BILE ACID DERIVATIVES AS FXR AGONISTS AND METHODS OF USE

THEREOF

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/458,993, filed on February 14, 2017. The entire teachings of the above application are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to compounds useful as FXR modulators and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Specifically, the present invention relates to bile acid derivatives and methods for their preparation and use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Famesoid X Receptor (FXR) is an orphan nuclear receptor initially identified from a rat liver cDNA library (BM. Forman, et al, Cell, 1995, 81(5), 687-693) that is most closely related to the insect ecdysone receptor. FXR is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors that includes receptors for the steroid, retinoid, and thyroid hormones (DJ. Mangelsdorf, et al, Cell, 1995, 83(6), 841-850). The relevant physiological ligands of FXR are bile acids (D. Parks et al, Science, 1999, 284(5418), 1362- 1365). The most potent one is chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), which regulates the expression of several genes that participate in bile acid homeostasis. Farnesol and derivatives, together called famesoids, are originally described to activate the rat orthologue at high concentration but they do not activate the human or mouse receptor. FXR is expressed in the liver, throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, colon, ovary, adrenal gland and kidney. Beyond controlling intracellular gene expression, FXR seems to be also involved in paracrine and endocrine signaling by upregulating the expression of the cytokine Fibroblast Growth Factor (J. Holt et al., Genes Dev. , 2003, 17(13), 1581-1591 ; T. Inagaki et al, CellMetab., 2005, 2(4), 217- 225).

Small molecule compounds which act as FXR modulators have been disclosed in the following publications: WO 2000/037077, WO 2002/072598, WO 2003/015771, WO 2003/099821, WO 2004/00752, WO 2004/048349, WO 2005/009387, WO 2005/082925, US 2005/0054634. WO 2007/052843. WO 2007/070796. WO 2007/076260, WO 2007/092751, WO 2007/095174, WO 2007/140174, WO 2007/140183, US 2007/0142340, WO

2008/000643, WO 2008/002573, WO 2008/025539, WO 2008/025540, WO 2008/051942, WO 2008/073825, WO 2008/157270, US 2008/0299118, US 2008/0300235, WO

2009/005998, WO 2009/012125, WO 2009/027264, WO 2009/062874, WO 2009/127321, WO 2009/149795, US 2009/0131409, US 2009/0137554, US 2009/0163474, US

2009/0163552, US 2009/0215748, WO 2010/043513, WO 2011/020615, WO 2011/117163, WO 2012/087519, WO 2012/087520, WO 2012/087521, WO 2013/007387, WO

2013/037482, WO 2013/166176, WO 2013/192097, WO 2014/184271, US 2014/0186438, US 2014/0187633, WO 2015/017813, WO 2015/069666, WO 2016/073767,

WO 2016/116054, WO 2016/103037, WO 2016/096116, WO 2016/096115,

WO 2016/097933, WO 2016/081918, WO 2016/127924, WO 2016/130809, WO

2016/145295, WO 2016/173524, CN 106632294, CN 106588804, US 2017/0196893, WO 2017/062763, WO 2017/053826, CN 106518708, CN 106518946, CN 106478759, CN

106478447, CN 106478453, WO 2017/027396, WO 2017/049172, WO 2017/049173, WO 2017/049176, WO 2017/049177, WO 2017/118294, WO 2017/128896, WO 2017/129125, WO 2017/133521, WO 2017/147074, WO 2017/147174, WO 2017/145041, and WO

2017/156024 Al.

Further small molecule FXR modulators have been recently reviewed (R. C.

Buijsman, et al, Curr. Med. Chem. 2005, 12(9), 1017-1075; Crawley, M. L. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents 2010, 20(8), 1047-1057; V. Sepe, et al., Expert Opin. Ther. Patents 2015, 25(8), 885-896; Xu, Y., J. Med. Chem. 2016, 59 (14), 6553-6579). There is a need for the development of FXR modulators for the treatment and prevention of disease. The present invention has identified compounds, which contain a sulfonyl carbamate moiety, which modulate FXR as well as methods of using these compounds to treat diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides compounds represented by Formula I pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof:

wherein:

Each R _a and Rb is independently selected from the group consisting of:

1) Hydrogen;

2) Optionally substituted -Ci-Cs alkyl;

3) Optionally substituted -C2-C8 alkenyl;

4) Optionally substituted -C2-C8 alkynyl;

