(WETSS)

Inventors: Haisam Yakoub & Rima Ghusen, Ottawa , Canada.

Specifications Description

Description of the Related Art

Wind energy has been used for long time since 1200s in Europe, where it was used as Postmills to grind grain between millstones, then was used as Drainage windmills by Dutch, Oil mills to press oil from seeds, Paint mills, Hulling mills, and Glue mills.

The end of 20 ^th century and the beginning of 21 ^st century brought important advancement to wind turbines and wind becomes as a possible energy source, alternative to fossil fuel.

Sun radiation incident on the Earth every year is 5.6xl0 ²⁴ J. Sun energy dispersed in atmosphere layers and Earth surface where it warms the air and generates wind. Primary energy use for the whole world is estimated about 500 EJ that requires 16TW capacity generators. The total consumed energy is less than 0.01% from the solar radiation captured in Earth atmosphere and surface, and about 0.1 % of kinematical energy in wind. That means, wind is a vast source of alternative, sustainable and clean energy.

Current state of the art utility wind turbine industry uses giant turbines that have approximately 1MW average generated electrical capacity, throughout the year. However, the inherent disadvantages of utility wind turbines, prevents the current technology from being a feasible alternative to fossil fuel and nuclear energies as explained hereafter. Some disadvantages are, too high fluctuation of output that means too low capacity credit, too large land requirements, loud noise that affects human memories, in about 2Km in the vicinity of wind turbines, and it's known as Wind Turbine Syndrome, and danger to birds and bats.

The relevant prior arts is

Discussion

The most relevant turbines to the WETSS is "method for collecting wind energy by using group composite unit" invented by Min Xiang et al. However, it is very different from WETSS because:

1. Min Xiang et al use one single power plant on a safe altitude, where a large guiding wheel directs the wind flow into two internal wheels. However, Min Xiang wind power plant does not have pluralities of individual wind turbmes, however, WETTS is a shell frame structure supports thousands or tenth of thousands of individual wind turbines. 2. Different from the Min Xiang high altitude building that is an existing building functions for another purpose, WETSS shell frame is solely constructed to house wind turbines and all other required devices to generate electricity continuous with demand.

3. WETSS is the first fixed structure on Earth that reaches unprecedented high altitude up to about 2000 m, and the first structure on earth harvest wind energy on such high altitudes. Then WETSS has several times higher efficiency than Min Xiang, depending on the difference in operational heights. There is no existing structure that reaches or existing structural design that may reach this height with current high yield steel 600-700MPa. However, WETSS reaches the boundary layer with existing high yield steel.

4. Min Xiang et al might become a real source of electrical shock or mechanical strike to inhabitants, as it contains moving parts, electrical generator, wires, transformers function in people accommodated buildings that are used usually for different purposes. However, WETSS is built and accessed only by professionals who work in WETSS. People who work in WETSS station are electricians, engineers, managers, and technicians that are trained to work safely in WETSS as their job environment.

5. Min Xiang et al design does not change irregularities of generated electricity by their wind turbines, while WETSS transforms electricity form fluctuating to constant frequency, current and voltage and consistent with demand similar in characteristics to electricity produced from fossil fuel.

Current state of the arts is giant Wind Turbines that have three foil blades operate on an approximately 100-125 m high hub, where they rotate in the foil vertical plane. These utility turbines have nominal (Max) capacities that are reached when wind speed is 12 to 14 m/s and keep this maximum energy output until cut off speed 25-40m sec. The current state of the art wind turbines have some drawbacks such as:

They take up too large land areas in wind farms where land between turbines is deemed, usually, out of their normal use because of noise and shade flickers. Nonetheless, WETSS takes about 0.2 % of average land required for current wind turbines for similar capacities.

Current states of the arts wind turbines generate noise that is detrimental to human health in approximately 2km distance from the turbines (Wind Turbine Syndrome). Wind Turbine Syndrome which causes people living in the vicinity of 2Km of wind farms to have headaches, loss of memory and other illnesses because of vibration and low-frequency noise. However WETSS noise is much lower because tip speeds of VAWT and HAWT small wind turbines are close to operating wind speeds, while tip speed in the state of the arts HAWT is usually 8-13 higher than operating wind speeds.

Current states of the arts wind turbines kill birds and bats. That danger is not generated by the WETSS where it uses small wind turbines that have lower tip speeds in vicinity of operation wind speeds.

For similar efficiency factors for both the state of the arts HAWT and WETSS turbines, WETSS generates energy for lm ² swept area, about 5.0 times more than the state of the arts wind turbines, while WETTS generates about 35 times more than same small wind turbine installed on 10m high hub. Current state of the arts wind turbines give electricity voltage, frequency, current and output fluctuate all the time as a normal result of wind velocity variations over time.

