wedge 70 into the combustion chamber 39. The combustion chamber 39 progresses through about 90 crank degrees where the combustion chamber is at the piston equivalent of bottom dead center and approximately maximum intake volume. The charge is fully loaded into the combustion chamber 39 and the combustion charge inlet port 40 in the type-B side plate 32 is mostly covered by the type-A vane 65. The cranks 60 are at an inflection point at which the momentum of the attached components must provide proper carry through to keep the engine running through this position.

[00121] When the engine reaches about 112.5 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9C, the charge is fully loaded into the combustion chamber 39, the combustion charge inlet port 40 in the type-B side plate 32 is fully covered by the type-A vane 65, and the combustion chamber 39 begins to compress the charge.

[00122] When the engine reaches about 135 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9D, the combustion chamber 39 is nearing full compression and is ready for spark plug ignition. The spark plug 138 ignites the charge while carry through of the component masses continues to compress the burning charge and increase turbulence with squish and swirl encouraged by the type- C and type-D gas guide slits 90 and 98 provided in the type-C side bosses 86 and type-D side boss 94, respectively. Alternately, the spark plug 138 or a second spark plug could be provided to ignite the charge at a later crank angle or even within a vane (see Figs. 8A-8D). [00123] When the engine reaches about 180 crank degrees as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9E, which is at the piston equivalent of top dead center, the ignited charge in the combustion chamber 39 may be at maximum compression. The ignited charge may be pushed into intimate contact with the exposed surface area of the vanes in the combustion chamber 39 with very little surface area of the type-A and type-B side plates 31 and 32 exposed to the ignited charge. At this point, the combustion chamber 39 is at or near maximum compression, the type-A combustion compression wedge 70 is near the type-B combustion compression wedge 80, and the type-C combustion compression boss 89 is near the type-D combustion compression boss 97. The cranks 60 are again at an inflection point when the momentum of the engine components must provide proper carry through to keep the engine running through this position.

[00124] When the engine reaches about 202.5 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9F, the combustion chamber 39 is starting expansion. At this time, the charge continues to burn and expands in the combustion chamber 39 allowing the conversion of chemical energy into thermodynamic energy to increase the chamber pressure and push the combustion chamber open at the free pivot points. This is accomplished by pivoting the type-B vane 75 relative to the type-C vane 85 at the type-A wrist pin 114, and by pivoting the type-A vane 65 relative to the type-D vane 93 at the type-B wrist pin 116, which draws the drive bar 62 upwards at drive bar wrist pin 118 connection to the type-C vane 85 and the type-D vane 93. The cranks 60 may be positioned at useful geometric locations in that they are offset from the centerline of the king pin 105 to allow the forces to be efficiently converted into torque. The cranks 60 also may be set at a shallow angle from the centerline of the king pin 105 at this time which may allow the amount of pressure being generated to be efficiently added to the momentum of the components to generate useful torque.

[00125] When the engine reaches about 225 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9G, the combustion chamber 39 may be about half way through the expansion stroke. The charge continues to burn and to expand in the combustion chamber 39 at this time, allowing the thermodynamic energy to continue to be converted into useful torque via pressure acting on the internal surface area of the vane assembly which pulls the drive bar 62 upward and drives the crank 60 counter-clockwise.

[00126] When the engine reaches about 270 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9H, which is at the piston equivalent of bottom dead center, the combustion chamber 39 is at approximately maximum expansion volume. The charge is nearly completely expanded and beginning to transfer the hot exhaust gasses through the revealed combustion exhaust port 41 into the transfer channel 42 on the non-combustion chamber side of the type-B side plate 32. The exhaust gasses pass from the transfer channel 42 into the heat engine chamber 43 via the heat engine inlet port 44 and around the heat engine deflection proj ection 69. The size and shape of the transfer channel 42 may be tailored to control generated pressure and acoustic waves and to control the pressures in the combustion chamber 39 and the heat engine chamber 43. The cranks 60 are again at an inflection point. The exposed vane surfaces in the combustion chamber 39 and the heat engine chamber 43 begin to compress the exhaust gasses. This further increases the temperature of the gasses and also pressurizes the transfer channel 42.

