WEARABLE ARTICLE INCLUDING VIBRATION SENSOR

TECHNICAL FIELD

The following is directed to an article including a vibration sensor, and particularly, to an article including a vibration sensor configured to be mounted on a portion of the body of a user.

BACKGROUND ART

Operators of certain tools may be exposed to vibration. Such tools may include grinding tools. Some grinding tools may be equipped with sensors that may monitor the vibration generated by operating the tools and may provide vibration information related to the users operating the tools. However, a vibration sensor incorporated into a tool may not be used to accurately measure the vibration transmitted through the body of the operator. Improvement in monitoring tool operators’ vibration exposure may be desired.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.

FIGs. 1A, IB and 1C include illustrations of top views of the electronic device according to embodiments.

FIG. 2 includes an illustration of the bottom view of an electronic device according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3A includes a cross-sectional illustration of a portion of an electronic device according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3B includes an illustration of a top view of a portion of an electronic device according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3C includes an illustration of a portion of a housing according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4 includes an illustration of an exploded view of an electronic device according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional illustration of an electronic device according to an embodiment.

FIG. 6A includes an illustration of a side view of an electronic device according to an embodiment. FIG. 6B includes an illustration of a front view of an electronic device according to an embodiment.

FIGs. 7A and 7B include illustrations of top and bottom views of an article according to embodiments.

FIG. 8 includes illustrations of support elements according to embodiments.

FIG. 9 includes an illustration of a graph according to an embodiment.

FIG. 10 illustrates a graph according to an example embodiment.

FIG. 11 includes a diagram illustrating distribution of vibration data according to an embodiment.

FIG. 12 includes a flowchart illustrating a process for determining RPM according to an embodiment.

FIG. 13 includes a diagram illustrating vibration frequencies according to an embodiment.

FIG. 14 includes a plot of RPM vs. material removal rate according to an embodiment.

FIG. 15 includes an illustration including a system and users of the article and/or the system according to embodiments.

FIGs. 16-18 include views of a mobile device according to embodiments.

FIG. 19 includes a plot of RPM vs. time according to embodiments.

FIGs. 20A and 20B include plots of vibration vs. time according to embodiments.

FIG. 21 includes an illustration of a view of a web application according to an embodiment.

Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

The following is directed to articles including a support element and an electronic device including a vibration sensor, wherein the electronic device can be configured to be secured to the support element. The articles can be configured to be mounted on a portion of the body of a user and suitable for measuring vibration transmitted through the portion of the body of the user. In embodiments, the user can be an operator of an abrasive tool. The articles can be configured to provide information related to vibration exposure of the user, operation efficiency of the user, or both. In particular examples, the user may be an operator of a grinding tool, such as a grinder, a right angle grinding tool, a power drill, a hammer drill and/or percussion hammer, a saw, a plane, a screwdriver, a router, a sander, an angle grinder, a garden appliance and/or a multifunction tool, among other examples. More particularly, the grinding tool may be any tool that is configured to perform manual grinding operations on a work piece. In further examples, the user may perform operations including grinding, polishing, buffing, honing, cutting, drilling, sharpening, filing, lapping, sanding, and/or other similar tasks. Further examples of manual mechanical operations can include hammering, chiseling, crimping, striking, or other manual operations. In further embodiments, the article may include a wearable device, and may be particularly suited to be worn on a forearm and suitable for measuring vibration transmitted through a forearm, hand, wrist, or any combination thereof of the user. The article may be configured to provide information related to exposure to vibration transmitted through the hand, wrist, and/or forearm and to the grinding efficiency of the user.

The article may be configured to measure vibration exposure and evaluate performance efficiency of a user. Vibration exposure may be determined based on one or more of vibration magnitude, frequency, duration, or any combination thereof. Performance may include work efficiency. The article may allow the users to naturally grip a tool as compared to sensors that may force the user to operate the tool in a certain manner that may be uncomfortable for the user. Measurements obtained from the article can be more representative of the actual exposure that is being transmitted into the human body, which may allow better assessment of vibration exposure, as operators may change body postures and/or grip or hand position regularly and as the vibration may change throughout the day in a dynamic process. The article may provide information related to optimal operation efficiency, which may help create a target condition for the user to operate the tool, which may give a more relatable guide to work effectively while minimizing vibration exposure.

In an embodiment, the article can include an electronic device including a housing enclosing a vibration sensor configured to detect vibration received by the user. In another embodiment, the housing can include a sensing face that may be configured to be in direct contact with a portion of the user’s body and a display face opposite the sensing face.

Referring to FIG. 1A, a top view of the electronic device 100 is illustrated. The electronic device 100 may have an elongated circular shape, a length LE and a width WE- It is to be appreciated that the electronic device of embodiments herein may be in a different shape, such as oval, circle, rectangle, square, diamond, another geometric shape, or an irregular shape. The electronic device 100 can include the housing 110 including a display face 120. In an embodiment, certain signals may be displayed at the display face. In an aspect, signals may include indicators of the user’s grinding behavior, such as level of grinding speed, vibration exposure level, or any combination thereof. In a particular aspect, indicators may help the user adjust one or more operation parameters to improve grinding behavior and/or grinding experience. For example, parameters may include applied force, grinding speed, posture, grinding time, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the indicators may include a visual signal, a sound, a vibration, or any combination thereof to provide information related to grinding behavior to the user. In a particular aspect, the indicator may include a visual signal including lights, words, characters, a pattern, or any combination thereof. It is to be appreciated embodiments herein described in relation to grinding can be applicable to material removal operations other than grinding, such as cutting, drilling, or the like, or any combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the display face 120 may include a first plurality of windows 121 and a second plurality of windows 122 to facilitate display of signals, particularly, of visual signals. In an aspect, the windows 121 and 122 may include cavities, display panels, light bulbs, or the like, or any combination thereof. Another particular example of the windows 121 and 122 may be LED lights. In another aspect, the windows 121 and 122 may be indicators that may be suitable for providing visual stimulation to the users. In another aspect, the visual signal may include lights that may transmit through one or more of the first plurality of windows 121, one or more of the second plurality of windows 122, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the visual signal may include lights having a particular wavelength that may facilitate improved display of the signal. In an example, the visual signal may include visible lights having a wavelength in a range from 380nm to 750nm. In another example, the visual signal may include lights having a wavelength of at least 380nm, such as at least 400nm, at least 450nm, at least 495nm, at least 570nm, at least 590nm, or at least 620nm. In another example, the wavelength may be not greater than 750nm, not greater than 700nm, not greater than 620nm, not greater than 590nm, not greater than 570nm, not greater than 495nm, or not greater than 450nm. Moreover, the visual signal may include lights having a wavelength in a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted herein. In a particular example, the wavelength may be in a range including at least 400nm and at most 700nm.

In a particular embodiment, the visual signal may include lights that may allow higher visibility compared to another wavelength to suit particular applications. For example, users may perform activities in a relatively dim environment, and accordingly visual signal may include brighter lights to improve visibility. In another example, users can be operators of a grinding machine, and may wear protective equipment, such as goggles, which may make the visual signal less visible. In instances, operators may wear the article on a forearm under a protective glove, which may also reduce visibility of the visual signal. Visual signals that have higher visibility may be particularly suited for those conditions. A particular example of a visual signal may include LED (light emitting diodes) lights. In another example, a visual signal may include lights having a particular color, wavelength, or any combination thereof to facilitate improved readability of the signal. In an example, lights may include longer wavelength, such as at least 450nm. In a particular example, the wavelength may be in a range from 600nm to 750nm or in a range from 620nm to 750nm. In a particular implementation, the article may be configured to display a visual signal including LED lights having the wavelength from 600nm to 750nm or 450nm to 495nm or 400nm to 700nm. In another particular example, the lights may include a wavelength that may appear aesthetically pleasing compared to another wavelength to suit a user’s preference.

In a further embodiment, the first and second plurality of windows 121 and 122 may be configured to allow transmission of visual signals. In an aspect, the first and second plurality of windows 121 and 122 may be configured to allow transmission of visible lights. For example, the windows may have reduced absorption of visible lights. In a particular example, the windows may be optically transparent to a particular wavelength the visual signal may include, such as a wavelength in a range from 450nm to 750nm. In another aspect, the first and second plurality of windows 121 and 122 may include openings adapted to receive light fixtures coupled to light sources.

As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the first plurality of windows 121 and the second plurality of windows 122 can be aligned along a central line 180 extending in the longitudinal direction of the electronic device. Such alignment may facilitate quick appreciation of the displayed visual signal and help the user improve the activity based on the displayed visual signal quickly.

Each window may be spaced apart from another adjacent window by a proper distance such that the visual signal displayed at one window may not affect the display at an adjacent window to avoid giving a false signal to the user. For example, the distance between adjacent windows may help reduce light spilling such that visible lights transmitted to one, e.g., windowl211 may have minimal effect on the adjacent window, e.g., 1212, as illustrated in FIGs. IB and 1C to help avoid misreading of signal display. In the illustrated example, the first plurality of windows 121 includes 4 windows, and the second plurality of windows 122 includes the same number. It can be appreciated that the first plurality of windows 121 may include another number of windows, such as at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5 windows, and that the second plurality of windows 122 may include the same number as or a different number of windows than the first plurality of windows 121.

As illustrated in FIG. 1C, the first plurality of windows 121 may include windows 1211 to 1214, and the second plurality of windows 122 may include windows 1221 to 1224. In an embodiment, the sizes of the windows of the first and second plurality of windows 121 and 122 may increase toward the center of the housing. For example, the inner most window of each of the first and second the plurality of windows 121 and 122 may be the biggest, and the outer most window of each of the first and second the plurality of windows 121 and 122 may be the smallest. The increasing sizes of the windows may help provide positive feedback to the user. As illustrated, the windows at the similar positions between the first and second plurality of windows may have substantially the same size. In one embodiment, each window of the first and second the plurality of windows 121 and 122 may have substantially the same size. The windows may be round as illustrated or in a different shape, such as square, diamond, another geometric shape, or an irregular shape. The windows of the first and second plurality of windows may have the same or different shape or have a same or different pattern of shapes.

As used herein, a window may be active when a signal is displayed at the window, and a window may be inactive when no signal is displayed at the window. In an embodiment, signals displayed at the first and second plurality of windows may relate to different aspects of grinding behavior of the user. In a further embodiment, display of signals at the first or second plurality of windows may be determined based on different data, different analysis of the same data, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the first plurality of windows may be independently active or inactive from the second plurality of windows. For example, one or more of the windows of the first plurality of windows 121 can be active, when all the windows of the second plurality of windows 122 are inactive. In another instance, one or more of the second of plurality of windows 122 can be active, when all of the first plurality of windows 121 are inactive. In a further example, one or more of the first plurality of windows 121 can be active, when one or more of the second plurality of windows 122 are inactive. In a further example, the first and second plurality of windows may include the different or same number of active windows at the same time.

In another embodiment, signals may be displayed at a same or different number of windows between the first and second plurality of windows 121 and 122. As illustrated in FIGs. IB and 1C, visual signals are displayed by the same number of windows of the first plurality of windows 121 and the second plurality of windows 122. In another example, visual signals may be displayed by a different number of windows in the first plurality of windows 121 than the second plurality of windows. In another embodiment, windows at similar or different positions of the first and second plurality of windows may display visual signals. In the example illustrated in FIG. IB, windows 1211 and 1221 are at the similar positions, i.e., as the outermost windows, and lightened up by visual signal. In another example, one or more additional windows in the first or the second plurality of windows may be lightened up. In FIG. 1C, all of the windows in the first plurality of windows 121 are active and all the windows in the second plurality of windows are active. In another instance, a visual signal may be displayed at one or more of the second plurality of windows including the window 1221 regardless of whether a visual signal is displayed at the window 1211.

In an embodiment, signals displayed by the first plurality of windows 121 and the second plurality of windows 122 may include different information. In a particular embodiment, signals displayed by the first plurality of windows 121 may include an indicator related to certain grinding behavior. In an aspect, the information may include a level of vibration exposure of the user. In a further aspect, the display of signals at the first plurality of windows may be determined based on acceleration data collected by the vibration sensor.

In a particular aspect, display of a signal at the first plurality of windows 121 and/or the second plurality of windows 122 may be selectively turned on or turned off by the processor based on calculated RPM. For example, the processer may be configured to turn on the display of a signal at the first plurality of windows 121 and the second plurality of windows 122 when an RPM may be calculated below a predetermined RPM threshold, which may be indicative of an end of a grind cycle. In a further example, the processer may be configured to turn off the display of a signal at the first plurality of windows 121 and the second plurality of windows 122 when an RPM may be calculated above a predetermined RPM threshold, which may be indicative of an end of the grind cycle. In particular examples, the display of a signal at the first plurality of windows 121 and the second plurality of windows 122 may be off during an entire grind cycle, i.e., from the start of the grind cycle to the end of the grind cycle. Turning off the display of a signal at the first and second plurality of windows during a grind cycle may have benefits. For example, the user may not be distracted by the display of a signal while grinding may be ongoing. In a further particular example, the display of a signal at the first plurality of windows 121 and the second plurality of windows 122 may be turned on when a grind cycle ends. More particularly, the display of signal at the first plurality of windows 121 and the second plurality of windows 122 may be on for a time period when a grind cycle ends to facilitate reading by the user and then turned off to preserve battery.

In an embodiment, the predetermined RPM threshold may include a predetermined RPM value and a predetermined minimum time. For example, the electronic device may be configured to determine the start of a grind cycle when RPM is calculated above the predetermined RPM value for the predetermined minimum time. In a further example, the electronic device may be configured to identify the end of a grind cycle, when a calculated RPM is below the predetermined RPM value for the predetermined minimum time. In particular examples, the electronic device may be configured to continuously collect acceleration data and calculate RPM based on acceleration data. In further particular examples, the electronic device may be configured to continuously monitor vibration data and/or calculate RPM data.

The predetermined RPM value and/or minimum time may be set based on types of the grinding machine, operation, abrasive products, grinding habit of the user, preference of the client, or any combination thereof. In an example, the predetermined PRM value and/or minimum time may be installed onto the firmware of the electronic device upon manufacturing. In another example, the predetermined RPM value may be defined by users that may be dynamically loaded into the firmware of the electronic device. In examples, user-defined values can be communicated to the electronic device via a web application, from a cloud computing device, or any combination thereof.

In a further aspect, the electronic device may be configured to go into a sleep mode when calculated RPM may remain below the predetermined RPM value for a predetermined prolonged period of time. In a further aspect, the electronic device in the sleep mode may be configured to display a signal indicative of information related to the last grind cycle. For example, the display of a signal may be turned on by increased acceleration level. In a particular example, a firm tap at the display face may turn on the display of a signal at the first plurality of windows 121 and the second plurality of windows 122, when the tap may cause acceleration above a certain value. In another aspect, the display of a signal may be indicative of the level of vibration the user may receive. For example, the number of active windows may be indicative of a particular range of vibration magnitude. In particular examples, more active windows than inactive windows may indicate lower level vibration exposure of the user. In a further aspect, knowing the number of the active windows may help the user manage vibration exposure. For example, as needed, the user may adjust applied force, grinding speed, another grinding parameter, grinding posture, or any combination thereof to help increase the number of active windows and to reduce vibration exposure. In a particular example, the number of the active windows may correlate with cumulative vibration exposure inversely.

In another example, when a majority or all of the windows of the first plurality of windows 121 are active, it may be indicated that the user may perform a grinding cycle in a manner such that the vibration exposure is relatively low.

In a further example, when vibration exposure may be at a relatively higher magnitude, a minority of windows of the first plurality of windows 121 may be active to indicate vibration exposure may be at a relatively high level. In particular examples, changes in vibration level from low to high may cause the windows of the first plurality of windows 121 to become inactive sequentially starting from the innermost active window, which may be the window 1214, 1213, or 1211, toward the outermost window 1211. In instances when the outermost window 1211 may be the only active window, it may be indicated the user may have a relatively high vibration exposure, which may encourage the user to adjust grinding parameters to reduce vibration exposure.

In an embodiment, the display of signals may be determined based on comparison between accumulative vibration data and one or more predetermined vibration values. The predetermined values may be also referred to as threshold hereinafter. In another embodiment, instantaneous vibration data may be based on to help determine display of signals. In a further embodiment, the electronic device can include a vibration sensor and a processor, wherein the processor may be configured to calculate accumulative vibration data, instantaneous vibration data, or any combination thereof.

In a further embodiment, the processor may be configured to calculate vibration data based on vibration information detected by the vibration sensor. In an aspect, vibration magnitude may be collected as a function of time by the vibration sensor. In an exemplary implementation, the processor may be configured to calculate vibration data based on vibration information collected in a plurality of directions, such as in x-axis, y-axis, and/or z- axis. In a particular example, calculation may include determining the Root Mean Square (RMS) vibration based on acceleration information collected in x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis at time intervals. A time interval may be suitably selected to facilitate evaluation of grinding behavior of the user, calculation of vibration data, calculation of other data based on vibration data, sampling rate of the vibration sensor, and/or based on capacity of the processor, or any combination thereof. In a further example, vibration data may be calculated every 128ms, every 256ms, every 512ms, or every 1024ms, or at an even longer time interval. Calculation of RMS vibration will be further discussed in this disclosure.

In a further embodiment, calculation of vibration data may include determining accumulative vibration data over a time period. In an aspect, a grind cycle may include one or more time periods. In particular, the one or more time periods may be consecutive. Each time period may include a plurality of time intervals, at which vibration data may be calculated. In another particular example, each time period may include time intervals set at the same length in time. In an aspect, accumulative vibration data may include average vibration data over a time period. More particularly, accumulative vibration data may include average vibration data calculated for each time period of a grind cycle. In an embodiment, average vibration data may include average RMS vibration.

In an embodiment, the processor may be configured to calculate average vibration data for a period of time. In an aspect, the processor may be configured to calculate an average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-TP, for each time period. In a further aspect, calculating the average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-TP, may comprise adding up the RMS vibration calculated at the time intervals within a time period to obtain a total RMS, VT-RMS-TP, for the time period; and dividing the total RMS, VT-RMS-TP, by the number of the time intervals within the time period to determine the average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-TP, for the time period. In another aspect, the time period may be set for 0.2 seconds, 0.5 seconds, 1 second, 2 seconds, 4 seconds, 6 seconds, 8 seconds, 10 seconds, 12 seconds, or over an even longer period of time. A skilled artisan will appreciate the time period can be set based on capacity of the processor, types of grinding machines and/or abrasive products, desired resolution of data, or any combination thereof.

In a further aspect, the processor may be configured to calculate an average RMS vibration, VA RMS-GC, for the grind cycle. In a further aspect, calculating average RMS vibration, VA RMS-GC, may include determining a total of RMS vibration, VT-RMS-GC, for the grind cycle by adding up the RMS vibration calculated at each time interval within the grind cycle; and dividing the total of RMS vibration, VT-RMS-GC, by the time of the grind cycle to calculate the average RMS vibration, VA RMS-GC, for the grind cycle. In another embodiment, the processor may be configured to transmit average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-TP, for each time period, average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-GC, for the grind cycle, RMS vibration calculated at time intervals, the total time of the grind cycle or any combination thereof to a remote computing device. In another embodiment, the processor may be configured to send any, some, or all of calculated vibration data, raw data, or any combination thereof, to storage, such as storage on the electronic device, another device, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, stored data may be accessed at a later time. In a further embodiment, transmission of data to another device may be facilitated by Wi-Fi, USB connection, an edge device, or similar physical connection mechanisms.

