VIRTUAL VIEW SPECIFICATION AND SYNTHESIS IN FREE VIEWPOINT TELEVISION APPLICATIONS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of 60/737,076 filed November 15,

2005.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relatives to determining a virtual viewpoint.

[0003] Television is likely the most important visual information system in past decades, and it has indeed become a commodity of modern human life. With a conventional TV, the viewer's viewpoint for a particular video is determined and fixed by that of the acquisition camera. Recently, a new technology has emerged, free viewpoint television (FTV), which promises to bring a revolution to TV viewing. The premise of FTV is to provide the viewer the freedom of choosing his/her own viewpoint for watching the video by providing multiple video streams captured by a set of cameras. In addition to home entertainment, the FTV concept can also be used in other related domains such as gaming and education. The user-chosen viewpoint(s) does not need to coincide with those of the acquisition cameras. Accordingly, the FTV is not merely a simple view change by switching cameras (as possible with some DVD for a couple of preset views). The FTV technology requires a whole spectrum of technologies ranging from acquisition hardware, coding technology, bandwidth management techniques, standardization for interoperability, etc. One of the particular technologies to implement FTV is virtual view synthesis.

[0004] The essence of virtual view synthesis includes given a set of images (or video) acquired from different viewpoints to construct a new image that appears to be acquired from a different viewpoint. This multiple image modification is also sometimes referred to as image-based rendering (IBR). [0005] In the FTV application, it is unlikely that the camera calibration information is likely to be available (e.g., imagine shooting a movie with multiple cameras which need to be calibrated each time they are moved). This renders IBR methods requiring full camera calibration generally inapplicable in most cases. Moreover, before virtual view synthesis, the virtual view should to be specified. Existing IBR techniques use a variety of way to achieve this. For example, the virtual

view specification may be straightforward when the entire setup is folly calibrated. For example, the virtual view specification may be based on the user's manual picking of some points including the projection of the virtual camera center. None of these approaches is readily applicable to the FTV application with uncalibrated cameras, where an ordinary user needs an intuitive way of specifying some desired (virtual) viewpoints.

[0006] What is desirable is a framework for the rendering problem in FTV based on IBR. The approach preferably includes multiple images from uncalibrated cameras as the input. Further, while a virtual view is synthesized mainly from two principal views chosen by a viewer, other views may also employed to improve the quality. Starting with two optimal (user-chosen) views also contributes to the reduction in the number of required views. In addition a technique for specifying the virtual view in uncalibrated cameras is desirable, and thus providing a practical solution to view specification in the FTV application without requiring either full camera calibration or complicated user interaction, both of which are all impractical for FTV.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS [0007] FIG. 1 illustrates a camera layout.

[0008] FIG. 2 illustrates color segmentation and disparity maps.

[0009] FIG. 3 illustrates virtual view after forward warping.

[0010] FIG. 4 virtual view after processing.

[0011] FIG. 5 illustrates an interface.

[0012] FIG. 6 illustrates virtual view as a function of the basis views.

[0013] FIG. 7 illustrates simulated virtual viewpoint.

[0014] FIG. 8 illustrates synthesized and basis views.

[0015] The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0016] The preferred embodiment to the rendering solution should not merely involve mathematical rendering techniques but also be modeled in such a manner to reflect a perspective on how the FTV application should configure the entire system including how (ideally) cameras should be positioned and how a user should interact with the rendering system.

[0017] In most cases multiple synchronized views of the same scene are captured by a set of fixed but otherwise un-calibrated cameras. In practice, moving cameras pose no theoretical problem if the weak calibration is done for every frame. Practically, it may be assumed that the cameras are fixed at least for a video shot and thus the weak calibration is needed only for each shot. In most cases multiple video streams are available to a viewer. The viewer specifies a virtual viewpoint and requests that the system generates a virtual video corresponding to that viewpoint.

[0018] In a typical IBR approach, since no explicit 3D reconstruction and re- projection is typically performed, in general the same physical point may have a different color in the virtual view than from any of the given views, even without considering occlusion. The differences among different views can range from little to dramatic, depending on the viewing angles, the illumination and reflection models, etc. Therefore, the IBR approach should preferably include a limitation that the virtual views should not be too far from the given views, otherwise unrealistic color may entail.