According to WVIC in Germany and four other studies from Denmark, England and The USA, the current state of the art wind turbines generate energy with about 4-16% capacity credit. The German study concludes that when wind turbines grid penetration is 49 GW, they are able to displace only 2 GW of fossil fuel generators because of high fluctuation. That means, the real useful capacities are 6- 25 times less than nominal or tag capacities, corresponding to 25 GW (England study) and 49 GW (German study) respectively. Nonetheless, WETSS described herein has 100 % capacity credit and generates consistent with time normal electricity that has constant current, frequency and potential. Then WETSS may displace equal capacity of none renewable electricity generators. This equal capacity displacement makes WETSS a real clean, renewable energy alternative to current conventional energy industry.

Description of the Invention,

Wind Energy Turbine Shell Station (WETSS) is a novel design combines, for the first time, the most advanced small or medium size wind turbines in a simple and large structure made to support wind turbines on large heights, where wind speeds are higher. Then generated electricity are stored temporarily in a chemical medium, so that it is regenerated again consistent with demand by fuel cells and most importantly, with stable characteristics of frequency, current and potential that are not affected by wind speed changes in short times of minutes, hours, days, weeks and months. In addition, the design overcomes the other disadvantages in the current state of the arts wind energy industry as explained herein.

A Wind Energy Turbine Shell Station (WETSS) is a multi level shell like frame structure reaches high altitude of 1000-2000 m and has a preferred circular horizontal section that might be polygon, diamond or square. Every level in the multi level structure is typically 8-25 m internal platform strip that goes around the perimeter of the horizontal section. Every strip is connected to above and bottom level strip by means ~ 4.0 m wide ramps that are adjacent to the internal side of the frame shell structure. Level typical height is ~10m. Typical diameter or width of the horizontal section is 125 -500 m, typical height 500 -2000 m, and typical number of levels is 50 - 200 levels.

Every level or few levels are served by a truck mounted crane with accompanied team of professionals around 3-5 people in every shift, where they perform continuous maintenance of the turbines in their levels. The whole structure is served by four or more elevators, two to carry people and 2 or more to carry equipments and wind turbines to the required levels. Washrooms are built in each floor under the ramps, one washroom under each ramp. All equipments for generating hydrogen, store it, transform, and invert electricity are installed in the ground floor, where additional space can be added to accommodate the required Hydrogen tanks and other equipments to generate Hydrogen stored safely and reused in fuel cells. Wind turbines are installed and distributed on external platforms protrude out of the main body intermittently or continuously all around the perimeter. The structure is built typically from high yield structural steel, while floors are made from light steel floor sheets installed on moderate yield steel primary and secondary beams. WETSS typical real average annual capacity is 50-1000 MW regular electricity and 187.5-3,750 MW fluctuating electricity, (at 6m/sec average annual wind speed).

The frame structure supports pluralities of individual Horizontal Axis, Vertical Axis wind turbines or combination thereof, where said individual wind turbines harvest wind energy and generate electricity that is used to generate hydrogen that chemically stores large part of the harvested energy temporarily, by using transformers, water supply, electrolyzers, pumps and hydrogen tanks in the ground floor. Hydrogen is stored in highly pressurized or liquefied form in tanks in the ground floor, and then the stored hydrogen volumes are used in sufficient capacity fuel cells. Fuel cell capacity that is calculated from the average annual generated regular electricity, is WETSS capacity for regular electricity. Fuel cells regenerate electricity with regular characteristic of current, frequency and potential and then said regular electricity penetrate a grid after it subjects to transformation to compatible voltage and current of a grid by using sufficient transformers in the ground floor.

WETSS uses any efficient small vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) or horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) or combination thereof. Each one fits in the gaps between columns and floors with small spaces between wind turbine columns, floors and adjacent turbines. The inventors, prove theoretically that when available VAWT and small HAWT have similar 30 % efficiency, with state of the art HAWT in a 6 m/sec (13.4 mph) average wind speed environment, and for 4 m/sec (8.95 mph) cut in speed for all turbines, and 12 m/sec (26.84 mph) rating wind speed of large HAWT, the VAWT and small HAWT will be 11% more efficient.

The proof is illustrated in the graphs in Fig.16 and 17 , where Fig.17 shows that the total harvested energy on long term of year is: (By integrating areas under the energy graphs in Fig. 17)

State of the arts HAWT, E _l ■ _H = ^ = l .69 =>

Most possible harvested energy in one year period = 1.69χΕ ₆ χ0.30 = 0.507£ ₆

VAWT and small HAWT, E _SmallH = ^ = 1.88 ^

Most possible harvested energy in one year period = 1.88xE ₆ x0.30 = 0.564E ₆

0.564 .