In a further embodiment, the electronic device may be configured to reset when the start of a new grind cycle is identified. In an example, the electronic device may be configured to erase data related to last grind when data related to a new grind cycle starts to collect. In another example, data related to the last grind cycle may be overwritten by data collected for the new grind cycle.

In a further embodiment, the display of signal at the first plurality of windows 121 may be based on comparison between one or more predetermined vibration values and accumulative vibration data. In an example, accumulative vibration data may include average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-TP, over one or more time periods, total RMS vibration over a time period, VT-RMS-TP, RMS calculated at time intervals, average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-GC, for the grind cycle, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, average RMS vibration, VA RMS-GC, for the grind cycle may be utilized for comparing to one or more predetermined vibration values. In a further example, the processor may be configured to determine the display of signal based on the comparison average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-GC, and one or more predetermined vibration values.

In an embodiment, predetermined vibration values may be based on values installed into the firmware of the electronic device upon manufacturing. In an example, predetermined values may be based on statistical distributions of historical vibration data collected during different grinding cycles, grinding operations by different users, or any combination thereof.

FIG. 11 includes an illustration of vibration data distribution. RMS vibration is depicted in x-axis, starting from 0 m/s to the highest vibration values, e.g., 20 m/s , collected from operations involving right-angle grinders and bonded abrasive products. A, B, and C represent certain values of RMS vibration, wherein A<B<C. Y-axis indicates the count of a given RMS vibration value. As illustrated, distribution of RMS vibration may be within 4 ranges defined by A, B, and C. The first range 1111 may include vibration values from 0 2 m/s to less than A. The second range 1121 may include vibration values from at least A to less than B. The third range 1131 may include vibration values from at least B to less than C. The fourth range 1141 may include vibration values of at least C.

In an exemplary implementation, A, B, and C may be used as predetermined values and to help determine display of signals. In certain examples, A may be in a range from 1.0 m/s ² to 3.2 m/s ² or in a range from 1.4 m/s ² to 2.8 m/s ² or from 2.1 m/s ² to 2.8 m/s ² . In further examples, B may be in a range from 3.3 m/s to 6.2 m/s or in a range from 3.6 m/s to 2 2 2 2

5.9 m/s or from 3.8 m/s to 5.1 m/s . In further examples, C may be in a range from 6.3 m/s to 8.8 m/s or in a range from 6.7 m/s to 8.4 m/s or from 7.1 m/s to 8.1 m/s . A skilled artisan appreciates other values may be used for A, B, and/or C. For example, the predetermined values may be based on one or more of grinding machines, abrasive products, types of operations, or another factor that may affect grinding operations, or any combination thereof. It can be further appreciated values different than A, B, and/or C may be used as predetermined values. In a further embodiment, predetermined values may be set by users or customers based on their internal guidelines or preference. In an embodiment, the selection of predetermined values by users or customers may be communicated to the electronic device through a web application.

In another embodiment, predetermined vibration values, predetermined RPM values may be stored in a library that may further include information related to grinding machines, abrasive products, and/or grinding operations. For example, information related to grinding machines may include information of manufactures, makes, power, motors, types of grinding machines, or the like, or any combination thereof. In a further example, information related to abrasive products may include types and sizes of abrasive products, grit sizes, other related information, or any combination thereof. In a further example, information related to operations may include targeted rpm, grinding force, grinding angle, materials, geometry, and sizes of workpieces, other related information, or any combination thereof. In another example, the library may include information related to operators, such as holding angles of grinders, personal protection equipment that may be worn, certain grinding habits, or the like, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, predetermined vibration values and/or predetermined RPM values may be linked to grinding machines and/or abrasive products. In an example, the library may be stored in cloud and accessed via a web application, or from a cloud computing device. For example, an operator may input information of grinding machine, abrasive product and/or abrasive operation via a communication interface of any of the computing device illustrated in FIG. 15 and the linked predetermined vibration values and/or RPM values may be communicated to the vibration sensor via the web application. In another example, the library may be installed into the electronic device. In a further example, an operator may input information of grinding machine, abrasive product and/or abrasive operation via a user interface component of the electronic device, and the processor may be configured to select the linked predetermined vibration and/or RPM values.

In another embodiment, one or more regulatory standards, such as the ISO 5349-1 standard, may be referenced for determining the predetermined vibration values.

In another embodiment, the display of signals at the first plurality of windows 121 may be based on calculated vibration data and one or more predetermined thresholds. In an example, the processor may be configured to compare calculated vibration data with one or more or all of A, B, and C illustrated in FIG. 11. Display of signal at one or more windows of the first plurality of windows may indicate that the user may be exposed to a magnitude of vibration that may be within one of the 4 ranges , 1111-1141. In a further example, the display of signals may indicate which range of the ranges 1111-1141 the current calculated vibration may fall into. In another example, the processor may be configured to display signals at one or more windows of the first plurality of windows 121 based on which range of the ranges 1111-1141 the calculated vibration is within. In particular instances, changes to the distribution of the calculated data from one range to another range may result in changes to signal display. For example, the number and/or positions of active windows may change, which may indicate a change to vibration exposure of the user.

Referring to the particular example illustrated in FIG 1C, all of the first plurality of windows 121 may be active, when vibration data is calculated below a first threshold, such as below A illustrated in FIG. 11. The display of signals may indicate the user may be performing a grinding operation at low vibration exposure. In certain implementations, the display may be indicated that the vibration detected by the vibration sensor may correspond to a calculated value within a range that indicates low vibration exposure. For example, the display may indicate that the current calculated vibration may be within the range of 0 m/s to A or the first range 1111 illustrated in FIG. 11. As illustrated in FIG.1C, all the windows of the first plurality of windows are illuminated indicating all the windows are active. In particular examples, display of a visual signal may include illumination of LED lights. In a further embodiment, values of calculated vibration may be accessible to the user via a web application. In a further instance, the innermost window 1214 may be inactive, when the calculated vibration may be at the first threshold or higher. For example, lights of the window 1214 may be off when the vibration data is calculated to be at least A (illustrated in FIG. 11), while lights of the 3 outer windows, 1211-1213, of FIG. 1C may be on. The display of the signal may indicate that vibration exposure of the user may be relatively higher than the instance all the lights 1211-1214 are on. In certain implementations, the display may be indicative that the calculated vibration may be within a range that may relate to a relatively higher vibration exposure. For example, the display of signals may indicate the calculated vibration data may be within the range of at least A to less than B or the second range 1121 illustrated in FIG. 11.

In further instances, the window 1213 next to the innermost window 1214 and the innermost window 1214 may both be inactive, when the calculated vibration data reaches the second threshold or higher. For example, lights in the windows 1213 and 1214 may turn off when the vibration data is calculated to be at least B illustrated in FIG. 11, while lights in the 2 outer windows, 1211-1212, of FIG. 1C may stay on. The display of the signal may indicate that vibration exposure of the user further increases. In certain implementations, the display of signals may be indicative that the calculated vibration data may be within a range that may relate to an even higher vibration exposure. For example, the display of signals may indicate the calculated vibration data may be within the range of at least B to less than C or the third range 1131 illustrated in FIG. 11.

In further instances, the outermost window 1211 may be the only active window, when vibration is calculated at a third threshold or higher. For example, lights in the windows 1212 -1214 may turn off when the vibration data is calculated to be at least C illustrated in FIG. 11, while lights in the outermost window 1211 of FIG. 1C may stay on. In certain implementations, the display may be indicative that the calculated vibration may be within a range that may relate to high vibration exposure. For example, the display of signals may indicate the calculated vibration data may be within the range of at least C or the fourth range 1141 illustrated in FIG. 11.

In another embodiment, when the vibration exposure is below the first threshold, a visual signal may be displayed at the outermost window 1211; when the vibration exposure is below a second threshold smaller than the first threshold, a visual signal may be displayed at the outermost window 1211 and the adjacent window 1212; when the vibration exposure is below a third threshold smaller than the second threshold, a visual signal may be displayed at the windows from 1211 to 1213; and when the vibration exposure is below a fourth threshold smaller than the third threshold, a visual signal may be displayed at the windows from 1211 to 1214.

In an embodiment, signals displayed by the second plurality of windows 122 may include an indicator of performance of the user. In an aspect, performance may include an evaluation of velocity, pressure, force, and/or applied pressure, or another evaluation of the activity performed by the user, or any combination thereof. In an example, performance may include operation efficiency. In a particular example that the user may be a grinding machine operator, operation efficiency may be based on information including grinding speed, such as an angular velocity (e.g., revolutions per minute, RPM), working angle, grip force, an applied pressure, or any combination thereof. In a more particular example, the indicator may include information related to angular velocity, and even more particular, the indicator may relate to RPM.

In an embodiment, the processor may be configured to determine RPM of a grinding operation based on collected vibration information. In a further embodiment, RPM may be determined based on vibration information collected in one of the directions in x-axis, y-axis, or z-axis. In a particular implementation, the processor may be configured to determine RPM based on vibration information collected in z-axis.

In an embodiment, determining RPM may include applying a Fast Fournier Transform (FFT) to acceleration information collected at time intervals. For instance, FFT may be applied to at least some of the acceleration information collected for calculating RMS vibration as described in embodiments herein. In a particular embodiment, the processor may be configured to apply FFT to the acceleration information collected in a certain direction, such as in z-axis, for calculating RMS vibration. It is to be appreciated z-axis is perpendicular to the display face.

Referring to FIG. 12, an exemplary process of determining RPM is illustrated. The process may start with Step 1, collecting acceleration information at a time interval, followed by applying FFT to the collected acceleration information to generate a diagram of frequencies detected by the vibration sensor. An exemplary diagram is illustrated in FIG. 13, in which a threshold is applied, and frequency peaks including peaks A and B are illustrated. As illustrated, the threshold may be static. The threshold can have a preset value that may help filter out noises that may be common in grinding. It is to be appreciated the value of the threshold may be set based on types of grinding machines (e.g., types of motors), types of abrasive tools, operations, or any combination thereof. In another example, a threshold for a maximum value may be set additionally or alternatively. In a further embodiment, if a vibration magnitude lower than the threshold is detected, the vibration sensor may be configured to not calculate RPM based on the vibration magnitude.

The process illustrated in FIG. 12 can continue to Step 3. The processor can be configured to isolate all of the frequencies of frequency peaks that are above the threshold, such as Frequency A of Peak A and Frequency B for Peak B, illustrated in FIG. 13.

The process can continue to Step 4. The processor can be configured to find the section of the highest peak, an example of which may be Peak B in FIG. 13. In an embodiment, the frequency of the highest peak may correspond to RPM. In another embodiment, the processor may be configured to not calculate RPM if a frequency peak above the threshold may not be present.

In a further embodiment, the process may continue to Step 5 as illustrated in FIG. 12. The processor may be configured to compare the frequency of the highest peak to a known noise frequency. An example can include alternating current frequency or frequency from another source other than vibration, such as a drive system of certain grinding machines. In a particular example, the frequency of the highest peak may be compared to 120Hz, the frequency of alternating current.

At Step 6, if the frequency of the highest peak is the same as the known noise frequency, the processor may be configured to find the section with the second highest peak, such as Peak A in FIG. 13.

The process may continue to Step 7. The processor may be configured to determine whether the second largest peak is larger than the first largest peak divided by 3, such as comparing Peak A to Peak B divided by 3. If the second peak is larger, the processor may be configured to determine that the frequency of the second highest frequency peak may correspond to RPM. If the second peak is not larger, the processor may be configured to determine that the frequency of the highest frequency peak may correspond to RPM, as illustrated at Step 8 of FIG. 12.

Referring to Step 6 of claim 12, if the frequency of the highest peak is different from the known noise frequency, the processor may be configured to determine that the frequency of the highest frequency peak may correspond to RPM. For example, if Frequency B is different from 120Hz, Frequency B may correspond to RPM.

In an embodiment, the processor may be configured to calculate average RPM over a certain time period. In an example, the time period may be selected based on types of grinding machines, abrasive products, users’ preference, customers’ internal guidelines, types of grinding operations, or any combination thereof. In another example, the time period may be installed onto the electronic device upon manufacturing. In another example, the time period may be communicated to the electronic device via a web application. In a particular example, the same time period may be used for calculating average RPM and average RMS, VA-RMS-TP-

In an embodiment, the processor may be configured to calculate average RPM for a time period based on RPM calculated at time intervals within the time period. In a particular embodiment, the same time intervals may be selected for calculating RMS vibration and RPM. In another embodiment, the calculation may include determining a total of RPM by adding up the value of each RPM calculated at time intervals within the time period; and dividing the total by the number of the intervals within the time period.

In an embodiment, display of signals at the second plurality of windows 122 may be based on one or more parameters related to RPM, grinding time, wear rate, material removal rate, or the like, or any combination thereof. In a further embodiment, the processor may be configured to compare data related to calculated RPM, grinding time, or any combination thereof, to one or more predetermined RPM values. In a further embodiment, the predetermined RPM values may define an optimal RPM range, wherein calculated RPM data may be compared to the optimal RPM range.

In a particular embodiment, the predetermined RPM values may be set based on one or more parameters related to the grinding operation, including one or more of RPM, material removal rate, grinding time, wear rate of the abrasive product, or the like, or any combination thereof. In a more particular embodiment, statistical distribution of certain grinding data may be referenced to help determine the predetermined values. The grinding data may include RPM values, material removal rates, wear rates, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the processor may be configured to determine a maximum RPM of a grind cycle. In particular instance, the maximum RPM may include idle RPM. In an aspect, the processor may be configured to track the highest RPM value over the first 10 grinds to determine the maximum RPM of the grinding machine. In an exemplary implementation, the idle RPM may be the highest RPM value over the first 10 grinds. In a further embodiment, maximum RPMs of grinding machines may be communicated to the electronic device through a web application. In a further embodiment, maximum RPMs may be installed into the electronic device upon manufacturing and/or selected by users or customers and/or communicated to the electronic device via a web application.

In an embodiment, the processor may be configured to determine an optimal RPM range. In a particular embodiment, an optimal RPM range may be determined based on maximum RPM and/or information collected from historical grinding data. FIG. 14 includes a plot of material removal rate vs. RPM based on data collected from electric and pneumatic grinding machines. RPM is depicted in x-axis and increases from 0 to the maximum or idling RPM. Material removal rate is depicted in y-axis and increases from 0 to the maximum value of analyzed data. It can be appreciated that when a RPM is above the RPM value at data point Z, corresponding material removal rates can be low; and when RPM is below the value at data point W, wear rate can be expected to increase. The range between data points W and Z may represent an optimum range of RPM. In an embodiment, W may be at least 45% to at most 75% of maximum RPM, such as at least 55% to at most 70% of maximum RPM. In a further embodiment, Z may be at least 75% to less than 100% of maximum RPM, such as at least 85% to at most 98% of maximum RPM.

In a particular embodiment, an optimal RPM range may include at least 45% of maximum RPM and less than 100% maximum RPM, such as at least 55% of maximum RPM and not greater than 98% of maximum RPM, or at least 60% of maximum RPM and not greater than 95% of maximum RPM. In a particular instance, the maximum RPM may be idle RPM.

In a further embodiment, the vibration sensor may be configured to determine time spent in an optimal RPM range during a grind cycle. In a particular embodiment, information related to calculated RPM may be utilized to determine the time spent in the optimal RPM range. In a particular implementation, RPM calculated at intervals may be used for calculation of time spent in the optimal RPM range. For example, for each RPM calculated at a time interval that is within the optimal RPM range, the corresponding time interval may be determined as time that is spent in the optimal RPM range. In another implementation, averaged RPM with a time period may be utilized to calculate the time spent in the optimal RPM range. For each average RPM that may be within the optimal RPM range, the period of time corresponding to the average RPM may be determined as a time period spent in the optimal RPM range.

In a further embodiment, the processor may be configured to calculate data related to a total duration spent within an optimal RPM range, the time of a grind cycle, or the ratio there-between, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the processor may be configured to calculate a percentage, RRPM-time, wherein RRPM-time may be the percentage of the total duration spent in the optimal RPM range relative to the time of the grind cycle.

Briefly turning to FIG. 19, a plot of RPM vs. time is illustrated. 4 grind cycles, 1901, 1902, 1903, and 1904 are included in the plot. RPM calculated at time intervals is depicted in y-axis. Time is depicted in x-axis, which further indicates threshold of a grind cycle. For example, the threshold for a grind cycle may be RPM above 1 for at least 1 second. In another example, the threshold may be predetermined based on abrasive products, grind machines, operations, or any combination thereof. A grind cycle can start when RPM above the threshold is detected and finishes when RPM drops below the threshold, which is illustrated for grind cycle 1901 starting from 1930 and ending at 1940. It can be appreciated a cycle duration is the time from the start (e.g., 1930) to the end (e.g., 1940) of the cycle. A cycle duration 1940 of grind cycle 1902 is illustrated to aid understanding. Using grind cycle 1902 as an example, an optimal RPM range 1910 and maximum RPM or idle RPM 1920 is illustrated. For a grind cycle, the total duration of time spent within the optimal range 1910 may be determined by a formula, RRPM-time =(total grinding time in optimal RPM range/total grinding time)xl00%, wherein RRPM-time may be the percentage of the total duration spent in the optimal RPM range relative to the total grinding of a grind cycle. Times corresponding to RPM peaks within the optimal range may be added up to determine the total duration of time spent within the optimal range.

In a further embodiment, the processor may be configured to compare RRPM-time to one or more predetermined values. In an aspect, the predetermined values may include one or more predetermined percentages. Exemplary predetermined percentages may include 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 60%, 80%, 90%, or any combination thereof. In an example, the predetermined percentages may be installed into firmware of the vibration sensor upon manufacturing. In other instances, the predetermined values may be set based on statistical distribution of RPM and/or RPM vs. one or more other grinding parameters collected from grinding operations, types of grinding machines, types of abrasive tools, historical data indicative of percentages of times operators spent in optimal RPM range relative to total grinding time, or any combination thereof. It is to be appreciated the predetermined percentages may be selected differently for different operations. In further instances, the predetermined values may be based on preference by users and/or customers, and/or selected from a group of installed percentages and/or set by users and/or customers, which may be communicated to the electronic device via a web application, or from a cloud computing device. Other possibilities also exist.

In an embodiment, the processor may be configured to determine display of signal at the second plurality of windows 122 based on comparison between data related to RRPM-time and one or more predetermined values. In another embodiment, the predetermined values may include a lowest value, an intermediate value, and a highest value. It is to be appreciated more than one intermediate value may be utilized as predetermined values. In another embodiment, the predetermined values may define a plurality of ranges. For example, the predetermined percentages including 40%, 60%, and 80% may define a first range of not greater than 40%, a second range of at least 40% and not greater than 60%, a third range of greater than 60% and not greater than 80%, and a fourth range of greater than 80%.

