VEHICLE ACTIVE SUSPENSION CONTROL SYSTEM AND METHOD

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a vehicle active suspension control system and method In particular, but not exclusively it relates to an active suspension control system and method in a road vehicle

BACKGROUND

Active suspensions for vehicles are known Active suspensions include hydraulically actuated suspensions, electronically actuated hydraulic suspensions, pneumatic suspensions, and electromagnetic suspensions An active suspension may comprise an active damper (shock absorber) and/or may comprise an active spring Active suspensions have the advantage that spring force and/or damper force can be varied in use using a control system This enables an adaptive compromise between comfort and improved road handling The increasing automation of vehicles, including shared mobility vehicles such as taxis, gives rise to new challenges and opportunities to improve passenger comfort

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an aim of the present invention to address one or more of the disadvantages associated with the prior art

Aspects and embodiments of the invention provide a control system, a method, a vehicle, and computer software as claimed in the appended claims

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a control system for controlling an active suspension of a vehicle, the control system comprising one or more controllers, the control system configured to: receive information indicative of the vehicle becoming stationary; and increase a force of the active suspension in dependence on the receiving information indicative of the vehicle becoming stationary An advantage is that the vehicle provides a more stable platform for ingress/egress

The control system may be configured to: receive information indicative of the vehicle starting to move; and reduce the force of the active suspension in a return direction, in dependence on the indication of the vehicle starting to move An advantage is improved comfort when ingress/egress is not required

The control system may be configured to: determine a duration for which the vehicle is stationary; and increase the force of the active suspension in dependence on the receiving information indicative of the vehicle becoming stationary when the determination is that the duration is above a threshold, and not increase the force of the active suspension in dependence on the receiving information indicative of the vehicle becoming stationary when the determination is that the duration is below a threshold

In some examples, the increasing a force comprises increasing damping force demand In some examples, the increasing a force comprises increasing spring force demand

The control system may be configured to: determine that the vehicle has become stationary; and commence the increasing the force of the active suspension in dependence on the receiving information indicative of the vehicle becoming stationary in response to the determining that the vehicle has become stationary

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle comprising the control system of any preceding claim

In some examples, the vehicle is configured for autonomous driving

In some examples, the vehicle is a shared mobility vehicle According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of controlling an active suspension of a vehicle, the method comprising: receiving information indicative of the vehicle becoming stationary; and increasing a force of the active suspension in dependence on the receiving information indicative of the vehicle becoming stationary

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided computer software that, when executed, is arranged to perform any one or more of the methods described herein According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising the computer software

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a control system configured to perform any one or more of the methods described herein

The one or more controllers may collectively comprise: at least one electronic processor having an electrical input for receiving the information; and at least one electronic memory device electrically coupled to the at least one electronic processor and having instructions stored therein; and wherein the at least one electronic processor is configured to access the at least one memory device and execute the instructions thereon so as to cause the control system to control the active suspension in dependence on the receiving information

Within the scope of this application it is expressly intended that the various aspects, embodiments, examples and alternatives set out in the preceding paragraphs, in the claims and/or in the following description and drawings, and in particular the individual features thereof, may be taken independently or in any combination That is, all embodiments and/or features of any embodiment can be combined in any way and/or combination, unless such features are incompatible The applicant reserves the right to change any originally filed claim or file any new claim accordingly, including the right to amend any originally filed claim to depend from and/or incorporate any feature of any other claim although not originally claimed in that manner

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig 1 illustrates an example of a vehicle;

Fig 2A illustrates an example of a control system and Fig 2B illustrates an example of a non-transitory computer-readable medium;

Fig 3 illustrates an example of a cabin of a vehicle;

Fig 4 illustrates an example of a system for a vehicle;

Fig 5 illustrates an example of a control method;

Fig 6A illustrates an example of a vehicle rolling left to provide a positive superelevation effect for lateral acceleration in a left direction, and Fig 6B illustrates an example of a vehicle rolling right to provide a positive superelevation effect for lateral acceleration in a right direction;

Fig 7 illustrates an example of a control method;

Fig 8A illustrates an example of a vehicle pitching in a first rotation direction for positive longitudinal acceleration, and Fig 8B illustrates an example of a vehicle pitching in a second rotation direction for negative longitudinal acceleration;

Fig 9 illustrates an example of a control method;

Fig 10 illustrates an example of a control method;

Fig 11 illustrates an example of a control method;

Fig 12 illustrates an example of a control method;

Fig 13A illustrates an example of a vehicle providing a horizontal ingress/egress platform on a transverse slope, and Fig 13B illustrates an example of a vehicle providing a horizontal ingress/egress platform on a longitudinal slope;

Fig 14 illustrates an example of a control method; Fig 15A illustrates an example of a vehicle not tilting to match a camber of an ingress/egress surface, and Fig 15B illustrates an example of a vehicle tilting to match a camber of an ingress/egress surface;

Fig 16 illustrates an example of a control method;

Fig 17 illustrates an example of a vehicle lowering its ride height while approaching a traction battery charging interface; and Fig 18 illustrates an example of a control method

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Fig 1 illustrates an example of a road vehicle 10 (‘vehicle' herein) in which embodiments of the invention can be implemented In some, but not necessarily all examples, the vehicle 10 is a passenger vehicle, also referred to as a passenger car or as an automobile In other examples, the vehicle 10 may be a cargo vehicle such as a van Passenger cars and vans generally have kerb weights of less than 4000 kg Passenger cars and vans generally have lengths of less than 7 metres In other examples, embodiments of the invention can be implemented for other applications, such as industrial or commercial vehicles

Fig 1 also illustrates an on-vehicle 3D coordinate system defining three perpendicular axes and Euler angles The coordinate system comprises a longitudinal x-axis The vehicle 10 is configured to drive in the positive x-direction (positive acceleration) and reverse in the negative x-direction (negative acceleration = deceleration) The x-axis also defines an axis of roll It will be appreciated that the vehicle comprises a body comprising a cabin suspended via a suspension system disposed between the body and the wheels The action of the suspension system provided for relative vertical movement between the wheels and the vehicle body which in turn allow for a degree of controlled body roll and body pitch relative to the wheels

The coordinate system comprises a lateral, transverse y-axis The vehicle 10 is configured to steer while in motion, to impose lateral acceleration in the y-axis The vehicle 10 is configured to steer left in the positive y-direction and to steer right in the negative y-direction The y-axis also defines an axis of pitch The vehicle 10 may be configured for front-wheel steering, rear-wheel steering, or four-wheel steering The vehicle 10 may be configured to traverse using rack-and-pinion steering/Ackermann steering, etc In some examples, the vehicle 10 may be configured to traverse by steering yaw (e g sideslip, crabbing) of the vehicle 10

The coordinate system comprises a vertical z-axis A ride height of the vehicle 10 increases in the positive z-direction and decreases in the negative z-direction Vehicle heave is movement in the z-axis The z-axis also defines an axis of yaw

Fig 2A illustrates a control system 2 The control system 2 comprises one or more controllers One controller 20 is shown, as an example

The controller 20 of Fig 2A includes at least one electronic processor 22; and at least one electronic memory device 24 electrically coupled to the electronic processor 22 and having instructions 26 (e g a computer program) stored therein, the at least one electronic memory device 24 and the instructions 26 configured to, with the at least one electronic processor 22, cause any one or more of the methods described herein to be performed An example controller 20 of the control system 2 is an active suspension controller, for controlling an actuator of the active suspension

Fig 2B illustrates a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium 28 comprising the instructions 26 (computer software)

Fig 3 illustrates an example of a vehicle 10, showing the cabin 300 and a powertrain The illustrated cabin 300 comprises the interior of the vehicle 10 at least partially enclosed by a body 302 of the vehicle 10 The cabin 300 is accessible from at least one door 304 The door 304 may be a sliding door or a swinging door

The cabin 300 comprises passenger seats 306 for sitting passengers The cabin 300 may comprise handles 308 for standing passengers The handles 308 may be grab handles The grab handles 308 for standing passengers may be located in areas not reachable from seats 306 Standing passengers are more easily unbalanced by unexpected vehicle motions than sitting passengers In the illustration, at least one passenger seat 306 is facing a different direction from at least one other passenger seat 306 The illustrated seats 306 are facing in opposite directions This seating arrangement enables more interior legroom and luggage room, and more personal space for passengers unfamiliar with each other However, passengers not directly facing a direction of travel of the vehicle 10 are more likely to experience motion sickness and/or are less able to anticipate vehicle motions