5) Optionally substituted -C3-C8 cycloalkyl;

6) Optionally substituted aryl;

7) Optionally substituted arylalkyl;

8) Optionally substituted 3- to 8- membered heterocycloalkyl;

9) Optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

10) Optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;

Rbi, Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen and optionally substituted -Ci-Ce alkyl;

m is selected from 1 , 2 or 3;

X, Y, and Z are independently selected from CRbi or N, wherein Rbi is previously defined; preferably at least one of X, Y and Z is N;

Ri is optionally substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, hydrogen, hydroxyl, -OSO3H, -OSO3 ^" , -OAc, - OPO3H2 or -OPO3 ^2" ; preferably Ri is hydrogen;

R2 is optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, hydrogen, halogen, CN, N3, hydroxyl, -OSO3H, - OSO3-, -OAc, -OPO3H2, -OPO3 ² -, -SRa or -NHRa, wherein R _a is previously defined;

preferably R2 is hydrogen, alternatively, Ri and R2 are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they attached to form -CH=CH- or cycloalkyl ring or heterocycloalkyl ring such as, but not limited to cyclopropyl, or epoxide.

R3a and R3b are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, optionally substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or optionally substituted -Ο-Ci-Ce alkyl; preferably R3a is a-hydroxyl and R3b is hydrogen, alternatively, R3a and R3b are taken together with the carbon atom to which they attached to form -C(O); R.4 is selected from the group consisting of:

1) Hydrogen;

2) Halogen;

3) Optionally substituted -Ci-Ce alkyl;

4) Optionally substituted -C2-C8 alkenyl;

5) Optionally substituted -C2-C8 alkynyl; and

6) Optionally substituted -C3-C8 cycloalkyl;

preferably R4 is hydrogen or ethyl;

Each preferred group stated above can be taken in combination with one, any or all other preferred groups.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, in combination with a

pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preventing or treating an FXR mediated disease or condition in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention. The present invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I) for the preparation of a medicament for preventing or treating an FXR mediated disease or condition.

In certain embodiments, an FXR mediated disease is selected from metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, liver disease, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal disease.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A first embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I) as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof.

In one embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein Ri is hydrogen. In another embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein R2 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein both Ri and R2 are hydrogen. In one embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein R.4 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein R.4 is ethyl.

In one embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein one of Ri and R21S hydrogen, R4 is hydrogen or ethyl.

In one embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein both Ri and R2 are hydrogen, R4 is hydrogen or ethyl.

In one embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein both Ri and R2 are hydrogen, one of R3 _a and R3t> is hydroxyl, and R4 is hydrogen or ethyl.

In certain embodiments, R _a is not t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, hydrogen, methyl or phenyl.

In one embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein or Y O , wherein Rbi, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, X, Y, and Z are previously defined, Ra is selected from optionally substituted Ci-C4-alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C4-alkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C6-cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3- to 8- membered

heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In one embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein

or , wherein Rbi, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, X, Y, and Z are previously defined, Ra is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2-butyl, t-butyl, 3-pentyl, vinyl, allyl, CF3 or below:

In one embodiment, the invention is a compound represente by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, wherein is selected from:

wherein Ra is previously defined.

In one embodiment, the invention is a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, whereinZ ⁾ is selected from the groups below.

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by Formula (la) and (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherei Ri, R2, R4, and are previously defined. Preferably Ri and R2 are both hydrogen and R4 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, the invention provides compounds represented by Formula (Ila) or Formula (lib), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof:

wherein R , Rbi, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4 and R _a are as previously defined. Preferably R4 is ethyl or hydrogen; more preferably R4 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, Rbi Rb2, Rb3 and Rb4 are each hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, Rbi Rb2, Rb3 and Rb4 are each hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I) represented by Formula (Ila) or Formula (lib), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrug thereof, wherein Ra is optionally substituted Ci-C4-alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C4-alkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C6-cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, such as 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; or optionally substituted aryl, such as optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl, Rbi, Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 are independently hydrogen, or optionally substituted Ci-C4-alkyl, and R4 is hydrogen or ethyl.

Representative compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following compounds according to Formula (Ila) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof.





