This invention relates to the use of capsules for the storage, packaging and delivery of water soluble or dispersible products. Examples of such products are medicaments, flavourings and functional food products, including vitamin and nutrient supplements.

A number of medicaments are currently available in ,powder form for dissolving in water to form a palatable and readily ingestible product. Dissolving such medicaments in water also facilitates their subsequent absorption in the body. To enhance the palatability of the drink, the medicament may be combined with flavourings and/or sweeteners, and with an effervescent mixture which results in the drink being carbonated. Medicaments are commonly also provided in tablet and capsule form, ready for swallowing whole. These delivery forms are adapted to breakdown within the body of the patient or user, to release the medicament at an appropriate rate.

The present invention is directed at the provision of a product of the type discussed above for use in dilute aqueous solution, suspension or dispersion, and the preparation of water-based beverages therefrom. The product is confined in a capsule, the material of which is adapted to break down when submerged in water to release the medicament and itself dissolve. A primary advantage of providing the product in this way is that it can be confined within the capsule in liquid form, and can therefore disperse or dissolve in water more readily. Additionally, the capsule would normally sink to the bottom of the body of water before releasing its contents, thereby ensuring that the contents are released within the body of water, and not at the surface thereof.

The ability to confine the capsule contents in liquid form is particularly beneficial for certain

flavourings and specifically aromatics. With the contents released within, rather than at the surface of the water, a more stable and long-lasting aroma can be generated. A number of natural products can also be more readily concentrated in stable liquid form than in powder, with minimum need for chemical additives. The avoidance of powder also ensures that the entire dosage within the capsule dissipates in the water. There is no risk of substantial quantities of a medicament for example, remaining in the form of dregs at the base of the glass.

It is known to encapsulate medicinal and food products using capsule material which is itself comestible. The shell material for capsules used in the present invention is normally gelatin based, and as a consequence largely void of flavour, odour and colour.

Suitable capsule materials usually comprise Gelatin and a plasticiser such as Glycerol or sorbitol. A suitable sorbitol is available under the Trade Name ANIDRISORB. The Gelatin forms a matrix for the plasticiser. The relative quantities of these components is important to ensure reliable encapsulation and storage characteristics. However, the dissolution rate of the capsule material can be increased if the amount of Gelatin is reduced, and we have found that the amount of Gelatin can be reduced if a further component is included which forms a secondary matrix for the plasticiser. A typical material includes 18 to 30% by weight of Gelatin and 30 to 45% by weight of Glycerol at the point of encapsulation. In the dried capsule the respective ranges increase to 23 to 38% Gelatin, and 38 to 58% Glycerol. The amount of the further component does not normally exceed 25%, and is usually no more than 12% by weight (15% in the dried capsule) . The preferred further component is unbleached starch acetate, most preferably derived from potato, and a suitable product is available under the Trade Name

PERFECTAMYL GEL MB from Avebe BA.

The quantities of gelatin specified above are substantially less than is normally used in known gelatin based capsule shell compositions. Similarly, the amount of plasticiser is relatively increased. This is made possible by the presence of the further component which reduces the effect of the plasticiser on the gelatin which might otherwise result in a composition which does not form a structure of strength sufficient for ^" encapsulation and storage. In effect, the further component forms a secondary compatible matrix, typically in the range 20° to 60°C, for the plasticiser within the primary gelatin matrix which does not adversely effect the function of the plasticiser, but reduces its tendency to form an adherent surface on the eventual product. It will be appreciated that a certain quantity of the further component is always required in the composition, and a typical minimum level would be 3% by weight at the point of encapsulation. Preferred shell materials of the type described above also include a bleached starch acetate, normally derived from potato, and typically in an amount up to 12% by weight. A suitable such potato starch derivative is also available from Avebe BA under the Trade Name PERFECTAMYL GEL 45. This starch derivative is soluble in the manufacture of compositions according to the invention, and therefore remains in solution until the composition dries. At this stage the bleached starch acetate forms a film, thus acting as a bulking agent. It causes a degree of stickiness in the composition as it sets, which is counteracted by the setting of the gelatin and the unbleached starch acetate component. Similar effects can be achieved by using a variety of soluble materials. The above capsule shell materials and variants thereon are discussed in more detail in British Patent Application No. 9313329.6 in the name of R.P. Scherer

Limited, and to which reference is directed. Other suitable materials are described in United States Patent No. 4,804,542 assigned to R.P. Scherer GmbH.