[00127] With reference to Fig. 11, the engine may include a water injector 145 having an injector end that communicates with the heat engine chamber 43 between the type- A vane 65 and the type-B vane 75. The water injector 145 may be activated near this crank angle, for example (and/or other crank angles) to mist water vapor into the hot exhaust gasses in the heat engine chamber 43 one or more times per engine cycle. The water may nearly instantly flash to steam and significantly increase the heat engine chamber 43 pressure and also cool the chamber to further increase efficiency. With reference to Fig. 12, in an alternative embodiment, the water injector 145 may extend through the type-B end plate 34 and into the type-B side plate 32 to provide water to the transfer channel 42 extending between the combustion exhaust port 41 and the heat engine inlet port 44 in the type-B side plate.

[00128] When the engine reaches about 315 crank degrees, as shown in Fig. 91, the heat engine chamber 43 is nearly done receiving hot gasses from combustion chamber 39. Both the combustion chamber 39 and the heat engine chamber 43 ports are narrowed and the vanes continue to compress the hot gasses in both chambers, which also increases the pressure of the gasses which will be stored in the transfer channel 42 until later in the heat engine cycle. The transfer channel 42 can be anodized or otherwise treated to decrease the heat transfer rate between the available surface area in the channel and the gasses, which allows the gasses to retain their heat and pressure.

[00129] When the engine reaches about 0 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9A, which is at the piston equivalent of top dead center and minimum parasitic volume, the exhaust gasses remaining in the combustion chamber 39 are in intimate contact with the vane surfaces with very little of the type-A side plate 31 and the type-B side plate 32 exposed, allowing these gasses to begin cooling via the vanes. The combustion charge inlet port 40 is beginning to communicate with the combustion chamber 39 and the combustion exhaust port 41 is still communicating with the combustion chamber and connected to the transfer channel 42, but the heat engine inlet port 44 is blocked. Some of the intake air may blow down some of the remaining exhaust gasses and further pressurize the transfer channel 42 before it is blocked off from the combustion chamber 39. The heat engine chamber 43 may attain full compression with minimum volume and is halfway through the pivoting phase before starting expansion. The cranks 60 are again at an inflection point. The combustion chamber 39 may continue to cycle through these strokes repeatedly.

[00130] With regard to the heat engine function of the engine, when the engine reaches about 45 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9B, the heat engine expansion cycle begins. At this engine position, more exhaust gas pressure and thermal energy may be recovered by allowing the heat engine chamber 43 to increase the overall expansion stroke to increase the engine efficiency. If the engine includes a water injector 145, it may be activated near this crank angle, for example, to flash water droplets to steam and increase the heat engine chamber 43 pressure and cool the chamber to further increase efficiency (see Fig. 11).

[00131] When the engine reaches about 112.5 crank degrees as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9C, the gasses in the heat engine chamber 43 may still be expanding. At this time, compressed air may be injected via a passage leading from the supercharger compressed air passage 51 to the heat engine blowdown port 46 in the type-A side plate 31 to help increase pressure and to decrease temperature during expansion. The engine blowdown port 46 may also have an optional control valve (not shown) incorporated within it to allow the engine control system to modify the timing and/or volume of blowdown.

[00132] When the engine reaches about 135 crank degrees as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9D, the heat engine chamber 43 may still be expanding and injecting compressed blowdown air. Around this point, the heat engine chamber 43 may reconnect with the transfer channel 42 as the type-A vane 65 reveals the heat engine inlet port 44. This may introduce some further thermodynamic energy from the last of the pressurized exhaust gasses combined with some blowdown from the combustion chamber 39 which was stored when the combustion exhaust port 41 was still open but the heat engine inlet port 44 was closed as seen at 0 crank degrees in Fig. 9A.

[00133] When the engine reaches about 180 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9E, the heat engine chamber 43 may still be expanding and the heat engine blowdown port 46 in the type-A side plate 31 may be nearly blocked off by the heat engine deflection projection 79. At this time, the transfer channel 42 may still communicate with the heat engine chamber via the heat engine inlet port 44, and the heat engine exhaust port 45 may start to be revealed to the heat engine chamber. At this point, a reduced flow of compressed air may blowdown through the heat engine chamber 43 and out the heat engine exhaust port 45 into the exhaust pipe 130 connected to the exhaust opening 129.

[00134] When the engine reaches about 202.5 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9F, the heat engine blowdown port 46 may be blocked and the heat engine exhaust port 45 may be fully revealed to the heat engine chamber 43. As the type-B vane 75 pivots toward the heat engine exhaust port 45, exhaust gasses may be driven out of the heat engine chamber 43 through the heat engine exhaust port 45. This may create momentum in the gas flow which assists in the evacuation of the chamber. This evacuation can be further assisted by using a tuned exhaust and/or a divergent- convergent chamber on the exhaust to create reflected pressure waves, reflected acoustical waves, and/or resonance in a manner similar to the method employed on a two-stroke cycle piston engine.