In certain embodiments, the invention provides compounds represented by Formula (Ilia) or Formula (Illb), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof,

(Ilia) (Illb) wherein R , Ra, Rb, and m are as previously defined. In certain embodiments, R4 is ethyl. In certain embodiments R _a and Rb are independently Ci-C3-alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. In certain embodiments, R _a and Rb are both methyl. In certain embodiments, R4 is ethyl and R _a and Rb are independently Ci-C3-alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. In certain embodiments, Ra and Rb have any of the foregoing meanings and are independently optionally substituted with hydroxyl.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I) represented by Formula (Ilia) or Formula (Illb), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof, wherein R _a and Rb are independently optionally substitued C1-C4- alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C4-alkenyl, optionally substituted C3-C6-cycloalkyl;

optionally substituted heteroaryl, such as 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; or optionally substituted aryl, such as optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl; m is 1 or 2, and R4 is hydrogen or ethyl.

Representative compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides compounds represented by Formula (IVa) or Formula (IVb), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof, wherein Ra, X, Y, Z and R4 are as previously defined. Preferably R4 is hydrogen or ethyl.

Representative compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides compounds represented by Formula (Va) or (Vb), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof.

(Va) (Vb) wherein R and ~ are as previously defined. Preferably R is hydrogen or ethyl.

Representative compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof. It will be appreciated that the description of the present invention herein should be construed in congruity with the laws and principles of chemical bonding. In some instances, it may be necessary to remove a hydrogen atom in order to accommodate a substituent at any given location.

It will be yet appreciated that the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may exist in racemic, diastereoisomeric, and optically active forms. It will still be appreciated that certain compounds of the present invention may exist in different tautomeric forms. All tautomers are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preventing or treating an FXR mediated disease or condition in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I). The present invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I) for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of an FXR mediated disease or condition.

In certain embodiments, the FXR-mediated disease or condition is cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, hypercholesteremia, hyperlipidemia, chronic liver disease, gastrointestinal disease, renal disease, metabolic disease, cancer (i.e., colorectal cancer), or neurological indications such as stroke.

In certain embodiments, the chronic liver disease is primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), drug induced cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC), bacterial overgrowth or sepsis associated cholestasis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver transplant associated graft versus host disease, living donor transplant liver regeneration, congenital hepatic fibrosis, choledocholithiasis, granulomatous liver disease, intra- or extrahepatic malignancy, Sjogren's syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Wilson's disease, Gaucher 's disease, hemochromatosis, or alpha 1 -antitrypsin deficiency. In certain embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), bacterial overgrowth, malabsorption, post-radiation colitis, or microscopic colitis.

In certain embodiments, the renal disease is diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), hypertensive nephrosclerosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic transplant glomerulopathy, chronic interstitial nephritis, or polycystic kidney disease. In certain embodiments, the cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, or hypertriglyceridemia.

In certain embodiments, the metabolic disease is insulin resistance, Type I and Type II diabetes, or obesity.

In one aspect, the invention provides for the use, wherein the disease is an

inflammatory disease selected from allergy, osteoarthritis, appendicitis, bronchial asthma, pancreatitis, allergic rash, and psoriasis. The invention includes a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease selected from allergy, osteoarthritis, appendicitis, bronchial asthma, pancreatitis, allergic rash, and psoriasis.

In one aspect, the invention provides for the use, wherein the disease is an

autoimmune disease selected from rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes.

In one aspect, the invention provides for the use, wherein the disease is a

gastrointestinal disease selected from inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), short bowel syndrome (post-radiation colitis), microscopic colitis, irritable bowel syndrome (malabsorption), and bacterial overgrowth. The invention includes a method of treating or preventing a gastrointestinal disease selected from inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), short bowel syndrome (post-radiation colitis), microscopic colitis, irritable bowel syndrome (malabsorption), and bacterial overgrowth.

In one aspect, the invention provides for the use, wherein the disease is cancer selected from colorectal cancer, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangio carcinoma, renal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and insulanoma. The invention includes a method of treating or preventing cancer selected from colorectal cancer, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangio carcinoma, renal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and insulanoma.

Yet a further aspect of the present invention is a process of making any of the compounds delineated herein employing any of the synthetic means delineated herein.

DEFINITIONS

Listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe this invention. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout this specification and claims, unless otherwise limited in specific instances, either individually or as part of a larger group.

The term "alkyl", as used herein, refers to a saturated, monovalent straight- or

s include Ci-Cs alkyl radicals. Examples of Ci-Ce alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, w-butyl, fert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, heptyl, and octyl groups.

