The present invention pertains to a vehicular fluid injection system and to a controller and a method for heating said fluid injection system.

Heating systems for vehicular fluid tanks/injection systems, in particular for tanks/lines intended to hold or vehicle liquids which can freeze at normal winter temperatures, such as ammonia precursor solutions used in selective catalytic reduction reactions (SCR) to treat exhaust gas from internal combustion engines, are known in the art. A commonly used type of precursor solution is a eutectic liquid mixture of water and urea, which is commercially available under the trademark AdBlue ^® . This solution is known to freeze at temperatures below approximately -11°C, a condition which regularly occurs during winter time in many areas of the world. Hence, it is necessary under these conditions to thaw a quantity of the stored solution before the reduction of the NOx compounds in the exhaust gas can start taking place.

Hence, heating systems have been developed, in which it is important to avoid :

- overheating of the ammonia precursor solution, which could lead to

unpleasant odors and even to undesirable alterations of the properties of the solution ; but also

- a too low heating power, which could lead to issues in cold start situations.

One prior-art solution to this problem is to use heating elements with a resistance that has a positive temperature coefficient (PTC), thus providing a certain amount of self-regulation. However, when the PTC is warm, less heating power is available. Besides, since the current consumption varies with temperature, a diagnosis of the heater based on the plausibility of the current consumption is difficult.

In typical automotive situations, the power supply voltage can range between 9 and 16 Volt, depending on the overall instantaneous load on the electrical system. The supply voltage fluctuates as various electrical functions switch on and off, as a result of actions by the vehicle operator or instructions from the vehicle electronics. Typically, these electrical functions are a mix of high-consumption functions such as an air conditioning unit and a rear window defroster, and low-consumption unit such as various electronic circuits and indicators. These functions may cycle through on and off status at very diverse timescales. As a result, the amount of heat dissipated by the resistive element will also fluctuate, making it difficult to control the precise conditions under which the content of the vehicular fluid tank will be thawed and/or heated.

The controllability of the heating conditions is a serious concern for SCR systems, because vehicle manufacturers want to ensure a sufficiently rapid thawing process to comply with applicable emission standards, in particular with respect to NOx emissions, while avoiding overheating of the ammonia precursor solution. It is a further concern to avoid overheating of the heating system itself, including for example the control unit, the fluid container, the wiring and the resistive elements.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a heating system of the kind described above that meets the above concerns.

According to one aspect of the invention, there is thus provided a vehicular fluid injection system comprising a storage tank, an injection line and a heating system comprising an electrical heating element being powered by a power source, wherein a voltage converter is inserted between the power source and the heating element.

According to the invention, the heating power is regulated using a step-up or step-down voltage converter which insures a constant heating voltage and guarantees a constant heating power compensating for the variation of the input power supply (at least in part of the range of from 9 to 16 V generally available on a vehicle's battery). In this way, the heating power and the heating performances of the fluid injection system (like an SCR system) are guaranteed over at least part of the input power supply. The provided heating power depends on the kind of heating elements (resistance) and can be, for example, between 50 W and 500 W.

Thanks to the invention, the thermal stress of the system components is reduced and the EMC performances (electromagnetic capability or compatibility) of the heater (i.e. the extent to which it will tolerate electrical interference from other equipment) are improved.

The vehicular fluid injection system of the invention may be any injection system onboard a vehicle for a fluid freezing in normal winter conditions. Said fluid preferably is an ammonia precursor solution used in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of the exhaust gases of the vehicle as described above. The heating system of the invention generally comprises, besides at least one electrical heater, electrical connections for connecting said heater to a power source (power supply voltage) and to the ground. In the frame of the invention, the power source generally is the battery (VBAT) of a vehicle (truck, car...).

The electrical heating element of the invention may be any kind of resistive heating element, from a mere resistive wire - eventually shapeable as described in EP 2339138 in the name of the applicant, the content of which is incorporated by reference in the present application - to a flexible heater (a heater comprising at least one resistive track affixed to a flexible film and/or placed between two flexible films) as the one described in WO 2008/138960, also in the name of the applicant and the content of which being also incorporated by reference in the present application.

The system of the invention comprises a storage tank and an injection line generally extending from the tank to an injector and through which the fluid is generally made to circulate thanks to a pump.

According to the invention, a voltage converter is inserted between the power source and the heating element. The invention also gives good results when several heating elements are used, for instance : at least one in the tank and at least one in the injection line. Generally, at least one electrical connection connects the power supply to the voltage converter and one or several electrical connections connect said converter to the one or more electrical heating elements. There generally also is an electrical connection between the ground (GND) and the voltage converter.

Preferably, the voltage converter of the invention is integrated into a controller, generally an SCR controller.

The voltage convertor of the invention generally is a DC-to-DC converter i.e. an electronic circuit which converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another, said other level being lower than the former one in the case of a step-down converter, and vice versa in the case of a step-up converter.

DC-to-DC converters generally comprise an inductor and a diode, and they may also comprise other components like a controller, power MOSFET switches, filter capacitors, a shunt for current measurement etc.