The reason for higher efficiency of Small HAWT when are installed in level has same average wind speed, is that small HAWT tip speeds and then their generated power are proportional to wind speed until cut out speed that is much higher than cut out speed of large HAWT. However, large HAWT generates constant energy for wind speed equals or greater than the turbine rating speed until cut out wind speed (25-40m/s) that is much less than small HAWT cut out wind speed (~ 125-140 m /sec). Increased Efficiency

Fig. 18, shows that small wind turbines installed at H=10 m, generate 0.10 KW/ m ² electricity, and states of the arts utility wind turbines, HAWT, installed with hub height, H= 100m, generate electricity 0.66 KW/ m ² , while the same small wind turbines installed on a WETSS H=2000 m, (Throughout height as explained herein), generate average electricity 3.75 KW/ m ² . Compared generated electricity is irregular and fluctuates with wind speeds.

According to WVIC in Germany, when total wind turbine penetration capacities in a grid exceed 49 GW, the states of the arts wind turbines have only 4% capacity credit. Most of countries in the world consume more than 49 GW in one hour, then 4% is applicable to all those countries, (Canada, USA, Germany, Italy, Japan, China, England...)

Fig. 19 shows that when useful capacity of states of the arts utility wind turbines, HAWT, is 4% of nominal (tag) capacity (for penetration capacity exceeds 49 GW), HAWT capacity becomes 0.09 KW/ m ² of swept area. However, WETSS H=2000 m, capacity becomes 1.0 KW /m ² of swept area when it generates regular electricity due to the application of two other efficiency factors, 0.65 for electrolysis and 0.41 for fuel cells respectively.

Much Smaller Space

Space required by utility wind turbine averages between 8.5-33 hectare / MW, in Europe and The USA respectively and for 0.3 efficiency factor. Where fluctuating electricity is assumed to be completely useful where it's mixed with fossil fuel based electricity. While for total capacities exceed 49 GW ( capacity credit is 4% the required space becomes 53 - 206 hectare / MW, where wind energy is used without being mixed with other existing fossil fuel, hydro, nuclear or other electricity that has standard constant characteristics.

However, for a WETSS, required space for fluctuating electricity is 0.03- 0.05 hectare/MW, and the required space for regular electricity and proportional with demand is 0.10 -0.15 hectare /MW.

WETSS Function

Function of a WETSS described herein, is to use existing small wind turbines on large height to transform kinematical energy in wind to electrical energy has constant current, potential and frequency, and consistent with demand. Then output electricity, doesn't fluctuate with wind speed over short periods of time, minutes, hours, days, weeks and months. However, average possible output is relevant and proportional to annual average wind speed in a region.

None filtered or highly fluctuated generated electricity by installed wind turbines is used to generate hydrogen from water and store the Hydrogen temporarily. Then stored hydrogen feeds fuel cells to generate electricity has constant current and frequency and consistent with demand. Then connect fuel cell output to a public grid after transform it to compatible voltage and current. WETSS encompasses large numbers of wind turbines (1), on external platforms (14) around the perimeter of its frame structure, and connects the output of the turbines to electrolyzers (12) that generate Hydrogen. To speed up electrolysis process and avoid wasting of energy, supplied potential to electrolyzers should be around 2.06 v, while supplied current should be as high as possible. Current might range 500,000 -1000,000 Ampere.

The used small wind turbines (1) in WETSS can be any efficient small or medium size horizontal axis (HAWT) or vertical axis (VAWT) wind turbine. One half of the installed wind turbines that face wind, works at a time, while the other half on leeward is at halt at the time, until wind direction changes and triggers other half of the total wind turbines in the windward side to start up and generate electricity.

Furthermore, operating velocity range for WETSS is relevant to that of used HAWT or VAWT that usually range from 3- 140 m/s for generating energy for electrolizers.

If required electricity to have high constant frequency, Cut out speed for small and medium size HAWT and VAWT are close and range from 25 - 50m/s. Nonetheless, cut out speed in small HAWT and VAWT should be limited to lowest possible speed that minimizes KWH costs of fabrication. For example, in 6m/sec environment, the difference between increase in generator costs and additional generated electricity, determines whether cut out wind speed 25 m/sec or cut out 20m/sec is recommended. Cut out speed 25m/sec leaves out 10 ^"5 Εβ J, while considering cut out wind speed 20 m/sec leaves out 0.0011E ₆ , where E ₆ is available energy for average annual wind speed 6m/sec, assuming that wind speed is constant continuously throughout the year. In other words, the decision about cut out wind speed in a small wind turbine (1) is a trade off between additional costs of the generators, and the additional gained harvested energy throughout the life cycle of generators, that is assumed 25 years.

However, generating electricity for electrolizers will make generator of lower costs and more durable, because there is no need for frequency to be constant.

