Protocol

PRIORITY

[1] This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/829600, filed 04 April 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[2] The present disclosure relates generally to a field of data communications, and more particularly, to validating routers in a network by utilizing attestation tokens in Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol.

BACKGROUND

[3] Dedicated crypto-processors, such as a Trusted Platform Module (TPM), may take measurements necessary to attest the identity of a device and running binaries on the device. These measurements may comprise evidence that the device is in a known safe state. However, a receiver must be able to certify the evidence as fresh. Without a guarantee of freshness, an attacker may have an opening to inject previously recorded measurements, asserting what is replayed as being current. When sensitive information is being transmitted to a destination device through a network, network traffic should not be sent through comprised network nodes (e.g., hacked or captured nodes) to prevent leakage of or tampering with the sensitive information. However, traditional protections and link encryption are ineffectual to ensure that each router in the end to end path is not compromised especially when an attacker gains root access to a device via some exploit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[4] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic representation of the network supporting a trusted OSPF routing protocol.

[5] FIG. 2 illustrates example message sequences for establishing an adjacency in

OSPF.

[6] FIG. 3A illustrates an example format for Attestation Type-Length-Value (TLV).

[7] FIG. 3B illustrates an example format for Security-Level Sub-TLV. [8] FIG. 3C illustrates an example format for Attestation-Capability TLV.

[9] FIG. 4 illustrates example message sequences for flooding a Link State Advertisement (LSA).

[10] FIG. 5 illustrates an example method for validating a network node with an attestation token in a network supporting a trusted OSPF routing protocol.

[11] FIG. 6 illustrates an example method for using Attestation TLV to improve security level in OSPF functions of communication network.

[12] FIG. 7 illustrates an example computer system.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS OVERVIEW

[13] Aspects of the invention are set out in the independent claims and preferred features are set out in the dependent claims. Features of one aspect may be applied to each aspect alone or in combination with other aspects.

[14] The OSPF refers to OSPF version 2 that is used for IPv4 routing and OSPF version 3 that is used primarily for IPv6 routing but can also support IPv4 routing in dual stack scenarios where both IPv4 and IPv6 are enabled. In particular embodiments, a first network node may be configured to operate an OSPF routing protocol in a network. The first network node may receive an OSPF hello message comprising an attestation token from a second network node. The attestation token may be for proving that the second network node is in a known safe state. The first network node may determine that the attestation token is valid for the second network node at a current time. The first network node may establish an adjacency to the second network node in response to the determination. The first network node may compute a trust level for a first link from the first network node to the second network node and a trust level for first prefixes associated with the first link based at least on the attestation token. The first network node may send an LSA comprising the trust level for the first link and the trust level for the first prefixes to neighboring network nodes. The LSA may be flooded to one or more network nodes in the network. The trust level for the first link and the trust level for the prefixes may be used by the network nodes in the network to compute a routing table of the network. EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

[15] Verifiable evidence of device tampering may be appended to interactions based on existing communication protocols. This may give evidence receivers the option of evaluating trustworthiness of the network device and reacting accordingly. For example, the evidence receiver may determine that it no longer trusts the network device and adjusts network policy to mitigate possible damage or potential security threats. Dedicated crypto-processors such as TPM may take necessary measurements to attest the identity of a device and its running binaries. These measurements may include detecting evidence which indicates that the device is in a known safe state. However, a receiver may need to certify the evidence as fresh because, without a guarantee of freshness, an attacker may inject previously recorded measurements to make the receiver to assert what is replayed as being current.

[16] Traditional systems and methods may identify or detect the replaying of old evidence via a nonce. For example, a nonce could be a random number provided by the entity making the request. This nonce may be passed into the TPM which may generate results including a signature based on the nonce which could not have been generated without providing that nonce. However, the nonce-based method may reply on the transactional challenge/response interaction model. In other words, the nonce-based method may not work with unidirectional communications originating from the attesting device. For example, a nonce may not work with an asynchronous push, multicast, broadcast messages, etc.

[17] Particular embodiments of this disclosure may perform a unidirectional attestation which is applicable to, for example, an asynchronous push, multicast, broadcast messages, etc., for the authentication of the corresponding devices in conjunction with corresponding binaries. Particular embodiments may enable a communication platform to assess whether the peer platforms are trustworthy. For example, the system may perform a detection of invalid attestations that can trigger alarms/events reduction of network access from a suspect device or can become a part of Admission Control (e.g., IEEE 802. IX). The communication platforms may be capable of supporting the unidirectional attestation mechanism. As an alternative approach for attesting freshness, particular embodiments of the system may generate a token which may allow external entities to validate freshness of asserted data based on the state of internal counters within the TPM. The token may allow the replay attacks to be detected without a nonce and make it possible for the attestation for asynchronous push, multicast, broadcast, etc. The token or signed measurement may be referred to as a canary stamp or Stamp since a token or signed measurement may provide authenticity like a stamp and may be used as an indicator of an early sign of trouble. Particular embodiments of the system may combine the token or signed measurement with TPM- integrated capabilities aimed at verifying that valid binary processes are running. The TMP- integrated capabilities may include, for example, but are not limited to, trusted execution environments (TEE) which may provide runtime malware protections and authenticated code modules (ACM) which may ensure that only digitally signed code modules can be loaded into a CPU. Particular embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented within a communication platform (e.g., a proprietary platform) or/and across multiple communication platforms (e.g., proprietary platforms and third-party platforms).

[18] Particular embodiments of the system provide an advantageous technical solution for communication platforms to attest authenticity and allow a common unidirectional attestation framework to be applied across existing networking hardware as well as virtual routers. Particular embodiments of this disclosure may be applicable to, for example, but not limited to, Cisco Secure Boot, Linux Integrity Measurement Architecture (IMA), Intel's Trusted Execution Technology (TXT), etc., and may enable these platforms to validate that a processor is running known software with valid chain of binary signatures. Particular embodiments of the system may provide defining requirements for placing different types of signed measurements (e.g., token or stamps) while allowing receivers to evaluate potential trustworthiness of attested information. Particular embodiments of the system may support controller-based evaluation of signed measurements (e.g., token or stamps) which includes subscription-based mechanisms to incrementally push information/evidence to be verified and/or beachhead use cases and platforms.