Because, in the practice of the present invention the capsule body will also dissolve in the water, the material of the capsule wall can itself contain significant components contributing to the overall properties of the eventually prepared solution. This is of particular value where the component elements are to be kept separate prior to their use and they may, of course, be kept separate between the capsule material and the encapsulated product. It will be appreciated that the invention may be used in the formation of beverages of the desired strength at any suitable temperature. Drinks may be hot or cold depending upon the treatment being sought.

Various encapsulation techniques can be used in the exploitation of the invention. Two known such techniques are the concentric cylinder and rotary dye methods. The latter has been used for many years by

R.P. Scherer Corporation and its associated companies. The process is described in the September 1985 edition of Pharmaceutical Technology,to which reference is also directed. Products of the kind discussed herein, when provided in liquid form for encapsulation incorporate hydrophobic or hydrophillic carrier media or a combination of both. Examples of hydrophilic solvents or carrier media include: Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs) , particularly PEG 400 and PEG 600; Glycofurol ;

Polyglycerols; propylene Glycol; Ethanol; Water; Glycerol; transcutol, polysorbate and propylene carbonate.

Hydrophobic solvent/carrier media also include hydrogenated natural oils, synthetic oils such as polymethylsiloxane (dimethicone) , neutral oils such as fractionated coconut oil, mineral oils, triacetin, ethyl

oleate, and other natural oils such as: Soyabean Oil; Arachis Oil; Corn Oil; Sesame Oil; Olive Oil; Rapeseed Oil; Sunflower Oil and Safflower Oil.

Many products will be formulated with a significant content of oils or other hydrophobic liquids rendering the contents immiscible with aqueous systems and causing an oily surface layer to form when added in water. In order to inhibit the formation of such a surface layer, capsules used in accordance with the invention can include an emulsifier or dispersant, either as part of the contents of the capsule, or in the capsule material itself. Suitable such surfactants are:

Reaction products of natural or hydrogenated vegetable oils and ethylene glycol; i.e. polyoxyethylene glycolated natural or hydrogenated vegetable oils; e.g. of the type available under the Trade Names CREMOPHOR and

NIKKOL;

Polyeoxyethylene-sorbitan-fatty acid esters; e.g. mono- and tri-lauryl, palmityl , stearyl and oleyl esters; e.g. of the type available under the Trade Name TWEEN;

Polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters; e.g. polyoxyethylene stearic acid esters of the type available under the Trade Name MYRJ;

Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene co-polymers; e.g. of the type available under the Trade Names

PLURONIC and EMKALYX;

Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co- polymers; e.g. of the type available under the

Trade Name POLOXAMER;

Dioctylsuccinate, dioctylsodiumsulfosuccinate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) -succinate or sodium lauryl sulfate; Phospholipids, in particular lecithins;

Propylene glycol mono- and di-fatty acid esters such as propylene glycol dicaprylate; propylene

glycol dilaurate, propylene glycol hydroxystearate, propylene glycol isostearate, propylene glycol laurate, propylene glycol ricinoleate, and propylene glycol stearate, most preferably propylene glycol caprylic-capric acid diester as is available under the Trade Name MIGLYOL 840; Bile salts, e.g. alkali metal salts such as sodium taurocholate; Trans-esterification products of natural vegetable oil triglycerides and polyalkylene polyols (e.g.

LABRAFIL) ; Mono-, di- and mono/di-glycerides, especially esterification products of caprylic or capric acid with glycerol; e.g. of the type available under the Trade Name IMWITOR;

Sorbitan fatty acid esters e.g. of the type available under the Trade Name SPAN, including sorbitan-monolauryl, -monopalmityl, -monostearyl, -tristearyl, -monooleyl and trioleyl esters; Monoglycerides, e.g. glycerol monooleate, glycerol monopalmitate and glycerol monostearate, for example of the type available under the Trade Names MYVATEX, MYVAPLEX and MYVEROL, and acetylated, e.g. mono- and di-acetylated monoglycerides, for example those available under the Trade Name MYVACET; Glycerol triacetate or (1,2, 3) -triacetin.