Fig 3 shows a layout in which at least one seat 306 or row of seats 306 is located above an axle of the vehicle 10 An axle corresponds to a pair of laterally separated wheels in this example Passengers located above or overhanging the axles experience greater heave (z-axis translation) from vehicle suspension movements, than passengers located within a wheelbase of the vehicle 10

The illustrated cabin arrangement is one example of many possible cabin arrangements

In an alternative example, the vehicle 10 is a cargo vehicle The cabin 300 may comprise fewer seats, or no passenger seats if the vehicle 10 is an autonomous vehicle Some cargo may be fragile and sensitive to excessive cabin accelerations

In some examples, the vehicle 10 of Fig 3 may be a shared mobility vehicle A shared mobility vehicle may comprise a billing module (not shown) for determining a bill for a journey, in dependence on automatic monitoring of time and/or distance If the vehicle is driverless, customer payments may be processed via an onboard payment terminal and/or via automatic (e g geofence-triggered) communication with an external server managing a user account and payments (e g ride-hailing app) The billing module may issue tickets or receipts via an onboard printer and/or may issue tickets or receipts via the automatic communication

In some, but not necessarily all examples, the shared mobility vehicle may be implemented as a pod A pod is defined herein as a shared mobility vehicle configured for limited occupancy compared to a bus or train, and comprising three or more vehicle wheels For example, a pod may have space for between one and six occupants depending on implementation The pod may comprise between one and six seats The pod may be configured for driving in pedestrianised areas up to a predetermined maximum speed The pod may be configured for onroad driving at or greater than the predetermined maximum speed

According to Fig 3, but not necessarily in all examples, the vehicle 10 comprises a traction battery 312 and electric traction motor(s) 310 The vehicle 10 may therefore be a fully electric vehicle (EV) or a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) In other examples, the vehicle 10 may comprise an internal combustion engine or other torque source The vehicle 10 may even be gravity driven and may lack a torque source In some, but not necessarily all examples, the vehicle 10 may be a non-road vehicle, such as a rail vehicle, a magnetic levitation vehicle, etc

Fig 4 illustrates a system 400 comprising control system 2, sensors, interfaces and actuators of a vehicle 10 The vehicle 10 may be the vehicle 10 of Figs 1 and 3

The vehicle 10 comprises an active suspension 402, an example of which is shown in Fig 4 The active suspension 402 may be configured for active damping The active damping may be controlled using a pump-controlled hydraulic circuit or equivalent Bump force and/or rebound force may be individually controllable

The active suspension 402 may be configured for active spring control The active spring control may be controlled using a pump-controlled pneumatic system, or equivalent Spring force (spring rate) may be controllable Ride height may be controllable The active suspension 402 may enable active roll control and/or active pitch control, at one or more axles

The active suspension 402 may be controlled by the control system 2, optionally via a further low-level controller In some, but not necessarily all examples, the active suspension 402 may be controlled using a variable force parameter The variable force parameter controls the extent to which the active suspension 402 prevents cabin/body movement of the vehicle 10 The variable force parameter may be a force demand (gain) The force demand may comprise a spring force demand for controlling spring stiffness, and/or the force demand may comprise a damping force demand for controlling bump force and/or rebound force Control of a suspension fluid pump and/or flow restrictor (damping) may be dependent on the force demand Increasing the force demand increases the spring force and/or the damping force, resulting in a 'stiffer' suspension One force demand may control an active suspension setting for a plurality of vehicle wheels, or for one vehicle wheel

The force demand may be a function of detected cabin motion Detecting cabin motion may comprise monitoring inertial signals indicative of cabin motion, such as roll and/or pitch and/or heave

The above force demand may be a negotiated force demand dependent on a plurality of individual force demands requested by a plurality of controllers The plurality of controllers may comprise predictive controllers and reactive controllers The controllers may comprise a skyhook controller and/or a groundhook controller The negotiated force demand may be calculated by blending the individual force demands, for instance based on addition, priority and/or averaging A skyhook controller approximates the situation in which the vehicle body maintains a stable posture relative to the sky, and as such is unaffected by ground conditions It will be appreciated that the situation in which the vehicle body is completely unaffected by ground conditions is impractical, and as such a skyhook controller will approximate this condition, whilst taking into account energy and other real-world requirements A groundhook controller achieves the same goal by controlling the vehicle wheels relative to the ground, leaving the vehicle body unaffected by ground conditions

The active suspension 402 of the system 400 of Fig 4 comprises one or more active components per vehicle wheel FL, FR, RL, RR such as an active damper and/or an active spring The active suspension 402 may be a semi-active suspension with an active damper and passive spring or an active spring and passive damper Sub-systems of the active suspension 402 are not shown, and can provided in any suitable arrangement for achieving the required control of the active suspension 402, required by one or more of the methods described herein

The vehicle 10 may be an autonomous vehicle The vehicle 10 may be a fully autonomous vehicle A fully autonomous vehicle 10 is a driverless vehicle configured for autonomous-only driving A fully autonomous vehicle 10 may lack an accelerator pedal, a brake pedal and/or a steering wheel Therefore, a fully autonomous vehicle may lack a recognisable driver's seat The vehicle may be configured for Level 5 automated driving, as defined in the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standard J3016

Alternatively, the vehicle 10 may comprise a lower level autonomous driving mode for at least one driving task (steering/acceleration/braking) and a non-autonomous driving mode

The control system 2 is configured to receive sensor-dependent information directly or indirectly from sensors, enabling the control system 2 to control the active suspension 402 based on a current vehicle context Fig 4 illustrates example sensors which are referred to by the methods described herein, including:

An inertial measurement unit (IMU 408) The IMU 408 provides an indication of cabin motion For example, the IMU 408 may indicate roll, pitch and/or heave

At least one cabin sensor 410 Cabin sensors 410 may provide an indication of vehicle occupancy and/or occupant behaviour Cabin sensors 410 may comprise at least one of: cabin cameras for imaging vehicle occupants in the cabin 300; seatbelt sensors for detecting whether a seatbelt is fastened; seat weight sensors for detecting whether a seat is occupied, etc

At least one localization sensor 406 Localization sensors 406 provide information enabling an autonomous vehicle controller (not shown) to localize the vehicle 10 within a driving environment The autonomous vehicle controller therefore plans vehicle manoeuvres of the vehicle 10 (acceleration and/or braking and/or steering) based on localization sensor information Manoeuvre planning may comprise applying cost/reward functions associated with obstacle avoidance and journey requirements, etc, based on the localization sensor information The at least one localization sensor 406 may comprise on-board external-facing vision systems (e g camera, lidar, radar) for imaging an environment around the vehicle 10 up to a specified range (e g 50-500m) and with a certain field of view (e g 360 degrees) Additionally or alternatively, the at least one localization sensor 406 may comprise an interface for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) orvehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication

At least one wheel sensor Wheel sensors provide an indication of suspension state with respect to specific vehicle wheels Wheel sensors include: wheel-to-body displacement sensors 404 for sensing suspension compression/extension (indicative of force); wheel position sensors; wheel hub accelerometers; etc

At least one user interface 412 The illustrated user interface 412 is an onboard user interface, i e an occupant interface The cabin 300 may comprise a human-machine interface to provide the occupant interface The occupant interface may comprise an ingress/egress request button for requesting an autonomous vehicle 10 to stop and drop-off the user The occupant interface may comprise a door open/close button The occupant interface may comprise a touch screen display/voice interface for receiving user-dependent information such as preferences and/or journey requirements In some examples, the at least one user interface 412 may be configured to interface with a user device such as a smartphone, wherein the user device comprises a human- machine interface for at least one of the above functions

The term ‘user ¹ as described herein refers to a current, potential or prior occupant (passenger) of the vehicle 10

In an example use case, the above system 400 enables a user to input journey requirements such as a destination (egress location) and optionally a pickup location (ingress location) A control system may be configured to generate a user-dependent route that satisfies the journey requirements The route and any ingress/egress locations are therefore configurable to define an ad-hoc shared mobility vehicle 10 (e g autonomous taxi)

Various methods of using the active suspension 402 are described below The methods may be implemented separately, or in combination to achieve a greater effect