In an exemplary implementation, a calculated RRPM-time may be compared to one or more of 40%, 60%, and 80% to help determine signal display at the second plurality of windows 122. In instances when calculated RRPM-time may not be greater than 40%, a signal may be displayed at the outermost window 1221 illustrated in FIG. 1C., which may indicate a relatively low percentage of grinding time is spent in the optimal RPM range. In another instance, the display may indicate that RRPM-time may be in the first range of not greater than 40%.

In instances when RRPM-time may be greater than 40% and not greater than 60%, the signal may be displayed at the two outer windows 1221 and 1222, which may indicate a relative higher percentage of grinding time is spent in the optimal RPM range. In another instance, the display may indicate that RRPM-time may be in the second range of greater than 40% and not greater than 60%.

In instances when RRPM-time may be above 60% and not greater than 80%, signal may be displayed at the 3 outer windows 1221, 1222, and 1223 (i.e., all except the innermost window 1224), which may indicate an even higher percentage of grinding time is spent in the optimal RPM range. In another instance, the display may indicate that RRPM-time may be in the third range of greater than 60% and not greater than 80%.

In instances when RRPM-time may be above 80%, a signal may be displayed at all of the windows 1221 to 1224, which may indicate a high or an optimal percentage of grinding time is spent in the optimal RPM range. In another instance, the display may indicate that R _RPM _ time may be in the fourth range of greater than 80%.

In a particular implementation, a visual signal may be displayed at one or more of the second plurality of windows. In a particular example, a display of a visual signal may include illumination of LED lights at one or more of the second plurality of windows.

In an embodiment, a display of a signal at the second plurality of windows 122 may indicate relative time spent in an optimal RPM range in comparison to the total grinding time, which may indicate the user’s grinding efficiency. In particular, a display of a signal may be related to the grinding behavior of the user and may encourage the user to choose optimal grinding parameters, such as applied force, grinding angles, posture, or any combination thereof to improve grinding behavior, such as to increase time spent in the optimal RPM range, which may be indicated by increases of the number of active windows.

In an embodiment, a signal display including more active windows than inactive windows at the second plurality of windows 122 may indicate higher operation efficiency of the user. For example, the number of active windows may correlate with the duration of time spent in the optimal RPM range. In a particular example, the number of active windows may correlate with the percentage of time spent in the optimal range of RPM. In another aspect, when the majority or all of the second plurality of windows 122 are active, it may be indicated that the user performs such that greater than 80% of the time of a grind cycle is within the optimal RPM range. In a further example, the display may indicate the grinding may be performed at RPMs within the optimal range for more than 80% of the grind cycle when all of second plurality of windows 122 are active.

In a further aspect, when the user operates with reduced time spent in the optimal RPM range, such as less than 80% or 60% of the time of the grind cycle, one or more inner windows (e.g., 1224 or both of 1224 andl223) may be inactive, and/or one or more of the outer windows (e.g., 1221 or both of 1222 and 1221) may be active. For example, the innermost window 1224 may be off when the time spent in the optimal RPM range is less than 80% of the grind cycle, and with further decrease in time spent in the optimal RPM range to less than 60% of the grind cycle, one more window may be off. In particular, lights may start to turn off in the order from the inner window 1223 toward the outermost window 1221. In another example, when the outermost window 1221 may be the only active window, it may be indicated that the time the user performs within the optimal RPM range is relatively low, such as not greater than 40%which may encourage the user to improve grinding behavior.

In another embodiment, the display of signals at the second plurality of windows 122 may be based on operation efficiency and one or more predetermined threshold, wherein the one or more predetermined threshold may correspond to certain grinding velocity, and in particular examples, to certain RPM. Referring to FIG IB, the outermost window 1221 of the second plurality of windows 122 may be active, when the operation efficiency is at or above a first threshold. The outermost window 1221 and adjacent window 1222 may both be active, when the operation efficiency may reach the second threshold or higher. The windows 1221 to 1223 may be active, when operation efficiency may reach the third threshold or higher. All of the windows 1221 to 1224 may be active when operation efficiency may reach the fourth threshold. In a further example, the one or more thresholds may be determined based on the optimal efficiency. In a particular example, the highest threshold may correspond to the optimal efficiency. In certain instances, the optimal efficiency may be determined based on the highest speed allowed by a grinding machine, historical data related to the grinding machine and/or the user, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the display face 120 may include a central window 123 positioned between the first and the second plurality of windows 121 and 122. The central window 123 may be in a similar shape to the shape or one or more of the first and/or the second plurality of windows. Alternatively, the central window 123 may have a different shape than any of the first and/or second plurality of windows. In a particular aspect, the central window 123 may have a shape that may be symbolic. For example, the central window 123 may include a shape of a cross. When a signal is displayed at the central window 123, it may be indicated the user performs at optimal RPM for most of the grind cycle, such as at least 80%, with low level of vibration exposure.

In a further embodiment, a signal may be displayed at the central window 123. For example, the signal may include a visual signal including visible lights. In another example, visible lights of a different color or shade may be displayed at the central window 132 compared to the first plurality of windows 121 and/or the second plurality of windows. In a particular example, a signal may be displayed at the central window when signals are displayed at one or more of the first plurality of lights 121 and one or more of the second plurality of lights 122.

In an embodiment, the display face may include the first plurality of windows (e.g., 121 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C) including n+1 windows, wherein n is an integer. In an aspect, n may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4. Additionally or alternatively, n may be not greater than 10, not greater than 8, not greater than 7, not greater than 5, not greater than 4, or not greater than 3. Moreover, n may be in a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted herein. In a particular example, the first plurality of windows may have a total of n+1 windows. In a particular implementation, the first plurality of windows may have 4 windows as illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C.

In a further embodiment, the processor may be configured to compare accumulated vibration data to one or more predetermined values, wherein the one or more predetermined values may belong to a group of n predetermined values. In particular examples, the predetermined values may include vibration values. In another particular examples, the group of predetermined vibration values may comprise RMS vibration values. In a further particular example, the group of predetermined vibration values may have a total of n predetermined vibration values. In a particular implementation, the group of predetermined vibration values may have a total of 3 predetermined vibration values.

In an embodiment, the group of n predetermined vibration values may define n+1 ranges. In a particular implementation, the group of predetermined vibration values may define 4 ranges. In a particular embodiment, each range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with at least one window of the n+1 windows of the first plurality of windows. For example, one range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with at least 2 windows; one other range may be associated with at least 3 windows; and/or one other range may be associated with at least 4 windows. In another example, one range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with n-1 windows of the first plurality of windows. In another example, one range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with n windows of the first plurality of windows. In a further example, one range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with n+1 windows of the first plurality of windows.

In a particular implementation, the group of predetermined values may include 3 thresholds, A, B, and C, defining 4 ranges including ranges 1111 to 1141 as illustrated in FIG. 11. The first range 1111 may be associated with all the windows 1211 to 1214 of the first plurality of windows 121 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C. The second range 1121 may be associated with the windows 1211 to 1213 of the first plurality of windows 121 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C. The third range 1131 may be associated with the windows 1211 to 1212 of the first plurality of windows 121 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C. The fourth range 1141 may be associated with the window 1211 of the first plurality of windows 121 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C.

In another embodiment, the processor may be configured to display a signal at each of the at least one windows that is associated with the range that accumulated vibration data is within. Referring to FIGs. 11 and 1A-1C, in a particular implementation, when accumulative vibration may be in the first range 1111, the processor may be configured to display a signal at each of the windows 1211 to 1214 that may be associated with the first range 1111.

In instances when accumulative vibration may be in the second range 1121, the processor may be configured to display a signal at each of the windows 1211 to 1213 that may be associated with the second range 1121. In another example, when accumulative vibration may be in the second range 1121, the processor may be configured to not display signal at window 1214 that may not be associated with the second range 1121.

In instances when accumulative vibration may be in the third range 1131, the processor may be configured to display a signal at each of the windows 1211 to 1212 that may be associated with the third range 1131. In a further instance, when accumulative vibration may be in the third range 1131, the processor may be configured to not display signal at windows 1213 to 1214 that may not be associated with the third range 1131.

In instances when accumulative vibration may be in the fourth range 1141, the processor may be configured to display a signal at window 1211 that may be associated with the fourth range 1141. In a further example, when accumulative vibration may be in the fourth range 1141, the processor may be configured to not display signal at windows 1212 to 1214 that may not be associated with the fourth range 1141.

In another embodiment, the display face may include the second plurality of windows (e.g., 122 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C) including n+1 windows, wherein n is an integer. In an aspect, n may be at least 1, or at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4. Additionally or alternatively, n may be not greater than 10, not greater than 8, not greater than 7, not greater than 5, not greater than 4, or not greater than 3. Moreover, n may be in a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted herein. In a particular implementation, the second plurality of windows may have 4 windows as illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C.

In a further embodiment, the processor may be configured to compare accumulated RRPM-time data to one or more predetermined values, wherein the one or more predetermined values may belong to a group of n predetermined values. In particular examples, the predetermined values may include percentages. In a further particular example, the group of predetermined percentages may have a total of n predetermined percentages. In a particular implementation, the group of predetermined percentages may have a total of 3 predetermined percentages.

In an embodiment, the group of n predetermined percentages may define n+1 ranges. In a particular implementation, the group of predetermined percentages may define 4 ranges. In a particular embodiment, each range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with at least one window of the n+1 windows of the second plurality of windows. For example, one range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with at least 2 windows; one other range may be associated with at least 3 windows; and/or one other range may be associated with at least 4 windows of the second plurality of windows. In another example, one range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with n-1 windows of the second plurality of windows. In another example, one range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with n windows of the second plurality of windows. In a further example, one range of the n+1 ranges may be associated with n+1 windows of the second plurality of windows. In a particular implementation, the group of predetermined percentages may include 3 thresholds, E, F, and G, wherein E, F, and G may include a percentage note in embodiments herein and E<F<G. The group of E, F, and G may define a group of 4 ranges including a first range not greater than E, a second range greater than E and not greater than F, a third range greater than F and not greater than G, and a fourth range greater than G. In an example, the first range 1111 may be associated with the window 1221 of the second plurality of windows 122 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C. The second range may be associated with the windows 1221 to 1222 of the second plurality of windows 122 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C. The third range may be associated with the windows 1221 to 1223 of the second plurality of windows 122 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C. The fourth range may be associated with each of the windows

1221 to 1224 of the second plurality of windows 122 illustrated in FIGs. 1A-1C.

In another embodiment, the processor may be configured to display a signal at each of the at least one windows that may be associated with the range that accumulated RRPM-time data may be within. Referring to FIGs. 1A-1C, in a particular implementation, when accumulative vibration may be in the first range not greater than E, the processor may be configured to display a signal at the window 1221 that may be associated with the first range of not greater than E. In a further instance, when accumulative vibration may be in the first range not greater than E, the processor may be configured to not display signal at windows

1222 to 1224 that may not be associated with the first range of not greater than E.

In instances when accumulative RRPM-time may be in the second range greater than E and not greater than F, the processor may be configured to display a signal at each of the windows 1221 to 1222 that may be associated with the second range. In a further instance, when accumulative RRPM-time may be in the second range greater than E and not greater than F, the processor may be configured to not display signal at windows 1223 and 1224 that may not be associated with the second range.

In instances when accumulative RRPM-time may be in the third range greater than F and not greater than G, the processor may be configured to display a signal at each of the windows 1221 to 1223 that may be associated with the third range. In a further instance, when accumulative RRPM-time may be in the third range greater than F and not greater than G, the processor may be configured to not display signal at window 1214 that may not be associated with the third range.

In instances when accumulative vibration may be in the fourth range greater than G, the processor may be configured to display a signal at each of windows 1221 to 1224 that may be associated with the fourth range. In a further embodiment, the processor may be configured to display a first signal indicative of a vibration magnitude at one of the of n+1 windows of the first plurality of windows and display a second signal indicative of RRPM-time at one of the n+1 windows of the second plurality of windows at a same time. In an example, the signals may be displayed differently at the first plurality of windows than at the second plurality of windows. For example, a different number of windows may be active or inactive between the first and second plurality of windows. In another example, the signals may be displayed at the first plurality of windows in a similar manner as at the second plurality of windows.

It is noteworthy one or more features described with respect to the display face 120 of embodiments herein, such as the manner signals may be displayed, may present the information of level of vibration exposure versus performance to the user as a meaningful parameter such that the user may target an operation to be able to perform with improved grinding behavior, such as with longer duration of time spent in the optimal RPM range and at the same time at low level vibration exposure. In particular applications, the display of signal at the display face 120 may provide information related to percentage of time spent in the optimal RPM range and level of cumulative vibration that may help the operator optimize grinding processes and improve grinding experience. Optimization may be realized by adjusting the parameters of process, such as grinding speed, pressure/force applied to the tool, hand/body positions, or the like without optimizing equipment, e.g., grinding machines. In particular, the article of embodiments herein may provide the operators with a target zone that may be defined by an aspect of operation performance, such as RPM, which may encourage the operators to adjust operation parameter to reach the optimal RPM range and grind at low level of vibration.

In particular, the electronic device of embodiments herein may help simplify and reduce vibration exposure and operation performance into simple concepts of visual signal display. Providing the information to the users by displaying visual signals may help the user quickly refine and identify a particular targeted grinding RPM within the optimal RPM range to operate the grinding machine and/or abrasive tools and optimize the level of vibration exposure.

In a further embodiment, the electronic device may include a light source coupled to a light guide, wherein the light guide is configured to transmit light to the display face. In another embodiment, the vibration sensor may be configured to turn on the light source when an efficiency threshold is reached, when a vibration threshold is reached, or vice-versa, or any combination thereof. In a further embodiment, the vibration sensor may be configured to instruct the light guide to transmit light to one or more selected windows of the first or second plurality of windows.

In a particular embodiment, the electronic device may include individual LEDs that may control the light transmission. For instance, the first and second plurality of windows may be coupled to LEDs that may be configured to transmit blue lights. In a further example, the central window may be coupled to a RGB LED. In a particular example, each of the first and second plurality of windows and/or the central window may be configured to receive an LED port. In a particular embodiment, the electronic device may include a light guide that may help prevent light bleeding from a window to adjacent windows. In a more particular embodiment, the light guide may help filter lights so that lights having particular wavelength may be intensified and transmitted to one or more windows. For example, the light guide may be configured to re-emit lights having an aesthetically pleasing wavelength when lights of a different wavelength are received from a light source. In a particular example, the light guide may be configured to re-emit and/or transmit lights having wavelength from 450 to 495 nm or from 620 to 750 nm or from 550 to 545nm. In another particular example, the light guide may be configured to absorb lights having a first wavelength and optically transparent to lights having a second wavelength that may be more suitable for applications of the article.

In a further embodiment, the display face 120 may be configured to depict the battery life, current time, and/or Wi-Fi signal of the article.

In a particular embodiment, a signal may be displayed at the center window to indicate information related to status of battery, such as low, charging, and/or fully charged, Wi-Fi connection to an edge device, or any combination. In particular examples, display may be facilitated by an illumination of LED lights having different wavelengths. In another particular example, yellow lights may be displayed at the center window to indicate battery charging. Red flashing lights may indicate a low battery. Flashing white lights may indicate a fully charged battery. Purple lights illuminated at the center window may indicate Wi-Fi is connected to the edge device.

Briefly turning to FIG.4, an exploded view of the electronic device 400 is illustrated. The electronic device 400 can includes a top part 410 including the display face 411 and the light guide 420 may be placed adjacent the top part. For instance, the top part may include an internal space to receive the light guide. In another example, the light guide may be configured to carry LED light ports. In an embodiment, the light guide 420, the LEDs, and the windows may be aligned to facilitate improved transmission of LED lights to one or more of the windows.

In a further embodiment, when a grind cycle is in progress, signal may not be displayed, i.e., LED lights off. In another embodiment, LED lights may stay off during a grind cycle until the grind cycle ends. In a further embodiment, LED lights may be displayed when the grind cycle ends and may stay on for a period time to facilitate reading of the displayed signal. In another embodiment, a user may tap the electronic device to turn on the last signal display between grind cycles.

In a further embodiment, an article may be assigned to a user or shared by users. In particular embodiments, access to other users’ grinding information may be restricted. For example, authorization may be required. In a further embodiment, user identification may be transmitted to the electronic device via a web application to facilitate tracking of grinding data of the user.

In an embodiment, the electronic device sensor may be configured to transmit real time data, calculated data, aggregated data, predetermined values, or any combination thereof to a remote device, which may include one or more client devices, one or more cloud computing devices, another device, or any combination thereof, periodically. In an example, an edge device data may be used, e.g., via Wi-Fi communication, to facilitate data transmission to a cloud computing device. In another example, the MQTT protocol may be used to transmit to Microsoft Azure cloud. In still another example, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Alibaba Cloud, Oracle Cloud, IBM Cloud (Kyndryl), Tencent Cloud, OVHcloud, DigitalOcean, Linode, and/or a cloud hosted by others may be used.

In a further embodiment, data may be stored on the electronic device between transmissions. In a further embodiment, data may be stored for future transmission to a cloud.

In further embodiment, historical grinding data, such as vibration data, RPM data, grinding time, and/or predetermined values may be accessed through a web application for further analysis, evaluation, and/or review. In a particular example, time series data related to vibration and/or RPM may be provided via the web application. In a further example, grinding time spent in relation to vibration and/or RPM may be aggregated and displayed via web application. In further examples, users may view analytics for selected periods, such as days, weeks, months, and/or years. In another example, a system may include the article and one or more of a web application and cloud. Turning to FIG. 15, a system 1510 is illustrated including the article 1515, an edge device 1517, and a plurality of computing devices 1512 and 1513. As illustrated, the article 1515 may be configured to transmit data via the edge device 1517 to a remote computing device, such as a cloud 1518. As further illustrated, the system 1510 may include mobile computing devices 1513 and one or more computing devices 1512. In particular, computing devices may include client devices.

In an example, user 1514 may wear the article 1515 in one or more grind cycles. Both user 1514 and manager 1511 may have access to grinding data collected for the user 1514 by the article 1515. The grinding data may be transmitted to cloud 1518. The manager 1511 may be authorized access to grinding data of user 1514 to facilitate management. Both the manager 1511 and the user 1514 may utilize the computing devices 1512 and 1513 to access data stored in the cloud 1518. The analytics of the grinding data may be viewed via mobile application.

As illustrated in FIG. 15, the system 1510 may further include accessories 1516 for the article 1515, such as a charger, cables, and pad.