As noted above, capsules used in the practice of the invention can include flavouring and aromatic components, in either the encapsulated contents, or in the capsule shell material itself. Suitable components include essential oils such as lemon, orange and peppermint oils; fruit flavours; aniseed; liquorice; caramel; honey; cream; various spices and combinations of these and other flavours. Such components are supplied by International Flavours & Fragrances, IFF

(GB) Ltd. of Haverhill, Suffolk, CB9 8LG ENGLAND. Natural or artificial sweeteners can also be used, such as:

Aspartame, Saccharin, Acesulphame K, Neohesperidine hydrochloride, Mannitol, Xylitol, and Maltitol; -taste-masking ingredients such as sodium bicarbonate, ion exchange resins, cyclodextrins and adsorbates;

-suspending agents such as beeswax, hydrogenated vegetable oils, glycerol monostearate or glycerol palmitate, and high molecular weight PEGs; e.g.1500 to 6000.

Where the encapsulated contents include particles in suspension, the particles may be separately coated, typically with suitably sweetened or flavoured coatings, such as those referred to above. Such a coating can serve as either or both of a taste-masking agent and a stabiliser in the suspension.

By way of further illustration of the invention some contents formulations, and capsule wall compositions will be given by way of example, with the results of some tests thereon. I Contents Formulations Example 1 Fractionated Coconut Oil BP/PhEur 75%

Gelucire 42/12 * 7%

Span 20 ** 3%

Mannitol BP 9%

Aspartame US NF XVII 1% Flavour 5%

100%

* Glycerides and polyglycides of fatty acids of vegetable origin.

** Sorbitan fatty acid esters (BP 1980)

Example 2 Imwitor 742 * 80%

Tween 80 ** 14%

Aspartame US NF XVII 1%

Flavour 5%

100%

* Caprylic/Capric mono-di & tri-glycerides

(Medium chain partial glycerides US NF XVII) ** Polysorbate 80 BP

Example 3

Polyethylene Glycol 400 BP 56%

Glycerol BP 8% Water, Purified BP 5%

Mannitol BP 25%

Aspartame US NF XVII 1%

Flavour 5% 100%

Example 4

Lycasin 80/55 * 88.5% Aerosil 200 ** 1.5%

Glycerol BP 5%

Flavour 5%

100?

* Hydrogenated Glucose Syrup ** Colloidal Silicon Dioxide

Example 5

Fractionated Coconut Oil BP 58% Tween 80 * 25% Mannitol BP 10% Sodium Saccharin BP 2% Flavour 5%

100%

* Polysorbate 80 BP

Example 6

Fractionated Coconut Oil BP 95%

Flavour 5%

100%

Example 7

Fractionated Coconut Oil BP/Ph Eur 75%

Gelucire 42/12 7 % Span 20 3 % Mannitol BP 9 % Peppermint Oil BP 6%

100%

Example 8

Fractionated Coconut Oil BP/Ph Eur 75%

Gelucire 42/12 7%

Span 20 3%

Mannitol BP 9% Aspartame US NF XVII 1%

Peppermint Oil BP 5%

100'

Example 9

Polyethylene Glycol 400 BP 53.3%

Glycerol BP 7.6% Water Purified BP 4.8%

Paracetamol BP 28.6%

Aspartame US NF XVII 1.0%

Lemon Flavour 17.42.7201 4.8% 100%

Example 10 Polyethylene Glycol 400 BP 53.3%

Glycerol BP 7.6%

Water Purified BP 4.8%

Paracetamol BP 28.6%

Saccharin, Sodium BP 1.0% Lemon Flavour 17.42.7201 4.8%

100% Gelatin Melts for Capsule Wall Example A

Gelatin 150 Bloom 43.36%

Glycerine BP 20.01%

Purified Water BP/EP 36.63%

Example B

Gelatin 150 Bloom 38.41%

Glycerine BP 29.18% Purified Water BP/EP 32.41%

Example C

Gelatin 195 Bloom 26.00%

Glycerine BP 36.00%

Purified Water BP/EP 22.00%

Perfectamyl Gel MB 6.00%

Perfectamyl Gel 45 10.00% Example D

Gelatin 160 Bloom 43.20%

Anidrisorb 85/70 24.80%

-Purified Water BP/EP 32.00%

Example E

Gelatin 195 Bloom 25.00%

Glycerine BP 24.00% Purified Water BP/EP 23.00%

Sorbitol Syrup 70% BP 12.00%

Perfectamyl Gel MB 6.00%

Perfectamyl Gel 45 10.00%

Examples A, B and D were prepared by standard techniques and sampled into 1kg bottles. Example B was prepared by adding 65.Og of glycerine BP to 500g of the gel melt of Example A. Examples C and E were prepared in the laboratory micromelter on a 1kg scale using the following method:

Add water and glycerine (or Anidrisorb) together and put into the vessel. Add the gelatin powder with stirring and allow to 'crumb' under vacuum for 10 minutes. Using a waterbath with circulator, heat the vessel to

90°C and allow to stand at temperature for 35 minutes. Deaerate the gel mass using a vacuum pump and trying to avoid water loss. (If starches are being used in the gel mass, add to the water and plasticiser before adding the gelatin powder.)

Colouring and flavouring was then added to some of the prepared melts as follows:

Example F

To 250g of gel mass of Example D add: Quinoline Yellow O.Olg

Carmine Red 0.13g

Example G To 250g of gel mass of Example C add:

Curcumin 0.20g

Yellow Iron Oxide Paste 0.38g

Titanium Dioxide Susp. 6.00g Citric Acid BP 1.25g

Aspartame US NF XVII 1.0Og

Lemon Oil 5.00g

Example H

To 200g of gel mass of Example E add:

Quinoline Yellow 0.40g

Titanium Dioxide Susp. 2. OOg

Example I

To 200g of gel mass of Example E add: Titanium Dioxide Susp. 4. OOg

90mm ribbons of each of the coloured gels and natural gel masses were cast. 1.8cm circles were cut into each of the ribbons which were then dried.

Capsules were manufactured with shells prepared from the melts of Example I and H, and filled respectively with the contents formulations of Examples

7 and 9. Each contents formulations was checked for dispersion properties at 70°C in both stirred and unstirred water.

2ml portions of each mix were measured into syringes. These portions were each injected into beakers containing 250ml of water at 70°C and cooling naturally. The appearance of the resulting mixture was then noted. This test was then repeated with a gentle paddle stirring action.

The density of Examples 7 to 10 was then determined and capsules with equivalent fill density were dropped into 250ml of water at 70°C to see if they sank to the bottom before rupturing. Each prepared gel disc was tested for disintegration in water at various temperatures.

30°C )

37°C ) Tested in BP disintegration apparatus without 50°C ) using Perspex discs

70°C cooling naturally ) Tested on a hotplate

Boiling ) stirrer with paddle

) stirring. ) Temperature

Boiling water cooling naturally ) checked using a thermometer.

Disintegration time was noted for each of the gel types at each temperature to the nearest 5 seconds.

Discs prepared from the melts of Examples F and G were also tested for disintegration at 37°C, 70°C and the time for rupture and full disintegration noted.

The capsules were tested for disintegration and fill dissolution at various temperatures and using different methods for adding the capsules to the water. 70°C Cooling naturally - Addition of capsule to 70°C water which is stirred from the bottom Boiling Cooling naturally - Addition of capsule to boiling water which is stirred from the bottom Boiling Cooling naturally - Addition of boiling water to a capsule in a 'mug' and stirring with a teaspoon

Disintegration times were noted for each of the capsules, to the nearest 5 seconds.

Contents Formulations Dispersion Properties

Example Unstirred water Stirred water "Sediment" 70°C 70°C Formation

1 Instant Instant None dispersion dispersion No oily layer No oily layer

2 Poor dispersion Poor dispersion None Oily layer Oily layer

3 Good dispersion Good dispersion None No oily layer No oily layer

4 Good dispersion Good dispersion None No oily layer No oily layer

5 Good dispersion Good dispersion None Slight oily Slight oily layer layer

6 No dispersion No dispersion None Control Oily layer Oily layer

7 Good dispersion Good dispersion None Slight oily Slight oily layer layer

8 Good dispersion Good dispersion None Slight oily Slight oily layer layer

9 Good dispersion Good dispersion None No oily layer No oily layer

10 Good dispersion Good dispersion None No oily layer No oily layer

No dispersion Oil floats on surface

Instant dispersion No oil floats on surface

Good dispersion Takes 5 sec or less to disperse.

No oil floats on surface.

Poor dispersion Takes > 5 sec to disperse. Some oil floats on surface.