Motion feedback

Figs 5 and 7 illustrate control methods 500, 700 that improve comfort, and signal to occupants that an acceleration is about to commence The methods impart small perceptible motions (‘motion feedback' herein) to occupants, signalling that a larger acceleration is about to commence Investigation has revealed that humans are better able to anticipate head motion if perceptible motion feedback is provided, rather than audible/visual/haptic feedback This is because motion feedback triggers the vestibular system to start using closed-loop muscle control before the larger acceleration commences Audible/visual/haptic stimuli only result in feedforward muscle control which is not as effective, and unwanted head jerk may occur before vestibular control transitions to closed loop

The control method 500 of Fig 5 relates to lateral acceleration and the control method 700 of Fig 7 relates to longitudinal acceleration Both control methods can be generalised as a method 500, 700 that improves comfort, the method comprising: receiving information indicative of a requirement for positive or negative vehicle acceleration in a first axis; and controlling the active suspension 402 to commence modifying an angle of the vehicle body about a second axis perpendicular to the first axis in dependence on the receiving an indication, before commencement of the vehicle acceleration The early timing provides motion feedback

A further benefit of the methods 500, 700 is that a reference frame of the cabin 300 is rotated relative to the direction of vehicle acceleration, therefore reducing non-vertical acceleration components and increasing the vertical (head-to-toe) component This reduces head jerk

Motion feedback for lateral acceleration

The lateral acceleration control method 500 of Fig 5 commences at block 502, with receiving information indicative of a requirement for vehicle acceleration, wherein the vehicle acceleration comprises lateral acceleration In an example, the method utilises the information to forecast future lateral accelerations of the vehicle 10 The information indicative of a requirement for vehicle acceleration may comprise information indicative of a requirement for autonomous vehicle acceleration The information may be from the autonomous vehicle controller responsible for planning manoeuvres such as cornering In some examples, the vehicle 10 may be driven non-autonomously and the information may predict a requirement for lateral acceleration, based on sensing of the environment around the vehicle 10, e g by an external-facing vision system

Optional decision blocks are shown At decision block 504, the method 500 comprises determining a magnitude of the required vehicle acceleration The method at least requires the magnitude to be above a threshold If the determination is that the magnitude is above a threshold, the method 500 proceeds If the determination is that the magnitude is below the threshold, the method 500 terminates at block 514

In analogy to block 504, the method 500 may determine a duration of the required vehicle acceleration (not shown in the flowchart) The method at least requires the duration to be above a threshold If the duration is above a threshold, the method 500 proceeds If the duration is below the threshold, the method 500 terminates The duration threshold may vary in dependence on magnitude and/or the magnitude threshold may vary in dependence on duration, e g via a control map

At decision block 506, the method 500 comprises determining whether another condition is satisfied The method at least requires the condition to be satisfied The condition is associated with a proximity of completion of the vehicle acceleration in the lateral axis to a commencement of a subsequent vehicle acceleration in the lateral axis If the condition is satisfied, then the suspension angle may not have sufficient time to return to the unmodified state before starting the next motion feedback, so the method 500 will terminate If the condition is not satisfied, the method 500 continues

One way of implementing block 506 comprises planning motion feedback for more than one lateral manoeuvre ahead of the vehicle 10 Satisfaction of the condition may require the manoeuvres to be within a threshold proximity In a specific example, the threshold proximity may define a point of overlap An overlap is defined when a scheduled time of completion of the motion feedback (completion of a return rotation) for the first manoeuvre occurs after a scheduled time of commencement of the motion feedback for the subsequent manoeuvre If adjacent motion feedback events do not overlap, the condition is satisfied so the method 500 continues If they overlap, the condition is not satisfied so the method 500 may terminate I n some examples, the condition may be checked if both manoeuvres satisfy block 504 (sufficient magnitude) In some examples, the condition may be checked if the manoeuvres comprise lateral acceleration in opposite directions (e g switchback curve)

At decision block 508, the method 500 comprises determining whether the required lateral acceleration is for positive (e g left) or negative (e g right) lateral acceleration This enables the control method 500 to roll (tilt) the vehicle body in the rotation direction that provides a positive superelevation effect on vehicle occupants A positive superelevation effect increases the head-to-toe component of acceleration and reduces lateral acceleration perceived by vehicle occupants

If the decision is that the lateral acceleration is to the left (positive y-axis), then the method 500 proceeds to block 510 which comprises controlling the active suspension 402 to commence tilting the vehicle body in a first rotation direction (counter-clockwise in Fig 6A) about the roll axis (x-axis) as shown in Fig 6A This reduces lateral acceleration encountered by the vehicle occupant during cornering In some, but not necessarily all examples, the roll modification makes the vehicle body less parallel to the surface beneath the vehicle body about the roll axis

If the decision is that the lateral acceleration is to the right (negative y-axis), then the method 500 proceeds to block 512 which comprises controlling the active suspension 402 to commence titling the vehicle body in a second rotation direction (clockwise in Fig 6B) about the roll axis (x-axis) as shown in Fig 6B This reduces lateral acceleration encountered by the vehicle occupant during cornering Tilting at blocks 510 and 512 may comprise commencing modifying the angle in the above rotation direction before commencement of the vehicle lateral acceleration, to provide perceptible motion feedback, and then returning to an unmodified angle by commencing modifying the angle in a return rotation direction no earlier than commencement of the vehicle lateral acceleration Returning to the unmodified angle may be at a different rate The rate of tilting in the return rotation direction may be different, e g slower In a specific implementation, the rate of tilting in the return rotation direction may be half the speed of the tilting before commencement of the vehicle lateral acceleration This helps occupants to understand that a return rotation is occurring, as opposed to a new rotation for another corner

The rate (velocity, acceleration and/or jerk) and/or magnitude (angular displacement) of tilting prior to commencement of the vehicle acceleration at blocks 510 and 512 may optionally be dependent on the magnitude of the lateral acceleration A first acceleration magnitude may result in a first rate/magnitude of tilt change A second acceleration magnitude may result in a second rate/magnitude of tilt change In some examples, the rate/extent of tilting may be proportional to the magnitude of the lateral acceleration The proportionality may comprise a plurality of levels of granularity Proportionality enables users to anticipate larger accelerations The rate/extent of tilting may be limited (saturated) when a predetermined limit (e g the second acceleration magnitude) is reached If the acceleration magnitude reaches a third acceleration magnitude greater than the second acceleration magnitude, the tilt change may be limited to the second rate/magnitude The predetermined limit may be calibrated to avoid occupant discomfort

The tilting at blocks 510 and 512 may be accompanied by perceptible audible/visual/haptic feedback into the cabin 300, e g via speakers, displays or haptic actuators, to increase passenger anticipation of lateral acceleration The additional feedback may be output at a predetermined time before the acceleration

According to the above method 500, at least the motion feedback commences before the lateral acceleration commences The tilting may commence at a predetermined time before commencement of the vehicle acceleration, wherein the predetermined time is from the range approximately 05 seconds to approximately 2 seconds The lower limit provides sufficient time for users to anticipate the upcoming corner The upper limit accounts for the uncertainty of planning manoeuvres in unknown environments, and may even be 1 second or less for fastchanging environments The predetermined time may be a fixed single value or may be variable

In an alternative to the above method 500, the tilting may commence at the same time as, or after commencement of the lateral acceleration, to provide active superelevation reactively but without advance motion feedback Therefore, according to an aspect of the invention there is also a provided a method comprising: receiving information indicative of a requirement for positive or negative vehicle acceleration in a first axis, wherein the first axis is a lateral axis; and controlling the active suspension 402 to commence modifying an angle of the vehicle body about a second axis perpendicular to the first axis in dependence on the receiving an indication, wherein the second axis is a longitudinal axis and the angle is roll

The lateral acceleration itself may be controlled to be smooth For example, a speed and path of the vehicle 10 may be autonomously controlled to minimize a comfort cost function and/or to avoid exceeding a predetermined acceleration threshold and/or jerk threshold

Motion feedback for longitudinal acceleration

Referring now to the longitudinal acceleration control method 700 of Fig 7, the method 700 provides motion feedback before commencement of positive or negative longitudinal vehicle acceleration, to prepare and inform occupants of the upcoming acceleration