[19] TPM functionality may be embedded in a wide variety of devices including mobile phones, PCs, routers, etc. While traditional TPM methods may enable a device to prove freshness in a replay to a response, these methods may not support unidirectional attestation. Particular embodiments of this disclosure may provide mechanisms for verifiable unidirectional attestation by creating and distributing a token. This token may link counters on an attesting device with one or more globally verifiable characteristics or parameters (e.g., a counter on a controller, a RADIUS server, or a time authority). Upon its creation, the token may be distributed freely to any number of receivers/verifiers. Upon receiving the token, a receiver may accept subsequently attested information (e.g., stamps) from a remote TPM and attest asynchronous push, multicast, or broadcast communications of a device. It is notable that, in this disclosure, the term“TPM” may be used as an umbrella term for the necessary functionality. The mechanisms described may be supported by one or more proprietary hardware and other hardware supporting the TPMv2 specification.

[20] In particular embodiments, the system may create the initial token by extracting current counters from an attestee's TPM, and hashing it with information from an external TPM. As a result, the system may generate a non-spoofable token which binds continuously incrementing counters on an attestee with some known external state. In particular embodiments, any resetting of the TPM counters may be visible in any subsequent TPM queries. Any restarting of the platform may be exposed in subsequent TPM queries. Within these bounds of reset and restart, the TPM's counter time-tick may keep continuous increments. Therefore, the push of attestee TPM information which includes these three counters may be known to have occurred subsequently to any previously received measurement. On the other hand, if the reset and restart counters have not changed, the incremental time since any previous measurement may also be known. In particular embodiments, the system may validate device information asserted from outside the TPM’s program configuration registers (PCR). The majority of information needing to be trusted by network peers may not be contained within the TPM's PCR. Particular embodiments of the system may provide indirect methods of validating that a device has not been compromised based on the data or processes of exiting systems or platforms.

[21] Particular embodiments of the system may provide integration solutions with both integrity verification (IV) solution and, where applicable, integrity measurement architecture (IMA). The system may provide combination solutions that enable validating that acceptable binaries are currently loaded on a peer communication system or platform. Particular embodiments of the system may allow the receiver to receive stamps and verify the information without supplementary evidence being sent with the stamp. For non-controller-based implementations, the system may not require that the verification steps occur on the receiver.

[22] A network may only be as secure as its weakest links. Information sent from a first device to a second device on the network may pass through multiple intermediary nodes or devices (e.g., routers, network controllers, etc.) before it reaches the target device. It is vitally important that the information, especially when it includes sensitive material, should not be sent through compromised network nodes (e.g., hacked or captured nodes) to prevent leakage of or tampering with the sensitive information. However, as network size and complexity increase, the potential number of attack vectors for an attacker to exploit also grows. It may be difficult to determine with certainty whether each individual node through which an arbitrary piece of information may pass is secured without having a dramatic effect on the performance of the network. Moreover, if an attacker gains root access to a device (e.g., via some previously undetected exploit), traditional protections and link (e.g., in-transit) encryption may prove ineffectual at protecting any sensitive information.

[23] Particular embodiments may apply attestation in the context of security management at a network-level to determine in real-time whether a node in a network should be trusted. This disclosure introduces an asynchronous, unidirectional time-based variant of attestation that may allow other nodes in a network to reliably ascertain if a source that is routing information has been compromised. The token used in this variant of attestation may be referred to as a“canary stamp” as it positively marks data as it transitions through the network and can indicate on a front-line basis whether any security problems may exist within the network or within a given node.

[24] In particular embodiments, the system may use canary stamps to build a trusted network topology based on OSPF protocol to perform a number of interrelated functions. As an example and not by way of limitation, a router with attestation router capability of advertisement may advertise its support for attestation procedures in OSPF. The OSPF router may advertise an Attestation Type-Length- Value (TLV) including the information provided by the local router’s trusted computing infrastructure in every extensible link-state advertisement (LSA) that it originates. These LSAs may be flooded within its specific scope (e.g., link-local, area or AS) as usual. The OSPF router may advertise an Attestation TLV in the Link-Local Signaling Block (LLSB) of the OSPF Hello message including the information provided by the local router’s trusted computing infrastructure. This may enable the router to detect the trustworthiness of its adjacency with its neighboring router. The OSPF router may validate the Attestation TLV received in Hello messages using the local router’s trusted computing infrastructure. The validation may be done during initial bring-up as well as periodically as determined by local policy. Based on the local attestation policy (and/or secure interactions with an external agent/controller), one of the following actions can be performed if this validation fails: (1) Do not include the neighbor’s address in the Hello messages. This may result in adjacency bring-up not proceeding further and the adjacency remaining stuck in Initial state. It may also bring down an already established adjacency. (2) Set the metric of the link to maximum value. This may avoid traffic transiting via the compromised/unsecure node unless as a last resort. (3) Bring-up and continue to keep the adjacency as normal.

[25] In particular embodiments, the OSPF router may advertise the trustworthiness of the link/adjacency using the Security-Level Sub-TLV. The trustworthiness may be determined based on the result of the verification of the Attestation TLV exchanged over the link and local policy and/or secure interactions with external agent (e.g., a controller). The OSPF router may advertise the trustworthiness of prefixes using the Security-Level Sub-TLV. When leaking prefixes between areas or from other sources via redistribution, the OSPF router may set the trustworthiness of the prefix based on the trustworthiness of the originating node in the source area/domain. Local prefixes advertised in the LSA may determine their trustworthiness based on the local policy on the router. The OSPF router may validate the Attestation TLV received in LSAs from other OSPF routers and may use the trusted computing infrastructure to ascertain if those advertisements are or are not trustworthy. Based on domain wide attestation policy, the OSPF router may accept or discard LSAs from nodes that do not include valid Attestation TLV. If all routers in the OSPF area are supporting the attestation procedures (e.g., determined by looking at the Attestation-Capability TLV advertisements), then LSAs that failed the attestation verification may be excluded during the route calculation.