[00135] When the engine reaches about 225 crank degrees, as shown in the upper half of Fig. 9G, the heat engine may complete its exhaust cycle by beginning to close the heat engine exhaust port 45 and continuing to drive exhaust gasses out as the type-A vane 65 and the type-B vane 75 pivot toward each other. This pivoting motion decreases the volume of the heat engine chamber 43. The heat engine inlet port 44 and exhaust port 45 may be located selectively to cause a slight parasitic compression of any residual exhaust gasses within the heat engine chamber 43 before the next heat engine cycle begins.

[00136] The engine described in connection with Figs. 1-7 includes two externally accessible crankshaft assemblies, and two engine layers each having two vane assemblies defining two variable volume combustion chambers 39 per layer. The engine described in Figs. 1-7 also incorporates two supercharger chambers 47 per vane assembly, as well as one heat engine chamber 43 per vane assembly. It is appreciated that alternative embodiments of the invention may have more or fewer crankshaft assemblies. It is also appreciated that alternative embodiments may include variable volume chambers, such as those described in Figs. 1-7 as a combustion chamber, supercharger chambers, and a heat engine chamber, that are used to pump fluids, or for other functions, instead of being used for combustion, supercharging, and heat engine operation, respectively. It is also appreciated that such alternative embodiments may include more or fewer than two layers of vane assemblies, and more or fewer than two vane assemblies per layer. It is also appreciated that such alternative embodiments may include one or more variable volume chambers of the type described in the Figs. 1-7 embodiment as a combustion chamber, a supercharger chamber, and a heat engine chamber.

[00137] For example, with reference to Fig. 18, each layer of an alternative embodiment variable volume chamber device is illustrated. The device may include a type-B side plate 32 provided with spark plugs 138 and four sets of vane assembly ports and passages, each including a combustion charge inlet port 40, a combustion exhaust port 41, a heat engine inlet port 44 and a heat engine exhaust port 45. The device also includes cooling fins 30 disposed along an outer edge of a wrap-around horseshoe 196. Intercooler fluid passages 197 and supercharger compressed air passages 51 may be provided in the horseshoe 196. An external supercharger inlet passage 57 also may extend through the horseshoe 196 from an ambient environment side to the outer chamber defined in part by the type-B side plate 32. A blow-off passage and valve 122 may connect the external supercharger inlet passage 57 to the internal supercharger compressed air passage 51. A blow-off passage and valve 121 may connect each internal supercharger compressed air passage 51 to the ambient environment. The device may further include four vane assemblies each having a type-A vane 65, a type-B vane 75, a type-C vane 85, and a type-D vane 93, connected together with a king pin 105, a type-A wrist pin 114, a type-B wrist pin 116 and a drive bar wrist pin 118. The vane assemblies may define two variable volume supercharger chambers 47 each, as well as a combustion chamber 39 and a heat engine chamber 43. The vane assemblies may be connected to two internal crankshafts via a drive bar 62. Each variable volume chamber 39 may be rotated 90 degrees more than the previous chamber progressing clockwise around the device layout. The variable volume chamber 39 at the twelve o'clock position is in the parasitic compression phase (0 crank degrees), the variable volume chamber 39 at the nine o'clock position is at complete expansion and starting the exhaust phase (270 crank degrees), the variable volume chamber 39 at the six o'clock position is in full compression phase (180 crank degrees), and the variable volume chamber at the three o'clock position is at nearly complete intake phase at maximum volume (90 crank degrees). This arrangement may have improved balanced as compared with the embodiment illustrated in Figs. 1-7 and may be more efficient for applications requiring four or more chambers.

[00138] Figs. 19 and 20 illustrate two more alternative embodiments of variable volume chamber devices that include four vane assemblies defining four sets of two variable volume supercharger chambers 47, as well as a combustion chamber 39 and a heat engine chamber 43, like that of Fig. 18. The Figs. 19 and 20 embodiments differ from the Fig. 18 embodiment in that they incorporate a single crankshaft 146, and gear assemblies (shown in Figs. 22A and 22B) that limit the motion of the drive bar 62 by providing counter-spin during the crank 142 motion of the single crankshaft 146. The gear assemblies may cause the drive bar 62 to follow a circular path while maintaining the same orientation relative to the center of the crankshaft 146 and the vane assemblies.