Gel Discs Disintegration

Exam 30°C 37°C 50°C 70°C/ Boil¬ Boiling/ pie cooling ing cooling

A 12:20 03:05 02:20 02:25 00:35 01:30

B 11:40 04:10 02:10 01:45 00:20 00.40

C 17:00 04:10 01:30 01:30 00:30 00:40

D 14:30 05:40 03:05 02:45 02:10 01:45

E 22:00 03:50 01:30 01:00 00.25 00:40

F Not 09:55 Not 05:00 Not Not tested tested tested tested

G Not 06:00 Not 02:00 Not Not tested tested tested tested

H 18:00 03:45 01:30 01:30 00:15 00:25

I 17:00 03:25 01:50 02:20 00:15 00:35

All times are shown in minutes:seconds Capsule Performance

Capsule added Boiling water 70°C/cooling to boiling added to naturally water with capsule with stirring stirring

9+H 00:28 00:17 00:23 -fill

9+H 01:06 00:43 02:15 -shell

7+1 00:20 Immediate 00:05 -fill

7+1 00:45 00:38 01:50 -shell

All times are shown in minutes:seconds Shell rupture immediate in all cases.

SUMMARY

Contents Formulations

From the Results it can be seen that Example 1 exhibited the best and quickest dispersion of all the mixes in both stirred and unstirred water. Examples 3

and 4 also displayed good dispersion properties, although the dispersion was slow due to the thicker nature of the mixes than in Example 1. Example 5 showed good dispersion properties although a slight surface layer of oil could be detected even after stirring. All of the Examples, including the Control, had good flavour/odour release and had no sediment formation on standing.

Gel Discs

From the Data table it can be seen that the discs from the melts of Examples C and E do show a decrease in disintegration time relative to the standard melts of Examples A, B and D, but this is mainly noticed at elevated temperatures and the advantage is minimal at lower temperatures. When the gels are coloured and flavoured, the disintegration time is again reduced, when compared to the uncoloured and unflavoured gel masses.

Capsules

Both capsules tested exhibit excellent disintegration characteristics in boiling water, the best of which are shown using the method of adding boiling water to the capsule and stirring. At 70°C the rate of capsule disintegration slows but a good solution of gelatin and fill material can still be made in approximately 2 minutes.

The slightly slower dissolving time for the lemon flavoured (Example 9) capsule is believed to be due to the fill removing plasticiser from the shell and causing it to harden.

It will be readily appreciated that a wide range of products may be used in encapsulated form according to the invention. A list of therapeutic categories and active ingredients, which is by no means exhaustive, is set out below. It should be understood that two or more

of the agents may be incorporated in the same capsule.

1. Decongestant (a) Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride

(b) Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (c) Aromatic oils for inhalant e.g., Eucalyptus Oil,

Menthol, and Camphor

2. Anti-Tussives (a Dextromethorphan (hydrobromide or salt or free base)

(b Codeine phosphate

3. Expectorant (a Ammonium chloride (b Guaiphenesin

4. Analgesic (a Paracetamol (b Ibuprofen (c Naproxen (d Naproxen Sodium

5. Antacid (a Aluminium hydroxide gel (b Magaldrate (c Magnesium trisilicate

6. Gastritis (a Ranitidine (b Cimetidine

7. Anti-flatulent (a Simethicone (b Dimethicone

8. Gastric Reflux (a Alginic Acid Suppressant

9. Laxative (a Docusate sodium (b Sodium picosulphate (c Isphagula husk

10. Anti-spasmodic (a Hyoscine butylbromide (b Peppermint oil (c Mebeverine hydrochloride (d Metaclopramide hydrochloride

11. Cystitis (a Potassium citrate

12. Anti-fungal (a Miconazole nitrate

(topical) (b Tolnaftate

13. Anti-bacterial (a Chlorhexidine gluconate

(topical) (b Triclosan

14. Scabies (topical) (a Lindane - anti mite/ (b Phenothrin

anti-lice

15. Antihistamine (a) Diphenhydramine hydrochloride

(b) Bromopheniramine Maleate (c) Doxylamine Succinate

While the above list itemizes essentially medicinal compounds, it should be understood that the invention is also suitable for the use of encapsulated functional foods for use in products such as concentrated liquid foods and drinks. Other applications include flavourings for foods with additional vitamins or nutrient content; spices and health food products such as garlic.