The method 700 commences at block 702, with receiving information indicative of a requirement for vehicle acceleration, wherein the vehicle acceleration comprises longitudinal acceleration In an example, the information forecasts future longitudinal accelerations of the vehicle 10 The information indicative of a requirement for vehicle acceleration may comprise information indicative of a requirement for autonomous vehicle acceleration The information may be from the autonomous vehicle controller responsible for planning manoeuvres such as acceleration and braking In some examples, the vehicle 10 may be driven non-autonomously and the information may predict a requirement for longitudinal acceleration, based on sensing of the environment around the vehicle 10, e g by an external-facing vision system

Optional decision blocks are shown At decision block 704, the method 700 comprises determining whether the acceleration is associated with transitioning between a stopped state of the vehicle 10 and a moving state of the vehicle 10 In this example, the method 700 at least requires this transition If the determination is that the acceleration is associated with transitioning between a stopped state and a moving state, the method 700 proceeds If the determination is that the acceleration is not associated with transitioning between a stopped state and a moving state, the method 700 terminates at block 714

As a result of block 704, the method 700 is only performed when accelerating from a stop and/or when decelerating to a stop Accelerating from/to a stop is associated with higher jerk, for example due to friction brakes grabbing and/or due to torque path lash crossings, so early motion feedback is more advantageous

In an alternative implementation, block 704 is omitted and the motion feedback is applied regardless of whether the vehicle 10 is stopping The vehicle 10 may be moving before and after the acceleration

At decision block 706, the method 700 comprises determining a magnitude of the required vehicle acceleration The method 700 at least requires the magnitude to be above a threshold If the determination is that the magnitude is above a threshold, the method 700 proceeds If the determination is that the magnitude is below the threshold, the method 700 terminates at block 714

In analogy to block 706, the method 700 may determine a duration of the required vehicle acceleration (not shown in the flowchart) The method 700 at least requires the duration to be above a threshold If the duration is above a threshold, the method 700 proceeds If the duration is below the threshold, the method 700 terminates The duration threshold may vary in dependence on magnitude and/or the magnitude threshold may vary in dependence on duration, e g via a control map

At decision block 708, the method 700 comprises determining whether the requirement is for positive (e g forward acceleration) or negative (e g deceleration/retardation) acceleration This enables the control method 700 to pitch the vehicle body in a specific rotation direction to indicate whether the upcoming acceleration is positive or negative The pitching reduces non-vertical acceleration components at the users to reduce head jerk

If the decision is that the longitudinal acceleration is positive (positive x-axis), then the method 700 proceeds to block 710 which comprises controlling the active suspension 402 to commence pitching the vehicle body in a first rotation direction about the pitch axis (y-axis) as shown in Fig 8A In some, but not necessarily all examples, the pitch modification makes the vehicle body less parallel to the surface beneath the vehicle body about the pitch axis Pitching the vehicle body provides motion feedback and reduces longitudinal acceleration encountered by the vehicle occupant during the acceleration According to Fig 8A, the first rotation direction is a squatting direction (rear lowers and/or front rises), in accordance with the physics of weight transfer under positive acceleration Flowever, occupants less familiar with vehicle physics may find it more intuitive if the first rotation direction is a diving direction (rear rises and/or front lowers) Therefore, the first rotation direction may be squatting or diving depending on implementation

If the decision is that the longitudinal acceleration is negative (negative x-axis), then the method 700 proceeds to block 712 which comprises controlling the active suspension 402 to commence pitching the vehicle body in a second rotation direction about the pitch axis (y-axis) as shown in Fig 8B The second rotation direction is opposite to the first rotation direction Pitching the vehicle provides motion feedback and reduces longitudinal deceleration encountered by the vehicle occupant during the deceleration

Pitching at blocks 710 and 712 may comprise commencing modifying the angle in the above first rotation direction before commencement of the vehicle acceleration, to provide motion feedback, and then returning to an unmodified angle by commencing modifying the angle in a return rotation direction no earlier than commencement of the vehicle acceleration Returning to the unmodified angle may be at the same or a different rate

The rate of modification of the pitch at blocks 710 and 712 is controlled to provide perceptible motion feedback, to trigger biological closed loop balance control According to an example, the average rate of modification of the pitch in the first rotation direction is approximately 2 degrees per second, or a value 1 degree either side of 2 degrees, for most implementations Different implementations call for different rates, and in an example the rate is a value from the range approximately 0 5 degrees per second to approximately 5 degrees per second, to provide perceptible motion feedback without excessive z-axis motions such as heave

The rate (velocity, acceleration and/or jerk) and/or magnitude (angular displacement) of pitching in the first rotation direction towards the modified angle at blocks 710 and 712 may optionally be dependent on the magnitude of the longitudinal acceleration A first acceleration magnitude may result in a first rate/magnitude of pitch change A second acceleration magnitude may result in a second rate/magnitude of pitch change In some examples, the rate/extent of pitching may be proportional to the magnitude of the longitudinal acceleration The proportionality may comprise a plurality of levels of granularity Proportionality enables users to anticipate larger accelerations The rate/extent of tilting may be limited (saturated) when a predetermined limit (e g the second acceleration magnitude) is reached If the acceleration magnitude reaches a third acceleration magnitude greater than the second acceleration magnitude, the pitch change may be limited to the second rate/magnitude The predetermined limit may be calibrated to avoid occupant discomfort

The pitching at blocks 710 and 712 may be accompanied by perceptible audible/visual/haptic feedback into the cabin 300, e g via speakers, displays or haptic actuators, to increase passenger anticipation of longitudinal acceleration The additional feedback may be output once the door 304 has been closed and at a predetermined time before the acceleration

According to the above method 700, at least the motion feedback commences before the longitudinal acceleration commences The pitching may commence at a predetermined time before commencement of the vehicle acceleration, wherein the predetermined time is from the range approximately 0 5 seconds to approximately 2 seconds The lower limit provides sufficient time for users to anticipate the upcoming longitudinal acceleration The upper limit accounts for the uncertainty of planning manoeuvres in unknown environments, and may even be 1 second or less for fast-changing environments The predetermined time may be a fixed single value or may be variable The predetermined time for longitudinal acceleration may be the same as or different from the predetermined time for lateral acceleration

The longitudinal acceleration itself may be controlled to be smooth For example, a speed and path of the vehicle 10 may be autonomously controlled to minimize a comfort cost function and/or to avoid exceeding a predetermined acceleration threshold and/or jerk threshold

The longitudinal and lateral acceleration control methods 500, 700 described above may be combinable for combined tilting and pitching such as simultaneous tilting and pitching, to further improve anticipation of acceleration and further reduce non-vertical head acceleration

Compensation for shifting cabin load

Fig 9 illustrates another control method 900 that improves occupant comfort, according to a further aspect of the invention Fig 9 is an example of implementing a method 900 comprising: determining whether a transient suspension disturbance is from within a cabin 300 of the vehicle 10 (block 902); and controlling a variable force parameter of the active suspension 402 in dependence on whether the transient suspension disturbance is from within the cabin 300 of the vehicle 10 (block 904)

A suspension disturbance is a force which is transmitted through the active suspension 402 The force is a transient disturbance when the force associated with at least one vehicle wheel changes A transient suspension disturbance may correspond to a single change in force, an irregular sequence of forces, or may have a frequency associated therewith In a use case, occupants prefer for vehicles not to rock when weight shifts around inside the cabin 300 The rocking can advantageously be near-eliminated using the variable force parameter However, if the variable force parameter is controlled to the same extent for sources of suspension disturbance outside the cabin 300, the vehicle cabin 300 may feel too isolated from the road which could influence motion sickness Motion sickness can be mitigated by allowing some cabin movement in dependence on external sources of suspension disturbance such as road undulations, potholes, bumps, textures, etc

The method 900 of Fig 9 commences at block 902, which comprises determining whether a transient suspension disturbance is from within a cabin 300 of the vehicle 10 If the determination is that the transient suspension disturbance is from within the cabin 300, the method 900 continues If the determination is that the transient suspension disturbance is not from within the cabin 300 (e g external/unknown), the method 900 terminates at block 906

The transient suspension disturbance may be a detected or a predicted transient suspension disturbance The control system 2 may comprise a predictive controller for controlling the active suspension 402 predictively based on predicted transient suspension disturbances The control system 2 may comprise a reactive controller for controlling the active suspension 402 reactively based on detected transient suspension disturbances The control system 2 may comprise both predictive and reactive controllers, wherein the reactive controller compensates for incorrect predictions by the predictive controller The method 900 of Fig 9 may be implemented using a predictive controller, a reactive controller, or a combination thereof