[0019] With this consideration, one may further assume that the cameras used in a FTV program are located strategically so that the most potentially interesting viewpoint should lie among the given views. For the convenience of a viewer, this can be simplified to the following: the virtual view is defined as one between any two (or more) user-chosen views from the given multiple ones (two or more). The choice of the two views can be quite intuitive and transparent in practice: for example, a viewer may feel that view 1 is too far to-the-left than desired, while view 2 is too far to-the right than desired; then the desired virtual view should be somewhere generally between view 1 and view 2.

[0020] Thus, the system may solve the following two aspects to support the

FTV application (1) given the multiple video streams from uncalibrated cameras and

any two (or more) user-chosen views, synthesize a virtual view generally between the two (or more) views; and (2) provide the viewer an intuitive way of specifying the virtual viewpoint in relation to the given available views.

[0021] As defined above, one may have a set of video streams with two that are the closest to the user's desired viewpoint. In an uncalibrated system, the notion of closest may not be well defined, and accordingly, the user may select the pair of views. It is desirable to make maximum use of the two specified views although other views (user selected or not) can likewise be used. For identification purposes, one may refer to the two user-chosen views as the basis images. The basis images are dynamically selected based on the user's choice and not specifically based upon specially positioned cameras.

[0022] The particular preferred approach to virtual view synthesis consists of the following steps:

[0023] 1. Pair- wise weak calibration of all views to support potentially any pair that a viewer may choose. The calibration may exclude some views, especially if one view is generally between a pair of other view.

[0024] 2. Color-segmentation-based correspondence between the two basis views, where other views are taken into consideration, if desired.

[0025] 3. Forward warping from basis views to the virtual view with a disparity map.

[0026] 4. For unfilled pixels, use an algorithm to do backward search on auxiliary views to find a dominant and disparity consistent color.

Virtual View Syntheses Via Weak Calibration

[0027] The system may be based upon using n cameras in the system. The basis views may be denoted as basis camera 1 and basis camera 2. The remaining views may be denotes as auxiliary cameras 3 to n. Fundamental matrices between the basis and the auxiliary cameras are calculated with feature detector and the random sample consensus (i.e., RANSAC) algorithm denoted as Fn, F23, -Fi _n , F2 _n - The fundamental matrix between the basis cameras is Fn- Computation of fundamental matrices need only be done once unless the cameras are moved. The fundamental matrices between the basis and the virtual views are denoted as Fw and F20, respectively.

[0028] With fundamental matrices determined, for any point x in camera 1, its corresponding point in camera 2, x', is constrained via the fundamental matrix by x ' F] ₂ X=O, which can be used to facilitate the search for the disparity d. A third corresponding point in an auxiliary camera k is denoted by X _k which is determined from and X _k ^T F _2k X '=0. Once the correspondence between x and x ' is determined, a virtual view pixel x " can be determined by forward mapping, where x " satisfies both x " ^τ Fiox=0 and x " ^T F ₂ <jx '=0. These relationships are illustrated in Fig. 1.

Segmentation Based Correspondence

[0029] Even with the epipolar constraint described above, it is still desirable to search along an epipolar line for the disparity for a given point x. To establish the correspondence between x and x ', one may first use graph-cut-based segmentation to segment each of the basis views. For all pixels within each segment, one may assume that they have the same disparity, i.e. on the same front parallel plane. Over- segmentation is favored for more accurate modeling, and each segment is limited to be no wider and higher than 15 pixels, which is a reasonable value for a traditional NTSC TV frame with pixel resolution of 72Ox 480.

