GENERATOR

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

[0001] This patent application claims the benefit of priority to U.S.

Application Serial No. 16/359,248, filed March 20, 2019, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] The present disclosure relates to noise generators and analog-to- digital converters (ADCs). More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a wideband photonic radio frequency (RF) noise generator. Some aspects of the present disclosure relate to non-subtractive dither ADCs using a wideband photonic RF noise generator. Further aspects of the present disclosure relate to a monobit ADC using a wideband photonic RF noise generator. Yet additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to subtractive dither ADCs using a wideband photonic RF noise generator.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0003] As communication systems evolve over time, digital data rates tend to increase. As a result, there is an ongoing effort to increase the speed and accuracy of analog-to-digital conversion to support the increase in

communication rates.

[0004] High bandwidth and high spur-free dynamic range analog-to- digital conversion is a common desire across multiple domains but is difficult to achieve. With the advent of photonics, the analog-to-digital conversion can be improved beyond the electronic conversion by harvesting the photonics bandwidth and balancing the functional partition between electronics and photonics. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] FIG. 1 illustrates a conceptual block diagram of a monobit ADC, in accordance with some aspects.

[0006] FIG. 2 is a graphical representation illustrating a frequency

Fourier transform (FFT) magnitude of a tone based on the monobit ADC of FIG. 1

[0007] FIG. 3 A is a block diagram of a photonic RF noise generator, in accordance with some aspects.

[0008] FIG. 3B is a graphical spectral representation of the noise signal from an incoherent optical source used in connection with the photonic RF noise generator of FIG. 3 A, in accordance with some aspects.

[0009] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a photonic RF noise generator driving an electronic monobit ADC, in accordance with some aspects.

[0010] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a photonic RF noise generator driving a non-subtractive dither ADC, in accordance with some aspects.

[0011] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a photonic RF noise generator driving a subtractive dither ADC, in accordance with some aspects.

[0012] FIG. 7 illustrates generally a flowchart of example functionalities which can be performed in connection with a random signal generation, in accordance with some aspects.

[0013] Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. Elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. The configurations shown in the drawings are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate aspects to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other aspects may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some aspects may be included in or substituted for, those of other aspects. Aspects set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0015] Techniques disclosed herein can be used to realize a wideband photonic RF noise generator using an incoherent optical source. Since incoherent optical sources have random phase, by adding a delay line interferometer into the signal path, a phase difference can be obtained between the delayed signal and the non-delay ed signal, with the phase difference resulting in a uniform random number. In some aspects, the detected phase difference can be filtered to obtain a wideband analog random signal. The analog random signal can be further limited to obtain a digital random signal output. In this regard, analog and digital random signals can be generated based on the incoherent optical source.

[0016] FIG. 1 illustrates a conceptual block diagram of a monobit ADC

100, in accordance with some aspects. Electronic monobit ADCs convert an analog signal to its digital representation based on dithering an input signal with uniform noise. Referring to FIG. 1, the monobit ADC 100 can include a comparator 102 and a limiter 104. The comparator 102 is configured to receive an analog input signal (S) 108 and a uniform noise signal (U) 112. The analog input signal 108 can have a signal profile as illustrated in graph 110, and the uniform noise signal 112 can have a noise distribution as illustrated in graph 114.

[0017] The comparator 102 compares the analog input signal 108 with the uniform noise signal 112 to generate a comparison result 116. The limiter 104 is configured to receive a clock signal 118 and the comparison result 116, and hard limit the comparison result to +1 (if the comparison result is positive indicating that signal 108 is greater than the noise) or -1 (if the comparison result is negative indicating that the noise is greater than signal 108). The limiter 104 outputs a decision signal (D) 120, with the expected value (or average) of the limiter output signal D 120 being a digital signal representation 122 of the analog input signal 108, after processing with a filter (e.g., in a digital signal processing block or a Fourier frequency transform (FFT) block such as FFT block 106). [0018] One of the main limitations of analog-to-digital conversion at higher rates is the introduced spurs of undesired tones resulting from realization imperfections. A significant advantage of the monobit ADC architecture is the high SFDR resulting from the dithering (or applying uniform noise to) the input signal.

[0019] In some aspects, techniques disclosed herein can be used for generating a digital random signal for driving monobit ADCs without uniform noise.

[0020] FIG. 2 is a graphical representation 200 illustrating a frequency

Fourier transform (FFT) magnitude of a tone based on the monobit ADC 100 of FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is illustrative of the spur free range of monobit conversion. More specifically, FIG. 2 illustrates the frequency and power profile of a tone at 5 GHz that is sampled at 80 GHz with an acquisition time of 1.25 ps. The spurs appear relatively at the same power level as illustrated by the FFT of the limiter output.

[0021] Some techniques for implementing electronic monobit conversion can rely on generating digital pseudo-random noise, which can consume a large portion of the ASIC power and can be a limiting factor as the sampling rates and signals increase. One of the advantages of photonics is its bandwidth and relative efficiency. In this regard, techniques disclosed herein can be used to realize a photonic monobit ADC, based on a modulator that modulates the electrical signal onto an optical carrier to be compared with an incoherent wide bandwidth noise source, as discussed hereinbelow.