The term "alkenyl", as used herein, denote a monovalent group derived from a hydrocarbon moiety by the removal of a single hydrogen atom wherein the hydrocarbon moiety has at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Preferred alkenyl groups include C2-C8 alkenyl groups. Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, l-methyl-2-buten-l-yl, heptenyl, octenyl and the like.

The term "alkynyl", as used herein, denotes a monovalent group derived from a hydrocarbon moiety by the removal of a single hydrogen atom wherein the hydrocarbon moiety has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Preferred alkynyl groups include C2-C8 alkynyl groups. Representative alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, heptynyl, octynyl and the like.

The term "carbocycle" refers to a saturated (e.g., "cycloalkyl"), partially saturated (e.g., "cycloalkenyl" or "cycloalkynyl") or completely unsaturated (e.g., "aryl") ring system containing zero heteroatom ring atom. "Ring atoms" or "ring members" are the atoms bound together to form the ring or rings. Where a carbocycle group is a divalent moiety linking two other elements in a depicted chemical structure (such as Z in Formula IA), the carbocycle group can be attached to the two other elements through any two substitutable ring atoms. A C4-C6 carbocycle has 4-6 ring atoms.

The term "cycloalkyl", as used herein, denotes a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or poly cyclic saturated carbocyclic ring compound by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. Preferred cycloalkyl groups include C3-C8 cycloalkyl and C3-C12 cycloalkyl groups. Examples of C3-C8-cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclooctyl; and examples of C3-C12- cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo [2.2.1] heptyl, and bicyclo [2.2.2] octyl.

The term "cycloalkenyl" as used herein, denote a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or poly cyclic carbocyclic ring compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. Preferred cycloalkenyl groups include C3-C8 cycloalkenyl and C3-C12 cycloalkenyl groups. Examples of C3-C8- cycloalkenyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, and the like; and examples of C3-C12- cycloalkenyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, The term "aryl," as used herein, refers to a mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic ring system having one or two aromatic rings including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like.

The term "arylalkyl," as used herein, refers to a C1-C3 alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkyl residue attached to an aryl ring. Examples include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl and the like.

The term "heteroaryl," as used herein, refers to a mono-, bi-, or tri-cyclic aromatic radical or ring having from five to ten ring atoms of which at least one ring atom is selected from S, O and N; wherein any N or S contained within the ring may be optionally oxidized. Preferred heteroaryl groups are monocyclic or bicyclic. Heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl,

isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and the like.

The term "heteroarylalkyl," as used herein, refers to a C1-C3 alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkyl residue residue attached to a heteroaryl ring. Examples include, but are not limited to, pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl and the like.

The term "substituted" as used herein, refers to independent replacement of one, two, or three or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents including, but not limited to, deuterium, -F, -CI, -Br, -I, -OH, protected hydroxy, -NO2, -CN, -NH2, N3, protected amino, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, oxo, Ci-Ci2-alkyl, C2-Ci2-alkenyl, C2-Ci2-alkynyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl -halo- Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -halo- C2-Ci2-alkenyl, -halo- C2-Ci2-alkynyl, -halo-C3-Ci2- cycloalkyl, -NH -Ci-Ci ₂ -alkyl, -NH -C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkenyl, -NH -C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkynyl, -NH -C3-C12- cycloalkyl, -NH -aryl, -NH -heteroaryl, -NH -heterocycloalkyl, -dialkylamino, -diarylamino, -diheteroarylamino, -0-Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -0-C2-Ci2-alkenyl, -0-C2-Ci2-alkynyl, -O-C3-C12- cycloalkyl, -0-aryl, -0-heteroaryl, -O-heterocycloalkyl, -C(O)- Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -C(O)- C2-C12- alkenyl, -C(O)- C ₂ -Ci2-alkynyl, -C(0)-C3-Ci ₂ -cycloalkyl, -C(0)-aryl, -C(0)-heteroaryl, - C(0)-heterocycloalkyl, -CONH2, -CONH- Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -CONH- C ₂ -Ci2-alkenyl, -CONH- C ₂ -Ci2-alkynyl, -CONH-C ₃ -Ci2-cycloalkyl, -CONH-aryl, -CONH-heteroaryl, -CONH- heterocycloalkyl, -OCO2- Ci-Ci ₂ -alkyl, -OCO2- C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkenyl, -OCO2- C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkynyl, - OC02-C3-Ci2-cycloalkyl, -OCC -aryl, -OC02-heteroaryl, -OC02-heterocycloalkyl, -