[0030] Each segment may be warped to another image by the epipolar constraint described above (also see Fig. 1). Instead of using the sum-of-squared- difference (SSD), or sum-of-absolute-difference (SAD) criteria as matching scores, it is simpler to count the number of corresponding pixel pairs whose relative difference (with respect to the absolute value) is less than 0.2 similar for G and B), and this number, normalized by the number of pixels in the segment, is used as the matching score, denoted ni _y id) for any possible d and fory-th segment in basis image i. This measure was found to be robust to lighting condition. [0031] In addition to using the matching score from the other basis image, one may incorporate all the auxiliary images by computing the final matching score for a segment S^. in basis image i (denoted as S ₀ ) with disparity d as m _y (d) = max _k {m _ijk (d)} (1)

where m _m {d) is the matching score of segment S ₉ in any other basis or auxiliary camera k. Note that, the d is for the basis views, and searching in other auxiliary views is equivalent to checking which d is able to give arise to the most color

consistency among the views whose relation is given in Fig. 1.

[0032] Furthermore, instead of deciding on a single d based on the above matching score, one may use that score in the following iterative optimization procedure. The basic technique is to update the matching score of each color segment based on its neighboring segments of similar color in order to enforce disparity smoothness:

where φ is the set of neighbor segments with similar color (defined by Euclidian color distance under a pre-determined threshold), β is the inhibition constant (set to 2 for computational simplicity) controlling the convergence speed, and k the iteration index. The system may use the following stopping criteria: at any iteration k, if for any d, S _y - exceeds the threshold, the updating process for this segment will stop at next iteration; the entire procedure will terminate until it converges (i.e., no segments need to be updated). The technique typically converges after 10 iterations and thus we fix the number of iteration to 10.

[0033] The above procedure is performed for both basis views, and the disparity map is further verified by left-right consistency check, and only those segments with consistent results are used for synthesizing the virtual view (thus some segments may not be used, resulting in an incomplete disparity map). In Fig. 2, two examples are shown of the color-segmentation results together with the resultant disparity map.

Forward Warping

[0034] Using the verified disparity map and the two basis views, an initial estimate of the virtual view can be synthesized by forward warping. For a pixel x in basis view 1 and x ' in basis view 2, their corresponding pixel on the virtual view will be x " whose color is computed as

RGB(x") = (l-a)RGB(x)+aRGB(x') (3)

with a being a coefficient controlling the contribution of the basis views (which may be set to the sameα to be defined elsewhere). Forward warping can preserve well texture details and it can easily be implemented in hardware, making real-time rendering easier. Figure 3 shows an intermediate image obtained after forward warping.

Backward Searching And Propagation

[0035] In the initial virtual view given by forward warping, it is not uncommon to see many uncovered pixels, which may be denoted as "black holes". These black holes are due to incomplete disparity map, such as occlusions. For each black-hole pixel, one may check its neighbor for a pixel that has been assigned a color value from the initial synthesis. The disparity of that pixel is then used for backward search on the images. Unlike other similar disparity or depth searching algorithms that do exhaustive search on the entire disparity space, the preferred system searches within a limited range within the disparity of the "valid" neighbors (those with assigned color). The search objective function is defined as: (4) where d _n is the disparity of a valid neighbor pixel and P _dn is its color; p = {p _t ,p ₂ } are colors from two basis views corresponding to d; Dist _d i _sp and Dist _co iorαxe two distance functions defined on disparity and color; and λ is a weight coefficient. The combination of the differences of color and the disparity is intended for the smoothness of both texture (color) and depth. In reality, F{d) is set as the minimum one obtained from all the valid neighbor pixels. A new disparity will be accepted only when the resulting F(d) is below a predetermined value. If the search fails after all possible d is tested on all valid neighbors, the corresponding pixel is left empty until propagation is reached from other pixels. Otherwise it is assigned a color based on the blending method of equation (3) and is denoted as valid. A new search then continues for other black-hole pixels.

[0036] Even after the search and propagation processes, there may still be

"black holes" left when the points cannot be seen in both basis cameras. To address this, the same search and propagation method as described above may be used but with p = {p.}j _≠ 1,2 ■ This means that one may assume that the pixel may be (for

example) occluded in either or both of views and thus both of them are excluded. But one may be able to obtain the information from other views. Since there is no information for any preference for any of the auxiliary views, a dominant color found from the views is taken to fill the black holes. While it may appear to be computationally expensive to search in multiple images if the number of views n is large, considering that the number of uncovered pixels is relatively small after the previous steps, this search is quite fast in practice.