[0022] FIG. 3 A is a block diagram of a photonic RF noise generator, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to FIG. 3 A, the photonic RF noise generator 300 can include an optical source 302, a filter 304, a splitter 306, a delay circuit 308, a coupler 310, a balanced photodetector (BPD) 312, a filter 314, and a limiter 316.

[0023] The optical source 302 can be an incoherent signal source generating an optical or photonic noise signal 318, where the signal phases are random and uniformly distributed over the range of the signal, from sample to sample, with low correlation existing between any two samples. FIG. 3B is a graphical spectral representation 390 of a noise signal (e.g., 318) from the incoherent optical source 302 used in connection with the photonic RF noise generator 300 of FIG. 3 A. In some aspects, the optical source 302 can be an incoherent white light emitting diode (LED) source with a high bandwidth, such as a bandwidth exceeding 1 THz, an amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE) light source, or another type of optical noise source.

[0024] As illustrated in FIG. 3 A and FIG. 3B, the noise signal 318 can be filtered (e.g., by filter 304) so that a limited slice (e.g., 392 in FIG. 3B) can be selected for further processing within the photonic RF noise generator 300. In some aspects, the filter 304 can include a bandpass filter or another type of filter. The filter 304 can be configured to filter the optical noise signal 318 generated by the optical source 302, to obtain a filtered optical noise signal 320. In some aspects, the filter 304 can he a l nm filter that can be configured to generate a 125 GHz optical noise signal slice with a random phase samples. In some aspects, the filtered optical noise signal 320 can be centered at 1550 nm wavelength as shown in FIG. 3B, or at another desired wavelength.

[0025] The splitter 306 splits the filtered optical noise signal 320 so that one copy of the filtered optical noise signal 320 is communicated to the coupler 310 and a second copy of the filtered optical noise signal 320 is communicated to the delay circuit 308. The delay circuit 308 can be configured to apply a delay to the filtered optical noise signal 320 and generate a delayed signal 322, which is a delayed version of the filtered optical noise signal 320. In some aspects, the delay circuit 308 can be a programmable delay circuit. The delayed signal 322 and the filtered optical noise signal 320 can be communicated to coupler 310.

[0026] The coupler 310 is configured to couple the delayed signal 322 and the filtered optical noise signal 320 to generate coupled signals 324. In some aspects, one of the coupled signals 324 can be offset (e.g., by 90°) from the other coupled signal.

[0027] The BPD 312 may comprise suitable circuitry, logic, interfaces and/or code and is configured to generate an electrical output signal 326 indicative of a phase difference between the delayed signal 322 and the filtered optical noise signal 320. The filter 314, which can be a low-pass filter, is configured to filter the output signal 326 indicative of the phase difference to generate an analog noise signal 328.

[0028] The limiter 316 is configured to receive the analog noise signal

328 and an electrical clock signal 332 and generate a digital noise signal 330 based on the analog noise signal 328. More specifically, the limiter 316 can be a threshold device that compares the input analog noise signal 328 to a set value (e.g., a value of 0) and generates a digital output (e.g., 0 and 1) based on whether the input analog noise signal 328 is greater than or smaller than the set value, with the clock signal 332 triggering when the comparison occurs. Different applications that use the analog noise signal 328 and or the digital noise signal 330 are discussed hereinbelow in reference to FIG. 4, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6.

[0029] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a photonic RF noise generator driving an electronic monobit ADC, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to FIG. 4, the photonic RF noise generator 400 can be similar to the photonic RF noise generator 300 of FIG. 3. More specifically, the photonic RF noise generator 400 includes an incoherent optical source 402, a filter 404, a splitter 406, a delay circuit 408, a coupler 410, a BPD 412, a filter 414, and a limiter 416. The functionalities of the optical source 402, the filter 404, the splitter 406, the delay circuit 408, the coupler 410, the BPD 412, the filter 414, and the limiter 416 are the same as the following corresponding circuits discussed above in connection with the RF noise generator 300 of FIG 3 : the optical source 302, the filter 304, the splitter 306, the delay circuit 308, the coupler 310, the balanced photodetector (BPD) 312, the filter 314, and the limiter 316.

Additionally, signals 418, 420, 422, 424, 426, 428, 430, and 432 can be the same as corresponding signals 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, and 332 of FIG. 3 A.

[0030] In some aspects, the photonic RF noise generator 400 can be used to drive an electronic monobit ADC 440. The electronic monobit ADC 440 can be similar to the monobit ADC 100 of FIG. 1, except that the electronic monobit ADC 440 does not utilize uniform noise. In this regard, the monobit ADC 440 can receive an input analog signal 442 and the photonically generated binary noise signal 430 to generate a digital output signal 444 representing the input analog signal 442. [0031] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a photonic RF noise generator driving a non-subtractive dither ADC, in accordance with some aspects.