[26] In particular embodiments, the OSPF router may keep track of the trustworthiness of the links in the topology and during the route calculation, in case of determining the equal cost paths or prefer paths with highest level of trustworthiness. The OSPF router may keep track of the trustworthiness of the prefixes during the route calculation and only use the ones with the highest trustworthiness. Based on local policy and/or secure interactions with external agent/controller, the OSPF router may discard traffic for specific un-trusted prefixes. The OSPF router may log errors related to verification of Attestation TLVs over a secure channel to an external agent/controller to take remedial action via policy enforcement or other steps.

[27] In particular embodiments, each OSPF router in a connected area may advertise its own topology information using various types of LSAs which the OSPF router may install in its local link state database and may flood to its neighbors. In turn, the OSPF router may receive LSAs from its neighbors, may install them in its link state database, and may flood them on to other routers which may not yet have received them. In this way, all the OSPF routers in a connected area may maintain an identical link state database. Routers that operate as area border routers between multiple areas may maintain a separate database for each area. Routers may also maintain AS-scope LSAs that are flooded throughout the OSPF domain in a separate AS-level database. The base OSPF LSAs may have fixed format and may be not extensible for inclusion of new TLVs. For OSPFv2, the formats may include, for example, LSA types 1 through 7. For OSPFv3, these formats may include, for example, LSA types 1 through 9.

[28] However, the newer OSPF LSAs types may have extensible formats that may enable inclusion of new TLVs. For OSPFv2, these formats may include the Opaque LSAs (e.g., type 9, 10 and 11). For OSPFv3, these formats may include, for example, types 10 through 15 and types 33 through 41. Since all the fixed format OSPF LSAs may have their extensible counterpart LSAs, the system may perform an indirect attestation of the information advertised within the fixed format LSAs based on the Attestation TLVs carried in the corresponding extensible LSAs.

[29] In particular embodiments, the system may use an Attestation-Capability TLV which may be a new top level OSPF Router Information TLV that is included in OSPFv2 Router Information Opaque LSA and the OSPFv3 Router Information LSA.

[30] In particular embodiments, the system may use an Attestation TLV which may be a new top level TLV that may be used in the following LSAs as shown in Table 1 :

Table 1

[31] In particular embodiments, the system may use the same Attestation TLV format that is also used in the OSPF Link-Local Signaling block for inclusion in the OSPF hello messages.

[32] In particular embodiments, the system may use a Security-Level Sub-TLV format that may be a new sub-TLV of the following LSAs as shown in Table 2:

Table 2

[33] Using the above described TLVs, a network enforcing the OSPF routing protocol may implement canary stamps. The nodes of a network may be further configured with functions that reflect an augmentation and improvement on traditional OSPF routing protocol functions. Many of the functions, as described in this disclosure, may be interrelated and may rely on other nodes in the network supporting the capability as well in order to function successfully. Several of the functions made available by the Attestation TLV and other above-described TLVs are explained below in the context of FIG. 1. FIG, 1. illustrates a schematic representation of the network supporting a trusted OSPF routing protocol.

[34] In particular embodiments, a node 110 of a network 100 supporting a trusted OSPF routing protocol may be configured to advertise its attestation capability. Through this function, the network node may be capable of positively announcing to other nodes of the network 120 and 130, along links 125 and 135 that it is capable of supporting attestation procedures (e.g., canary stamps) in the OSPF routing protocol. In some embodiments the node may further announce particular functions that it supports or variants of attestation capabilities.

[35] In particular embodiments, a network node 110 may be configured to advertise an Attestation TLV. The network node 110 may comprise a trusted computing infrastructure (e.g., a trusted platform module or other crypto-processor) and may append information provided by the trusted computing infrastructure to LSAs it sends, e.g., to node 120 along link 125 through an Attestation TLV. The Attestation TLV may be appended to one or more LSAs originating in a device that supports the trusted OSPF routing procedure. In this configuration, the LSAs may be propagated through the network (e.g., sent to one or more Level-1 or Level-2 areas and devices as appropriate). For example, an LSA sent from node 110 to node 120 along link 125 may be propagated to node 140 along link 145.

[36] In particular embodiments, a network node 110 may be configured to advertise an Attestation TLV to neighboring nodes in the network, e.g., through an OSPF Hello Protocol Data Unit (PDU). For example, the network node 110 may be configured to send OSPF Hello PDUs to nodes 120 and 130 along links 125 and 135 respectively. The network node 110 may be configured to append information provided by its trusted computing architecture to OSPF Hello PDUs issued by the node as, e.g., an Attestation TLV. A so-modified OSPF Hello PDU may allow nodes that receive the OSPF Hello PDU (e.g., nodes 120 and 130) to determine the trustworthiness of the OSPF Hello PDU, as well as the trustworthiness of the adjacency implied by the issuance of an OSPF Hello PDU. In particular embodiments, any type of OSPF Hello PDUs may be augmented with the Attestation TLV (e.g., point-to-point, Level-1 , Level-2, etc.). Devices in the OSPF routing protocol may be configured to ignore TLVs that they cannot process, so the addition of an Attestation TLV to the OSPF Hello PDU may not impact devices that do not support attestation.

[37] In particular embodiments, a network node 120 may be configured to validate Attestation TLVs received from OSPF Hello PDUs from other network nodes, such as network node 110. The network node 120 may be further configured to act based on the status of the validation according to a specified policy provided to the network node. For example, if the validation fails, the network node 120 may effectively ignore the OSPF Hello PDU. The network node 120 may refuse to acknowledge the adjacency match. As another example, if the validation fails, the network node 120 may be configured to set a specified metric of the connection to a maximum value. As another example, if the validation fails, the network node 120 may approve the adjacency match.