In a preferred embodiment, the DC-to-DC converter is adapted to electronically vary its voltage output, preferably in a step by step manner (for instance, from a power of 200 W to a power of 100 W and then of 50 W). This embodiment is advantageous namely for start & go engines (in order to be able to reduce the voltage and hence, the power consumption when the engine is stopped) but also, for regular engines in order for instance to be able to adapt the power consumption to the real needs (for instance : high power at cold start and reduced power afterwards, when the liquid has thawed).

Hence, the present invention also concerns a vehicle equipped with a start & go engine and with a vehicular fluid injection system as described above.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a controller for a vehicular fluid injection system equipped with a heater, said controller being an electronic control unit (ECU) integrating a voltage converter able of providing the heater with a substantially constant voltage over at least a portion of the power range supplied by the power source (generally from 9 to 16 V, with a nominal value of 13.5 V, in the case of the vehicle's battery). Preferably, said voltage is constant over the entire power range. In a preferred embodiment, the voltage converter is DC-to-DC converter adapted to electronically vary its voltage output, preferably in a step by step manner.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for heating at least one part of a vehicular fluid injection system with at least one resistive element receiving an electric current from a power supply, according to which a voltage convertor is inserted between the power source and the heating element so as to provide the resistive heating element with a substantially constant voltage over at least a portion of the power range supplied by the power source. Again, preferably, the voltage converter is DC-to-DC converter adapted to electronically vary its voltage output, preferably in a step by step manner.

All the preferred embodiments set forth above in the description of the fluid injection system do apply to the method of the invention.

By "substantially constant voltage", it is meant that a variation of less than 1 % is allowed on said voltage.

These and other aspects of the invention will be better understood by reference to the following figures, in which :

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a fluid injection system according to an embodiment of the present invention ;

Figure 2 is a diagram simulating the voltage and current evolution as a function of time, in the case of a step-up heating regulation of the system of figure 1. Figure 1 shows an example of electrical connections between a vehicle battery (VBAT), ground (GND), an SCR controller integrating a voltage converter and several heaters (2 tank heaters and 2 line heaters in this case, for instance : a supply line and a return line, returning the excess of urea, not consumed by the SCR system, to the storage tank).

The step-down converter of this example is conceived to produce a constant heating voltage lower than the VBAT supply voltage in most cases, namely

• VBAT = 9 to 16 V

· Heater 1 , 2, 3 or 4 : Voltage = 9 V if VBAT >= 9 V

• If VBAT < 9 V, the heating voltage will follow VBAT, but in this case the under- voltage protection will switch off the heaters.

Hence, with this regulation, the heating voltage is guaranteed to be equal to 9 V when VBAT is from 9 to 16 V.

The step-up converter of this example is conceived to produce a constant heating voltage higher than the VBAT supply voltage in all the supply range, namely :

• VBAT = 9 to 16 V

• Heater 1, 2, 3 or 4 : Voltage = 16 V if VBAT <= 16 V

· If VBAT > 16 V, the heating voltage would follow VBAT, but in this case the overvoltage protection will switch off the heaters.

With this regulation, the heating voltage is guaranteed to be equal to 16 V when VBAT is from 9 to 16 V.

In case of a step-up regulation, a higher heating power will be reached with the same electrical contacts and the same electronic components, than with a step-down regulation. For example, with maximum 12 A per contact, the maximum heating power with a step-down regulation at 9 V is 108 W. With a step-up regulation at 16 V, the maximum heating power is 192 W with the same current.

The described solution provides a constant power over the complete normal power range of the battery (from 9 to 16 V) and in this way, guarantees the heating performances for the SCR system heater for the full power supply range.

The lifetime of the SCR electronic and heating components is increased by reducing the electrical current in the SCR heaters with the step-up heating power regulation. The available heating power from the SCR electronic unit increases in case of step-up power regulation due to the reduced heating current.

Figure 2 is a simulation showing the voltage and current traces in case of a step-up heating regulation, which is preferred in the frame of the invention for the reasons explained above.

In this simulation, VBAT = 13,5 V ; heater voltage = 16 V ; heating current = 8 A ; inductor current of the step-up converter is between 8,4 A and 11 A.

In this example, the heater resistance is 2 Ohm and the provided constant power from the step-up converter is 128 W.

The accuracy of the heating voltage regulation is <1 %. If the heater resistance variation is +/- 20 %, the heating current and heating power will follow, but the heating voltage regulation will be constant between 9 V and 16 V Battery Voltage (VBAT).

As explained above, using a step-down converter or a step-up converter allows the controller to provide a constant voltage to the heater, independently of the supply voltage received from the vehicle battery. Power regulation could be insured by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) as described in EP 2375854 also in the name of the applicant but the disadvantage is the big heater current variation. Combination of the DC/DC conversion (step-down or step-up) as a first power regulation stage and PWM regulation as a second power regulation stage combines the advantages of the two methods: constant voltage supply delivered by the DC-DC converter and the big range of power regulation from the PWM method. This combination will allow to regulate the heater power in function of the current flowing through the heaters, and/or (2) the temperature of the fluid, and/or (3) the ambient temperature, and/or (4) a defined heating strategy.

If more than one heater is used, one or more DC-DC converters will be used in function of the requested power. For each heater individual PWM regulation is necessary