OCONH2, -OCONH- Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -OCONH- C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkenyl, -OCONH- C ₂ -Ci2-alkynyl, - OCONH- C ₃ -Ci2-cycloalkyl, -OCONH- aryl, -OCONH- heteroaryl, -OCONH- heterocycloalkyl, -NHC(O)- Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -NHC(0)-C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkenyl, -NHC(0)-C ₂ -Ci ₂ - alkynyl, -NHC(0)-C ₃ -Ci2-cycloalkyl, -NHC(0)-aryl, -NHC(0)-heteroaryl, -NHC(O)- heterocycloalkyl, -NHCO2- Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -NHCO2- C ₂ -Ci2-alkenyl, -NHCO2- C2-C12- alkynyl, -NHCO2- C ₃ -Ci ₂ -cycloalkyl, -NHCO2- aryl, -NHCO2- heteroaryl, -NHCO2- heterocycloalkyl, -NHC(0)NH ₂ , -NHC(0)NH- Ci-Ci ₂ -alkyl, -NHC(0)NH-C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkenyl, - NHC(0)NH-C ₂ -Ci2-alkynyl, -NHC(0)NH-C ₃ -Ci2-cycloalkyl, -NHC(0)NH-aryl, - NHC(0)NH-heteroaryl, -NHC(0)NH-heterocycloalkyl, NHC(S)NH ₂ , -NHC(S)NH- C1-C12- alkyl, -NHC(S)NH-C ₂ -Ci2-alkenyl, -NHC(S)NH-C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkynyl, -NHC(S)NH-C ₃ -Ci ₂ - cycloalkyl, -NHC(S)NH-aryl, -NHC(S)NH-heteroaryl, -NHC(S)NH-heterocycloalkyl, - NHC(NH)NH ₂ , -NHC(NH)NH- Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -NHC(NH)NH-C2-Ci2-alkenyl, - NHC(NH)NH-C ₂ -Ci2-alkynyl, -NHC(NH)NH-C ₃ -Ci ₂ -cycloalkyl, -NHC(NH)NH-aryl, - NHC(NH)NH-heteroaryl, -NHC(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl, -NHC(NH)-Ci-Ci ₂ -alkyl, - NHC(NH)-C ₂ -Ci2-alkenyl, -NHC(NH)-C ₂ -Ci2-alkynyl, -NHC(NH)-C ₃ -Ci2-cycloalkyl, - NHC(NH)-aryl, -NHC(NH)-heteroaryl, -NHC(NH)-heterocycloalkyl, -C(NH)NH-Ci-Ci ₂ - alkyl, -C(NH)NH-C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkenyl, -C(NH)NH-C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkynyl, -C(NH)NH-C ₃ -Ci2-cycloalkyl, -C(NH)NH-aryl, -C(NH)NH-heteroaryl, -C(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl, -S(0)-Ci-Ci ₂ -alkyl, - S(0)-C ₂ -Ci2-alkenyl, - S(0)-C ₂ -Ci2-alkynyl, - S(0)-C ₃ -Ci2-cycloalkyl, - S(0)-aryl, - S(O)- heteroaryl, - S(0)-heterocycloalkyl -SO2NH2, -SO2NH- Ci-Ci ₂ -alkyl, -SO2NH- C2-C12- alkenyl, -SO2NH- C ₂ -Ci ₂ -alkynyl, -SO2NH- C ₃ -Ci ₂ -cycloalkyl, -SO2NH- aryl, -SO2NH- heteroaryl, -SO2NH- heterocycloalkyl, -NHS0 ₂ -Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -NHS02-C ₂ -Ci2-alkenyl, - NHS0 ₂ -C ₂ -Ci2-alkynyl, -NHS0 ₂ -C ₃ -Ci ₂ -cycloalkyl, -NHSC -aryl, -NHS0 ₂ -heteroaryl, - NHS0 ₂ -heterocycloalkyl, -CH2NH2, -CH ₂ S0 ₂ CH ₃ , -aryl, -arylalkyl, -heteroaryl, - heteroarylalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, -C ₃ -Ci2-cycloalkyl, polyalkoxyalkyl, polyalkoxy, - methoxymethoxy, -methoxyethoxy, -SH, -S-Ci-Ci2-alkyl, -S-C2-Ci2-alkenyl, -S-C2-C12- alkynyl, -S-C ₃ -Ci2-cycloalkyl, -S-aryl, -S-heteroaryl, -S-heterocycloalkyl, methylthiomethyl, or -L'-R', wherein L' is Ci-C6alkylene, C2-C6alkenylene or C2-C6alkynylene, and R' is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, C ₃ -Ci2cycloalkyl or C ₃ -Ci2cycloalkenyl. It is understood that the aryls, heteroaryls, alkyls, and the like can be further substituted. In some cases, each substituent in a substituted moiety is additionally optionally substituted with one or more groups, each group being independently selected from Ci-C4-alkyl, -F, -CI, -Br, -I, -OH, -