Rather than the frame structure, and consistency with demand, what is considerably important and unique in WETSS, is maintenance process that is ongoing continuous process, since installation, the whole year around, and 24/7. In other words, more than 99.33 % of operated turbines, at a time, (half of total wind turbines) are expected to work 365 days. That because maintenance staff observes continuously turbines using monitors and computers on each platform (11). Monitoring tells when turbines (1) need maintenance and what they need, while all others are operating. Most probably 99.33 % of turbines will be operating the whole year around, assuming every one turbine is maintained once a year that is considered conservative in the current advanced turbines. As a result, average of annual operation hours for each turbine is 0.9933x8760=8701 hours/ year. In cost analysis, the total number of all turbines is considered. While in energy calculation, only half number of the turbines is considered, because the other half is at halt, at a time.

In addition, the additional covered space (26) in ground level provides more space for additional hydrogen units (12) installation, so that the total hydrogen production and storage capacities are enough to make the electricity generated by fuel cells consistent with demand.

Fluctuation in wind energy generated electricity and supplied to electrolyzers (12), affects the generated quantities of Hydrogen that is pumped to Hydrogen tank storages (12), either pressurized, liquefied, or temporarily combined with other solid or liquid materials.

However, the total quantities of generated hydrogen are affected mainly by annual average wind speed in the region. While total capacity of hydrogen storages, depends on wind fluctuation over months, consumer demand fluctuation and capacity of used WETSS. Capacity of Hydrogen storage (12) is estimated by calculating Ei/E _ave , relative monthly need and excess, where Ei (KWH) is monthly consumed energy depending on actual standard existing or predicted consumption charts, E _avc (KWH) is monthly average demand that equals monthly average generated electricity by fuel cells. Then calculate relative cumulative energy need ratio, and excess ratio relative to average monthly demand or need. Then total energy required to be stored in Hydrogen is the difference between largest positive excess and largest absolute negative number in cumulative chart. Fig. 20 shows that 0.90E _ave +0.06E _ave =0.96 E _ave (E _ave , average monthly energy demand) is required to stored in Hydrogen, to stay consistent with demand supply. Then Hydrogen storage weight can be calculated by dividing 0.96 E _ave by 36 kwh that is the medium Hydrogen Heating Value. Then required stored Hydrogen weight =0.96 x Ε^ / ( 36 xO.41) = 0.0678 x 0.96E _ave (Kg H ² ). Where, 0.41 is efficiency factor for fuel cells.

That can be converted to volume capacity according to used pressure in storage or if liquefying technique is used. In addition, monthly average consumption of energy equals to, E _{av c} = E _avcw x 0.61, Where E _avcw is monthly average energy generated by WETSS turbines according to estimated average annual wind speed, and 0.61 is efficiency of electrolysis process. Moreover, using WETSS technology will not only reduce electricity price sharply, but will provide for production of Hydrogen for industrial purposes, and for transportation.

In addition, using WETSS reduces heavy burdens of managing wind electricity balance that became very difficult and costly with the state of the arts current wind turbines.

Typical level height in WETSS shell frame structure is 7-12 m that is equal to typical distance between columns (10) and typical distance between mean beams (9) is 7-12 m. Typical distances between secondary beams are 1.5 -2.5 m, and Typical total width of an internal platform (11) 8-20 m.

The way to build this high structure is to use several truck mounted cranes (27) in ground floor to build the fist platform (1 1) and install maintenance elevators (22) and staff elevators (23)

simultaneously. Then continue to build by lifting the cranes (27) to the first floor (11) by ramps (37) that connect ground floor to the first floor. Each floor in WETSS has two ramps (37). Ramps (37) are built to connect the first level to the second level by using ground floor. Then when first level is done, truck mounted cranes (27) move to the second floor using the new ramp (27). Construction materials are lifted to the first floor by maintenance and construction elevators (22). External platforms (14) are pre-made or are built on site, four lifting rings (15) are welded to an external prefabricated platform (14). Then by using cranes (27), the external platforms are welded to the shell frame by welding four or more steel plates between the flanges of the shell frame beams (9) and the external platform beams. Two or more at the top and two or more at the bottom of the platform common edges. When external platforms and a whole level are ready, cranes (27) and staff move to a higher level (11). Wind turbine (1) installation can be started after cranes move two or three levels ahead and by using other several truck mounted cranes and construction elevators.

Hydrogen units (12) are to be installed after finishing construction of ground floor and first floor. However, the passages to elevators (22) should be clear all the time of construction in the shell frame for frame workers to and materials to pass on, until construction of last floor is done. Electrical work might be started when part of electrolyzers (12), and hydrogen storage tanks (12), proportional to installed wind turbines(l), are ready to be used. Electricity might start to be generated from this stage, including generating hydrogen, store it under pressure and starting fuel cell generators to work and supply electricity to grid and for installation and construction processes. The required time to finish a 2,000 m structure might take 9-24 months depending on financing, material supply, and availability of construction workers.