In an example, the method 900 may determine whether the disturbance is from within a cabin 300 of the vehicle 10 when the transient suspension disturbance exceeds a threshold magnitude and/or a threshold rate of suspension disturbance The method 900 may at least require the magnitude/rate to be above a threshold

Detecting or predicting a transient suspension disturbance is enabled using appropriate sensors Examples are provided

If a cabin sensor 410 such as a camera is present, image analysis may be performed to identify a source of the detected or predicted disturbance For example, an object such as a person or cargo may be identified A movement identifier such as a vector may be associated to the object Based on the movement identifier, a detected or predicted transient suspension disturbance from the cabin 300 can be determined

Other cabin sensors 410 include vehicle occupancy sensors such as seatbelt sensors, seat weight pressure sensors, and floor pressure sensors Undoing a seatbelt and/or changing seat weight corresponds to a source of detected or predicted transient suspension disturbance at a known location within the vehicle 10 Another cabin sensor 410 includes a sound sensor

Information from a user interface 412 could be used For example, a user device may indicate its presence (along with the user) within the vehicle Pressing a door open/close button may indicate a detected or predicted transient suspension disturbance

In some examples, the control system 2 may identify whether the source of the transient suspension disturbance was external to the cabin 300, in order to determine whether the source was from the cabin 300 Analysis of the I M U 408 and/or wheel-to-body displacement sensors 404 may identify external sources Localization sensors 406 enable external sources of transient suspension disturbance to be detected/predicted Wind speed and/or direction sensors can be used to determine a contribution of wind to cabin motion

In some examples, the control system 2 may monitor expected transient suspension disturbance associated with manoeuvre planning, in order to determine whether the source was from the cabin 300 The expected transient suspension disturbance may comprise expected cornering and/or acceleration and/or braking and/or speed of the vehicle 10 The manoeuvre planning is performed using the localization sensors 406 If the control system 2 associates the transient suspension disturbance with an expected transient suspension disturbance by comparison, then the transient suspension disturbance is not from the cabin 300

In some examples, the determination for block 902 may be made deterministically based on at least one sensor that is not agnostic to a source of the disturbance The above-described cabin sensors 410 and/or user interface 412 enable a deterministic approach

In some examples, the determination for block 902 may be made probabilistically The determination may be dependent on multiple sensing modes (combinations of the above sensors/analysis) The determination may comprise combining a combined probability from the multimodal information with probability thresholds associated with different sources of transient suspension disturbance

If the transient suspension disturbance is from within the cabin 300, the method 900 proceeds to block 904 Block 904 comprises controlling the variable force parameter of the active suspension 402 The variable force parameter may be the above-described force demand

The force demand itself may remain agnostic to whether the transient suspension disturbance is from within the cabin 300 or external Flowever, controlling the force demand at block 904 may comprise changing an upper limit of the force demand The change of the upper limit may be an increase Increasing the upper limit advantageously enables the control system 2 to control cabin-induced rocking while responding consistently to other lesser disturbances, increasing occupant comfort If a cabin-induced disturbance is less severe than predicted, the limit will not be reached and the vehicle 10 will continue to behave predictably Occupants may not notice any compromise in vehicle behaviour, and may perceive that they are in a vehicle 10 that inherently does not rock when an occupant/cargo moves This lack of rocking provides the sensation of being in a high-mass vehicle like a bus, which is advantageous for customer acceptance of smaller- sized autonomous transit vehicles Flowever, in an alternative implementation of the method 900, block 904 may increase the force demand itself

Raising the upper limit may comprise raising the upper limit for spring force and/or for damping force, depending on which part of the active suspension is active An upper limit for spring force may be the same as or different from the upper limit for damping force

Energy saving mode

Fig 10 illustrates another control method 1000 that improves occupant comfort, according to a further aspect of the invention The control method 1000 comprises: determining whether no occupants are on board the vehicle 10 (block 1002); and reducing the variable force parameter when the determination is that no occupants are on board the vehicle 10 (block 1004) and not reducing the variable force parameter when the determination is not that non occupants are on board the vehicle 10 (block 1006) Block 1006 may lead to performing the other control methods described herein

Determining whether no occupants are on board the vehicle 10 can be performed using cabin sensors 410 and/or user interfaces and/or wheel-to-body displacement sensors 404 For example, no occupants are on board when: image analysis of cabin camera images recognizes no occupants; seat weight sensors all indicate below-threshold weights; seatbelt sensors all indicate undone seatbelts; no user- dependent (passenger-dependent) journey requirement is active; a wheel-to-body displacement satisfies a no-load condition; etc Reducing the variable force parameter may comprise reducing the force demand(s) (gains) Reducing gain(s) such as skyhook/groundhook gains reduces energy consumption For example, in a pump-controlled fluid active suspension, lower gain requires less use of the pump The gain(s) may be reduced to a non-zero lower value In some examples, reducing the variable force parameter may comprise causing the pump to be deactivated

Stability against resonant disturbances

Fig 11 illustrates another control method 1100 that improves vehicle stability, according to a further aspect of the invention The control method 1100 comprises: determining whether the transient suspension disturbance is associated with mechanical resonance (block 1102); and controlling the variable force parameter to change a natural frequency associated with the active suspension 402 when the determination is that the transient suspension disturbance is associated with mechanical resonance (block 1104), and not controlling the variable force parameter to change the natural frequency when the determination is not that the transient suspension disturbance is associated with mechanical resonance (block 1106)

This control method 1100 changes the natural frequency to a natural frequency that is not a harmonic of the mechanical resonance This makes the vehicle 10 more difficult to tip over, for example by vandals or rioters Fully driverless vehicles may be more susceptible to deliberate damage than vehicles with a driver, due to a lack of supervision

Determining whether the transient suspension disturbance is associated with a mechanical resonance can be implemented in various ways Time-variation of I MU 408 and/or wheel-to-body displacement signals may be analysed using temporal analysis to detect mechanical resonance

In some implementations, the association may be made by determining a source of transient suspension disturbance If the source comprises pushing of a body 302 of the vehicle 10, the association is made Detecting pushing can be achieved using image analysis of images from the cabin camera (through transparent windows) and/or an external-facing vision system, and/or using pressure sensors on the vehicle body 302/in the vehicle cabin 300

Block 1104 may be performed if oscillations are detected to be increasing in magnitude, as part of the mechanical resonance If the oscillations are decreasing or not increasing, the control system 2 may determine not to perform block 1104, at least unless/until the oscillations increase in magnitude

Controlling the variable force parameter to change a natural frequency associated with the active suspension 402 can be implemented in various ways Changing a natural frequency may comprise changing the force demand for at least one vehicle wheel The force demand may correspond to a spring force and/or a damping force The natural frequency may be changed once or a plurality of times in response to a single determination In some examples, the natural frequency may be changed a plurality of times within a predetermined time period

The change of natural frequency may be arbitrary or according to a closed loop control process In some examples, the modified natural frequency may be controlled to be out of phase with the mechanical resonance based on closed-loop feedback The closed loop control process may comprise determining a required force demand for providing peak resistance to mechanical resonance amplification, and then providing that force demand

Horizontal platform on slopes

Fig 12 illustrates another control method 1200 that improves vehicle accessibility, according to a further aspect of the invention The control method 1200 at least comprises: receiving information indicative of a requirement for ingress/egress of passengers and/or cargo (block 1202); receiving information indicative that the ingress/egress is to occur with the vehicle 10 on a sloped surface 1300 (block 1204); and controlling the active suspension 402 to reduce an angle of the vehicle body relative to horizontal, for the ingress/egress on the sloped surface 1300 (block 1212 or 1214)

The method 1200 enables the vehicle 10 to provide a level platform that is horizontal to the horizon, before ingress/egress, e g before the door 304 opens This makes ingress and egress easier on steep hills, and prevents cargo from sliding or rolling The ability to provide a level platform is constrained by maximum suspension travel

The sloped surface 1300 may comprise a transverse slope wherein the active suspension 402 is configured to tilt the vehicle body about the roll axis (x-axis) to reduce the angle of the vehicle body relative to horizontal as shown in Fig 13A Additionally or alternatively, the sloped surface 1300 may comprise a longitudinal slope wherein the active suspension 402 is configured to pitch the vehicle body about the pitch axis (y-axis) to reduce the angle of the vehicle body relative to horizontal as shown in Fig 13B