In accordance with the invention, any of the aryls, substituted aryls, heteroaryls and substituted heteroaryls described herein, can be any aromatic group. Aromatic groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. It is understood that any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl moiety described herein can also be an aliphatic group, an alicyclic group or a heterocyclic group. An "aliphatic group" is non-aromatic moiety that may contain any combination of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, oxygen, nitrogen or other atoms, and optionally contain one or more units of unsaturation, e.g., double and/or triple bonds. An aliphatic group may be straight chained, branched or cyclic and preferably contains between about 1 and about 24 carbon atoms, more typically between about 1 and about 12 carbon atoms. In addition to aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, aliphatic groups include, for example,

polyalkoxyalkyls, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines, for example. Such aliphatic groups may be further substituted. It is understood that aliphatic groups may be used in place of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene groups described herein.

The terms "heterocyclic" and "heterocycloalkyl" can be used interchangeably and refer to a non-aromatic ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group fused, bridge or spiro system, where (i) each ring system contains at least one heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, (ii) each ring system can be saturated or unsaturated (iii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, (iv) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, (v) any of the above rings may be fused to an aromatic ring, and (vi) the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms which may be optionally oxo-substituted.

Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, 1 ,3-dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl, and tetrahydrofuryl. Such heterocyclic groups may be further substituted. Heteroaryl or heterocyclic groups can be C-attached or N-attached (where possible). Examples include, but are not limited to, 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl, 2-oxa-7- azasprio[4.4]nonanyl, and the like.

It will be apparent that in various embodiments of the invention, the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl are intended to be monovalent or divalent. Thus, alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene, cycloaklylene, cycloalkenylene, cycloalkynylene, arylalkylene, hetoerarylalkylene and heterocycloalkylene groups are to be included in the above definitions and are applicable to provide the formulas herein with proper valency.

The term "hydroxy protecting group," as used herein, refers to a labile chemical against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the hydroxy protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed. Hydroxy protecting groups as known in the are described generally in T.H. Greene and P.G., S. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). Examples of hydroxy protecting groups include benzyloxycarbonyl, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4- bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, tert- butoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, diphenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2,2,2- trichloroethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-furfuryloxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, formyl, chloroacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzoyl, methyl, t-butyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilyl ethyl, l, l -dimethyl-2-propenyl, 3-methyl- 3 -butenyl, allyl, benzyl, para-methoxybenzyldiphenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl (trityl), tetrahydrofuryl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 2,2,2- triehloroethoxymethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, methanesulfonyl, para- toluenesulfonyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and the like. Preferred hydroxy protecting groups for the present invention are acetyl (Ac or -C(0)CH3), benzoyl (Bz or - C(0)C ₆ H ₅ ), and trimethylsilyl (TMS or-Si(CH ₃ ) ₃ ).

The terms "halo" and "halogen," as used herein, refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The term "hydrogen" includes hydrogen and deuterium. In addition, the recitation of an atom of an element includes all isotopes of that element so long as the resulting compound is pharmaceutically acceptable.

The compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-, or as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optical isomers may be prepared from their respective optically active precursors by the procedures described above, or by resolving the racemic mixtures. The resolution can be carried out in the presence of a resolving agent, by chromatography or by repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques, which are known to those skilled in the art. Further details regarding resolutions can be found in Jacques, et al, Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions (John Wiley & Sons, 1981). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric

) be included. The configuration of any carbon-carbon double bond appearing herein is selected for convenience only and is not intended to designate a particular configuration unless the text so states; thus, a carbon- carbon double bond depicted arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis, trans, or a mixture of the two in any proportion.

The term "subject" as used herein refers to a mammal. A subject therefore refers to, for example, dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, guinea pigs, and the like. Preferably the subject is a human. When the subject is a human, the subject may be referred to herein as a patient.