By using this technique, of building from inside, building high shell frame structure becomes as easy and cheap as building a mid-rise.

Seismic and Wind Protection of the Shell Frame, Structural Integrity and Functionality

WETSS, typical material is steel that is ductile material. WETTS is very light structure in comparison with other totally built steel structures and with concrete structures. This light weight provides for WETSS to reach the height of atmosphere boundary layer, 2000m.

WETSS sustains high design seismic and wind forces, where it sustains more to 1.25 g max acceleration earthquakes and any wind design forces in the world or about 500 km/h (310 mph) wind speed, where WETSS continues to work during and after math.

However for some rare great earthquakes, using seismic isolation might reduce WETSS costs.

Seismic isolation for continuous serviceability during the rate events and after math of WETSS structures can be done by means of the combination of:

1. Friction pendulum bearings, that are used for seismic isolation, and is invented and fabricated by A. Vector Zayas, and

2. Seismic controllers that prevents resonance and reduces transmitted displacements and forces amplitudes invented by Haisam Yakoub, (Pending).

A friction pendulum bearing is typically installed under a column and over a footing where each column requires one bearing. Nonetheless, required number of seismic controllers is less than required number of friction pendulum bearings, typically 5-15% number of columns (5-15% of number of bearings), where seismic controller attenuates bearing responses during an earthquake to sufficient limits, while it dissipates wind energy under design wind loads and makes the structure stable under any design wind loads.

Airplane Crash Protection

To avoid incidental crashes, aircraft flashing warning lights are installed all around shell frame and along the height on regular standard interval as required by existing, in force regulations or/ and laws. Warning flashing lights function usually at nights. When WETSS installed in places where airplanes paths are twice higher than height of WETSS, there is almost no potential of cash with WETSS.

Description of the Drawings,

The station drawings are illustrated hereafter in Figures 1-15, drawing numbers are as follows:

1. Small wind turbines HA WT or VAWT or combination thereof. The blades of individual HAWT have usually aerofoil shape. However, the blades herein are examples of established proprietary and efficient HAWT/ VAWT.

2. External rotating vertical axel in VAWT, moves around bearings(5) surround stationary axel (3).

3. Vertical stationary axel of HAWT or VAWT. Stationary axel is connected to maintenance arms (8) via bolts and nuts, from top and bottom. Stationary axel has two short channel sections (20) welded on top and bottom of the stationary axel so that the channels accommodate snugly around the two top (21 ) and bottom ( 19) tracks that are fixed to the floors ( 14 and 11 ) and then the stationary axel may slide along the tracks (19 and 21) outwards to operational setting on external platform (14) and inwards on internal platform (11) for maintenance.

4. Short cylindrical pipe connects stationary vertical axel (3) to maintenance arm (8) via two

through bolts, washers and a nuts. The through bolts are horizontal, penetrates cylindrical pipe and stationary axel in vertical central axis, in two different horizontal perpendicular directions.

5. Top and bottom bearings for VAWT, guide and carry blades rotating around internal fixed vertical axel (3).

6. Moving core of magnetic generator with no Gear box, or with Gear box transfers motion from rotating axel to an electricity generator (7). There is no necessity to have high speed motion axel to increase the frequency of generated electricity if generated electricity will be used for hydrolysis. That reduces fabrication costs and maintenance of gear boxes (6), generators (7).

7. Electricity generator operated with gear box or by moving a magnetic core, transforms

kinematical energy of rotation to electricity. Wind turbine generators (7) on one vertical line, have their output cables are connected to main insulated cable run vertically through plastic ducts from the top level of turbines to ground floor, where it supplies power to electrolyzers (12) or might connected to a grid if the generators generate high frequency electricity about 60 HZ. Maintenance arm-post system (MAP) consists of a vertical hollow steel section post connected rigidly to two horizontal hollow steel section beams, at the top and the bottom of the post. The horizontal section beams are connected from their other sides to top and bottom of the stationary axel (3) via the short cylindrical pipes (4). The top side of the top horizontal hollow section part of the MAP is connected rigidly to the bottom of a channel section (U), (20). The bottom side of the bottom horizontal hollow section, part of the MAP, is connected to the bottom of another U section, so that the U sections accommodate snugly the T sections of the top and bottom maintenance tracks, (19 and 21). As a result the MAP slides between top and bottom tracks, along the tracks. (19 and 21). The connections between the horizontal parts of the MAP and the cylindrical pipes (4) are hinges. These hinges are made by interconnection of three or more small dia cylinders, that are fixed together through a bar has cylindrical shape of slightly smaller diameter than the hollow cylinders, and larger diameter head than the diameter of the small hollow cylinder. The body of the bar goes through the cylinders and the head stops the bar from running outside the cylinders. A MAP (8) has two handles are used to pull a MAP using truck crane or manually.