There are various methods to determine a requirement for ingress/egress For example, the user interface 412 may enable a user to request ingress/egress The user may press an ingress/egress request button The user may press a door open/close button The user's request may be from a human-machine interface of the vehicle 10 or from their user device The user may or may not be an occupant of the vehicle 10, depending on whether the request is for ingress or for egress

The requirement for ingress/egress may be determined based on other user-dependent information such as journey requirements For example, a navigation function of the control system 2 may determine that the vehicle 10 has reached a destination (e g geofence) specified by a journey requirement

Once an indication of the requirement has been received, the method 1200 receives, for block 1204, information indicative that the ingress/egress is to occur with the vehicle 10 on a sloped surface 1300 For example, the information may be based on monitoring of the driving environment by localization sensors 406 The information may be based on monitoring of map data comprising slope information

Decision block 1204 may comprise determining whether the ingress/egress is to occur with the vehicle 10 on a sloped surface 1300 If the ingress/egress is to occur with the vehicle 10 on a sloped surface 1300, the method 1200 continues If not, the method 1200 terminates at block 1216, and maintains an angle substantially parallel to the non-sloped surface for ingress/egress

The determination of block 1204 may be reactive or predictive A predictive determination enables the active suspension 402 to be controlled gently while the vehicle 10 is still moving A reactive determination may be performed while the vehicle 10 is close to stopping or stopped

Making a reactive determination may comprise monitoring signals using an inclinometer Accelerometers of the I MU 408 may function as an inclinometer Making a predictive determination may be performed based on determining an ingress/egress location within the driving environment, and determining a slope at the ingress/egress location Determining whether the surface is sloped may comprise monitoring the inputs from the localization sensors 406, and/or interrogating map data with slope information

Decision block 1206 comprises determining a magnitude of slope of the surface The method 1200 at least requires the magnitude to be above a threshold If the magnitude is above a threshold, the method 1200 continues If the magnitude is below the threshold, the method 1200 terminates This is because a level platform is more beneficial for steeper slopes The magnitude may be determined from the IMU 408, the map data, the localization sensor 406, or a combination thereof

Decision block 1208 comprises polling for information indicative of at least one ingress/egress characteristic In this example, the method 1200 at least requires no such information to be obtained by the polling If no such information is obtained, the method 1200 continues If the information is obtained, the method 1200 terminates The method continues when there is no user-based reason to maintain an angle parallel to the sloped surface 1300 One example of information indicative of at least one ingress/egress characteristic comprises a wheel ingress/egress requirement associated with wheeling an object onto/off the vehicle Wheeling an object such as a person, cargo or pushchair frame onto the vehicle 10 may require a ramp In some examples, the wheel ingress/egress requirement may be a wheelchair ingress/egress requirement and/or a pushchair ingress/egress requirement Human-machine interface(s) at the vehicle 10 and/or at a user device may be configured to enable user to input the wheel ingress/egress requirement If the user makes the input, then the condition is not satisfied and the method 1200 terminates Alternatively, image processing of images from a cabin camera or external-facing vision system may be used to detect the wheel ingress/egress requirement, by recognizing an object such as a wheelchair or pushchair

Another example of information indicative of at least one ingress/egress characteristic comprises a loading/unloading of cargo requirement associated with loading cargo onto/off the vehicle The loading/unloading of cargo requirement may comprise a loading/unloading of cargo by hand requirement and/or a loading/unloading of cargo by machine requirement Loading cargo by hand is easier when a cargo area access point (e g door) is low to the ground Loading cargo by machine is easier if the vehicle body is at the same angle as the machine The machine may be a forklift truck or other machine A dedicated human-machine interface(s) may be provided to enable user to input the loading/unloading of cargo requirement If the user makes the input, then the condition is not satisfied and the method 1200 terminates Alternatively, image processing of images from a cabin camera or external-facing vision system may be used to detect whether loading/unloading of cargo is taking place, and if so whether the cargo is loaded/unloaded by hand or by machine

Decision block 1210 comprises determining whether the surface slopes in a first direction or in a second opposite direction In an example, the first direction may be uphill on a longitudinal slope The second direction may be downhill on a longitudinal slope The active suspension 402 may be controlled differently based on whether the surface slopes uphill or downhill, as shown In an alternative implementation, the amount by which the angle is changed is agnostic to the direction of the slope

If the surface slopes uphill, the method 1200 proceeds to block 1212 which controls the active suspension 402 to reduce the angle of the vehicle body relative to horizontal up to a first limit If the surface slopes downhill, the method 1200 proceeds instead to block 1214 which controls the active suspension 402 to reduce the angle of the vehicle body relative to horizontal up to a second limit The second amount may be less than the first amount, to ensure that occupants can still see the ground out of a front window of the vehicle 10, to reduce disorientation

Controlling the active suspension 402 as described for blocks 1212 and 1214 may comprise determining a difference in angle between the vehicle and horizontal (e g virtual horizon associated with inclinometer) The control system 2 may be configured to determine the difference and control the active suspension 402 to reduce the difference Whether the difference can be eliminated is constrained by maximum suspension travel

The control of the active suspension 402 to reduce the angle may commence after the vehicle 10 has stopped, or a threshold time before the vehicle 10 has stopped

Kerb matching and kneeling

Fig 14 illustrates another control method 1400 that improves vehicle accessibility, according to a further aspect of the invention The control method 1400 at least comprises: determining a difference in height and/or a difference in angle, between the vehicle body and an ingress/egress surface 1500 (block 1402); and controlling the active suspension 402 to reduce the difference in height, and/or controlling the active suspension 402 to reduce the difference in angle of the vehicle body (block 1410 or 1412) The above method 1400 provides a kneeling function to reduce the size of step a user will have to take for ingress/egress The ingress/egress surface 1500 may be the pavement (sidewalk) or other location from which the user will step on or off the vehicle 10, and which is not under the vehicle 10 The ingress/egress surface 1500 may be approximated by detecting a kerb Alternatively, the ingress/egress surface 1500 may be determined by recognizing a pavement surface and/or recognizing where people are standing via external-facing vision systems The location of the ingress/egress surface 1500 may be determined based on journey requirements (destination/pickup location), as well as localization information to find an appropriate place to pull over

Using the kerb example, the method 1400 may decrease ride height for lower kerbs The method 1400 may increase ride height for higher kerbs The vehicle body roll angle may be adjusted to match a camber of the ingress/egress surface 1500, and/or pitch to match a longitudinal slope of the ingress/egress surface 1500, if the angle is different from the surface on which the vehicle 10 stops for ingress/egress Often, pavements have a different camber from roads, and kerbs regularly rise and fall relative to the road surface

The method 1400 may optionally be performed as well as the method 1200 of Fig 12 If so, then reducing the difference in angle may be controlled to avoid opposing block 1212 or 1214 (reducing the angle to horizontal) For example, reducing the difference in angle may be about one axis (e g x-axis, roll) while reducing the difference to horizontal of the method 1200 of Fig 12 is about another axis (e g y-axis, pitch)

Determining a difference in height/angle between the vehicle body and the ingress/egress surface 1500 can be performed in various ways The location of the ingress/egress surface 1500 may be determined Information indicative of the height/angle of the ingress/egress surface 1500 may be determined A 3D point cloud/depth map or other localization information may be used For kerbs, simpler kerb height detectors also exist Information indicative of the height/angle of the vehicle body at the location 10 for ingress/egress may be determined in a similar way The difference in height and/or angle may be determined Optionally, the difference may at least need to exceed a minimum threshold in order for the method 1400 to proceed

Optional decision block 1404 polls for information indicative of at least one ingress/egress characteristic, similarly to block 1208 of the method 1200 of Fig 12

Optional block 1406 comprises receiving information indicative of a camber of the ingress/egress surface 1500 A camber refers to a lateral slope away from the side of the vehicle 10, for example a slope in a y-axis direction if the vehicle 10 is parallel-parked and facing forwards in the x-axis The camber information may be determined using the techniques mentioned above for block 1402 The active suspension 402 may be controlled differently in dependence on the camber For example, If the camber is downwards (negative z-axis with increasing y- axis distance from the vehicle 10), the method 1400 may reduce the difference in angle as shown in Fig 15B, to reduce step distance from the vehicle If the camber is positive (positive z-axis with increasing y-axis distance from the vehicle 10), the method 1400 may terminate at block 1410 without reducing the difference in angle, as shown in Fig 15A, or may reduce the difference in angle to a lesser extent In an alternative implementation, the difference in angle is agnostic to the direction of camber, and/or the angle is not changed at all