[0037] It should be noted that there is no guarantee that all pixels can be covered by the above procedure. For example, the problem may be caused by a few isolated noisy pixels, or maybe the scene is not covered by all the cameras. A linear interpolation can handle the former situation while the latter situation can be alleviated by constraining the free viewpoint range, which is already part of the preferred assumption (i.e., the virtual view is always between two views, and the cameras are strategically positioned).

Viewpoint Specification

[0038] A complete virtual view obtained by following the preferred entire process is shown in Figure 4. An intuitive way for virtual view specification based on only uncalibrated views is desirable. Essentially, the technique provides a viewer with the capability of varying a virtual view gradually between any two chosen views. The virtual view can thus be determined by, for example, conveniently pushing a +/- button (or similar) until the desired viewpoint is shown, similar to controlling color or contrast of a TV picture via a remote control button (similarly, a joystick on remote or a game console can be used for implementation).

[0039] A viewpoint can be specified by a translation vector and a rotation matrix with respect to any given view to determine its position and direction. But it is unrealistic to ask a TV viewer to do this. A practical method is to start with a real view and let the viewer move to a desired viewpoint in reference to that view. This relative viewpoint moving, in an interactive manner, is much more convenient for the user. Thus the system should permit interpreting continuous virtual views from one view to another. The interpolation can be controlled by a single parameter a. When ot=0, the basis view 1 is the current view; and with a increasing to 1, the viewpoint changes gradually to another view 2. A mockup user interface is illustrated in Figure

5 for an illustration, where the left-right arrow buttons control the viewpoint change from two underlying basis views, and the result is shown immediately on the screen as visual feedback to the viewer. The system may also display the two basis views on the screen as well. The up-down arrow buttons can add variability of the views along a path between the two basis views, as explained later.

Viewpoint Interpolation With Calibrated Image Capture

[0040] We begin with the calibrated case as it is instructive, although the ultimate goal is to deal with the uncalibrated case. The preferred interface is similar to that shown in Fig. 5 to support intuitive virtual view specification. Suppose one has two camera matrices for the two basis views respectively:

P ₁ = K ₁ R ₁ U]-C ₁ ], P ₁ =K ₂ R ₂ [Il -C ₂ ] (5)

For this case, one is typically only concerned with only relative relationship between the two views. By applying the following homography transform to each of the projection matrices, p < — ppf where

one converts the cameras to canonical form as:

P ₁ ' = K ₁ R ₁ '[/ 1 -C ₁ '] = K ₁ [I ] 0] { R ₂ ' = R ₂ R ₁ -' (7)

P ₂ ^I = K ₁ R ₂ \I I -C ₂ 1 W = R ₁ (C ₁ -C ₁ ) i.e., the first camera's center is the origin, and camera 2 is related to camera 1 by rotation ^ ₂ and translation C ₂ -

[0041] One can specify the virtual view based on the canonical form. Suppose the camera matrix for the virtual view is:

^{/» •} = ⁱ VW I - ^C ₀ ^1] ( ⁸ )

One can use a to parameterize the path between basis views 1 and 2. Equation (8) then becomes

P ₀ '(α) = K ₀ ' (a)R ₀ ^< (a)[I I -C ₀ -(Of)] (9)

For the camera intrinsic matrix, the gradual change from view 1 to view 2 may be viewed as camera 1 changing its focus and principal points gradually to those of

camera 2 (if the two cameras are identical, then this will not have any effect, as desired). Thus, one may interpolate the intrinsic matrix and obtain κ _v '(a) as:

K ₀ '(O) = Q- U)K ₁ + aK ₂ (10)

For R ₀ '(a) , suppose

(H) where η , s, and t, represent the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis, respectively. One may construct R _o \ά) = [r _o (ά),s _o {a),t _o {μ)] as follows: t _o (a) = ((l-a)t _{l +} at ₂ )/ \\ (l-a)t _{l +} at ₂ 1| r _o (cc) = (s'xt ₀ (a))/ \\ _s 'xt _o (a) \\ s _Q {a) = t ₀ (a) x r ₀ (a)

[0042] The first step in equation (12) constructs the new z-axis as the interpolation of two original z axes. Then one interpolates a temporary y-axis ass' . Note that 5 'may not be perpendicular to the new z-axis. But with it, one can construct a new x-axis ( r _o {a) ) with the new z-axis and a temporary y-axis. Finally, one constructs the new y-axis as the cross product of the new z-axis and x-axis.