[00139] The gear assembly shown in Fig. 19 is illustrated in more detail in Fig. 22A. With regard to Figs. 19 and 22A, the gear assembly may include a type-A sun gear 157 that is mounted concentric, but not interfacing, with a type-A concentric crankshaft 146. The type-A sun gear 157 may be rigidly affixed to a side plate (not illustrated) so that it cannot rotate relative to the overall device. The crank 142 may be rigidly affixed to the type-A concentric crankshaft 146. A type-A planet gear 159 may be affixed to a type-B shaft 150 and enmeshed with the type-A sun gear 157. The type-B shaft 150 may extend through the crank 142 and attach to a type-B planet gear 160 causing both the type-A planet gear 159 and the type-B planet gear 160 to rotate synchronously. A type-C planet gear 161 may be attached to a free spinning type-A shaft 149 held by the crank 142 and enmeshed with the type-B planet gear 160. The type-C planet gear 161 may be rigidly mated to the drive bar 62 in such a manner as to restrict the drive bar motion via imbued counter-spin and allow it to translate without rotation about the circular path provided by the single crank's motion. The type-B sun gear 158 may be enmeshed with the type-C planet gear 161 and be attached to the crank 142 on a type-C shaft 151 which is concentric, but not synchronized, with the type-A concentric crankshaft 146.

[00140] The crank 142 rotation may cause the type-A planet gear 159 to rotate over the fixed teeth of the type-A sun gear 157. The type-A planet gear 159 in turn may drive the type-B planet gear 160 in sync due to the common enmeshed shaft between them. The type-B planet gear 160 may drive the type-C planet gear 161, which creates the proper counter-spin on the type-C planet gear 161 and also drives the type-B sun gear 158. The final gear ratio for the type-A sun gear 157 to the type-C planet gear 161 may be set at 1 : 1 to induce the proper counter-spin. The type-B sun gear 158 should be allowed to freely rotate to induce the balanced forces necessary for proper counter-spin on the type-C planet gear 161.

[00141] The gear assembly shown in Fig. 20 is illustrated in more detail in Fig. 22B. With regard to Figs. 20 and 22B, the gear assembly may include two concentric shafts, specifically an inner type-A concentric crankshaft 146 and an outer thin-wall type-B concentric crankshaft 147 to drive a type-C sun gear 162 or a ring gear 164. The synchronized gearing (not illustrated) may be located elsewhere to reduce the space requirements within the engine. The synchronized gearing may connect the type-A concentric crankshaft 146 and the type-B concentric crankshaft 147 to rotate the concentric shafts at a different angular velocity than the crank 141. The type-B concentric crankshaft 147 may drive either the type-C sun gear 162 or the ring gear 164 at an angular velocity set to induce the proper counter-spin on the type-D planet gear 163. If the type-C sun gear 162 is driven, it ordinarily must be driven faster than the main crankshaft angular velocity. If the ring gear 164 is driven, it ordinarily must be driven slower than the crankshaft angular velocity. The un- driven gear must be allowed to freely rotate to induce the forces necessary for proper counter-spin. The type-D planet gear 163 may be directly or indirectly coupled to the drive bar to transfer the required counter-spin rotation, thereby allowing the drive bar to follow a circular path about the crankshaft.

[00142] Figs. 23 and 24 illustrate two more alternative embodiments of variable volume chamber devices that incorporate one crankshaft and one vane assembly defining a single variable volume chamber per device layer. The Fig. 23 embodiment may incorporate a gear assembly (shown in Fig. 22C), and the Fig. 24 embodiment may incorporate a chain and gear assembly. The staggered offset two chamber configurations of the Figs. 23 and 24 embodiments may allow two or more chambers to create a more compact engine by allowing the drive bar and cranks to be offset in separate layers thereby decreasing the width of the device in exchange for increasing the depth. The variable volume chamber device, alternatively, could include only a single chamber with proper balancing or with the addition of a counter rotating balancing shaft at the appropriate speed to cancel simple and/or higher order harmonic vibrations.