Main beams of the frame structure, including ring beams. Main beams are connected directly to frame columns (10). Sizes of main beams and columns are determined by structural analysis of the whole frame structure. Lateral supports for main beams are provided by mesh of secondary beams that support light weight slabs as well. Structural analysis is based on, mainly, self weight of all columns, beams and light slabs and dead loads of turbines. Average total distributed live loads in 1 m2 is estimated about 0.15 Pa. However, design of slabs (11) and beams (9) must take into account, the concentrated live loads of the weight of the maintenance truck crane (27) when it's loaded. Seismic loads add small fraction to gravity load stresses, because of two reasons, first is the light self weight, dead loads and live loads in a unit area, in comparison with similar size regular construction building, and the second reason is the low aspect ration of the frame structure or height to diameter ratio, that is about 4, that gives sufficiently large resistant moments to sustain seismic loads without considerable increase in frame section areas. The amount of stress increase due to seismic loads, depends on the seismic characteristics of the site. Frame columns that are made from high yield steel. Steel columns are designed from structural analysis of the whole frame structure due to self weight and dead loads and verified for wind and seismic loads. Wind forces are consumed by turbines most of the times, even during design wind speeds that might be several hundreds KM/h. That applies to most of the countries around the world. That because the small HAWT and VAWT have low tip velocities close to wind speed. When design wind speeds are less than cut out speeds of wind turbines, there is no need to check for wind speed, as almost 85 % of wind energy is consumed by the turbines. While in regions susceptible to hurricane category 4 and 5 and where the design wind speed is larger than cut-out speed, the frame structure to be checked for wind for 25% of the vertical projection of the building on windward facade. This check is very rare because small turbine (1) tip speeds, may reach cut out speed 500 Km/h for approx. 500km/h (138 m/sec) wind speed, while the state of the arts large utility wind turbines (100- 125m dia) reach cut off and cut-out speeds for much less wind speed, usually 12-14 m/sec and 25-40 m/sec respectively, that because the blade diameter of utility HAWT is ~ 10-15 times larger than typical WETSS, HAWT wind turbines. As a result, typical WETSS might not have the wind forces govern the design, even in tropical regions with category 4 and 5 hurricanes.

Internal platform composed of main, secondary frame beams and light weight plates / sheets/ slabs to cover surfaces above or /and between beams. Main beams run between columns, secondary beams run parallel to main beams between every set of four main beams. The internal platform is a strip 8-25 m wide, run along the perimeter of the frame structure. Internal platform comprises three approx. equal width strips. One strip contains maintenance tracks where this strip is wide enough to pull a turbine (1) from operational setting for maintenance. Middle strip is maintenance strip, where the turbine can be replaced or maintained in that area with help of truck mounted crane (27). Third strip is a two lane travel path (29), for truck crane (27) to carry maintenance shipment/ turbine from maintenance /construction elevators (22) to a corresponding maintenance / installation areas, in both ways, and a truck crane may travel upwards to a higher level or downwards to a lower level, via ramps (37) along the internal lane of the third strip. Hydrogen based electricity generation units, for consistent supply and regular electricity characteristics of frequency, current and potential. Hydrogen units includes inverters, transformer, electrolizers filled with electrolyte, pure water tanks, Hydrogen purifiers, Hydrogen storage tanks, fuel cell generators, and pressurized pumps. Each Hydrogen unit might connect to the end of a vertical collective wind turbine output line. Detailed explanation about current, volt and sufficient capacity of hydrogen tanks is found in the WETSS function paragraph herein. Locks of maintenance arm-post that fix turbine ( 1 ) in place tightly, mainly, in a direction parallel to maintenance tracks (19 and21). A lock consists of a first part that comprises two vertical thick steel sheets, narrow at the top and wider at the bottom, each one is welded to one of external platform (14) steel beams, on two opposite sides of the MAP post (8) and this steel sheet has a threaded hole at the top, fits a through bolt. The second part is a rectangular steel sheet, has two vertical slots, each one is near an end of the sheet, fits the same size through bolts, and the rectangular steel sheet is welded to a maintenance post part of the MAP (8) and stiffened with two welded triangular steel sheets to each side of the maintenance post and to the rectangular steel sheet. The third part of a lock is composed of two through bolts go through the two slots into the rectangular sheet all the way to vertical thick steel sheets. Tightening the two bolts, pushes the MAP (8) towards the stationary axis (3) that held in place between the short cylinder (4) and the dead ends (17) of the top and bottom tracks (21 and 19) that are closed with steel sheets (17) have same width of the tracks and larger heights.