Inductive charging

Fig 16 illustrates another control method 1600 that improves vehicle comfort, according to a further aspect of the invention The control method 1600 at least comprises: receiving information indicative that the vehicle 10 is to reach a traction battery charging interface 1700 (block 1602); and controlling the active suspension 402 to commence modifying a height and/or angle of the vehicle body relative to the plurality of wheels towards a required height and/or angle associated with traction battery charging as the vehicle 10 approaches the traction battery charging interface 1700 and before the vehicle 10 has reached the traction battery charging interface 1700, in dependence on the receiving information (block 1608), as illustrated in Fig 17 In some, but not necessarily all examples, the traction battery charging interface 1700 is configured for wireless inductive charging The charging interface 1700 may comprise a charging pad The charging interface may comprise a charging coil which may be mounted to the underside of the vehicle body and be arranged to inductively couple with the charging pad in order to charge the traction battery The required height/angle may be a setpoint for wireless inductive charging The setpoint may be for optimizing resonant inductive coupling The setpoint height/angle provides the highest charging efficiency Modifying not just the height but also the angle advantageously enables efficient charging on rough and uneven surfaces, such as public roads

The charging interface 1700 may be located on or under the road surface on which the vehicle 10 is travelling The charging interface 1700 may be located at a waiting location where the vehicle 10 often stops temporarily, such as a taxi rank or a queuing area for traffic lights During each journey of the vehicle 10, the vehicle 10 may encounter a plurality of charging interfaces 1700 Therefore, the traction battery 312 can receive regular, small charge boosts throughout its journey while stopped This is useful for keeping vehicles such as taxis in continuous operation for longer However, occupants may notice if the height/angle commences changing after the vehicle 10 has reached the charging interface 1700 This may be unexpected and not comfortable Therefore, the height/angle commences changing before the vehicle 10 has reached the charging interface 1700

For block 1602, receiving information indicative that the vehicle 10 is to reach a traction battery charging interface 1700 may be implemented in various ways The control system 2 may determine whether the vehicle 10 is reaching a charging interface 1700 If so, the method 1600 may continue If not, the method 1600 may terminate Charging interface 1700 locations may be indicated in map data, or via sign recognition from external-facing vision system data, for example A route of the vehicle 10 may be known from manoeuvre planning and user-dependent journey requirements The route can be matched to charging interface locations The vehicle 10 may be determined to be reaching the charging interface 1700 in dependence on the vehicle 10 reaching a threshold proximity to the charging interface 1700 In this example The method 1600 at least requires the vehicle 10 to reach the threshold proximity The threshold proximity may be defined using a geofence, a time taken to reach the charging interface 1700, ora combination thereof

The method 1600 comprises optional decision blocks Block 1604 comprises determining whether the vehicle 10 is able to stop for traction battery charging via the charging interface 1700 If so, the method 1600 continues If not, the method 1600 terminates This decision is implemented if the vehicle 10 must be stopped for charging to take place In an implementation, future stopped locations of the vehicle 10 are known from autonomous manoeuvre planning If a stopped location coincides with a charging interface location, the method 1600 continues A stopped location may be determined in dependence on monitored traffic light status, a monitored rate of movement of other road users, and/or the like If the vehicle 10 can charge while moving, then block 1604 may be omitted or implemented be determining whether a speed of the vehicle 10 will be below a threshold, while at the charging location

Decision block 1606 comprises determining an expected duration for which the vehicle 10 will be operably coupled to the traction battery charging interface 1700 In this example, the method 1600 at least requires the duration to be above a threshold If the duration is above a threshold, the method 1600 continues If the duration is below a threshold, the method 1600 terminates Duration may be expressed using a time-dependent parameter The time-dependent parameter may be expressed as time spent, or as a predicted amount of charge to be gained at the charging interface 1700, and/or the like

In some examples, determining the expected duration is dependent on monitoring of at least one of: traffic movement associated with a path of the vehicle 10; or monitoring of dynamic right of way information The path of the vehicle 10 is known from manoeuvre planning Traffic movement can be monitored by monitoring a queue that the vehicle 10 is in or approaching, for example T raffic movement can be monitored using localization sensor information Dynamic right of way information indicates a traffic lights, priority signs and other road instructions in the path of the vehicle 10 that provide conditional and/or timed right of way to different traffic streams If a traffic light will be green or a queue is moving well, then the vehicle 10 may not be able to charge If the vehicle 10 must wait in a queue, then the vehicle 10 may be able to charge In a traffic light use case, the charging interface 1700 is associated with a traffic light, and checking the duration may comprise determining a traffic light parameter indicative of how long the traffic light will indicate red/yield once the vehicle 10 has reached the charging interface 1700 The traffic light parameter may be obtained via V2I communication with a traffic light controller, for example For a pedestrian crossing use case, checking the duration may comprise determining utilization of the pedestrian crossing from localization sensor information

Determining the expected duration may comprise determining a usage status of the vehicle 10 The usage status may depend on a detected number of occupants of the vehicle In some examples, the usage status may depend on a schedule such as a timetable, and a time of day The expected duration may increase while the vehicle 10 is not occupied and/or is not providing a service and/or at off-peak times

In some examples, the vehicle 10 may stop at one or more predetermined stopping locations such as taxi ranks or passenger stops, with inductive charging capability Determining the expected duration may comprise determining information associated with the stopping location, such as a class of the stopping location (e g taxi rank rather than passenger stop), an average duration of stop at the stopping location, etc

An optional further decision (not shown) may comprise determining whether a current for predicted state of charge of the traction battery 312 is below a threshold In this example, the method 1600 at least requires the state of charge to be below a threshold If the state of charge is below the threshold, the method 1600 may continue If the state of charge is above the threshold, the method 1600 may terminate The threshold may be a value from the range 80% to 100% of a full charge The prediction may be journey-dependent, i e based on user- dependent journey requirements

Once all of the above requirements have been satisfied, block 1608 comprises controlling the active suspension 402 to commence modifying the height/angle of the vehicle body towards the setpoint In a use case, the ride height of the vehicle body is typically higher when driving than the optimum height for wireless inductive charging Therefore, block 1608 may at least comprise reducing an average height (ride height) of the vehicle 10 A ride height from the range 60-100mm is generally associated with efficient wireless inductive charging

The control system 2 may determine to commence block 1608 at a predetermined time before the charging interface 1700 is reached The predetermined time is at least approximately 05 seconds In some examples, the predetermined time is a value from the range approximately 05 seconds to 10 seconds A longer time allows a slower rate of change for comfort, but with a greater chance of abort if conditions change unexpectedly A shorter time towards 0 5-1 second provides a greater chance that the vehicle 10 is in-motion and slowing when the active suspension control commences The cabin acceleration and particularly jerk associated with commencing block 1608 is therefore an imperceptible component of resultant cabin accelerations/jerk associated with deceleration forces and road-induced cabin motion Determining whether the time to reach the charging interface 1700 has reached the predetermined time may comprise determining the distance to the charging interface 1700 divided by predicted speed of the vehicle 10 The predicted speed and distance may be known from manoeuvre planning and/or map data

The rate of modification of the height may be controlled to be less than a threshold or limit, for comfort

Since the vehicle 10 has not yet reached the charging interface 1700, the setpoint height/angle may be initially calculated via an open loop control process The open loop setpoint may be the same or different for each charging interface 1700 If different, the open loop setpoint for each charging interface 1700 may be determined using historical data of previous values of the setpoint during previous charges of the vehicle 10 at the charging interface 1700 The setpoint may be determined in dependence on charging of other vehicles using V2V communication The setpoint may be provided by V2I communication

The setpoint may be further controlled once the vehicle 10 has reached the charging interface 1700, using closed loop feedback on charging efficiency, to further optimize resonant inductive coupling and find peak charging efficiency Block 1610 comprises commencing charging of the vehicle 10 via the charging interface 1700 The charging may commence once an onboard charging interface 1702 of the vehicle 10 is longitudinally (x-axis) and/or laterally (y-axis) aligned with the charging interface 1700 The charging may commence before or after the height and/or angle of the vehicle 10 has reached the setpoint