[00143] With regard to the Figs. 23 and 22C embodiment, the cranks 143 may be attached to a gear train consisting of a type-A coupling gear 166, a type-B coupling gear 167, and a type-C coupling gear 168 with a final ratio of 1 : 1 from crankshaft 146 to crankshaft. To provide counter- spin rotation for the drive bar, a type-D sun gear 169 may be fixed concentric to the crankshaft 146 and not allowed to rotate by affixing it to the side plate (not illustrated). A type-E planet gear 170 may be attached to the crank 143 to induce a counter-spin at a final ratio of 1 : 1 on the type-E sun gear 171. The type-E planet gear 170 may be rigidly affixed to the drive bar through a shaft 149 to constrain the drive bar to a circular path motion. [00144] With regard to Fig. 24, chain or toothed belt assemblies 172 and 173 may be used instead of the gear assemblies shown in Fig. 23. It may be necessary to incorporate one or more tensioning idlers if the mechanism or side plates experience significant temperature swings in the intended design application. One pulley may be mounted concentric to the crankshaft and not allowed to rotate, while the other pulley is mounted on the crank and affixed to the drive bar to induce the proper counter-spin. This configuration may cause the chain or toothed belt to crawl around the fixed pulley with proper engagement and thereby induce counter-spin rotation on the other pulley. The pulleys may be geared at a 1 : 1 ratio, which limits the drive bar motion to a purely translational circular path.

[00145] Apart from the use as an internal combustion engine, the described variable volume chamber devices could be used as steam engines or pressure operated machines (with gasses or liquids), or with power input as a pump or compressor. For example, a variable volume chamber device for pumping or compressing is shown in Fig. 21. The device may include a side plate 195 including cooling fin 30 wall and defining an outer chamber 55 when paired with a parallel side plate (not shown). An external supercharger inlet port 57 may lead to the outer chamber 55 from an external supercharger (not shown). An air intake passage 186 may extend from an ambient environment past a one-way intake valve 187 to a first common port 165 for a first vane assembly comprised of four pivotally connected vanes 191, 192, 193 and 194. Each set of four vanes may be pivotally connected together by a king pin 105 and wrist pins 114, 116 and 118. A common passage 185 may extend from the first common port 165 to a second common port 165 for a second vane assembly comprised of a second set of four pivotally connected vanes. An exhaust passage 188 may extend from the second common port 165 past a one-way exhaust valve 189 to a pump or compressor outlet or reservoir (not shown). Each vane assembly may define a pump chamber 190. The vane assemblies may be connected to a drive bar 62 that receives input motion from a crankshaft 58. Only the parallelogramic or rhombic variable volume chamber is used in this example which completes two intake cycles, two compression cycles, and two output cycles with one full crank rotation. The ports may be simplified to a central common port location 165, which employs the use of one-way valves behind the side plate 195 to allow fresh air to enter on one side and compressed air to exit on the other side. The outer chamber area 55 also may be reduced in volume relative to engine embodiments, and may remain near ambient environment pressure. The pump chambers may be configured as single, double, or quadruple per layer, and the dual crankshafts may be replaced by a single crankshaft with an appropriate mechanism to ensure the proper circular translation of the drive bar occurs.

[00146] In Fig. 25, an alternative embodiment two-cycle compressor is illustrated which does not require the combination of a drive bar and crank. The compressor includes a horseshoe 101 that surrounds a vane assembly including a type-A vane 65, a type-B vane 75, a type-C vane 85 and a type-D vane 93. The type-A vane 65 and the type-B vane 75 pivot relative to a king pin 105 that is fixed relative to side plates 175 and 176. An exhaust crank assembly 176 and an intake crank assembly 177 directly engage the type-C and type-D vanes 85 and 93 which eliminates the need for counter-spin. The previously required one-way valves for the example shown in Fig. 21 may also be eliminated by introducing appropriately located ports in crank assemblies 176 and 177 with mating passages appropriately located in each of the side plates. In the Fig. 25 pump/compressor, air may be drawn in through the passages in intake side plate 175 and through the intake ports in the intake crank assembly 177. When the variable volume chamber is in the needed orientation, the vanes reveal one port and block the other three. The two exhaust ports and passages may be located within the exhaust crank assembly 176 and the exhaust side plate 174. This two-cycle compressor may include three pumping chambers - the main parallelogramic or rhombic chamber and the two finned chambers above the upper two vanes. This allows the larger main chamber and the two smaller chambers to work together to fill one reservoir, as shown, or to be alternately configured as a multistage compressor by employing different but appropriate passages in the side plates.

[00147] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The elements described above are illustrative examples of one technique for implementing the invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that many other implementations are possible without departing from the intended scope of the present invention as recited in the claims. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention. It is intended that the present invention cover all such modifications and variations of the invention, provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.