[38] In particular embodiments, a network node 120 may be configured to advertise the trustworthiness of a link or adjacency with a neighboring node using a Security-Level Sub-TLV. For example, the network node 120 may advertise the trustworthiness of the link 125 or the adjacency of the node 110. The Security-Level Sub-TLV may comprise information to indicate a neighboring node and information to indicate a trustworthiness level of that neighboring node. In particular embodiments, the Security-Level Sub-TLV may comprise information to indicate a link and information to indicate a trustworthiness of that link. As an example, a network node 120 may validate an Attestation TLV received with an OSPF Hello PDU from a neighboring node 110. The Attestation TLV may fail the validation and the network node 120 may determine to refuse to acknowledge the OSPF Hello PDU, as it has determined that the neighboring node 110 is not trustworthy (e.g., it may be executing unexpected or unsigned code, or it may otherwise show evidence of tampering). As another example, the network node 120 may determine a security level based on Attestation TLV received with an OSPF Hello PDU from the neighboring node 110. The network node 120 may advertise the determined security level in the Security-Level Sub-TLV when advertising the adjacency within any of LSAs listed in Table 2.

[39] In particular embodiments, a network node 120 may be configured to advertise the trustworthiness of a prefix using a Security-Level Sub-TLV. A network node 120 in a trusted network may provide prefixes it has detected to neighboring nodes (e.g., node 140) across level and areas (e.g., if a level-2 node, it may provide to other level-2 nodes). A PDU sent to identify that prefix may be appended with a Security-Level Sub-TLV to indicate a trustworthiness of the prefix based on the trustworthiness of the network node originating the prefix. In particular embodiments, trustworthiness for local prefixes (e.g., prefixes on a particular network node) advertised in an LSA may be determined based on a local policy (e.g., a policy of the particular network node). In particular embodiments, a network node may leak prefixes between areas or levels. When the network node leaks prefixes between areas or levels, the network node may set the trustworthiness of the prefix based on the trustworthiness of the originating node in the source area or level. In particular embodiments, a network node may redistribute prefixes received from other network nodes. When the network node redistributes prefixes, the network node may set the trustworthiness of the prefix based on the trustworthiness of the originating node.

[40] In particular embodiments, a network node 120 may be configured to validate an Attestation TLV received in an LSA from another network node 110. The network node 120 may use information from a trusted computing infrastructure to ascertain if the information in the LSAs should be treated as trustworthy or untrustworthy. Based on an attestation policy, the network node 120 may be further configured to accept or discard LSAs from other nodes that fail to advertise valid Attestation TLVs or advertise invalid TLVs. The attestation policy may be locally configured, domain-wide, network wide, or have further scope as appropriate.

[41] Specific techniques may be adopted throughout sections of the network based on how many network nodes support Attestation TLVs. In particular embodiments, if all nodes (e.g., nodes 110, 120, 130, and 140) in an OSPF routing protocol area support Attestation TLVs and attestation procedures, the LSAs that failed an attestation validation may be excluded from the network. For example, the LSA may be excluded during route calculation.

[42] In particular embodiments, a network node 120 may track the degrees of trustworthiness of links 125 in a trusted network topology. The trustworthiness of a link 125 may be determined based on the trustworthiness of a network node 110 based on a received Attestation TLV or Security-Level Sub-TLV. The degree of trustworthiness may be incorporated into route calculations. For example, in the event that two or more paths have equal cost (calculated in a standard way), the trustworthiness of the links may be used as a tiebreaker so that the network node may choose the path with the highest degree of trustworthiness. As another example, the trustworthiness may be one of several factors considered when performing the cost calculations (e.g., as a part of a weighted combination). As another example, a network node may prioritize trustworthiness, and use only the degree of trustworthiness of a link or network node as a consideration when determining a route to use.

[43] In particular embodiments, a network node 120 may compare the degree of trustworthiness of links in a trusted network topology to a threshold degree of trust. During route calculation, the network node 120 may only consider the links with a degree of trust above the threshold degree of trust. In other words, the network node 120 may refuse to consider paths that may otherwise lead through suspicious network nodes. [44] FIG. 2 illustrates example message sequences for establishing an adjacency in OSPF. In an example illustrated in FIG. 2, node A 201 and node B 203 are connected via a link. At the beginning, the node A 201 and node B 203 may not be aware of each other. Because both node A 201 and node B 203 are configured to operate the OSPF routing protocol, the nodes 201 and 203 are sending OSPF hello messages at a regular interval. The OSPF hello messages may be used to discover neighbors on a link. Once the neighbors are discovered, the OSPF hello messages may act as keepalive messages to maintain the adjacency. At step 210, node A 201 sends an OSPF hello message over the link connected to node B 203. The OSPF hello message at step 210 may be broadcast. The OSPF hello message from node A 201 may not contain the address of node B in the active neighbor list. At step 220, node B 203 sends an OSPF hello message over the link connected to node A 201. Because both node A 201 and node B 203 discover each other, both nodes may establish an adjacency at step 230 and send OSPF hello messages periodically. The periodic hello messages may contain each other’s address in the active neighbor list. In particular embodiments, node A 201 and node B 203 may send LSAs to each other.

[45] In particular embodiments, a first network node 110 may be configured to operate an OSPF routing protocol in a network 100. The first network node 110 may receive an OSPF hello message comprising an attestation token from a second network node 120. The attestation token may be provided in the Attestation TLV in the LLSB of the OSPF hello message. The attestation token may be for proving that the second network node 120 is in a known safe state. FIG. 3A illustrates an example format for Attestation TLV. The Attestation TLV may be a top- level OSPF TLV in the hierarchy of TLVs. The length of the TLV may be variable. The value of the TLV may comprise structured information including attestation parameters and an attestation token (e.g., a canary stamp) generated using a trusted platform module of the network node. Although this disclosure describes receiving an OSPF hello message comprising an attestation token in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates receiving an OSPF hello message comprising an attestation token in any suitable manner.