Block 1612 comprises receiving information indicative that vehicle 10 is to move away from the traction battery charging interface 1700 and cease traction battery charging Block 1612 may determine, during charging, whether this information has been received This information may be received via monitoring of traffic movement associated with a path of the vehicle 10 and/or monitoring of dynamic right of way information such as a traffic light

Once the information of block 1612 is received, the method 1600 proceeds to block 1614, which comprises controlling the active suspension 402 to reach a second required height and/or angle of the vehicle 10 not associated with traction battery charging The second required height and/or angle is non-dependent on the charging interface 1700 The second required height/angle may be the same as or similar to a height/angle prior to block 1608

Block 1614 may be controlled to commence after the vehicle 10 has commenced moving away from the traction battery charging interface 1700, to be less noticeable to vehicle occupants The rate of change towards the second required height/angle may be different from the rate associated with block 1608

It would be appreciated that in other implementations of the above method 1600, a charging technology other than wireless inductive charging may be used For example, the charging interface may be configured for galvanic contact with a contactor on the vehicle 10, and changing the height/angle of the vehicle 10 may enable the galvanic contact

The methods 1200 and 1400 for ingress/egress may have a higher priority than the present method 1600 for inductive charging The control system may determine whether ingress/egress will occur while the vehicle 10 is stopped over the charging interface 1700 For example, the control system may determine whether an ingress/egress request has been received The method 1600 may terminate prior to block 1608 if ingress/egress will occur The methods 1200 and/or 1400 may be performed instead In some examples, the suspension may lower for inductive charging (block 1608) after ingress/egress is complete and while the vehicle 10 is stopped at the charging interface 1700

Locking in place

Fig 18 illustrates another control method 1800 that improves vehicle accessibility, according to a further aspect of the invention The control method 1800 at least comprises: receiving information indicative of the vehicle 10 becoming stationary (block 1802); and increasing a force of the active suspension 402 in dependence on the receiving information indicative of the vehicle 10 becoming stationary (block 1806)

Increasing the force provides a stiffer, more stable platform, when occupants are likely to embark/disembark from the vehicle 10 or shift around inside the cabin 300 because the vehicle 10 is stationary The stiffer platform results in less rocking of the vehicle body This lack of rocking provides the sensation of being in a high-mass vehicle like a bus, which is advantageous for customer acceptance of smaller-sized autonomous transit vehicles The reduced rocking also reduces the chance of unintended jostling between users and the body 302 of the vehicle 10 during ingress/egress

Receiving information indicative of the vehicle 10 becoming stationary, at block 1802, may be implemented in various ways The control system 2 may determine whether the vehicle 10 is transitioning from a moving state to a stationary (stopped) state If so, the method 1800 continues If not, the method 1800 terminates The indicative information may be detected or predicted Detecting the vehicle 10 becoming stationary may comprise detecting that the vehicle 10 has become stationary, e g from wheel speed signals Predicting the vehicle 10 becoming stationary is enabled by manoeuvre planning

In some, but not necessarily all examples, the control system 2 may determine whether the vehicle 10 is stopping for ingress/egress, and only perform the method 1800 if ingress/egress is to take place This is because ingress/egress is associated with greater load shifting to/from the cabin 300

An optional decision block 1804 is shown which comprises determining a duration for which the vehicle 10 is stationary The method at least requires the duration to be above a threshold If the duration is above a threshold, the method 1800 continues If the duration is below a threshold, the method 1800 may terminate to block 1812 The duration may be a detected duration for which the vehicle 10 has already been stationary, and the threshold may be a value from the range approximately 0 5 seconds to approximately 5 seconds, for example The duration may be an expected duration for which the vehicle 10 will be stationary, and the threshold may be a value of at least approximately 5 seconds

Then, the method 1800 proceeds to block 1806 and increases the force of the active suspension 402 Increasing the force may comprise increasing the hereinbefore-described variable force parameter For example, increasing the force may comprise increasing the force demand, which may comprise increasing the spring force demand and/or the damping force demand In other examples, the active suspension 402 may comprise stilts that lower towards the ground to increase the overall force of the active suspension 402

In an implementation, block 1806 may comprise determining whether the vehicle 10 has become stationary, for example to confirm the earlier prediction The force is increased if the vehicle 10 is detected as stationary By increasing the force no earlier than when the vehicle 10 has stopped, the occupant will not experience any increase in cabin vibration or harshness associated with stiffer suspension, as the vehicle 10 is stopping

At block 1808, the method 1800 comprises receiving information indicative of the vehicle 10 starting to move As with block 1802, the information may be predictive or detected The force may be reduced in a return direction when the indicative information is received At block 1810, the force is reduced to a normal ‘driving' value, which be identical or similar to the force prior to block 1806, in response to block 1808

Many of the methods described above refer to controlling suspension height and/or angle This creates a possibility that suspension height will be lowered Therefore, an optional determination may be performed prior to controlling suspension height and/or angle The determination may be indicative of a minimum achievable height of the vehicle 10 The determination may be dependent on the detected road surface at the charging interface The determination may be dependent on sensing of protrusions such as bumps, ridges or objects, via external-facing vision systems of the vehicle 10

Any change in height may be constrained to lowering the active suspension 402 at one or more corners of the vehicle 10 to a height no lower than the minimum height Additionally or alternatively, the method may be terminated if the predetermined minimum height is the result of a detected on-road object (whether classified or not), or if the predetermined minimum height is above a threshold In some examples, lowering ride height while the vehicle 10 is moving may be accompanied by increasing the variable force parameter

The various thresholds and predetermined times described in the methods herein may be fixed or variable Fixed thresholds/fixed predetermined times may be determined through calibration to reduce uncomfortable suspension changes Variable thresholds/variable predetermined times may be user-dependent or context-dependent All of the above-described control methods are performed by a control system 2 such as described above A control method is therefore defined as a computer-implemented method The steps of the methods may be performed centrally or distributed over a plurality of networked control systems

References to the control system 2 determining whether a condition is satisfied (decision blocks) cover either of: the control system 2 obtaining raw, unprocessed data and making the determination internally; and the control system 2 obtaining the result of an externally- made determination References to the control system 2 receiving information indicative of a context as described for the above methods covers either of: the control system 2 obtaining raw, unprocessed data and internally determining whether the context exists; and the control system 2 obtaining the result of an externally-made determination that the context exists

For purposes of this disclosure, it is to be understood that the controller(s) 20 described herein can each comprise a control unit or computational device having one or more electronic processors 22 A vehicle 10 and/or a control system 2 thereof may comprise a single control unit or electronic controller or alternatively different functions of the controller(s) may be embodied in, or hosted in, different control units or controllers A set of instructions 26 could be provided which, when executed, cause said controller(s) or control unit(s) to implement the control techniques described herein (including the described method(s)) The set of instructions may be embedded in one or more electronic processors, or alternatively, the set of instructions could be provided as software to be executed by one or more electronic processor(s) For example, a first controller may be implemented in software run on one or more electronic processors, and one or more other controllers may also be implemented in software run on one or more electronic processors, optionally the same one or more processors as the first controller It will be appreciated, however, that other arrangements are also useful, and therefore, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to any particular arrangement In any event, the set of instructions described above may be embedded in a computer- readable storage medium (e g , a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium) that may comprise any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine or electronic processors/computational device, including, without limitation: a magnetic storage medium (e g , floppy diskette); optical storage medium (e g , CD-ROM); magneto optical storage medium; read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); erasable programmable memory (e g , EPROM and EEPROM); flash memory; or electrical or other types of medium for storing such information/instructions

It will be appreciated that various changes and modifications can be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the present application

The blocks illustrated in the flowcharts may represent steps in a method and/or sections of code in the computer program 26 The illustration of a particular order to the blocks does not necessarily imply that there is a required or preferred order for the blocks and the order and arrangement of the block may be varied Furthermore, it may be possible for some steps to be omitted

Each passage described as an ‘aspect of the invention' is a self-contained statement suitable for a current or future independent claim, with no additional features required

Although embodiments of the present invention have been described in the preceding paragraphs with reference to various examples, it should be appreciated that modifications to the examples given can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed Features described in the preceding description may be used in combinations other than the combinations explicitly described Although functions have been described with reference to certain features, those functions may be performable by other features whether described or not Although features have been described with reference to certain embodiments, those features may also be present in other embodiments whether described or not Whilst endeavoring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features of the invention believed to be of particular importance it should be understood that the Applicant claims protection in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and/or shown in the drawings whether or not particular emphasis has been placed thereon