External horizontal platforms that support wind turbines. An external platform is cantilevered a distance about 0.6 of the diameter HAWT or VAWT (1). Where the HAWT (1) turn 90° without hitting the frame structure. An external platform consists of main beams run parallel to internal main beams (9) and almost parallel to diagonals, and secondary stiffener beams run perpendicular to main beams. Maintenance tracks (19 and 21) run over both platforms (11 and 14). The main beams of an external platform are connected to frame diagonal beams with top steel sheets run over the top flanges of both external and internal diagonal beams, and bottom steel sheets run under bottom flanges of same beams and welded sufficiently to their flanges. External platforms might and might not be covered with floor steel sheets. The width of an external platform is narrower from outside and becomes wider near the internal platform (11). There is only one external platform in an opening between two frame structure columns.

Lifting rings, allow a crane (27) while set on an internal platform (1 1) to lift prefabricated external platform (14) and weld it with the internal platform (11) using appropriate steel sheets, weld size and length.

Nacelle of HAWT. A nacelle mounts on the middle of a stationary axel (3), on top of a middle steel base plate (18) welded to middle of a stationary axel (3). Top of the nacelle is connected to the top part of the stationary axel with a pipe connection (33) that is threaded and can be loosen and free the bottom of the top part of stationary axel. While nacelle in place on the middle steel base plate (18), the bottom part of the top stationary axel can be inserted in the hole located at the top of the nacelle, as the pipe is little shorter than the distance between lowest point of the top part of the stationary axel and top of nacelle hole. The minimum length of the pipe connection is equal to the depth of the nacelle top hole plus 4" (100mm).

Bumper steel sheet fixed at external end of a maintenance track (19 and 21). By tightening the two through bolts of the MAP lock (13), MAP (8) pushes the corresponding stationary axel (3) towards the bumper at the external end of maintenance track (19 and 21).

Middle steel base plate to fix nacelle by using bolts, washers and nuts.

Bottom maintenance tracks (BMT) fixed onto same floor level of both platforms (11 and 14). BMT guides bottom part of the MAP (8) between operational setting at external platform (14) and maintenance setting on an internal platform (11). Cross section of a BMT is a wide flange small I steel beam or steel T beam, welded to secondary or/and main beams (9) of platforms, (1 1 and 14).

Steel channel or U shaped plate fixed onto top and bottom of a wind turbine stationary axel (3), where it fits around the maintenance track (19 and 21) flanges snugly. The U channel internal surfaces, touch the maintenance track flanges, are lubricated for easier movement. Top maintenance tracks (TMT) fixed onto same bottom level surfaces of both top platforms (11 and 14). TMT guides the top parts of MAP (8) between operational setting at an external platform and maintenance setting on an internal platform. Cross section of TMT is a wide flange small I steel beam or steel T, welded to secondary or/and main beams of platforms (11 and 14). Maintenance/ construction elevators are about 5x10m with about 10 metric tons capacity sufficient to carry a truck crane (27), or complete wind turbine(l) for installation, or steel beams (9) and columns(lO). Maintenance elevators are built simultaneously with frame structure construction, where it's used during the construction stage to supply construction materials to platforms (11 and 14). During construction stage, the maintenance elevators are used to install new wind turbines (1) in the already built platforms. During life cycle of the WETSS, maintenance elevators are used to ship maintenance materials, parts and complete new turbines to maintain the existing wind turbines in WETSS.

Employee elevators that have capacity to lift about 20 people at a time to their corresponding platforms where they work for operation and maintenance. The total number of operation and maintenance employees is approximately 200 people for 1 GW, consistent with demand electrical capacity, WETSS.

Concrete individual footings or mat. Footing type depends on soil capacity of the site. When allowable soil stress is less than 500KPa, mat footing should be used for WETSS footings. Otherwise single footings might be a solution to support the frame structure. In the last case of single footings, ground beams in both directions are to be built to stiffen the footing level and thus the whole building against lateral forces.

Extended platform around the building in the first floor functions as shield for ground floor users. Extended platform width exceeds by about 0.5 external platform (14) projections above, while it extends above the entrance about 100 m x 10 m (length x width of entrance), where people movements are more frequent.