[46] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may determine that the attestation token is valid for the second network node 120 at a current time. To determine that the attestation token is valid for the second network node 120 at the current time, the first network node 110 may forward the attestation token and an identity of the second network node 120 and any attestation parameters needed for a verification to a third-party verifier. The third-party verifier may be determined to be trustworthy in the network 100. The first network node 110 may receive a response comprising a confirmation that the attestation token is valid for the second network node 120 at the current time. Once the first network node 110 receives the confirmation from the verifier, the first network node 110 may be able to verify one or more following attestation tokens from the second network node 120 without communicating with the verifier. Although this disclosure describes determining an attestation token for a network node is valid at a current time in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates determining an attestation token for a network node is valid at a current time in any suitable manner.

[47] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may establish an adjacency to the second network node 120 in response to the determination. In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may compute a trust level for a first link 125 from the first network node 110 to the second network node 120 based at least on the attestation token. As an example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may set a maximum value to the trust level for the first link 125 if the first network node 110 determines that the attestation token for the second network node 120 is valid at the current time. As another example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may set a minimum value to the trust level for the first link 125 if the first network node 110 determines that the attestation token for the second network node 120 is not valid at the current time. As yet another example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may determine a value of the trust level for the first link 125 based on the attestation token and any other suitable parameters for the trust level for the first link 125. Although this disclosure describes computing a trust level for a link in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates computing a trust level for a link in any suitable manner.

[48] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may compute a trust level for first prefixes associated with the first link 125 based at least on the attestation token. As an example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may set a maximum value to the trust level for the first prefixes associated with the first link 125 if the first network node 110 determines that the attestation token for the second network node 120 is valid at the current time. As another example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may set a minimum value to the trust level for the first prefixes associated with the first link 125 if the first network node 110 determines that the attestation token for the second network node 120 is not valid at the current time. As yet another example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may determine a value of the trust level for the first prefixes associated with the first link 125 based on the attestation token and any other suitable parameters for the trust level for the first link 125. Although this disclosure describes computing a trust level for prefixes associated with a link in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates computing a trust level for prefixes associated with a link in any suitable manner.

[49] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may send an LS A comprising the trust level for the first link 125 and the trust level for the first prefixes associated with the first link 125 to neighboring network nodes. An LSA may comprise a Link TLV for the first link 125 that advertises various attributes of the first link 125. The Link TLV may comprise a Security- Level Sub-TLV that carries the trust level for the first link 125. The LSA may comprise one or more Prefix TLVs to advertise additional attributes associated with the first prefixes associated with the first link 125. The one or more Prefix TLVs for the first prefixes associated with the first link 125 may comprise a Security-Level Sub-TLV that carries the trust level for the first prefixes associated with the first link 125. FIG. 3B illustrates an example format for Security-Level Sub- TLV. The length of the Security-Level Sub-TLV may be variable. The value of the Security-Level Sub-TLV may comprise the security level of an indicated link or prefixes. LSA may be flooded to one or more network nodes in the network. Each LSA may be associated with its specific scope (e.g., link-local, area or AS). In particular embodiments, a network node may leak prefixes between areas or levels. When the network node leaks prefixes between areas or levels, the network node may set the trustworthiness of the prefix based on the trustworthiness of the originating node in the source area or level. In particular embodiments, a network node may redistribute prefixes received from other network nodes. When the network node redistributes prefixes, the network node may set the trustworthiness of the prefix based on the trustworthiness of the originating node. The network nodes in the network may use the trust level for the first link and the trust level for the prefixes to compute a routing table of the network. Although this disclosure describes advertising a security level for a link and a security level for prefixes associated with the link in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates advertising a security level for a link and a security level for prefixes associated with the link in any suitable manner. [50] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may receive an OSPF message comprising an attestation-capability information associated with the third network node 130. from a third network node 130. The OSPF message may comprise OSPFv2 Router Information Opaque LSA or OSPFv3 Router Information LSA. The OSPFv2 Router Information Opaque LSA or OSPFv3 Router Information LSA may comprise an Attestation-Capability TLV. FIG. 3C illustrates an example format for Attestation-Capability TLV. The length of the Attestation-Capability TLV may be variable. The value of the Attestation-Capability TLV may comprise structured information about the attestation capabilities supported by the originating network node of the OSPF message. The first network node 110 may determine whether the attestation-capability information associated with the third network node 130 satisfies a predetermined attestation capability requirement based on the attestation-capability information. In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may process the OSPF message based on a local policy if the attestation capability associated with the third network node 130 satisfies the pre-determined attestation capability requirement. In particular embodiments, the attestation capability associated with the third network node 130 may not satisfy the pre-determined attestation capability requirement. In such a case, the first network node 110 may process the OSPF message based on a local policy. As an example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may drop any OSPF messages from a network node whose attestation capability does not satisfy the pre-determined attestation capability requirement. As another example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may receive OSPFv2 Router Information Opaque LSA message or OSPFv3 Router Information LSA message that does not comprise an Attestation- Capability TLV from the third network node 130. The first network node 110 may, based on a local policy, drop any OSPF messages from the third network node 130 because the third network node 130 does not support attestation. Although this disclosure describes processing attestation- capability information associated with a network node in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates processing attestation-capability information associated with a network node in any suitable manner.

[51] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may receive a second OSPF hello message comprising a second attestation token from a third network node 130. The second attestation token may be for proving that the third network node 130 is in a known safe state. The second attestation token may be provided in the Attestation TLV in the LLSB of the second OSPF hello message from the third network node 130. The first network node 110 may determine that the second attestation token fails to be valid for the third network node 130 at a current time. The first network node 110 may process the second OSPF hello message based on a local policy if the second attestation token is determined to fail to be valid for the third network node 130 at the current time. Although this disclosure describes receiving an attestation token that is not valid for the originating network node at the current time in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates receiving an attestation token that is not valid for the originating network node at the current time in any suitable manner.