Referring to FIGs. 16-18, analytics of grinding data related to vibration and RPM of the user 1514 (illustrated in FIG. 15) as viewed on a mobile device are illustrated. The data is plotted against the dates the grinding data is requested. The request may be from user 1514 or manager 1511 or other personnel who is authorized to access the grinding data. As illustrated in FIG. 16, vibration magnitude is plotted vs. dates, which together with the plot of average RPM vs. dates in FIG. 17 may indicate user 1515 may not perform grinding from October 28 to October 30, as both vibration and RPM (FIG. 17) is 0 for those days. Average vibration calculated for all the grind cycles that may be performed on October 26 and October 27 is indicated in FIG. 16. Further, average vibration magnitude vs. dates is plotted in FIG. 16. As illustrated in FIG. 17, average RPM calculated for all the grind cycles that may be performed on October 26 and October 27 is indicated, and average RPM is plotted against dates.

FIG. 18 includes a pie chart indicating percentages of grinding that may be associated with vibration at different ranges. As illustrated, about 0.1% of grinding may be associated with vibration less than A, which may be associated with display of 4 LED lights. About 7.8% of grinding may be associated with vibration at least A and less than B, which may be associated with display of 3 LED lights. About 25.9% of grinding may be associated with vibration at least B and less than C, which may be associated with display of 2 LED lights. About 66.1% of grinding may be associated with vibration of at least C, which may be associated with display of 3 LED lights. A, B, and C are also illustrated in FIG. 11 and discussed above.

In further embodiment, grinding data of different users may be presented to the viewer for further analysis. For example, average RPM or vibration of different users may be included in the same plot for comparison. The analytics may be utilized to facilitate evaluation of performance of the users by administrative.

In a further embodiment, grinding data for a plant may be aggregated and analyzed to provide overall information related to time spent in the optimal RPM and vibration level. For example, a plot of average vibration and/or RPM may be provided to indicate overall grinding performance of the plant. In another example, pie chart may be used to indicate percentages of grinding within ranges of vibration and/or optimal RPM.

The housing 110 may include a bottom part 200 as illustrated in FIG. 2 or 490 illustrated in FIG. 4. In an embodiment, the bottom part 200 or 490 may include a sensing face configured to be in contact with a portion of the body, wherein the sensing face may be opposite the display face 120 illustrated in FIG. 1 or 411 illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 2 includes a bottom view of the electronic device 100 illustrating a portion of the bottom part 200 including the sensing face 200 and a cavity 220. The cavity may be configured to provide access to one or more ports for wired data transfer, battery recharging, or any combination thereof. In an example, data transfer may include transferring data from the electronic device to another computing device, portable storage media, and/or a remote storage, such as cloud. In another example, information related to vibration exposure, e.g., real-time data and/or weighted data, aspects of performance, or any combination thereof. In another example, data transfer may be facilitated via USB connections, micro-USB connections, or similar physical connection mechanisms. In an embodiment, the electronic device may be configured for data transmission via wireless protocols, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. In another embodiment, battery recharge may be wireless.

The bottom part 200 may include a cover 211 that may be detachably coupled to the bottom part 200. The cover 211 may be configured to close the cavity 220, which may provide ingress protection.

As illustrated in FIG. 4, a particular cover 491 may include a USB C-type protector including one or more plugs that may be configured to fit the sleeve 481 and the USB-C charging port 471. The sleeve 481 may be coupled to the battery 480. The sleeve 481 may help hold one or more USB ports in place and provide protection against moisture and dust ingress around the USB port. In another example, the sleeve 481 may be placed around the USB-C port without the coupling to the battery 480.

As further illustrated in FIG. 4, the USB port 471 may be coupled to an electronic element 470. The electronic element 470 may include a printed circuit board (PCB) that may be configured to fit into the internal space defined by the top part 410, the bottom part 490, or both. In a further embodiment, the PCB may be configured to hold one or more components of the electronic device. For example, the PCB may be configured to hold one or more sensors, LEDs, a microcontroller, the USB port 471, one or more antenna, another electrical component, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the electronic device 400 can include one or more sensors for collecting data, a data storage, which may store the collected data and may include instructions, one or more processor(s), a communication interface for communicating with a remote source (e.g., a server or another device/sensor), and one or more LEDs. In another embodiment, the electronic device may include an audio output device (e.g., a speaker) and a haptic feedback device (e.g., an eccentric rotating mass (ERM) actuator, linear resonant actuator (LRA), or piezoelectric actuators, among other examples). In a further embodiment, the electronic device may include a tag, which could be a quick response (QR) code, bar code, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag (both active and passive), a near field communication (NFC) tag, a BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (BLE) tag, or another type of tag. As further illustrated in FIG. 4, the electronic device 400 may include one or more antenna 472.

In a further embodiment, the electronic device 400 may include a seal 440 formed between the top part 410 and the bottom part 490. In an example, the seal 440 may include a gasket, an adhesive, or a combination thereof. The seal 440 may include a material including organic material, an inorganic material, a hydrophobic material, water repelling material, a heat resistant material, or any combination thereof. In a further example, the seal may include a polymer including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyurethane (PU), nonwetting silicone rubber, epoxy, or the like, or any combination thereof. The seal 440 may provide further ingress protection against water vapor, sweat, liquid, dust, or any combination thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the bottom part 200 may be tapered. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the sensing face 210 may be substantially flat, and the side faces 250 may extend upwards and outwards from the sensing face 210. The tapered shape of the bottom part 200 may facilitate positioning of the electronic device on a portion of the user’s body. For example, the bottom part 210 may be configured to be positioned at a depression of the user’s body, such as between bones. In a particular example, the electronic device may be configured to fit snugly between radius and ulna of the user’s forearm, which may facilitate capture of vibration transmitted through the forearm.

The housing 110 illustrated in 1 and the housing 450 illustrated in FIG. 4 can include a side wall 494 extending upward from the sensing face. In an aspect, the side wall can at least partially define a cavity within the housing. Briefly turning to FIG. 4, the bottom part 490 includes a side wall 494 at least partially defining the cavity 492. FIG. 3B includes an illustration of the top view of the bottom portion of the electronic device 300 including the side wall 330.

In another aspect, the electronic device may take any shape. In an example, the side wall may help define a general shape of the electronic device. In another example, the electronic device may have a different general shape than the contour of the side wall. In a further example, the electronic device may have a generally elongated shape including a polygonal shape, an oval shape, an elliptical shape, or the like. In another example, the electronic device may be round or square in general. In another example, the electronic device may have a different shape when viewed from the top than the bottom. After reading this disclosure, a skilled artisan can appreciate the shape of the electronic device may not be limited. Depending on the applications, certain shapes may be more preferred than others. For example, the electronic device may preferably have an elongated shape that may be particularly suited for mounting the article on a forearm of the user. In another example, the side wall 330 may have an elliptical contour. In another aspect, the side wall may include a linear portion, a curved portion, or a combination thereof. In the illustrated particular example of FIG. 3B, the side wall 330 may include linear portions 3301 and curved portions 3302. In another example, the side wall may be linear. In a further example, the side wall may include a circumferential wall. In a further example, the side wall may be a continuous wall while the contour may include a linear shape, a curved shape, or a combination thereof along the circumference or perimeter of the housing.

FIG. 3A includes a cross-sectional illustration of the bottom portion 300 of an exemplary electronic device of embodiments herein. The bottom portion 300 can include the bottom part 320 of the housing 310. The housing 310 can be similar or include any of the features of the housing 110 illustrated in FIG. 1 or 450 illustrated in FIG. 4 of embodiments herein. The cavity 311 may be configured to receive one or more components of the electronic device including, for example, battery 312 and a vibration sensor 313. In an example, the battery 312 may be disposed within between the vibration sensor 313 and the sensing face. The battery may be in contact with the vibration sensor. In another example, a clearance may be allowed between the vibration sensor and the battery, which may allow expansion of one or more components at higher temperatures.

In an embodiment, the vibration sensor may include an accelerometer, circuitry, processor, memory, an antenna, IMUs, gyroscope, force sensor input/output, or any combination thereof. In another example, the electronic device may further include one or more of biometrics monitoring sensors, such as blood oxygen meter, pulse sensor, locationtracking sensors (e.g., a GPS or other positioning device), light intensity sensors, thermometers, clocks, force sensors, pressure sensors, photo- sensors, Hall sensors, soundpressure sensors, a magnetometer, an infrared sensor, cameras, and piezo sensors, or any combination thereof. These sensors and their components may be miniaturized to fit into the cavity 311. In an example, the electronic device may be battery powered. In a further example, one or more of the sensors may have an internal energy harvesting mechanism (e.g., a photovoltaic energy harvesting system or a piezoelectric energy harvesting system) to make them “self-powered”. In a further example, the battery 312 may not be present such that the vibration sensor 313 may be directly supported by the sensing face 390. In further examples, one or more sensors may be incorporated into the support element.

In an embodiment, the vibration sensor may be positioned within the housing in a particular manner that may facilitate improved detection of vibration transmitted through the body of the user. In a particular embodiment, the vibration sensor may be directly coupled to the side wall. For example, the vibration sensor can be in direct contact with the side wall without an intervening component. In another example, the vibration sensor may be directly disposed on a portion of the side wall such that the vibration sensor can be directly supported by the side wall. In a particular example, the vibration sensor may be directly secured to the side wall. In a more particular example, the vibration sensor may be rigidly secured to the housing through the side wall such that relative movement between the vibration sensor and the housing may be minimized or not allowed. Such configuration may be advantageous for the vibration sensor to accurately detect vibration transmitted through the body, particularly in instances when the user changes postures and/or the part of the body on which the article is mounted has movement.

In an exemplary application, the user of the article may be an operator of an abrasive tool. The article may be mounted on a forearm of the user. Vibration may be transmitted through a hand, a wrist, or both of the users. The vibration sensor may detect the vibration transmitted through the sensing face and the side wall. The absence of an intervening component between the side wall and the vibration sensor may help minimize loss of vibration transmission and facilitate improved detection and accurate measurement of vibration transmitted through the body of the user. In certain instances, the vibration sensor may be directly supported by the bottom of the housing, and in particular, by the sensing face.

In an embodiment, the vibration sensor may be configured to measure exposure to vibration of the user. In an aspect, the vibration sensor can include an accelerometer (e.g., a tri-axis accelerometer) and one or more of PCB, processor, memory, antenna, gyroscope, a force sensor, communication interface, timing circuit, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the vibration sensor and the processor may be disposed on different circuit boards.

In particular applications, the article may be worn on a wrist of an operator. If desired, each wrist may be mounted with an article.

In an implementation, the accelerometer may be a tri-axis accelerometer that is operable to measure and record acceleration information in three axes (x, y, and z). The measured acceleration information may be used to calculate a gRMS value, which may be indicative of the energy dispersed in a repetitive vibration system. In particular, the gRMS value may be calculated using an RMS value of acceleration (a _rms ), where a _rms may be calculated as:

The gRMS value may be obtained from the RMS value of the acceleration (a _rms ). In particular, the gRMS value may be the RMS value of the acceleration, where the acceleration is expressed in g's. As explained herein, the gRMS value may be indicative of the vibration of the tool.

In an embodiment, the vibration sensor may include multiple (e.g., 2, 3, 10, or N) accelerometers. Each of the multiple accelerometers may be a different type of accelerometer. For example, one of the multiple accelerometers may be a piezoelectric accelerometer whereas another one of the multiple accelerometers may be a micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer. Each of the multiple accelerometers may be configured to collect acceleration data within a particular vibration range and at a particular sampling rate. For example, if the wearable device 202 has two accelerometers, one of the accelerometers may be configured to collect data in the 10 to 500Hz range every 1ms while the other accelerometer may be configured to collect data in the 500 to 1000Hz range every 0.5ms. The use of multiple accelerators may allow the article to detect vibrations in a larger measurement range and may allow for more precise measurements within each measurement range.

In a particular embodiment, the vibration sensor may include an accelerometer configured to collect vibration data in a plurality of directions. A particular example of the accelerometer may include MEMS-based accelerometer configured to collect data in x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis. The accelerometer may be configured to collect data at 800 to 1500Hz range every 512ms.

In an embodiment, RPM may be determined by using a vibration signal from the accelerometer of the vibration sensor. In particular, the accelerometer can be configured to collect acceleration data related to vibration of the user's hand. Because the hand's vibration results from the abrasive product/tool's vibration, the acceleration data indicates the vibration of the abrasive product/tool. The acceleration data may then be used to calculate a gRMS value over time, resulting in a vibration signal. Notably, the calculation of gRMS could be performed on the vibration sensor.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary graph 1600 including signal 1602, which represents the vibration detected by the vibration sensor over time. Namely, signal 1602 results from the vibration experienced by a user when wearing the article (e.g., 700) and using an abrasive tool. The x-axis of graph 1600 corresponds to time values, while the y-axis corresponds to vibration values (in gRMS).

As the RPM of the abrasive tool contributes to the signal 1602, a Fourier transformation (e.g., Fast Fourier transformation (FFT), short-time Fourier transform (STFT), etc.) can be performed on signal 1602 to determine the RPM value. For example, software embedded on the vibration sensor can perform a Fourier transformation on signal 1602 from the time period between tO and t3 to determine the RPM of the abrasive tool from tO to t3.

In some embodiments, the RPM of the abrasive tool may vary over time. For example, a user can push the abrasive tool harder or lighter into a workpiece (the friction of the workpiece thereby slowing the rotational speed), the power levels of the abrasive tool can change. To account for this, signal 1602 may be divided/sampled into shorter segments and then software embedded on the vibration sensor can compute the Fourier transformations on each shorter segment. For example, a Fourier transformation on signal 1602 can be performed from the time period between tO and tl, from a time period between tl and t2, and so on. The RPM for each time segment may be plotted to determine a graph of RPM over time (as shown in FIG. 10).

In some embodiments, signal 1602 may be composed of multiple underlying frequencies and/or may have confounding/alias frequencies. To determine the exact frequency that corresponds to the RPM of the abrasive tool, a frequency with the highest amplitude or a frequency with an amplitude within a predetermined range may be used. Alternatively, in scenarios in which signal 1602 is divided into shorter segments, the RPM for a given time segment may be determined based on a frequency with an amplitude that shows little deviation from a previous time segment. Other methods are also possible.

In some embodiments, signal 1602 represents the vibration detected by the vibration sensor with respect to a given axis (e.g., the accelerometer may be operable to measure and record vibration data in three axes (x, y, and z)). In these situations, a vibration signal may be determined for each axis and an aggregate/composite vibration signal for the grinding wheel or disc may be determined by weighting/combining the individual vibration signals for each axis. In some examples, the weighting/combining may be based on an occupational safety standard, such as the ISO 5349 standard discussed herein. To illustrate, applying the ISO 5349 standard may involve combining the vibration signal from each axis by way of a root mean squared calculation, where each axis is weighted differently in the composite vibration signal. However, other occupational safety standards and their corresponding algorithms for determining the aggregate/composite vibration signals are also contemplated herein. The vibration sensor could be configured to carry out those algorithms additionally and/or alternatively to the ISO 5349 standard.

As shown in FIG. 9, limits may be placed on the signal 1602. More specifically, upper limit 1604 and lower limit 1606 may be used to represent upper and lower limits of vibration, with the region between upper limit 1604 and lower limit 1606 being an “optimal zone” of vibration for the abrasive tool. In an embodiment, upper limit 1604 and lower limit 1606 may be based on an occupational safety standard, either enforced today or in the future. For example, upper limit 1604 and lower limit 1606 may be based on standards set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA), or the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In some cases, upper limit 1604 and lower limit 1606 may be based on the ISO 5349 exposure risks. In another embodiment, upper limit 1604 and lower limit 1606 may be determined by the manufacturer of vibration sensor or the manufacturer of the abrasive tool.

In some embodiments, upper limit 1604 and lower limit 1606 can be determined based on values installed into the firmware of vibration sensor upon manufacturing or user defined values that are dynamically loaded into the firmware of vibration sensor. In examples, user defined values can be communicated to the vibration sensor via a user interface component of electronic device, can be communicated to vibration sensor via a web application, or from a cloud computing device. Other possibilities also exist.

In an embodiment, the vibration sensor may determine deviations from the optimal zone which may help keep the vibration transmission to the body within the optimal zone. For example, the vibration sensor may determine exposure time 1608, which corresponds to a length of time which vibrations are in the optimal zone. Exposure time 1608 can be compared to a total time of operation (e.g., t3-tO) to determine the percentage of time within the optimal zone. If the percentage of time within the optimal zone is sufficiently low, vibration sensor may provide information to increase the percentage of time by outputting a signal displayed by one or more of a first plurality windows 121 illustrated in FIGs. 1A to 1C.

As another example, vibration sensor can determine critical exposure time 1610, which represents a period of vibration above upper limit 1604. Since operations in excess of critical exposure time 1610 could be detrimental to users, vibration sensor can provide information to decrease critical exposure time 1610 by outputting a signal displayed by one or more of a first plurality windows 121 illustrated in FIGs. 1A to 1C.

FIG. 10 illustrates graph 1700, according to an example embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 10, graph 1700 includes signal 1702, which may represent the RPM of an abrasive over time. Namely, signal 1702 may result from a Fourier transformation performed on signal 1602 from graph 1600. The x-axis of graph 1700 corresponds to a time value, while the y- axis corresponds to a RPM value (in gRMS). Similarly to graph 1600, graph 1700 contains upper limit 1704 and lower limit 1706, respectively representing the upper and lower limits of RPM. The region between upper limit 1704 and lower limit 1706 is an “optimal zone” of RPM for the grinding wheel or disc. In some embodiments, upper limit 1704 and lower limit 1706 may be determined by the manufacturer of vibration sensor or the manufacturer of the abrasive tool. In other embodiments, upper limit 1704 and lower limit 1706 may be based on occupational safety standards, either enforced today or in the future.

In some embodiments, upper limit 1704 and lower limit 1706 can be determined based on values installed into the firmware of vibration sensor upon manufacturing or user defined values that are dynamically loaded into the firmware of vibration sensor. In examples, user defined values can be communicated to vibration sensor via a user interface component of the electronic device, can be communicated to vibration sensor via a web application, or from a cloud computing device. Other possibilities also exist.

In an embodiment, information may be sent to the user to keep the RPM within the optimal zone of graph 1700 to improve work efficiency. Vibration sensor may operate to determine deviations of RPM from the optimal zone. For example, vibration sensor may determine critical time 1708, which corresponds to a length of time for which RPM was above upper limit 1704. Likewise, vibration sensor may operate to determine low use time 1710, which corresponds to a length of time for which RPM was below lower limit 1706. In either case, vibration sensor can provide information to decrease critical time 1708 and low use time 1710, by outputting a signal that may be displayed by one or more of the second plurality of windows 212 illustrated in FIGs. 1A to 1C to encourage operational improvements.

In some embodiments, data from graph 1600 and/or graph 1700 may be transmitted by the article 700 illustrated in FIGs. 7A and 7B to a cloud computing device for storage and additional computation. For example, the cloud computing device can execute the machine learning algorithms discussed above to discover patterns (e.g., grinding time, optimal RPM time, overload time, optimum vibration time, etc.) with regard to signal 1602 and/or signal 1702. Discovered patterns can then be transmitted to a web application that provides information to the user. Additionally and/or alternatively, the web application may include plots of the vibration of vibration sensor over time (e.g., graph 1600) and/or may include of plots of the RPM of vibration sensor over time (e.g., graph 1700). The web application may be auto-scalable, such as, capable of being viewed on a tablet device, desktop computing device, mobile device, and so on. Further, the web application may be configured to establish dedicated accounts for various users and may have security measures in place to isolate each user's data and ensure privacy. In some embodiments, the cloud computing device or web application can be used to update the firmware of vibration sensor, for example, by transmitting software updates to communication interface of the electronic device.