[0043] Finally, one can construct the new camera center using linear interpolation:

C ₀ ¹ (α) = α-α)C ₁ ^I +αC. ¹ (13)

[0044] From equation (13), the new camera center is on the line connecting the two camera centers, resulting in degeneracy for the epipolar constraint and thus one should not use it for virtual view synthesis (see Fig. 1). It is desirable to maintain the benefits derived from the constraint and thus want to avoid the degeneracy so that the fundamental matrix based method is still applicable. Thus one should move the path away from the exact line between the two views. This can be achieved by increasing slightly the y components of the virtual camera center computed from equation (13). In implementation, by increasing/decreasing the y component, one can further achieve the effect of changing the viewpoint perpendicular to the first direction. Suppose that C _v (ά)=[x _v ,y _v ,z _v ], one gets a new C _v (a) as

C _v '(a) = [x _v , y _v + r, ZvI -

[0045] This entire process is illustrated in Fig. 6. With the interpolated P ₀ , the corresponding fundamental matrices can be calculated and then used for virtual view synthesis.

Viewpoint Interpolation With Uncalibrated Image Capture

[0046] Now the uncalibrated case is considered, i.e., how we can achieve similar results from only the fundamental matrices. Given a fundamental matrix F ₁₂ , the corresponding canonical camera matrices are: where e ' is the epipole on image 2 with F ₁₂ ² V = 0 , v can be any 3 -vector, and A is a non-zero scalar. Note that the reconstructed P ₂ is up to a projective transformation. Apparently, a randomly-chosen v cannot be expected to result in a reasonable virtual view if the fundamental matrix is based on a P 2 defined by such a v. It is desirable to obtain the P's from an approximately estimated essential matrix. First the essential matrix by a simple approximation scheme is estimated. The essential matrix has the form:

E _n =K ₂ - ¹ F _n K ₁ (15)

[0047] For unknown camera matrices K, although auto-calibration can recover the focal length at the expense of tedious computation, it is not a practical option for the FTV application (unless the information is obtained at the acquisition stage). As an approximation, one sets the parameters of the camera matrix based on the image width w and height h: f = (w+h)/2 ₍₁₆₎

P _x = WlI, ^ = A/2

So if becomes:

[0048] Further, one assumes that both cameras have similar configuration and use the same K to get the essential matrix E ₁₂ . An essential matrix can be decomposed into a skew-symmetric matrix and rotation matrix as:

£,_ = [']„* (18) where R and t can be viewed as the relative rotation and translation matrix of camera 2 relative to 1. Now one has

P ₁ =K[I] Oi P ₁ = K[R] I] (19) and thus the corresponding fundamental matrices can be recovered. This approach proved to be effective with multiple sets of data even if one has only an estimate in equation (16) without knowing the actual camera internal matrices. [0049] Although it seems that one is going back to the calibrated case by estimating the essential matrix, the scheme is totally different from true full calibration. This is because one cannot expect to use the approximation of equation (16) for estimating the true rotation and translation that are needed for specifying the virtual as in the calibrated case. However, it is reasonable to use the approximation in the interpolation scheme as illustrated by equations (12) and (13).

[0050] A showing a simulated free viewpoint moving path by using data is shown in Fig. 7 as paths with viewpoint moving from camera 67 to 74 over a parabola and continuing to camera 80 following a piecewise linear curve. As an example, figure 8 (left) shows the two basis views and three examples of synthesized images. The results are shown in Fig. 8 (right). The preferred approach is capable of purely working from uncalibrated views without using any pre-calibration information, rendering it as a viable approach for practical FTV.

[0051] The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.