[52] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may drop the second OSPF hello message based on the local policy if the first network node 110 determines that the second attestation token fails to be valid for the third network node 130 at the current time. In particular embodiments, the local policy may instruct to exclude a network node that fails to provide a valid attestation token from the network 100. In such cases, the first network node 110 may drop OSPF messages from a network node that fails to provide a valid attestation token at the current time. Although this disclosure describes dropping an OSPF message from a network node based on a local policy if the network node fails to provide a valid attestation token in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates dropping an OSPF message from a network node based on a local policy if the network node fails to provide a valid attestation token in any suitable manner.

[53] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may set a metric of a second link 135 from the first network node 110 to the third network node 130 to a pre-determined value associated with a failed attestation based on the local policy if the second attestation token fails to be valid for the third network node 130 at the current time. In particular embodiments, the local policy may instruct to set the metric of a link toward a network node that fails to provide a valid attestation token to a particular value. For example, the first network node 110 may set the metric of the second link 135 to a possible maximum value because the first network node 110 determines that the attestation token from the third network node 130 is not valid at the current time. Thus, the second link 135 from the first network node 110 to the third network node 130 may be used only when no other path is available for routing a flow except a path including the second link 135. In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may set the metric of the second link 135 to any other suitable value based on the local policy. Although this disclosure describes setting a metric of a link to a pre-determined value based on a local policy in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates setting a metric of a link to a pre-determined value based on a local policy in any suitable manner.

[54] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may process the second OSPF hello message regardless whether the second attestation token is valid for the third network node 130 at the current time or not based on the local policy. In particular embodiments, the local policy may instruct to process OSPF messages regardless of the attestation token. In particular embodiments, the local policy may instruct to process a particular type of OSPF messages regardless of the attestation token. In particular embodiments, the local policy regarding the attestation token may not exist. The first network node 110 may process the second OSPF hello message as if the second attestation token is valid for the third network node 130 at the current time. Although this disclosure describes processing OSPF messages regardless of the attestation token in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates processing OSPF messages regardless of the attestation token in any suitable manner.

[55] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may generate a third attestation token using one or more crypto-processors associated with the first network node 110. The third attestation token may be valid for a pre-determined amount of time. As the network nodes in the network 100 are configured to provide a valid attestation token in appropriate OSPF messages, the first network node 110 may generate an attestation token using the one or more crypto-processors associated with the first network node 110. The first network node 110 may regenerate an attestation token when a previous attestation token expires. Although this disclosure describes generating an attestation token in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates generating an attestation token in any suitable manner.

[56] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may add the third attestation token to every OSPF hello message the first network node 110 sends until a new attestation token is generated after the pre-determined amount of time is elapsed. In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may add the third attestation token to one or more LSA messages the first network node 110 sends until a new attestation token is generated after the pre-determined amount of time is elapsed. In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may be configured to include an attestation token to the OSPF messages the first network node 110 originates. Table 1 may provide a complete list of OSPF LSA types that carry the attestation token. The first network node 110 may include the generated attestation token in every OSPF hello message and OSPF LSA messages the first network node 110 originates. The network nodes in the network 100 may determine whether the attestation token in the OSPF message the first network node 110 originates is valid when the network nodes receive the OSPF messages from the first network node 110. The network nodes in the network 100 may process the OSPF message based on the local policy effective at the network nodes. Although this disclosure describes adding an attestation token to every OSPF message the network node originates in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates adding an attestation token to every OSPF message the network node originates in any suitable manner.

[57] FIG. 4 illustrates example message sequences for flooding an LSA. At step 410, node A 401 may send an LSA comprising information associated with neighbors and/or links connected to the node A 401. At step 420, node B 403 may compare the received LSA with a Link- State Database (LSDB) maintained by the node B 403. At step 430, node B 403 may load the received LSA to LSDB if the received LSA is a new version. At step 440, node B 403 may forward the received LSA to other connected network nodes. The LSA may be flooded within its specific scope. At step 450 node B 403 may send a Link-State Acknowledgement to node A 401. With this, the LSA messages may be flooded to all the network nodes within a defined scope of the network.

[58] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may receive an LSA originated from a fourth network node 140. The LSA may comprise a fourth attestation token that is for proving that the fourth network node 140 is in a known safe state. The first network node 110 may determine that the fourth attestation token fails to be valid for the fourth network node 140 at a current time. The first network node 110 may process the LSA based on a local policy. As an example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may drop the LSA from the fourth network node 140 based on the local policy if the first network node 110 determines that the fourth attestation token fails to be valid for the fourth network node 140 at the current time. The first network node 110 may drop any OSPF message from the fourth network node 140. As another example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may set a metric of each link in the LSA from the fourth network node 140 to a pre-determined value associated with a failed attestation based on the local policy if the first network node 110 determines that the fourth attestation token fails to be valid for the fourth network node 140 at the current time. When the first network node 110 computes a routing path for a flow, the links connected to the fourth network node 140 may be used only when no other paths are available. As yet another example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may process the LSA originated from the fourth network node 140 regardless whether the fourth attestation token is valid for the fourth network node 140 at the current time based on the local policy. Although this disclosure describes processing an LSA from a network node that fails to provide a valid attestation token at the current time in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates processing an LSA from a network node that fails to provide a valid attestation token at the current time in any suitable manner.

[59] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may receive an LSA originated from a fourth network node 140 comprising a trust level for a third link associated with the fourth network node 140 and a trust level for a third prefixes associated with the third link. The first network node 110 may compute a routing table of the network based on the received LSA originated from the fourth network node 140. The routing table may comprise information regarding the trust level for the third link and the trust level for the third prefixes. Although this disclosure describes generating a routing table comprising a trust level for a link and a trust level for prefixes associated with a link in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates generating a routing table comprising a trust level for a link and a trust level for prefixes associated with a link in any suitable manner.