In some embodiments, the vibration sensor may be configured to detect certain conditions of abrasive products. For example, spalling of abrasive wheels may be detected by the vibration sensor. FIG. 20A includes a plot 2001 illustrating vibration magnitude over time for an operation of a depressed center thin wheel without spalling. FIG. 20B includes a plot 2002 for a similar depressed center thin wheel with spalling. As demonstrated, spalling can have an effect on vibration magnitudes, frequency, or both. In a further embodiment, vibration data of a particular abrasive product may be compared to historical vibration data of similar abrasive products. For example, a group of the similar abrasive products may be known to have spalling and another group may be free of spalling. In a particular example, historical vibration data may include vibration data of depressed center thin wheels, information related to presence, absence, and/or degrees of spalling, and/or operation conditions for reference to determine whether a particular depressed center thin wheel may have spalling. In a further example, historical vibration data may further include information on frequency of vibration, RPM, and/or other grinding data. In another example, such historical data may be stored in a cloud computing device and accessed via web application.

In some embodiments, the vibration sensor may be configured to detect differences of grinding behaviors between operators using wearable devices. FIG. 21 includes an illustration of a web page 2100 including analytics of different operators’ grinding data collected by vibration sensors. In an example, analytics may be accessed via web application. In another example, analytics may be displayed via a communication interface, such as a user graphic interface, configured for any of devices 1512 and 1513 illustrated in FIG. 15. As illustrated in FIG. 21, panes 2101 to 2103 may include analytics related to Operators 1 to 3 respectively and may be simultaneously displayed. It is to be appreciated analytics related to more or less than 3 operators may be viewed simultaneously. It is to be further appreciated that particular operators may be selected via the communication interface. Panes 2101 to 2103 may include graphs illustrating same metrics for the particular operators for any selected date, such as the illustrated date 2160, and/or time, such as times depicted in the x-axis of the vibration magnitude plots. Exemplary metrics can include grind time metric, optimal grinding metric, vibration magnitude metric, optimal vibration metric, or the like, or any combination thereof. Each pane may further include information of the particular operator, such as the ID 2170, that can be the ID inputted by the particular operator using a wearable device.

Grind time metric 2120 may display a bar graph of total grinding time of each particular operator for the selected date 2160. The total grinding time may be different or similar between the particular operators.

Optimal grinding metric 2130 may display a bar graph of time spent by each particular operator while grinding within the optimal RPM range. The optimal RPM range may be determined as described in embodiments herein. While optimal grinding metric 2130 is illustrated as a bar graph, it will be understood that an amount of time or percentage or ratio of such time while grinding within optimal RPM range could be represented and/or displayed in a variety of different forms. For example, the optimal grinding metric 2130 could be represented as a pie chart, a radar chart, a line graph, or another type of information representation or infographic.

Vibration magnitude metric 2140 displays a graph indicating vibration magnitudes. The x-axis of the graph corresponds to time series and the y-axis corresponds to vibration magnitudes. The time series may reside within any shift the particular operator is assigned to for the selected date 2160. The scales of the y-axes may be different for the particular operators depending on detected vibration magnitudes. For example, higher vibration magnitudes may be detected for Operator 2 compared to Operators 1 and 3 as illustrated in the vibration magnitude plots. Further, lower vibration magnitudes 2142 detected for Operator 2 may suggest increased fatigue of the particular operator toward the end of the shift compared to Operators 1 and 3. The average vibration magnitude 2141 for each particular operator and the corresponding value 2143 may also be illustrated in the vibration magnitude plots. A comparison of vibration magnitude plots for Operators 1 and 3 may suggest Operator 1 may perform in a steadier manner than Operator 3.

Optimal vibration metric 2150 may display a pie chart indicating percentages of grinding that may be associated with vibration level within different ranges. It is to be appreciated that the pie chart may include more or less than 3 zones, even though 3 zones are illustrated. In a particular example, a pie chart may be similar to the pie chart illustrated in FIG. 18. While the optimal vibration metric 2150 is illustrated as a pie chart, it will be understood that an amount of time under respective vibration exposure conditions could be represented and/or displayed in a variety of different forms. For example, the vibration exposure metric 2150 could be represented as a bar graph, a radar chart, a line graph, or another type of information representation or infographic. As illustrated in FIG. 21, Operators 1, 2, and 3 may demonstrate different grinding behavior in metrics of grind time, optimal grinding, vibration magnitude, and optimal vibration. In another example, differences may be observed in one or some of metrics between operators.

It will be understood that web page 2100 is presented for the purpose of example. In other embodiments, web page 2100 may provide other types of metrics and alternative methods of displaying such metrics.

In an embodiment, analytics of grinding data related to operators may have access restrictions. In another embodiment, any of devices 1512 and 1513 illustrated in FIG. 15 can be configured with authentication mechanisms, which may include a passcode, two-factor authentication, fingerprint identification, facial recognition, or verification of other biometric information. Such authentication mechanisms may provide varying levels or types of user access. For example, the levels of user access may include levels of access for users from administrators, supervisors, and/or management. Based on the present user's level of access, the device may display a different arrangement of information, provide access to different types of information, and/or offer varying functionality. In a further embodiment, analytic information may be referenced for evaluating grinding behaviors to improve grinding performance of operators.

In some embodiment, the processor may be configured to control the one or more sensors based, at least in part, on the instructions. As will be explained below, the instructions may be for collecting real-time data. Further, the processor may be configured to process the real-time data collected by the one or more sensors. Yet further, the processor may be configured to convert the data into information indicative of vibration exposure and/or user performance, or other aspects associated with the activities the users perform or biometrics or operation experience of the user.

The data storage may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium that can include, without limitation, magnetic disks, optical disks, organic memory, and/or any other volatile (e.g., RAM) or non-volatile (e.g., ROM) storage system readable by the processor. The data storage can include a data storage to store indications of data, such as sensor readings, program settings (e.g., to adjust behavior of the wearable device), user inputs (e.g., from a user interface on the device or communicated from a remote device), etc. The data storage can also include program instructions for execution by the processor to cause the device to perform operations specified by the instructions. The operations could include any of the methods described herein. The communication interface can include hardware to enable communication within the article and/or between the article and one or more other devices. The hardware can include transmitters, receivers, and antennas, for example. The communication interface can be configured to facilitate communication with one or more other devices, in accordance with one or more wired or wireless communication protocols. For example, the communication interface can be configured to facilitate wireless data communication for the article according to one or more wireless communication standards, such as one or more IEEE 801.11 standards, ZigBee standards, Bluetooth standards, LoRa (low-power wide-area network), etc. For instance, the communication interface could include Wi-Fi connectivity and access to cloud computing and/or cloud storage capabilities. As another example, the communication interface can be configured to facilitate wired data communication with one or more other devices.

The user interface can include one or more pieces of hardware used to provide data and control signals to the wearable device. As an example, the user interface may allow an operator to provide an input indicative of the ID of the user, a task to be performed, a tool to be used, a workpiece on which the user may perform an operation, or any combination thereof. In another instance, the user interface can include a mouse or a pointing device, a keyboard or a keypad, a microphone, a touchpad, or a touchscreen, among other possible types of user input devices. Generally, the user interface can enable an operator to interact with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the article (e.g., displayed by the display face). In an aspect, the system may include database including information of users, such as vibration exposure, experience, performance efficiency, may allow cross reference between database; train other users; compare operation between users; select application and compare; compare for the same task, normalize against time vibration; sectioning data and enter analysis.

Referring to FIGs.3A and 3B, the side wall 330 can include a lip 331 extending from an inner surface 333 of the side wall 330. The vibration sensor 313 can be supported by the lip 331. In particular, the vibration sensor 313 may be directly disposed on the lip 331.

In a further embodiment, the side wall 330 can include a plurality of mounting points 332 configured to secure the vibration sensor 313 to the housing 310. In an aspect, the plurality of mounting point may include at least 3 mounting points. In another aspect, the mounting points 332 may be spaced apart along the perimeter of the side wall by different distances. In a further aspect, offsetting the distances between mounting points 332 may help minimize natural excitation frequencies in the vibration sensor, which may help improve accuracy of the measurement of vibration exposure.

In an embodiment, the plurality of mounting points 332 may include protrusions 334 extending from the inner surface 333 of the side wall 330 toward the cavity 331. Each of the protrusions 334 may be configured to engage each of a plurality of recesses 335 positioned at the periphery of the vibration sensor 313. The shape of the protrusions can be complementary to the shape of the recesses. In another embodiment, the plurality of mounting points 332 may include an adhesive disposed over the interface between the plurality of protrusions 334 and the plurality of recesses 335, at least a portion of the plurality of protrusion 334, at least a portion of the plurality of recesses 335, or any combination thereof. In an aspect, the adhesive may include an organic material, such as a polymer, an inorganic material, or any combination thereof. In an example, the adhesive may include a hydrophobic material, a moist resistant material, a heat resistant material, or any combination thereof. In another example, the adhesive may include an epoxy, a silicone, or any combination thereof. In a further aspect, the plurality of mounting points may be positioned above the lip. In a particular embodiment, the vibrations sensor may be snugly fitted into the cavity 311 such that the peripheral edge of the vibration sensor 313 may be in direct contact with the inner surface 331 of the side wall. More particular, the vibration sensor 313 may be rigidly fixed to the side wall 330 of the housing.

In a further embodiment, the vibration sensor 313 may include an antenna 3137 coupled to the substrate 3131. In a particular example, the antenna 3131 may be coupled to the bottom surface of the substrate 3131, and one or more of the other components, such as circuitry, accelerometer, and microcontroller may be coupled to the top surface of the substrate 3131. In particular example, the antenna may be secured to the substrate at one end. The bottom surface of the substrate may face the bottom of the housing. The top surface of the substrate 3131 may face the top of the housing. In another example, the antenna 3137 may be coupled to the same surface of the substrate 3131 as one or more of the other components. In a further embodiment, the lip 331 may include a plurality of receiving points 3311 that may be configured to support at least a portion of the antenna 3137. The receiving points 3311 may include recesses, adhesives, or any combination thereof. In a particular example, the receiving points 3311 may be configured to secure the antenna 3137 to the side wall 330. In a more particular example, the antenna may be rigidly fixed to the lip of the side wall, the substrate 3131, or both. In an aspect, circuit may be printed on the substrate 3131, and other components may be secured to the substrate. In a further aspect, the substrate 3131 may include the printed circuit board. In a particular example, the substrate 3131 may be rigid. In another particular example, the substrate 3131 may be configured to fit into the cavity of the bottom part and hold multiple components of the vibration sensor.

In an embodiment, the bottom part 320 may include a first recessed region 340 extending along at least a portion of an outer surface 343 of the side wall 330 in a circumferential direction. In an aspect, the first recessed region 340 may be defined at least partially by an upper rim 350 and a first ledge 360 extending outward from the side wall 330. In another aspect, the first recessed region 340 may extend for at least a portion of the perimeter, a majority of the perimeter, or even the entire perimeter of the housing.

In a further embodiment, the first recessed region is configured to receive an adhesive or a gasket which may be similar or include any features of 440 illustrated in FIG. 4. The gasket or adhesive may help secure the top part to the bottom part 320. In an example, the gasket or adhesive may serve as a moisture barrier. In a particular example, a seal may be formed including the adhesive and/or the gasket between the top part and the bottom part.

Turning to FIG. 5, a cross section of the electronic device 500 is illustrated, including a housing in which the top part 510 is mounted on the bottom part 590. The adhesive and/or gasket 530 may be disposed in the first recessed region 520 and in contact with a portion of the inner surface of the side wall 512 of the top part 510. The first recessed region 520 may be similar to 340 illustrated in FIG. 3A. The adhesive and/or gasket 530 may help secure the top part 510 to the bottom part 590. In particular examples, the top part 510 may be sealed to the bottom part 590 by the adhesive and/or the gasket 530, which may serve as a barrier to provide ingress protection. The top part 510 may be similar or include any features noted with respect to any top parts (e.g., 100 illustrated in FIG. 1, and/or 410 illustrated in FIG. 4) of embodiments herein. The bottom part 590 can include any of the features noted with respect to any bottom part (e.g., 200 illustrated in FIG. 2, 320 illustrated in FIGs.3A and 3B, and/or 490 illustrated in FIG. 4) of embodiments herein. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the top part 510 may include the display face 511 and side faces 512 that may extend from the display face 511 outwardly, which may facilitate a shape of the top part 510 that tapers toward the top. The side wall 515 of the top part 510 may be engaged to the upper rim 525 of the bottom part 590. The first recessed region 520 may be covered by the side wall 515 of the upper part 510. In an embodiment, the upper rim, the first ledge, or both may include a slanted edge, which may facilitate coupling of the top part to the bottom part. As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the upper rim 350 may include a slanted edge 351, and the first ledge 360 may also include a slanted edge 361. The slanted edges 351 and 361 may facilitate mounting of the top part. In a particular example, the slanted edges may facilitate snap fitting of the top part to the bottom part.

In another embodiment, the bottom part 320 may include a second recessed region 370 along at least a portion of the out surface 343 of the side wall 330. The recessed region 370 may extend for at least a portion, a majority, or the entirety of the perimeter of the bottom part 320.

In a further embodiment, the second recessed region may be defined at least in part by the first ledge 360 and a second ledge 380 extending outward from the side wall 330. In an embodiment, the second recessed region (e.g., 570 illustrated in FIG. 5 and 370 FIG. 3) may include a dimension including a depth D2, a width W2, or both, and the first recessed region (e.g., 520 illustrated in FIG. 5 and 340 in FIG. 3) may include a depth DI, a width Wl, or both. In an example, D2 may be greater than DI. In another example, W2 may be greater than Wl. As viewed from the side (FIG. 6A) or the front or back (FIG. 6B), the electronic device may have a trapezoid shape such that the bottom portion may be bigger than the top portion.

In a particular embodiment, the second recessed region, the first ledge, the second ledge, or any combination thereof can be configured to secure the electronic device to the support element (e.g., 850 illustrated in FIG.8). In an aspect, the second recessed region may be configured to engage the edge 852 defining the through-hole 851 of the support element 850. The support element 850 will be discussed in detail later in this disclosure. In another aspect, the second recessed region may have a particular depth D2 that may help prevent the electronic device from falling off of the support element. In another aspect, the second recessed region may have a particular width W2 that may be configured to allow the edge 852 to move between the first ledge and the second ledge to facilitate mounting of the article.

In an embodiment, the second ledge can facilitate positioning of the support element 850. In particular, the second ledge may be configured to help guide the support element 850 into the second recessed region. In a particular embodiment, the edge of the second ledge may include ribbing. Details of the edge may be viewed at FIGs. 6A and 6B. FIG. 6A includes an illustration of a side view and FIG. 6B includes a front view illustration of the electronic device 600. The housing 601 includes the top part 610 and the bottom part 690. The bottom part 690 includes the second recessed region 620 and the second ledge 630. The edge 640 of the second ledge 630 may include a plurality of ribs 641 extending along the perimeter of the edge 640. In a particular example, the edge 640 may be slanted as the edge 384 illustrated in FIG. 3A. In a more particular example, the second ledge may include a slanted edge including ribbing. The second ledge may help reduce the likelihood of the support element sliding off and keep the electronic device engaged to the support element.

Referring to FIG. 3B, the side wall 330 of the bottom part 320 may include a plurality of protrusions 3315 extending upward from the top surface 3313 of the side wall 330. The plurality of protrusions 3315 may be spaced apart creating openings 3316 between each other. In an example, the plurality of protrusions 3315 may be staggered. In another example, some of the protrusions 3315 may be aligned along the perimeter of the side wall 330 while adjacent protrusions may be offset. In another example, the plurality of protrusions 3315 may extend along the perimeter of the side wall 330 for a distance. In particular examples, at least some of the protrusions 3315 may extend along the perimeter for different distances. In another example, spacing between the protrusions 3315 may vary along the perimeter of the side wall 330.

In an embodiment, the openings 3316 may include an average depth. In an aspect, the average depth may be the average height of the plurality of protrusions 3315. In an aspect, the average depth may be at most 35% of the height of the side wall, at most 30%, at most 25%, at most 20%, at most 15%, at most 10%, or at most 5% of the height of the side wall. In a further aspect, the average depth may be at least 5% of the height of the side wall, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, or at least 30% the height of the side wall. In a further aspect, the average depth may be in a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted herein.

FIG. 3C includes an illustration of an exemplary protrusion 3315 extending upwards from the side wall 330. In a further embodiment, each of the protrusions 3315 may include a height Hp, a circumferential length Lp, and a thickness Tp. In an example, at least some of the plurality of protrusions 3315 may have a same height, a same circumferential length, a same radial width, or any combination thereof. In another example, at least some of the plurality of protrusions 3315 may include a different height, a different circumferential length, a different thickness, or any combination thereof. In another instance, every other protrusion may comprise the same thickness.

In an embodiment, at least some of the protrusions 3315, at least some of openings 3316, or any combination thereof may facilitate engagement of the top part and the bottom part. In particular, the protrusions 3315 and the openings are configured to facilitate snap fitting the top part on the bottom part.

In an embodiment, the bottom part of the housing may include a plurality of posts extending upward from the upper surface of the second ledge. Referring to FIGs. 6A and 6B, a plurality of posts including posts 633 and 634 are positioned adjacent the side wall 650. In an aspect, the posts 633 and 634 may be positioned around the side wall. For instance, the posts 633 and 634 may be viewed from the side views (i.e., left and right), front view and back view of the electronic device 600. For example, a plurality of posts 633 may be aligned along the longitudinal sides of the housing. In another aspect, one or more of the posts 633 and 634 may include a slanted side wall. In an example, the posts 633 may be generally cylindrical. In a particular example, the posts 634 may include a plurality of side walls and an inclined side surface extending between two side walls and extending between the top surface of the posts 634 and the upper surface of the second ledge 630. In a more particular example, the posts 634 may be angled with respect to the edge 640. For example, a side wall of the post 634may form an angle other than 90° with the side wall 650. In a further example, the posts 634 may include a beveled edge between the top surface and the slanted side surface. In a particular example, the posts 633 and 634 may be positioned along the same side of the housing, wherein the posts 634 may be outer posts and one or more post 633 may be inner posts positioned between two outer posts 634. In a particular example, the plurality of posts 633 and 634 may be configured to position the edge of the through-hole of the support element within the second recessed region 620.