Referring to FIG. 5, the photonic RF noise generator 500 can be similar to the photonic RF noise generator 300 of FIG. 3 A. More specifically, the photonic RF noise generator 500 includes an optical source 502, a filter 504, a splitter 506, a delay circuit 508, a coupler 510, a BPD 512, a filter 514, and a limiter 516. The functionalities of the optical source 502, the filter 504, the splitter 506, the delay circuit 508, the coupler 510, the BPD 512, the filter 514, and the limiter 516 are the same as the following corresponding circuits discussed above in connection with the RF noise generator 300 of FIG 3 A: the optical source 302, the filter 304, the splitter 306, the delay circuit 308, the coupler 310, the balanced photodetector (BPD) 312, the filter 314, and the limiter 316. Additionally, signals 518, 520, 522, 524, 526, 528, 530, and 532 can be the same as corresponding signals 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, and 332 of FIG. 3 A.

[0032] In some aspects, the photonic RF noise generator 500 can be used to drive a non-subtractive dither ADC 540. The non-subtractive dither ADC 540 can include an analog adder 542 and a quantizer 544. The analog adder 542 can combine an analog input signal 546 with the analog noise signal 528 to generate a combined dithered analog signal 543. The combined analog signal 543 is quantized by the quantizer 544 to generate a digital output signal 548 representing the analog input signal 546.

[0033] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a photonic RF noise generator driving a subtractive dither ADC, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to FIG. 6, the photonic RF noise generator 600 can be similar to the photonic RF noise generator 300 of FIG. 3 A. More specifically, the photonic RF noise generator 600 includes an optical source 602, a filter 604, a splitter 606, a delay circuit 608, a coupler 610, a BPD 612, a filter 614, and a limiter 616. The functionalities of the optical source 602, the filter 604, the splitter 606, the delay circuit 608, the coupler 610, the BPD 612, the filter 614, and the limiter 616 are the same as the following corresponding circuits discussed above in connection with the RF noise generator 300 of FIG 3 A: the optical source 302, the filter 304, the splitter 306, the delay circuit 308, the coupler 310, the balanced photodetector (BPD) 312, the filter 314, and the limiter 316. Additionally, signals 618, 620, 622, 624, 626, 628, 630, and 632 can be the same as corresponding signals 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, and 332 of FIG. 3 A.

[0034] In some aspects, the photonic RF noise generator 600 can be used to drive a subtractive dither ADC 640. The subtractive dither ADC 640 can include a delay circuit 642, an analog adder 646, a digital adder 650, a quantizer 648, and a serial-to-parallel converter 644. The delay circuit 642 is configured to delay the analog noise signal 628 to generate a delayed analog noise signal 652. The converter 644 is configured to apply serial-to-parallel conversion to the digital noise signal 630 to generate a multiple-bit digital noise signal 658, which is highly correlated with the delayed analog noise signal 652. The analog adder 646 adds an input analog signal 654 with the delayed analog noise signal 652 to generate a combined analog signal 656. The quantizer 648 quantizes the combined analog signal 656 to generate a quantized signal 660. The digital adder 650 subtracts the multiple-bit digital noise signal 658 from the quantized signal 660 to generate a digital output signal 662 representing the input analog signal 654.

[0035] FIG. 7 illustrates generally a flowchart of example functionalities which can be performed in connection with a random signal generation, in accordance with some aspects. Referring to FIG. 7, the method 700 includes operations 702, 704, 706, and 708. By way of example and not limitation, the method 700 is described as being performed by one or more of the components of the photonic RF noise generator 300 of FIG. 3 A.

[0036] At operation 702, an incoherent optical noise signal is generated.

For example, the optical source 302 can generate the optical noise signal 318.

[0037] At operation 704, the optical noise signal and its delayed version of the optical noise signal are coupled to generate a first coupled signal and a second coupled signal. For example, the filter 304 can generate a filtered optical noise signal 320 which is split by the splitter 306. One copy of the filtered optical noise signal 320 is communicated to the coupler 310 while the second copy is delayed by the delay circuit 308 to generate a delayed copy. The coupler 310 couples the delayed copy with the filtered optical noise signal 322 to generate a first and second coupled signals 324. [0038] At operation 706, an output signal representative of a phase difference between the optical noise signal and its delayed version is generated using the first coupled signal and the second coupled signal. For example, the BPD 312 generates the output signal 326 that is representative of a phase difference between signals 322 and 320, using the coupled signals 324.

[0039] At operation 708, the output signal representative of the phase difference is filtered to generate an analog random signal. For example, filter 314 filters the output signal 326 to generate the analog noise signal 328.

[0040] Although an aspect has been described with reference to specific exemplary aspects, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these aspects without departing from the broader scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a part hereof show, by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specific aspects in which the subject matter may be practiced. The aspects illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein. Other aspects may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various aspects is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

[0041] Such aspects of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually or collectively, merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single aspect or inventive concept if more than one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific aspects have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific aspects shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various aspects. Combinations of the above aspects and other aspects not specifically described herein will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. [0042] The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single aspect for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed aspects require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed aspect. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate aspect.