[60] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may route a flow over the third link only when the trust level for the third link satisfies the required trust level for the flow. As an example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may need to compute a routing path for a flow that is not associated with any security requirements. The first network node 110 may compute the routing path for the flow without considering trust levels associated with the links in the path. As another example and not by way of limitation, the first network node 110 may need to compute a routing path for a flow that requires a particular minimum security- level for the links the flow passes through. When the first network node 110 computes a routing path for the flow, the first network node 110 may filter links that are associated with security levels lower than the required minimum security level. Thus, the selected routing path may comprise links associated with security levels greater than or equals to the required minimum security level. Although this disclosure describes computing a routing path considering security levels associated with the links in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates computing a routing path considering security levels associated with the links in any suitable manner.

[61] In particular embodiments, the first network node 110 may determine that a plurality of routing paths is available for a flow. The cost for each of the plurality of routing paths is identical to each other. The first network node 110 may compute a trust score of each of the plurality of paths for the flow. The trust score may be a lowest trust level associated with links within the path. The first network node 110 may select a path associated with a highest trust score among the plurality of paths as a routing path for the flow. The first network node 110 may route the flow over the selected path. Although this disclosure describes selecting a routing path based on a lowest trust level associated with links in the path in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates selecting a routing path based on a lowest trust level associated with links in the path in any suitable manner.

[62] FIG. 5 illustrates an example method 500 for validating a network node with an attestation token in a network supporting a trusted OSPF routing protocol. The method may begin at step 510, where a first network node may receive an OSPF hello message comprising an attestation token from a second network node. The attestation token may be for proving that the second network node is in a known safe state. At step 520, the first network node may determine that the attestation token is valid for the second network node at a current time. At step 530, the first network node may process the OSPF hello message based on a local policy if the first network node determines that the attestation token is not valid for the second network node at the current time. At step 540, the first network node may establish an adjacency to the second network node if the first network node determines that the attestation token is valid for the second network node at the current time. At step 550, the first network node may compute a trust level for a first link from the first network node to the second network node and a trust level for first prefixes associated with the first link based at least on the attestation token. At step 560, the first network node may send an LSA comprising the trust level for the first link and the trust level for the first prefixes to neighboring network nodes. The LSA may be flooded to one or more network nodes in the network. The trust level for the first link and the trust level for the prefixes may be used by the network nodes in the network to compute a routing table of the network. Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the method of FIG. 5, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 5 as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 5 occurring in any suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates an example method for validating a network node with an attestation token in a network supporting a trusted OSPF routing protocol including the particular steps of the method of FIG. 5, this disclosure contemplates any suitable method for validating a network node with an attestation token in a network supporting a trusted OSPF routing protocol including any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the steps of the method of FIG. 5, where appropriate. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of FIG. 5, this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 5.

[63] FIG. 6 illustrates an example method 600 for using Attestation TLV to improve security level in OSPF functions of communication network. The method may begin at step 610, where the network apparatus may receive an encoding scheme (e.g., an Attestation TLV) from a second network apparatus (e.g., an OSPF router). The first and second network apparatuses may be connected by a communication network. The encoding scheme (e.g., an Attestation TLV) may include information associated with trusted computing infrastructure of the second computing system. At step 620, the network apparatus may validate the encoding scheme of the second network apparatus based on one or more local attestation rules. At step 630, the network apparatus may determine a security level of the second network apparatus based on validating results of the encoding scheme. At step 640, the computing system, exclude the second network apparatus for determining a route (e.g., OSPF route) for transmitting data in the communication network when the security level of the second network apparatus is below a threshold level.

[64] Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 6 as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 6 occurring in any suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates an example method for using Attestation TLV to improve security level in OSPF functions of communication network including the particular steps of the method of FIG. 6, this disclosure contemplates any suitable method for using Attestation TLV to improve security level in OSPF functions of communication network including any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the steps of the method of FIG. 6, where appropriate. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of FIG. 6, this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 6.

Systems and Methods

[65] FIG. 7 illustrates an example computer system 700. In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems 700 perform one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems 700 provide functionality described or illustrated herein. In particular embodiments, software running on one or more computer systems 700 performs one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein or provides functionality described or illustrated herein. Particular embodiments include one or more portions of one or more computer systems 700. Herein, reference to a computer system may encompass a computing device, and vice versa, where appropriate. Moreover, reference to a computer system may encompass one or more computer systems, where appropriate.

[66] This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer systems 700. This disclosure contemplates computer system 700 taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation, computer system 700 may be an embedded computer system, a system- on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, for example, a computer-on- module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, a tablet computer system, an augmented/virtual reality device, or a combination of two or more of these. Where appropriate, computer system 700 may include one or more computer systems 700; be unitary or distributed; span multiple locations; span multiple machines; span multiple data centers; or reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer systems 700 may perform without substantial spatial or temporal limitation one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems 700 may perform in real time or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. One or more computer systems 700 may perform at different times or at different locations one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein, where appropriate.

[67] In particular embodiments, computer system 700 includes a processor 702, memory 704, storage 706, an input/output (I/O) interface 708, a communication interface 710, and a bus 712. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular computer system having a particular number of particular components in a particular arrangement, this disclosure contemplates any suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable components in any suitable arrangement.

[68] In particular embodiments, processor 702 includes hardware for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer program. As an example and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions, processor 702 may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, memory 704, or storage 706; decode and execute them; and then write one or more results to an internal register, an internal cache, memory 704, or storage 706. In particular embodiments, processor 702 may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor 702 including any suitable number of any suitable internal caches, where appropriate. As an example and not by way of limitation, processor 702 may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or more translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). Instructions in the instruction caches may be copies of instructions in memory 704 or storage 706, and the instruction caches may speed up retrieval of those instructions by processor 702. Data in the data caches may be copies of data in memory 704 or storage 706 for instructions executing at processor 702 to operate on; the results of previous instructions executed at processor 702 for access by subsequent instructions executing at processor 702 or for writing to memory 704 or storage 706; or other suitable data. The data caches may speed up read or write operations by processor 702. The TLBs may speed up virtual- address translation for processor 702. In particular embodiments, processor 702 may include one or more internal registers for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor 702 including any suitable number of any suitable internal registers, where appropriate. Where appropriate, processor 702 may include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs); be a multi-core processor; or include one or more processors 702. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular processor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable processor.