In an embodiment, the top part 510 may include features complementary to features of the bottom part. In particular aspect, the top part 510 may include a plurality of projections 513 extending downward from the top surface of the top part 510. The projections 513 may be spaced part creating openings between each other. In an aspect, the projections 513, openings there between, or any combination thereof may be configured to facilitate engagement of the top part and the bottom part. In particular examples, the projections 513 may be complementary to the openings 3316 (illustrated in FIGs. 3A and 3B); and the openings between the projections 513 may be complimentary to the protrusions extending from the side wall of the bottom part, such as protrusions 3315 illustrated in FIGs. 3A and 3B and protrusions 5315 extending from the side wall 520 of the bottom part 590. In more particular examples, the projections 513 may be clipped into the openings 3316 illustrated in FIGs. 3A and 3B; and the protrusions 5315 or 3315 may be locked into the openings between the projections 513. In another particular example, the top part 510 and the bottom part 590 may be locked to each other by the complimentary features.

In an embodiment, the article may include a support element that may facilitate mounting of the article on the body of a user. In a further embodiment, the support element may be configured to engage the electronic device. In a particular embodiment, the support element may be releasably secured to the electronic device. Referring to FIG. 7A, a top view of the article 700 of an embodiment is illustrated. The article 700 can include a support element 710 and the electronic element 720. The support element 710 can include any of the features described with respect to the support element 850 illustrated in FIG. 8 in embodiments herein. FIG. 7B includes a bottom view of the article 700.

Referring to FIG. 8, a top view of a particular example of the support element 850 is illustrated. The support element 850 can include a length Ls extending in a longitudinal direction between a first end 856 and a second end 858 of the support element. The support element 850 can include a first side 860, a second side 859 opposite the first side 860, and a width Ws- The width Ws may extend perpendicularly to at least one of the first side 860 and the second side 859. As illustrated, the support element 850 has a trapezoid shape in general. The length Ls is the length of the first side 860, the greater of the two sides 860 and 859, and the width Ws is the height of the trapezoid. It is to be appreciated the support element may take a shape different than trapezoid. For example, the support element may have a rectangle, square, another geometric shape, or an irregular shape.

As illustrated, the support element 850 can include a first end portion 855 including the first end 856 and a second end portion 857 including the second end 858. The first end portion may extend between the first end 856 and the opposite end 871 and include a width W IEP that forms a portion of the length Ls of the support element. The second end portion may extend between the second end 858 and the opposite end 872 and include a width W2EP that forms a portion of the length Ls of the support element.

In an embodiment, the first end portion 855 and/or the second end portion 858 may have a particular width that may facilitate improved mounting and vibration detection of the article. In an aspect, the width of the first end portion WIEP, the width of the second end portion W2EP , or both may be at least 5% of the length Ls, of the support element, such as at least 7%, at least 10%, or at least 12% of the length, Ls. In another aspect, the width of the first end portion WIEP, the width of the second end portion W2EP , or both may be at most 16% of the length, Ls, of the support element, at most 15%, at most 13%, or at most 12%, or at most 11% of the length, Ls, of the support element. Moreover, it is to be appreciated the width of the first end portion WIEP, the width of the second end portion W2EP , or both may be in a range including any of the minimum and maximum percentages noted herein.

In an embodiment, the support element 850 can include a fastener to facilitate mounting of the article. The fastener may be configured to join at least a portion of the first end portion 855 to at least a portion of the second end portion 857 of the support element such that the support element may be in the form of a closed loop. In a particular embodiment, the fastener may be disposed on at least a portion of the first end portion 855 and at least a portion of the second end portion 8567. In a particular embodiment, the first end portion 855 and the second end portion 857 may be fasteners attached to the support element. For example, fasteners may be glued to, sewn to, or otherwise secured to the support element to form the first and second end portions. An exemplary fastener may include hook and eye, hook and loop, snap buttons, magnetic closure, buttons and holes, or the like, or any combination thereof. The fastener may be disposed on the first and second end portions at the opposite faces of the support element. For example, as illustrated, the first end portion 855 may include one of hooks or eyes. On the opposite face of the support element 850 (not illustrated), the second end portion 857 may include the other of eyes or hooks.

In an embodiment, the support element may include a particular material that may facilitate improved vibration detection of the electronic device. In an aspect, the support element may include a woven material or a non-woven material including fibers, yarns, filaments, or any combination thereof. In an example, the support element may include a woven material. In a further aspect, the support element may include an elastomeric material. For example, the support element may include nylon, lycra, polyester, spandex, or any combination thereof. In a particular aspect, the support element may include a fire resistant material, moisture wicking material, or any combination thereof. For example, the support element may include a fire retardant material, which may be knitted, weaved, or in another suitable manner incorporated into the support element. In another example, the support element may include fibers, yams, filaments or the like that may be coated, impregnated, or otherwise treated with a fire retardant. In another example, the support element may include a material including at least 2,000 parts per million phosphorous, such as at least 3,000 parts per million, 4,000 parts per million, or at least 5,000 parts per million phosphorous. The support element including a fire resistant material may be particularly suited for measuring vibration in an environment that has a potential risk for fire hazard. A particular example of such application may include measuring vibration received by an operator of abrasive tools. In a particular aspect, the support element may include fire resistant yams. For example, the support element may include polyester filament yams with fire retardant.

In another aspect, the support element may include fibers having a particular denier that can facilitate improved mounting of the article, improved vibration detection, or both. For example, the support element may include yarns having at least 40 denier, at least 50 denier, at least 60 denier, at least 80 denier, at least 90 denier, at least 100 denier, at least 120 denier, at least 140 denier, or at least 160 denier. In another example, the support element may include yams having at most 1000 denier, at most 800 denier, at most 600 denier, at most 500 denier, or at most 400 denier. Moreover, the support element may include yams having the denier in a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted herein.

In another embodiment, the support element may include a particular rigidity, elasticity, or both that may facilitate improved mounting of the article, improved vibration detection, or both. In a further embodiment, the support element may include a particular elongation-at-break in the longitudinal direction that may facilitate improved mounting of the article, improved vibration detection, or both. For example, the elongation-at-break in the longitudinal direction may be not greater than 700%, such as not greater than 600%, not greater than 500%, not greater than 450%, not greater than 400%, not greater than 350%, not greater than 300%, not greater than 260%, not greater than 200%, not greater than 180%, not greater than 160%, not greater than 150%, not greater than 140%, not greater than 130%, or not greater than 125%. In another example the elongation-at-break in the longitudinal direction may be at least 101%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150%, at least 160%, at least 170%, at least 180%, at least 190%, at least 200%, at least 240%, at least 280%, at least 310%, at least 330%, or at least 350%. Moreover, the support element may include the elongation-at-break in the longitudinal direction in a range including any of the minimum and maximum percentages noted herein. As used herein, the longitudinal direction is intended to refer to the direction that may form the circumferential direction when the support element is closed by the first and second end portions.

Elongation-at-break can be measured by mounting the support element on an Instron tensile testing machine. To get a representative range of values, an average of at least 2 samples may be used. Before the test, the “unstretched” length of the support element can be measured and then the tensile tester applies force at a constant displacement rate (10 mm/s) until the support element breaks. The elongation can be measured via the displacement of the grips holding the support element. Strain-at-break may be recorded. In a further embodiment, the support element may include a particular elongation-at- break in a transversal direction that may facilitate improved mounting of the article, improved vibration detection, or both. The transversal direction can be perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. In a further embodiment, the support element may include a greater elongation-at-break in the longitudinal direction than in the transversal direction. In another embodiment, the support element may include an elongation-at-break in the transversal direction of at least 105%, at least 110%, at least 130%, or at least 150%. Additionally or alternatively, the support element comprises an elongation-at-break in a transversal direction of at most 300%, at most 200%, or at most 120%. Moreover, the support element may include an elongation-at-break in a transversal direction in a range including any of the minimum and maximum percentages noted herein.

In a further embodiment, the support element may have certain elasticity that may allow the support element to be stretched to a certain extent to facilitate proper mounting of the article. For instance, the support element may be stretched such that the first end portion and the second end portion can be properly engaged for the electronic device to be snugly mounted on the body of the user. In another embodiment, the support element may include a certain rigidity to provide support to the electronic device. In an aspect, the support element can be capable of securing the electronic device to the body of the user. In another aspect, the support element may have a certain rigidity that may not allow relative movement of the electronic device and the portion of the body that the electronic device is mounted on, which may help minimize loss of vibration transmission and improve vibration detection. For example, the support element can be capable of keeping the electronic device snugly fitted on the body in relatively vigorous activities taken by the user. In another aspect, the support element may have certain rigidity that may help prevent overstretching of the support element and improve measurement of vibration. For example, compression may be applied to the body by the support element and increase when the support element is tightened by overstretching, which may have an adverse effect on vibration transmission and measurement. It is to be appreciated the support element may take various sizes (e.g., different lengths and/or widths) to be suitably mounted on a portion of the bodies of users to facilitate improved detection and measurement of vibration. In a particular example, the article may be particularly suited for mounting on a wrist of the user and have different lengths to allow proper mounting on users. The support element may have a height of approximately 5 inches and an adjustment tolerance of ±0.5 inches for different lengths. The length of the support element may be approximately 8.5 inches to allow a proper fit for the wrists of 5.25 to 6.25 inches; or approximately 9.5 inches for the wrists of 6.25 to 7.25 inches; or approximately 10.5 inches for the wrists of 7.25 to 8.25 inches; or approximately 11.5 inches for the wrists of 8.25 to 9.25 inches. It is to be appreciated the article may be worn on the ankles, upper arms, chests, bellies, or another portion of the body. It is to be further appreciated the height and/or the length of the support element may be adjusted to allow proper fit with comfort and/or customized fit for users.

In a further embodiment, the support element may include a particular securing circumference. Securing circumference is intended to refer to the circumference of the article when the article is properly mounted on the body of the user. The securing circumference may allow a comfortable and snug fit of the article when properly mounted on the body of the user. For instance, the fit may not be too tight as that may affect blood circulation. In another example, the fit may not be too loose so that at least 91% of the sensing face of the electronic device may be in contact with the body of the user. In particular, the securing circumference may facilitate improved detection of vibration.

In an aspect, the securing circumference of the article may be at least 60% of the length, Ls , such as at least 70%, or at least 80% of the length, Ls. In another aspect, the securing circumference of the article may be not greater than 200% of the length, Ls, not greater than 190%, not greater than 170%, not greater than 150%, not greater than the 130%, not greater than 120%, not greater than 110%, not greater than 100%, not greater than 95%, or not greater than 90% of the length, Ls. Moreover, the securing circumference may be in a range including any of the minimum and maximum values noted herein.

In a further embodiment, the first end portion and the second end portion may be properly fastened to form the securing circumference of the article, wherein the securing circumference may be not greater than or less than the length Ls of the support element. In another embodiment, the securing circumference can include an overlapping region between the first and second end. For instance, the overlapping region may include a portion of the first end portion and a portion of the second end portion that overlap. In another instance, the overlapping region may include the entire first end portion, the entire second end portion, or both.

In another embodiment, the securing circumference may include an overlapping region having a particular overlapping width that may facilitate improved mounting and detection of vibration of the article. In an aspect, the overlapping width may be a portion of the securing circumference. In another aspect, the overlapping width, WOP may be not greater than WIEP and not greater than W2EP- hi a further aspect, the overlapping region may include an overlapping a width WOP of at least 15% of the width of the first or second end portion of the support element WIEP or W21 P. at least 17%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50% of the width of the first or second end portion of the support element WIEP or W2EP- hi a further aspect, the overlapping region may include an overlapping width WOP of at most 100% of the width of the first or second end portion WIEP or W21 P. such as at most 90%, at most 80%, at most 70%, at most 60%, at most 55%, at most 50%, at most 40%, or at most 30% of the width of the first or second end portion of the support element. It is to be appreciated the overlapping width WOP may be in a range including any of the minimum and maximum percentages noted herein. In instances that WIEP W2EP, the overlapping width WOP may be related to the smaller of WIEP and W2EP-

In another aspect, the overlapping region may include an overlapping width of at least 1% of the length Ls, of the support element, such as at least 2% or at least 5% or at least 7% or at least 10% or at least 12% or at least 15% or at least 18% or at least 22% of the length, Ls. In another aspect, the overlapping region may include a width of at most 36% of the length, Ls, at most 35%, at most 30%, at most 27%, at most 25%, at most 21%, at most 18%, at most 15%, at most 13%, at most 12%, at most 11%, or at most 5%, of the length, Ls. Moreover, the overlapping region may include a width in a range including any of the minimum and maximum percentages noted herein.

In a further aspect, the overlapping region may include a height similar to the width Ws of the support element. In another aspect, the overlapping region may include a height up to 100% of the width Ws of the support element. For example, the height of the overlapping region may be at least 50% of the width Ws of the support element, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the width Ws of the support element. It is to be appreciated the overlapping region may have a height in a range including any of the minimum and maximum percentages noted herein.

In an embodiment, the support element can include a through-hole configured to receive the electronic device. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the support element 850 includes a through-hole 851. The through-hole 851 can extend through the entire thickness of the support element 850. The thickness of the support element 850 may extend in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction or the length, Ls, and/or perpendicular to the height or width, Ws, of the support element 850. For example, the thickness of the support element 850 may extend along the Z-axis, the length, Ls, may extend along the X-axis, and the height or width, Ws, may extend along the Y axis. In a further example, the thickness of the support element 850 may extend in the axial direction of the through-hole 851. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the through-hole 851 has an elongated circular shape. The through-hole 851 can have a major dimension 853 and a minor dimension 854. The major dimension 853 may be the length Lo, and the minor dimension 854 may be the width Wo of the through-hole 851. The length, Lo, may be parallel to the height of the support element. The width, Wo, may be parallel to the length, Ls, of the support element 850. It can be appreciated that the through-hole may be formed in another shape, such as, rectangle, square, circle, oval, another geometric shape, an irregular shape, or the like. In particular, the through-hole may have a matching shape to the electronic device.

In an embodiment, the through-hole may have a particular length that may facilitate improved mounting and detection of vibration of the article. For example, the through-hole may include a length, Lo, of at least 40% of the width, Ws, of the support element, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, or at least 60% of the width, Ws, of the support element. In another example, the through-hole may include a length, Lo, of at most 80% of the width, Ws, of the support element, at most 75%, at most 70%, at most 65%, or at most 60% of the width, Ws, of the support element. It is to be appreciated the through-hole may include a length, Lo, in a range including any of the minimum and maximum percentages noted herein.

In an embodiment, the through-hole may have a particular width that may facilitate improved mounting and detection of vibration of the article. For example, the through-hole may include a width, Wo, of at least 25% of the length, Lo, of the through-hole, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, or at least 45% of the length, Lo, of the through-hole. In another example, the through-hole may include a width, Wo, of at most 80% of the length, Lo, of the through-hole, at most 75%, at most 70%, at most 65%, at most 60%, or at most 55% of the width, Lo, of the through-hole. It is to be appreciated the through-hole may include a width, Wo, in a range including any of the minimum and maximum percentages noted herein.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, the through-hole 851 may be defined by an edge 852 within the support element 850. In particular, the edge 852 may be spaced apart from the first side 860 and second side 859. The edge 852 may be spaced apart from the first end 856 and the second end 858. In particular examples, the edge 852 may be spaced apart from at least one of the first end portion 855 and the second end portion 857. More particularly, the edge 852 may be spaced apart from the first and second sides 860 and 859 and the first and second end portions 855 and 857 of the support element 850. In a particular implementation, the through-hole 851 may be positioned in the center in the longitudinal direction and/or the height direction of the support element 850. In an embodiment, the edge 852 may include a particular width (WHE) 866 that may facilitate engagement of the electronic device to the support element. For example, the width (WHE) 866 may be at least 5% to at most 22% of the width, Wo, of the through hole 851, or at least 7% to at most 20% of the width, Wo, or at least 9% to at most 18% of the width Wo, of the through-hole 851. In a particular example, the width (WHE) 866 may be substantially uniform along the perimeter of the edge 852.

In an embodiment, the edge 852 may include a particular material that may facilitate engagement of the electronic device. In an aspect, the edge 852 may be an integral portion of the support element. In another aspect, the edge may be reinforced with a material that may be different than the material that forms the majority of the support element 850. For example, the edge 852 may include the same material as the majority of the support element 850 and include stitches that may help prevent fraying at the edge 852. In particular instances, the stiches may increase rigidity of the edge 852. In another example, the edge 852 may be reinforced with an organic material, such as a polymeric material, an inorganic material, or a combination thereof that may improve rigidity of the edge 852 and allow the edge to remain elastic to facilitate engagement and release of the electronic device. An exemplary organic material can include a vinyl compound, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, polyurethane, high performance polyester, or any combination thereof. In a further example, the edge 852 may be more rigid, less elastic, or both compared to another portion of the support element, such as a portion between the edge 852 and the end 871 or 872.

In an embodiment, the edge 852 may include an average thickness T _T O extending in the Z-axis. The thickness T _T O may be essentially the same as, smaller, or greater than the average thickness of a portion of the support element between the edge 852 and the end 871 or 872. In a particular embodiment, the edge 852 may include an average thickness TTO less than the average thickness of a portion of the support element between the edge 852 and the end 871 or 872. The smaller thickness of the edge 852 may help position the electronic device in the through-hole.

In a further embodiment, the thickness TTO may be less than the width W2 of the second recessed region (e.g., 570 illustrated in FIG.5). For example, the width W2 of the second recessed region is at least 120%, at least 140%, or at least 200% of the thickness T _T O of the edge of the through-hole. In another example, the width W2 of the second recessed region may be at most 220%, at most 200%, at most 180%, or at most 150% of the thickness T _T O of the edge of the through-hole. In a further example, the width W2 may be in a range including any of the minimum and maximum percentages noted herein. In an embodiment, the through-hole may have a particular orientation relative to the support element to facilitate mounting of the article, detection of vibration, or both. In a particular example, the length Lo of the through-hole can be perpendicular to the length Ls of the support element. In another example, the width Wo of the through-hole may be parallel to the length Ls of the support element. As illustrated in FIG. 8, Ls >Ws >Lo>Wo- In another example, Ls >Ws >Lo>Wo- In a particular example that the article is configured to be mounted on a forearm of the user, the length of the through-hole Lo may be aligned with the length direction of the arm, and the width of the through-hole Wo may be aligned with the circumferential direction of the arm.

In an embodiment, the article 700 may be configured for the electronic device to apply a particular force to a portion of the user’s body. For example, when the support element may be in the form of a wrist band, the force may be applied to a portion of the wrist. In another example, the particular force may be applied when the article 700 is properly worn, i.e., having the securing circumference. The force may be measured as follows.