Additional covered area in the ground floor to provide more space to accommodate sufficient required Hydrogen units (12) to generate and store sufficient hydrogen for fuel cells, so that they continue to generate electricity consistent with demand with constant characteristics. Hydrogen storage capacity is proportional to wind fluctuation, electricity demand and WETSS capacity. An example is provided herein on calculation of Hydrogen storage capacity to supply electricity consistent with demand. The extension area might be larger than an internal platform area (11). Truck mounted cranes serve during the WETSS construction and for maintenance process over the whole WETSS life cycle. Each crane serves 3-5 levels, depending on the size of WETSS. Two ramps, (37) 3.75 m wide each, is built in every platform. One ramp goes down and the other goes up, where the two adjacent levels become accessible from that medium level. Start points of these ramps are situated on one diameter, and directions of the ramps are opposite relative to that diameter. Ramps in each level are built and used during construction so that truck cranes work on construction of shell frame structure and installation of wind turbines in a level may move to a next level when they finish a level, all the way to the top of the WETSS frame. Lightning rods or air terminals, and air plane warning lights. Air terminals are connected to the ground through typical grounding holes and materials. Air plane warning lights are installed according to effective airway rules and laws in the country of installation and international laws. Truck mounted crane road or travel path, to reach work destinations. The track has two lanes, 3.75m wide each. Then truck crane (27) may move from one work place to another, without passing over bottom maintenance tracks (19) where that makes truck movement slow, bumpy, and not convenient for staff, and might damage the maintenance tracks.

Yaw system of a nacelle is to direct the blades towards wind and can be active or passive depending on the chosen individual turbines for WETSS.

Top hole of a nacelle, fits tightly the bottom of top part stationary axel. Top hole is used to complete fixing the nacelle and HAWT on the stationary axel (3) in an operational setting.

Lag screws to fix stationary axel tightly in horizontal and vertical planes. A lag screw goes through a hole in a maintenance track (19 and 21) and when it is tightened, it prevents the U sections (20) connected to stationary axel (3) from moving in the three direction planes.

Threaded pipe connection that is loosen to free the bottom part of the top part of stationary axel (3), then allows installing a nacelle on stationary axel mounted base (18) and then reinstall the stationary axel top part in place above the nacelle and tighten the pipe connection. The minimum length of a threaded pipe connection is a nacelle top hole depth plus 4" ( 100mm).

Steel cables or carbon fiber cables fixed to ground from one side and to a corner column at a level higher than the middle of the height of a chain open section multy level frame shell structures (OSMLFS) of last and first part of an (OSMLFS), by minimum four cables along four different perpendicular directions, where any two adjacent two cables make 90° horizontal angle. Typical WETSS of OSMLFS has height from 200-1000m and length 1000-3000 m. Typical diameter or larger horizontal distance of each individual OSMLFS in an OSMLFS is 50-300 m, as shown in Fig. 13,14 and 15.

Seismic and settlement joint about 5m wide, the joint goes through foundations to the last top level. The seismic joint includes hinged connections between the OSMLFS modules, via spatial truss that transfer only forces with little or no moments.

Overlap shield overhang (25) and extended roofs (26) in the ground floor to make continuous protection from fallen objects.

~4.0m wide ramps have -20% slops, connect any two consecutive levels of internal platforms (11), used by truck mounted cranes (27) to move between the few levels designated for that crane staff to work on. See truck mounted cranes at # 27 for more explanations on ramps. List of Drawings

Fig. 1 -Typical Large Size WETSS, ~500m Diax2000 m high, With HAWT, Plan

Fig.2, WETSS WITH HAWT, FRONT VIEW

Fig.3, WETSS WITH HAWT, BLOW-UP OF FRONT VIEW

Fig.4, HAWT in Operational Setting, Front View Operational Setting, Plan.

Fig.5, HAWT IN OPERATIONAL SETTING, TOP VIEW

Fig. 6, HAWT in Operational Setting, Side View

Fig.7, HAWT in Operational Setting, Section A-A

Fig.8, Small Size WETSS, ~125x500m high, With VAWT, Plan.

Fig.9, Maintenance Tracks with locks and track bolts to hold a stationary axel in three directions, on an

External Platform in Operational Setting, Plan.

Fig.10, Small Size WETSS with VAWT, FRONT VIEW).

Fig.11 , VAWT in Operational Setting, Side View

Fig.12, VAWT in Operational Setting, Section A-A.

Fig.13, Typical 1 GW, WETSS Open Chain, with HAWT or VAWT, Front View

Fig.14, Typical 1GW WETSS Open Chain, with HAWT or VAWT, Plan

Fig.15, Blow-up of Typical WETSS Open Chain, with HAWT or VAWT, Plan

Fig.16, Rayleigh Distribution of Wind Speed, where Assumed Average Wind Speed =6m/Sec.

Fig.17, Long Term Distribution of Energy for small HAWT and VAWT and large utility HAWT

Assuming Random Rayleigh Distribution for Wind Speeds.

Fig. 18 Harvested Energy Density. Comparison is made with direct turbine electricity outputs, or the fluctuating electricity over time.

Fig. 19, Harvested Energy Intensity (WETSS has Regular Electrical Output; Large HAWT has 4% Capacity Credit). That means comparison takes place between the electricity output that can replace equivalent amount of existing electricity or energy generation plants.

Fig. 20, Required Energy Stored in Hydrogen Relative to Average Monthly Consumption, E _ave