[69] In particular embodiments, memory 704 includes main memory for storing instructions for processor 702 to execute or data for processor 702 to operate on. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system 700 may load instructions from storage 706 or another source (such as, for example, another computer system 700) to memory 704. Processor 702 may then load the instructions from memory 704 to an internal register or internal cache. To execute the instructions, processor 702 may retrieve the instructions from the internal register or internal cache and decode them. During or after execution of the instructions, processor 702 may write one or more results (which may be intermediate or final results) to the internal register or internal cache. Processor 702 may then write one or more of those results to memory 704. In particular embodiments, processor 702 executes only instructions in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory 704 (as opposed to storage 706 or elsewhere) and operates only on data in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory 704 (as opposed to storage 706 or elsewhere). One or more memory buses (which may each include an address bus and a data bus) may couple processor 702 to memory 704. Bus 712 may include one or more memory buses, as described below. In particular embodiments, one or more memory management units (MMUs) reside between processor 702 and memory 704 and facilitate accesses to memory 704 requested by processor 702. In particular embodiments, memory 704 includes random access memory (RAM). This RAM may be volatile memory, where appropriate. Where appropriate, this RAM may be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). Moreover, where appropriate, this RAM may be single-ported or multi-ported RAM. This disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory 704 may include one or more memories 704, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular memory, this disclosure contemplates any suitable memory.

[70] In particular embodiments, storage 706 includes mass storage for data or instructions. As an example and not by way of limitation, storage 706 may include a hard disk drive (HDD), a floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a combination of two or more of these. Storage 706 may include removable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate. Storage 706 may be internal or external to computer system 700, where appropriate. In particular embodiments, storage 706 is non-volatile, solid-state memory. In particular embodiments, storage 706 includes read-only memory (ROM). Where appropriate, this ROM may be mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory or a combination of two or more of these. This disclosure contemplates mass storage 706 taking any suitable physical form. Storage 706 may include one or more storage control units facilitating communication between processor 702 and storage 706, where appropriate. Where appropriate, storage 706 may include one or more storages 706. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular storage, this disclosure contemplates any suitable storage.

[71] In particular embodiments, I/O interface 708 includes hardware, software, or both, providing one or more interfaces for communication between computer system 700 and one or more I/O devices. Computer system 700 may include one or more of these I/O devices, where appropriate. One or more of these I/O devices may enable communication between a person and computer system 700. As an example and not by way of limitation, an I/O device may include a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, scanner, speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch screen, trackball, video camera, another suitable I/O device or a combination of two or more of these. An I/O device may include one or more sensors. This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O devices and any suitable I/O interfaces 708 for them. Where appropriate, I/O interface 708 may include one or more device or software drivers enabling processor 702 to drive one or more of these I/O devices. I/O interface 708 may include one or more I/O interfaces 708, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular I/O interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O interface.

[72] In particular embodiments, communication interface 710 includes hardware, software, or both providing one or more interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based communication) between computer system 700 and one or more other computer systems 700 or one or more networks. As an example and not by way of limitation, communication interface 710 may include a network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network, such as a WI-FI network. This disclosure contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication interface 710 for it. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system 700 may communicate with an ad hoc network, a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or one or more portions of the Internet or a combination of two or more of these. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be wired or wireless. As an example, computer system 700 may communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular telephone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network, a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network, or a 5G network), or other suitable wireless network or a combination of two or more of these. Computer system 700 may include any suitable communication interface 710 for any of these networks, where appropriate. Communication interface 710 may include one or more communication interfaces 710, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular communication interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable communication interface.

[73] In particular embodiments, bus 712 includes hardware, software, or both coupling components of computer system 700 to each other. As an example and not by way of limitation, bus 712 may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a front-side bus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBAND interconnect, a low- pin-count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express (PCIe) bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association local (VLB) bus, or another suitable bus or a combination of two or more of these. Bus 712 may include one or more buses 712, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular bus, this disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or interconnect.

[74] In summary, in one embodiment, a method includes receiving an OSPF hello message including an attestation token from a second network apparatus, determining that the attestation token is valid for the second network apparatus at a current time, establishing an adjacency to the second network apparatus in response to the determination, computing, based at least on the attestation token, a trust level for a first link from the first network apparatus to the second network apparatus and a trust level for first prefixes associated with the first link, and sending an LSA comprising the trust level for the first link and the trust level for the first prefixes to neighboring network apparatuses, where the trust level for the first link and the trust level for the prefixes are used by the network apparatuses in the network to compute a routing table of the network.

[75] Herein, a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium or media may include one or more semiconductor-based or other integrated circuits (ICs) (such, as for example, field- programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific ICs (ASICs)), hard disk drives (HDDs), hybrid hard drives (HHDs), optical discs, optical disc drives (ODDs), magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives, floppy diskettes, floppy disk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes, solid-state drives (SSDs), RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards or drives, any other suitable computer- readable non-transitory storage media, or any suitable combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile, where appropriate.

[76] Herein,“or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein,“A or B” means“A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover,“and” is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A and B” means“A and B, jointly or severally,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.

[77] The scope of this disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. The scope of this disclosure is not limited to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates respective embodiments herein as including particular components, elements, feature, functions, operations, or steps, any of these embodiments may include any combination or permutation of any of the components, elements, features, functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative. Additionally, although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular embodiments as providing particular advantages, particular embodiments may provide none, some, or all of these advantages.