A force-sensitive resistor (FSR) may be placed under the electronic device 710 such that when the article 700 is worn, the applied force can be measured. Under a force, an FSR changes its resistance and that is measured by a change in voltage that can be correlated to the applied force. After calibration measurements, a linear relationship between measured voltage and applied force can be established. Certain FSRs may be used. For example, an FSR having an area of about 10 mm and capable of measuring up to 1 lb of force may be used. In another instance, an FSR having an area of about 25 mm and capable of measuring up to 25 lbs of force may be used. It is noted force measured at the same securing circumference may vary between FSRs having different areas. Thus, it can be appreciated the area of the FSR should be noted for the measured force and may be used to normalize the force if desired. The accuracy of FSRs is generally about +/-5%, which should be taken into consideration for the measured force. For example, for the measured force of 1 lb, the force value contemplated in this disclosure may be 1 lb+5%. The accuracy can further depend on how the load is applied over the available sensing area. For this reason, care should be taken when making the measurement to ensure as much the sensing area as possible should be in contact with the electronic device, if not possible to keep the entire area of the FSR in contact with the electronic device. When making the measurement, the hand may be closed or flexed for the wrist on which force is tested. In an embodiment, for an FST having the area of 10 mm and maximum capacity of 1 lb, the force applied by the electronic device 710 at the securing circumference may be at least 0.14 lb and/or at most 0.43 lb.

In an embodiment, for an FST having the area of 25 mm and maximum capacity of 25 lb, the force applied by the electronic device 710 at the securing circumference may be at least 0.37 lb and/or at most 1.06 lb.

In a further embodiment, the support element may be configured to apply a suitable force when the article is worn with the securing circumference that may facilitate improved vibration detection and/or improve work safety for the operator.

In an embodiment, the support element may include a particular pattern that may facilitate comfortable wearing of the article, improve wear resistance of the support element, and/or facilitate mounting of the article. In an aspect, the support element may include a ribbed portion, wherein the ribbed portion may extend a majority of the length Ls of the support element. For example, the ribbed portion may extend between the first and second end portions. In another aspect, the ribbed portion may extend a majority of the width of the support element. For example, the ribbed portion may be spaced apart from the first and second longitudinal sides 859 and 860 of the support element 850. In a particular example, the height of the ribbed portion may be same as the major dimension of the outline of the edge 852.

In an embodiment, the support element may be washable. In a further embodiment, the support element may be in the form of a wrist band, a sleeve, or a portion of a garment. In another embodiment, the article 700 may be part of a glove, a hat, worn at the chest, wrapped around the waist, placed in a sole, mounted on the leg and/or ankle, or otherwise in contact with a portion of the user’s body.

In an embodiment, the article 700 may utilize the vibration data and performance data to determine the information relating to the abrasive tool and/or the user. The article 700 may also be communicatively coupled to a remote server, and may provide the server with the real-time data collected by the sensors. Therefore, the server may, additionally and/or alternatively, convert the data to the information relating to the abrasive tool and/or the user.

In an embodiment, the support element may include one or more tags. For example, a tag may be embedded in the support element. The tag may include information including unique ID for each operator, information that may help identify tools to be used, the article 700, or any combination thereof. In another example, the tag may include a unique identifier, such as a universally unique identifier (UUID), which could be used as a pointer reference. The pointer reference could direct a computing device to information regarding the grinding tool, grinding wheel or disc, and/or the article that is stored on a database server or elsewhere. In certain examples, the tag may include information to link grinding tools to machines. In particular examples, data related to the user ID, tools to be used, task of the user’s, machines to be operated, or any combination thereof may be collected by the electronic device and sent to a remote storage, such as cloud or a computer. The information may be useful to link abrasive tool, machine, and operator techniques to facilitate evaluation of the users’ performance. In an example, the tag may include a quick response (QR) code, bar code, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag (both active and passive), a near field communication (NFC) tag, a BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (BLE) tag, or another type of tag.

In an embodiment, one or more sensors may be incorporated into the support element. In an example, the sensors may be sealed within a water-proof material that may allow the support element 850 to be washed with the sensor embedded. In another example, the sensors may be moist resistant. In a further example, temperature sensors/relative humidity sensors may be incorporated into the support element to provide data about environment temperatures, operator’s temperature, and humidity levels around the vibration sensor, the operator and both. In examples, the data collected by the temperature sensors/relative humidity sensors may be used to measure thermal exposure times for an abrasive product/tool being operated on by the user of the wearable device 202. For instance, the temperature sensors/relative humidity sensors may calculate that an abrasive product/tool operated in a 55° F. environment for 2 flours and then operated in a 105° F. environment for 6 hours. The calculated thermal exposure times could then be used to determine the remaining product life/productivity for the abrasive product/tool. For instance, if the abrasive product/tool frequently operated in a high temperature environment, then the projected product life of the abrasive product/tool may shorter than if the abrasive product/tool frequently operated in a moderate temperature environment. In further examples, heat around the operators may be monitored by detecting temperatures of the operators by using thermocouple, thermistor, infrared information, or the like. Detection of non-optimal temperatures (too low or too high) may cause a signal to be sent to operators to remind the operators to take a break, have more water, or the like.

In a further embodiment, a system may include the article 700, one or more remote sensors, computing devices, remote storage, or any combination thereof. In particular, the system may include one or more sensors that may be remote in the working environment of the operator, embedded in the support element 850, or any combination thereof. The sensors may include a dust sensor, which may measure particles concentrations in the environment that the operators breathe in and out. The sensors may send information related to particle concentrations by outputting a signal that may alert the operator a dusk mask or respirator may be required when the particle concentrations are too high, which may happen when the dust collection system isn’t functioning properly and there is too much dust in the air. The alert may include a visual signal, a sound, or the like.

In further embodiment, the article 700 may be configured to send a signal that may alert users of Ergonomics safety “Hand Activity Level” (HAL) and remind the users to take a break when too much force or weight has been handled based on the length of time of the activity and frequency.

In further embodiments, body position sensors may be incorporated in the support element and may be placed on the back or the chest on an article of clothing. Body position sensors may include gyroscopes, accelerometers, or any combination thereof. The body position sensors may detect postures that may suggest the operators may be using bad postures for certain activities and may send a related signal to alert the operators to avoid injuries caused by improper use of the body. For example, Slouching Fatigue Lift with legs. That may not allow proper measurement at the back or chest due to back hunch when lifting. The sensors may output a signal to remind the users of best practices and to use good forms for performing the activity of grinding to prevent injuries. In certain instances, data related to body positions may be used for operators to self-monitor body position. In particular, data may be summarized and provided to users after work to provide information on users’ form during that day’s work, which may include improper positions, such as the users holding the left elbow lower, or bending over more, so that the users may evaluate their own form that they might not realize and improve. Reinforcing best practices with form while performing a task may be part of monitored and conducted even outside of the workplace. Noticeable difference in posture or form one day could suggest underlying injury or indicative of building more strength before performing that task to improve work safety.

In certain instances, the support element may provide additional benefit, which may be useful for evaluating safety of operators within a working environment and/or performing tasks or. For example, suitable compression applied to the body may help increase blood flow, reduce muscle fatigue, increase proprioception, dampen vibration while not affecting vibration detection, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, data collected by the article 700, such as vibration data, temperature and/or humidity data, other environmental data, and/or operational data may be used to determine a Comfort Index for operators.

In an embodiment, Comfort Index for operator may be determined based on parameters including vibration received by the user, thermal condition, such as skin temperature detected by a sensor embedded in the support element, acoustic effect that may be determined from noise measurement by sensors either on the electronic device or a remote sensor, or a sensor in contact with the user’s body, such as “smart” earbuds. In certain instances, the earbuds may also be used for providing alerts to operators when the operation is not within the optimal performance zone of safe and smart. In further instances, air quality may be monitored to provide environmental VOC levels that may be relevant to operator’s comfort. In another instance, visibility may be monitored as the work environment may require different luminosity, which may affect the comfort level of the operators. In another embodiment, any or all of the metrics may be collected and sent to the Cloud platform. In a particular implementation, Edge computing may be used to facilitate data transfer. Using custom algorithms, data can be combined into a single “comfort index” that may give the operator a quantitative measure of their comfort and help assess improvements.

In some embodiments, the system may additionally include remote sensors that are disposed in an environment in which an operation is being performed. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the system may include sensors that are embedded in the support element 850. The support element may be configured to communicate with remote sensors, and/or with one or more other devices. In an embodiment, the support element 850 may include sensors that may communicate with other devices including, for example, another wearable device and/or portable device. For example, the support element may be configured to communicate with smart safety glasses, smart safety shoes, smart hearing protection, and the like, or any combination thereof. Smart safety shoes may provide fall detection analysis based on soles of shoes to help evaluate safety of the operation. In another example, hearing protection (or safety glasses) may be used to improve safety of the operator, and communication with the support element can be used to provide signals including information to help improve safety condition. Additionally, hearing protection may provide information related to noise monitoring, which may include real-time data, and alert the operator when the noise is higher than specification of the hearing protection, which may help identify specific sound frequencies that may cause the increase in noise. The information may be used to cure the root cause which may be on machines and/or equipment. In an instance, the noise may be affected by the level the machine performs, behaviors of the operator, experience of the operators, or other environmental factors.

In another embodiment, the system may include sensors that may provide information based on threshold limit values. Such sensors may be worn of the body, e.g., embedded in the support element or incorporated in the electronic device, or remote sensors within work environment proximity. In an example, the sensors may determine thermal stress of the operators and send signal that may alert the operators to take proper action to improve safety, such as to drink water when temperature is too high. Thermal stress may be determined based on skin temperature and/or environmental temperature. For example, core body temperature may be monitored and signal may be sent when the core body temperature is abnormal, such as too low, or frostbite to extremities to alert the operator to improve their safety.

In a further embodiment, sensors that may monitor biometrics may be incorporated into the article 700, including for example, heart rate, spCh, pulse, or the like. Such sensors may communicate with other sensors, such as temperature/humidity sensors, and/or provide information related to safety conditions, user behaviors, operational data, to improve safety of the users and the work process.

Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of those aspects and embodiments are described herein. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that those aspects and embodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments as listed below.

EMBODIMENTS

Embodiment 1. An article, comprising: an electronic device comprising a vibration sensor enclosed by a housing; and a support element comprising: a through-hole configured to receive the electronic device, wherein the through-hole comprises a width, Wo, and a length, Lo; a width, W _s ; and a length, Ls, wherein Ls >Ws >Lo>Wo, wherein the length Lo of the through-hole extends in a perpendicular direction to the length Ls of the support element, wherein the electronic device is configured to be releasably secured to the support element; and wherein the article is configured to be mounted on a portion of a body of a user.

Embodiment 2. An article, comprising: an electronic device comprising: a vibration sensor; and a housing enclosing the vibration sensor, wherein the housing comprises: a sensing face configured to be in contact with the forearm of the user; a display face opposite the sensing face; and a side wall extending upward from the sensing face at least partially defining a cavity within the housing, wherein the vibration sensor is directly coupled to the side wall; and a support element comprising a through-hole configured to receive the electronic device, wherein the electronic device is configured to be releasably secured to the support element; and wherein the article is configured to be mounted on a portion of a body of a user.

Embodiment s. An article, comprising: an electronic device comprising a vibration sensor enclosed by a housing; and a support element comprising a through-hole configured to receive the electronic device, wherein the support element comprises an elongation- at-break in a longitudinal direction of not greater than 500%; the electronic device is configured to be releasably secured to the support element; and the article is configured to be mounted on a portion of a body of a user.

Embodiment 4. An article, comprising: an electronic device comprising a vibration sensor enclosed by a housing; and a support element comprising: a through-hole configured to receive the electronic device; a first end portion comprising a first end of the support element; and a second end portion comprising a second end of the support element, wherein the first end portion is configured to engage the second end portion to form a securing circumference of the article including an overlapping region between the first and second end, wherein: the electronic device is configured to be releasably secured to the support element; and the support element is configured to apply a compression of not greater than 50 mmHg and at least 15 mmHg to a portion of a body of a user, when the article is mounted on the portion of the body of the user with the securing circumference.

Embodiment 5. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the support element has an elongation-at-break in the longitudinal direction of at least 101%.

Embodiment 6. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the support element has an elongation-at-break in the longitudinal direction of at most 500% or at most 360%.

Embodiment 7. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein when the article is mounted on the forearm of the user, the electronic device is configured to apply a force to the forearm of the user, wherein the force is not greater than 1.5 lb for an FSR having an area of 25mm.

Embodiment 8. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein when the article is mounted on the forearm of the user, the electronic device is configured to apply a force to the forearm of the user, wherein the force is at least 0.1 lb for FSR having an area of 25mm.

Embodiment 9. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the article comprises a securing circumference of at least 50% of the length, Ls, such as at least 60%, at least 70%, or at least 80% of the length, Ls.

Embodiment 10. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the article comprises a securing circumference of not greater than 210%, or not greater than 120% of the length, L _s .

Embodiment 11. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the support element comprises: a first end portion comprising a first end of the support element; a second end portion comprising a second end of the support element, wherein the first end portion is configured to engage the second end portion to form a securing circumference of the article including an overlapping region between the first and second end, wherein the overlapping region comprises a width of at least 5% of the length Ls, of the support element, or at least 7% or at least 10% of the length, Ls.

Embodiment 12. The article of embodiment 11, wherein the overlapping region is at most 15% of the length, Ls, at most 13%, or at most 12% of the length, Ls.

Embodiment 13. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the support element comprises a first end portion comprising a first end of the support element and a second end portion comprising a second end of the support element, wherein the first end portion and the second end portion are positioned on opposite surfaces of the support element, wherein the first end portion, the second end portion, or both comprises a width of at least 5% of the length Ls, of the support element, at least 7%, at least 10%, or at least 12% of the length, Ls.

Embodiment 14. The article of embodiment 13, wherein the support element comprises a first end portion comprising a first end of the support element and a second end portion comprising a second end of the support element, wherein the first end portion, the second end portion, or both comprises a width of at most 16% of the length, Ls, of the support element, at most 15%, at most 13%, or at most 12%, or at most 11% of the length, Ls, of the support element.

Embodiment 15. The article of any one of embodiments 13 to 14, wherein the first end portion is configured to engage the second end portion to form a securing circumference of the article including an overlapping region between the first and second end, wherein the overlapping region comprises a width of at least 15% of the width of the first or second end portion of the support element, at least 17%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50% of the width of the first or second end portion of the support element.

Embodiment 16. The article of embodiment 15, wherein the overlapping region comprises the width of at most 100% of the width of the first or second end portion, at most 90%, at most 80%, at most 70%, at most 60%, at most 55%, at most 50%, at most 40%, or at most 30% of the width of the first or second end portion of the support element.

Embodiment 17. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the through- hole comprises a length, Lo, of at least 40% of the width, Ws, of the support element, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, or at least 60% of the width, Ws, of the support element.

Embodiment 18. The article of embodiment 17, wherein the through-hole comprises a length, Lo, of at most 80% of the width, Ws, of the support element, at most 75%, at most 70%, at most 65%, or at most 60% of the width, Ws, of the support element.

Embodiment 19. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the through- hole comprises a width, Wo, of at least 25% of the length, Lo, of the through-hole, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, or at least 45% of the length, Lo, of the through-hole.

Embodiment 20. The article of embodiment 19, wherein the through-hole comprises a width, Wo, of at most 80% of the length, Lo, of the through-hole, at most 75%, at most 70%, at most 65%, at most 60%, or at most 55% of the width, Lo, of the through-hole. Embodiment 21. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the housing comprises: a sensing face configured to be in contact with the forearm of the user; a display face opposite the sensing face; and a side wall extending upward from the sensing face at least partially defining a cavity within the housing, wherein the side wall comprises a lip extending from an inner surface of the side wall, wherein the vibration sensor is in direct contact with the lip.

Embodiment 22. The article of embodiment 21, wherein the vibration sensor is supported by the lip.

Embodiment 23. The article of embodiment 21 or 22, wherein the vibration sensor is directly disposed on the lip.

Embodiment 24. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the side wall comprises a plurality of mounting points configured to secure the vibration sensor to the housing.

Embodiment 25. The article of embodiment 24, wherein the plurality of mounting points comprise a plurality of protrusions extending from an inner surface of the side wall, and the vibration sensor comprises a plurality of recesses configured to engage the plurality of protrusions.

Embodiment 26. The article of embodiment 24 or 25, where the plurality of mounting points comprise an adhesive disposed over an interface between the plurality of protrusions and the plurality of recesses, at least a portion of the plurality of protrusion, at least a portion of the plurality of recesses, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 27. The article of embodiment 26, wherein the adhesive comprises an organic material, such as a polymer, an inorganic material, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 28. The article of embodiment 26 or 27, wherein the adhesive comprises a hydrophobic material.

Embodiment 29. The article of any one of embodiments 26 to 28, wherein the adhesive comprises an epoxy, a silicone, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 30. The article of any one of embodiments 24 to 29, wherein the plurality of mounting points are positioned above the lip.

Embodiment 31. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the vibration sensor is directly secured to the side wall. Embodiment 32. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the vibration sensor is rigidly fixed to the side wall.

Embodiment 33. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 32, wherein the housing comprises a bottom part and a top part, wherein the bottom part comprises a sensing face configured to be in contact with the forearm, and the top part comprising a display face opposite the sensing face.

Embodiment 34. The article of embodiment 33, wherein the bottom part comprises a first recessed region extending along at least a portion of an outer surface of the side wall in a circumferential direction, wherein the first recessed region is defined at least partially by an upper rim and a first ledge extending outward from the side wall.

Embodiment 35. The article of embodiment 34, wherein the first recessed region is configured to receive a portion of the top part.

Embodiment 36. The article of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein the upper rim, the first ledge, or both comprises a slanted edge.

Embodiment 37. The article of any one of embodiments 34 to 36, wherein the bottom part comprises a second recessed region extending along at least a portion of the outer surface of the side wall in the circumferential direction, wherein the second recessed region is defined at least partially by the first ledge and a second ledge extending outward from the side wall, wherein the second recessed region is configured to secure the electronic device to the support element.

Embodiment 38. The article of embodiment 37, wherein the second recessed region comprises a depth greater than a depth of the first recessed region.

Embodiment 39. The article of embodiment 37 or 38, wherein the second recessed region comprises a width greater than a width of the first recessed region.

Embodiment 40. The article of any one of embodiments 37 to 39, wherein the second recessed region is configured to engage an edge defining the through-hole of the support element.

Embodiment 41. The article of embodiment 40, wherein the second recessed region has a width greater than a thickness of the edge of the through hole.

Embodiment 42. The article of embodiment 41, wherein the width of the second recessed region is at least 120%, at least 140%, or at least 200% of the thickness of the edge of the through-hole. Embodiment 43. The article of embodiment 40 or 41, wherein the width of the second recessed region is at most 220%, at most 200%, at most 180%, or at most 150% of the thickness of the edge of the through-hole.

Embodiment 44. The article of any one of embodiments 37 to 43, wherein the second ledge comprises an edge including ribbing.

Embodiment 45. The article of embodiment 44, wherein the edge is slanted with respect to the side wall and the sensing face.

Embodiment 46. The article of embodiment 44 or 45, wherein the bottom part includes side faces extending outward from the sensing face.

Embodiment 47. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the housing comprises a tapered bottom part comprising a flat sensing face and a tapered top part comprising a flat display face.

Embodiment 48. The article of any one of embodiments 21 to 47, wherein the side wall comprises a plurality of openings separating a plurality of protrusions, wherein the openings have a depth extending from a top surface of the side wall for a portion of a height of the side wall, wherein the depth is at most 35% of the height of the side wall, at most 30%, at most 25%, at most 20%, at most 15%, at most 10%, or at most 5% of the height of the side wall.

Embodiment 49. The article of embodiment 48, wherein the opening comprises the depth of at least 5% of the height of the side wall, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, or at least 30% the height of the side wall.

Embodiment 50. The article of any one of embodiments 34 to 49, wherein at least some of the plurality of protrusions comprises a same height, a same circumferential length, a same thickness, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 51. The article of any one of embodiments 48 to 50, wherein at least some of the plurality of protrusions comprises a different height, a different circumferential length, a different thickness, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 52. The article of embodiment 51, wherein every other protrusion comprises the same thickness.

Embodiment 53. The article of any one of embodiments 48 to 52, wherein at least some or all the openings are configured to receive matching features on the top part.

Embodiment 54. The article of any one of embodiments 51 to 53, wherein the protrusions, the openings, or both are configured to snap fit the top part. Embodiment 55. The article of any one of embodiments 33 to 54, wherein the top part is sealed to the bottom part by a gasket, wherein the gasket comprises an organic material, an inorganic material, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 56. The article of embodiment 55, wherein the gasket comprises a hydrophobic polymer.

Embodiment 57. The article of embodiment 55 or 56, wherein the gasket comprises PMMA, polyurethane, epoxy, silicone, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 58. The article of any one of embodiments 44 to 54, wherein the bottom part comprises a plurality of posts extending upward from the upper surface of the second ledge, wherein the plurality of posts are aligned and spaced apart in the circumferential direction.

Embodiment 59. The article of embodiment 58, wherein the plurality of posts are configured to position the edge of the through-hole within the second recessed region.

Embodiment 60. The article of embodiment 58 or 59, wherein one or more outer posts of the plurality of posts comprise slanted side walls.

Embodiment 61. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 60, wherein the electronic device further comprises a battery disposed within a cavity of the housing between the vibration sensor and the sensing face.

Embodiment 62. The article of embodiment 61, wherein the battery is in contact with the vibration sensor.

Embodiment 63. The article of embodiment 62, wherein a clearance is present between the vibration sensor and the battery.

Embodiment 64. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 60, wherein the vibration sensor comprises an accelerometer, a microcontroller, a memory, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 65. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 61, wherein the vibration sensor is configured to measure an exposure to vibration of the user.

Embodiment 66. The article of embodiment 65, wherein the user is a grinding machine operator, wherein the vibration sensor is configured to determine an efficiency of grinding of the user, wherein the efficiency is determined based on data related to a grinding speed used by the user.

Embodiment 67. The article of embodiment 65 or 66, wherein the vibration sensor is configured to send an alert signal to the user indicating a level of the exposure to vibration based on measurement of the exposure of vibration, the efficiency of grinding based on an optimal grinding speed, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 68. The article of embodiment 67, wherein the alert signal comprises a visual signal displayed at the display face.

Embodiment 69. The article of any one of embodiments 33 to 66, wherein the display face comprises a plurality of windows configured to allow transmission of visible lights.

Embodiment 70. The article of embodiment 69, wherein the plurality of windows are aligned along a central line extending in a longitudinal direction of the electronic device, wherein sizes of the plurality of windows increase toward a center of the electronic device.

Embodiment 71. The article of any one of embodiment 69 or 70, wherein when the level of the exposure is below a first exposure threshold, the visible light is transmitted to a first outer window; wherein when the level of the exposure is below a second exposure threshold smaller than the first exposure threshold, visible light is transmitted to a second inner window and the first outer window; and wherein when the level of the exposure is below a third exposure threshold smaller than the second exposure threshold, visible light is transmitted to a third inner window, the second inner window, and the first outer window.

Embodiment 72. The article of any one of embodiments 69 to 71, wherein when the efficiency is above a first efficiency threshold and below a second efficiency threshold, the visible light is transmitted to a fourth outer window; wherein when the efficiency is above than the second efficiency threshold and below a third efficiency threshold, visible light is transmitted to fifth second inner window and the fourth outer window; and wherein when the efficiency is above the third efficiency threshold and below a fourth efficiency threshold, visible light is transmitted to a third inner window, the second inner window, and the first outer window.

Embodiment 73. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 70, wherein the electronic device comprises a light source coupled to a light guide, wherein the light guide is configured to transmit light to the display face.

Embodiment 74. The article of embodiment 73, wherein the vibration sensor is configured to turn on the light source when an efficiency threshold is reached, when a vibration threshold is not reached, or both.

Embodiment 75. The article of any one of embodiments 73 to 74, wherein the vibration sensor is configured to instruct the light guide to transmit light to one or more selected windows of the plurality of windows. Embodiment 76. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 75, wherein the vibration sensor comprises an antenna coupled to a microcontroller, a memory, an accelerometer, or any combination thereof, wherein the antenna is directly supported by a lip extending from the side wall.

Embodiment 77. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 73, wherein the support element comprises a fastener configured to join at least a portion of a first end portion to at least a portion of a second end portion of the support element, wherein the fastener comprises a hook and eye, hook and loop, buttons and holes, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 78. The article of embodiment 77, wherein the fastener is disposed at the first end portion and the second end portion of the support element.

Embodiment 79. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 78, the support element comprises a woven material or a non-woven material, wherein the support element comprises a woven material.

Embodiment 80. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 79, the support element comprises an elastomeric material.

Embodiment 81. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 80, the support element comprises nylon, lycra, spandex, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 82. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 81, the support element comprises fire resistant yarns.

Embodiment 83. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 82, wherein the support element comprises a moisture wicking material.

Embodiment 84. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 83, wherein the through- hole is defined by an edge positioned within the support element, wherein the edge comprises a same material as the support element, wherein the edge is reinforced with a material different than the material of the support element, wherein the edge is more rigid than a portion of the support element adjacent the edge.

Embodiment 85. The article of embodiment 84, wherein the edge comprises an average thickness smaller than an average thickness of the portion of the support element adjacent the edge.

Embodiment 86. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 84, wherein the support element comprises fibers having a denier of at least 10 and at most 800.

Embodiment 87. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 86, wherein the support element comprises a greater elongation-at-break in a longitudinal direction than in a transversal direction. Embodiment 88. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 87, wherein the support element comprises an elongation-at-break in a transversal direction of at least 101%.

Embodiment 89. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 88, wherein the support element comprises an elongation-at-break in a transversal direction of at most 500%.

Embodiment 90. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 89, wherein when the article is worn, the tapered bottom of the electronic device is configured to be positioned at a depression between bones of the user’s forearm.

Embodiment 91. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 90, wherein when the article is worn, the electronic device is configured to fit snugly between radius and ulna of the user’s forearm to capture vibration transmitted through the forearm.

Embodiment 92. The article of any one of embodiments 1 to 90, wherein the vibration sensor is configured to transmit data related to vibration exposure, operation efficiency, or both of the uses to a remote storage.

Embodiment 93. An article, comprising: a housing comprising a display face and n+1 windows disposed at the display face, wherein n is an integer and at least 1 ; and an electronic device comprising a vibration sensor and a processor enclosed by the housing, wherein: the article is configured to be mounted on a portion of a body of a user; and the processor is configured to compare accumulated data to at least one of a group of n predetermined values, wherein the n predetermined values define n+1 ranges.

Embodiment 94. The article of Embodiment 93, wherein the accumulated data includes accumulated vibration data, accumulated RRPM-time data, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 95. The article of Embodiment 93 or 94, wherein the n+1 windows are a first group of n+1 windows, and wherein the housing comprises a second group of n+1 windows disposed at the display face.

Embodiment 96. The article of Embodiment 95, wherein the processor is configured to display a first signal indicative of a range of a vibration magnitude at one or more windows of the first group of n+1 windows.

Embodiment 97. The article of any one of Embodiments 95 to 96, wherein the processor is configured to display a second signal indicative of a range of RRPM-time at one or more windows of the second group of n+1 windows.

Embodiment 98. The article of Embodiment 97 or 118, wherein the processor is configured to display the first signal and the second signal at a same time. Embodiment 99. An article, comprising: a housing, comprising: a display face; a first group of n+1 windows disposed at the display face, wherein n is an integer and at least 1; and a second group of n+1 windows disposed at the display face; and an electronic device comprising a vibration sensor and a processor enclosed by the housing, wherein: the article is configured to be mounted on a portion of a body of a user; and the processor is configured to: display a first signal indicative of a range of a vibration magnitude at one or more windows of the first group of n+1 windows; and display a second signal indicative of a range of a RRPM-time at one or more windows of the second group of n+1 windows at a same time.

Embodiment 100. The article of Embodiment 99, wherein the processor is configured to compare first accumulated vibration data to at least one value of a first group of n predetermined values or to compare second accumulated RRPM-time data to at least one value of a second group of n predetermined values.

Embodiment 101. The article of any one of Embodiments 94 to 98 and 100, wherein the processor is configured to perform a comparison between first accumulated vibration data and at least one value of a first group of n predetermined values.

Embodiment 102. The article of Embodiment 101, wherein based on the comparison, the processor is configured to determine that the first accumulative vibration data is within a range of n+1 ranges, wherein the n+1 ranges are defined by the first group of the n predetermined values.

Embodiment 103. The article of any one of Embodiments 93 to 98 and 102, wherein each range of the n+1 ranges is associated with at least one window of the first group of n+1 windows.

Embodiment 104. The article of Embodiment 103, wherein the processor is configured to display a signal at each of the at least one windows that is associated with the range that the first accumulated vibration data is within.

Embodiment 105. The article of any one of Embodiments 93 to 98 and 100 to 104, wherein the processor is configured to perform a comparison between second accumulative RRPM-time data and at least one predetermined value of a second group of n predetermined values.

Embodiment 106. The article of Embodiment 105, wherein based on the comparison, the processor is configured to determine that the second accumulative RRPM-time data is within a range of n+1 ranges, wherein the n+1 ranges is defined by the second group of the n predetermined values.

Embodiment 107. The article of Embodiment 106, wherein each range of the n+1 ranges is associated with at least one window of the second group of n+1 windows.

Embodiment 108. The article of Embodiment 107, wherein the processor is configured to display a signal at each of the at least one window of the second group of windows that is associated with the range that the accumulated RRPM-time data is within.

Embodiment 109. The article of any one of Embodiments 96 to 108, wherein the processor is configured to display the first signal when a RPM of a grind cycle is calculated below a predetermined RPM value.

Embodiment 110. The article of any one of Embodiments 97 to 108, wherein a RPM calculated below the predetermined RPM range is indicative of an end of the grind cycle.

Embodiment 111. The article of Embodiment 110, wherein a RPM value calculated above the predetermined RPM value is indicative of a start of the grind cycle, wherein the processor is configured to turn off display of the first and/or second signal when a RPM is calculated above the predetermined RPM value.

Embodiment 112. An article, comprising: a housing comprising a display face and n+1 windows disposed at the display face, wherein n is an integer and at least 1 ; and an electronic device comprising a vibration sensor and a processor enclosed by the housing, wherein: the article is configured to be mounted on a portion of a body of a user; and the processor is configured to display a signal at one or more windows of the n+1 windows; and wherein: display of the signal is turned off in a grind cycle when a calculated RPM is greater than a predetermined RPM value; display of the signal is turned on when the calculated RPM is less than the predetermined RPM value; or a combination thereof. Embodiment 113. The article of Embodiment 112, wherein greater than the predetermined RPM value is indicative of a start of the grind cycle.

Embodiment 114. The article of Embodiment 112 or 113, wherein less than the predetermined RPM value is indicative of an end of the grind cycle.

Embodiment 115. The article of any one of Embodiments 112 to 114, wherein the processor is configured to perform a comparison between first accumulated vibration data and at least one value of a first group of n predetermined values.

Embodiment 116. The article of Embodiment 115, wherein the n+1 windows are a first plurality of windows, and wherein display of the signal comprises display of a first signal indicative of a range of a vibration magnitude at one or more windows of the first plurality of windows based on the comparison.

Embodiment 117. The article of any one of Embodiments 112 to 116, wherein the processor is configured to perform a comparison between second accumulative RRPM-time data and at least one value of a second group of n predetermined values.

Embodiment 118. The article of Embodiment 117, wherein the housing comprises a second group of n+1 windows disposed at the display face; and wherein display of the signal comprises display of a second signal indicative of a range of RppM-time at one or more windows of the second group of n+1 windows based on the comparison.

Embodiment 119. The article of any one of Embodiments 94 to 118, wherein the processor is configured to calculate vibration data at time intervals based on acceleration data collected by an accelerometer.

Embodiment 120. The article of any one of Embodiments 94 to 99 and 100 to 119, wherein the processor is configured to calculate the first accumulative vibration data based on vibration data calculated at the time intervals for a grind cycle.

Embodiment 121. The article of Embodiment 120, wherein the first accumulative vibration data includes a first average RMS vibration over the grind cycle.

Embodiment 122. The article of Embodiment 121, wherein the processor is configured to: calculate RMS vibration at each of the time intervals; calculate a total of RMS vibration, VT-RMS-GC, for the grind cycle, wherein calculating the total of RMS vibration, VT-RMS-GC, comprises adding up the RMS vibration calculated at each time interval within the grind cycle; and calculate an average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-GC, for the grind cycle, wherein calculating the average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-GC, comprises dividing the total of RMS vibration, VT-RMS-GC, by the time of the grind cycle.

Embodiment 123. The article of any one of Embodiments 119 to 122, wherein the grind cycle comprises one or more time periods, wherein each of the one or more time periods comprise a same number of the time intervals, and wherein the one or more time periods are consecutive, wherein the process is configured to calculate an average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-TP, for each time period of the one or more time periods, wherein calculating the average RMS vibration, VA-RMS-TP, comprises adding up the RMS vibration calculated at the time intervals within a time period to obtain a total RMS, VT-RMS-TP, for the time period; and dividing the total RMS, VT-RMS-TP, by the number of the time intervals within the time period.

Embodiment 124. The article of any one of Embodiments 94 to 123, wherein the processor is configured to calculate RPM based on the acceleration data collected by an accelerometer.

Embodiment 125. The article of any one of Embodiments 119- to 124, wherein the processor is configured to calculate RRPM-time based on RPM data calculated at the time intervals, wherein RRPM-time is a percentage of a time spent in an optimal RPM range relative to a total of grinding time for the grind cycle.

Embodiment 126. The article of any one of Embodiments 119 to 125, wherein the processor is configured to calculate a maximum RPM in the grind cycle, wherein the maximum RPM comprises idle RPM.

Embodiment 127. The article of any one of Embodiments 119 to 126, wherein the processor is configured to calculate an optimal range of RPM based on a maximum RPM in the grind cycle.

Embodiment 128. The article of any one of Embodiments 123 to 127, wherein the processor is configured to calculate an average RPM, RPMA TP, for each time period of the one or more time periods based on RPM calculated at time intervals, wherein calculating the average RPM, RPMA- TP, comprises adding up the RPM calculated at the time intervals to obtain a total RPM, RPM _T _ _TP , for the time period; and dividing the total RPM, RPM _T _ _TP , by the number of the time intervals within the time period, wherein the accumulative RPM comprises the average RPM, RPMA TP, for each time period.

Embodiment 129. The article of Embodiment 127 or 128, wherein the processor is configured to determine a total time duration spent in the optimal range of RPM for the grind cycle based on comparison between each of the RPM calculated at the time intervals and the optimal range of RPM, wherein when a RPM calculated at a time interval is within the optimal range of RPM, the time interval is determined to be spent the optimal range of RPM; and when a RPM is at a time interval not within the optimal range of RPM, the time interval is not spent in the optimal range of RPM, the time interval is determined to be not spent within the optimal range of RPM.

Embodiment 130. The article of Embodiment 129, wherein the processor is configured to calculate the percentage of the total duration of time spent in the optimal RPM range relative to the total time of the grind cycle to determine RRPM-time-

Embodiment 131. The article of any one of Embodiments 1 to 130, wherein the electronic device is configured to temperately save data related to a grind cycle in a data storage, transmit data to a cloud computing device, erase data related to an old grind cycle from a data storage when a new grind cycle starts, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 132. The article of any one of Embodiments 119 to 130, wherein the processer is configured to send calculated data of each time period to a storage unit, and wherein the electronic device is configured to transmit the calculated data to a remote device periodically.

Embodiment 133. The article of any one of Embodiments 119 to 132, wherein the electronic device is configured to transmit data related to the grind cycle to a remote device periodically, wherein the data comprises aggregated data, raw data, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 134. The article of any one of Embodiments 119 to 133, wherein the electronic device is configured to transmit data to a remote device, wherein the data comprises real-time vibration data, aggregated vibration data, acceleration data, accumulative vibration data, real-time RPM data, accumulative RPM data, time of a grind cycle, time period spent in the optimal range of RPM, RRPM-time, total duration of time spent in the optimal range of RPM, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 135. The article of any one of Embodiments 1 to 134, wherein the electronic device is configured to be actuated by the user to selectively display information related to vibration, RPM, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 136. The article of any one of Embodiments 1 to 135, wherein the processor is configured to selectively turn on display of a signal at an end of a grind cycle, wherein the signal comprises a signal indicative of vibration level, RPM level, or both. Embodiment 137. The article of any one of Embodiments 1 to 136, further comprising one or more accessories including a battery charger, one or more cables, a pad, or any combination thereof.

Embodiment 138. The article of any one of Embodiments 1 to 136, wherein the electronic device is configured to communicate with a remote device.

Embodiment 139. A system comprising: the article of any one of Embodiments 1 to 138; and a remote device configured to receive information related to one or more grind cycles, wherein the information comprises data calculated by the processor.

Embodiment 140. A system comprising: the article of any one of Embodiments 1 to 139; and one or more client devices comprising one or more mobile devices, one or more computing device, or any combination thereof, wherein the one or more client device are configured to receive information related to one or more grind cycles, wherein the information comprises data calculated by the processor.

Embodiment 141. The system of Embodiment 139 or 140, further comprising an edge device.

Example 1

Representative article was worn on a user’s arm with different circumference included in Table 1 for testing force applied to the arm by the electronic device according to embodiments herein. Testing results included below.

Table 1

Example 2

Samples of sleeves representative of support elements are tested for elongation-at- break in the longitudinal direction. Samples were pulled in the longitudinal direction according to the test method in embodiments herein. Table 2

The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and every value within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent to skilled artisans only after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that a structural substitution, logical substitution, or another change may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.

The description in combination with the figures is provided to assist in understanding the teachings disclosed herein. The following discussion will focus on specific implementations and embodiments of the teachings. This focus is provided to assist in describing the teachings and should not be interpreted as a limitation on the scope or applicability of the teachings. However, other teachings can certainly be used in this application.

As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having" or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

Also, the use of "a" or "an" is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meant otherwise. For example, when a single item is described herein, more than one item may be used in place of a single item. Similarly, where more than one item is described herein, a single item may be substituted for that more than one item.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. To the extent not described herein, many details regarding specific materials and processing acts are conventional and may be found in reference books and other sources within the structural arts and corresponding manufacturing arts.

The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the true scope of the present invention. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.