As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to those salts of the compounds formed by the process of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are

commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art.

Berge, et al. describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 1-19 (1977). The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, nontoxic acid addition salts e.g., salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, /?-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be prepared by deprotonation of the parent compound with a suitable base, thereby forming the anionic conjugate base of the parent compound. In such salts the counter ion is a cation. Suitable cations include ammonium and metal cations, such as alkali metal cations, including Li ⁺ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ and Cs ⁺ , and alkaline earth metal cations, such as Mg ²⁺ and Ca ²⁺ .

As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable ester" refers to esters of the compounds formed by the process of the present invention which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms. Examples of particular esters include, but are not limited to, formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs" as used herein refers to those prodrugs of the compounds formed by the process of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals with undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like,

commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the present invention. "Prodrug", as used herein means a compound, which is convertible in vivo by metabolic means (e.g. by hydrolysis) to afford any compound delineated by the formulae of the instant invention. Various forms of prodrugs are known in the art, for example, as discussed in Bundgaard, (ed.), Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985); Widder, et al. (ed.), Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 4, Academic Press (1985); Krogsgaard-Larsen, et al., (ed). "Design and Application of Prodrugs, Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Chapter 5, 113-191 (1991); Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Drug Deliver Reviews, 5: 1-38(1992); Bundgaard, J. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77:285 et seq. (1988); Higuchi and Stella (eds.) Prodrugs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems, American Chemical Society (1975); and Bernard Testa & Joachim Mayer, "Hydrolysis In Drug And Prodrug Metabolism: Chemistry, Biochemistry And Enzymology," John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. (2002).

The term "treating", as used herein, means relieving, lessening, reducing, eliminating, isease state or condition. Treating can also include inhibiting, i.e. arresting the development, of a existing disease state or condition, and relieving or ameliorating, i.e. causing regression of an existing disease state or condition, for example when the disease state or condition may already be present.

The term "preventing", as used herein means, to completely or almost completely stop a disease state or condition, from occurring in a patient or subject, especially when the patient or subject is predisposed to such or at risk of contracting a disease state or condition.

Additionally, the compounds of the present invention, for example, the salts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (the anhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Nonlimiting examples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimiting examples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.

"Solvates" means solvent addition forms that contain either stoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate, when the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one of the substances in which the water retains its molecular state as H2O, such combination being able to form one or more hydrate.

As used herein, the term "analog" refers to a chemical compound that is structurally similar to another but differs slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element or in the presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of one functional group by another functional group). Thus, an analog is a compound that is similar to or comparable in function and appearance to the reference compound.

The term "aprotic solvent," as used herein, refers to a solvent that is relatively inert to proton activity, i.e., not acting as a proton-donor. Examples include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons, such as hexane and toluene, for example, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, for example, methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, chloroform, and the like, heterocyclic compounds, such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran and N-methylpyrrolidinone, and ethers such as diethyl ether, bis-methoxymethyl ether. Such solvents are well known to those skilled in the art, and individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges, for example. Further

tnistry textbooks or in specialized monographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of

Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick et al. , Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series. John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1986.

The terms "protogenic organic solvent" or "protic solvent" as used herein, refer to a solvent that tends to provide protons, such as an alcohol, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, t-butanol, and the like. Such solvents are well known to those skilled in the art, and individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges, for example. Further discussions of protogenic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick et al , Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1986.

Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are only those that result in the formation of stable compounds. The term "stable", as used herein, refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a subject).

The synthesized compounds can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. In addition, the solvents, temperatures, reaction durations, etc. delineated herein are for purposes of illustration only and variation of the reaction conditions can produce the desired bridged macrocyclic products of the present invention. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein include, for example, those described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic

Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser 's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995).

The compounds of this invention may be modified by appending various

functionalities via synthetic means delineated herein to enhance selective biological

biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as com starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; com oil and soybean oil; glycols; such a propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid;

pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), buccally, or as an oral or nasal spray.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir, preferably by oral administration or administration by injection. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol,

tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S. P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard- filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dagrees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting se. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein are accorded the meaning commonly known to one with ordinary skill in the art. All publications, patents, published patent applications, and other references mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations which have been used in the descriptions of the schemes and the examples that follow are:

ACN for acetonitrile; CDI for carbonyldiimidazole;

DAST for diethylaminosulfur trifluoride;

DBU for 1, 8-Diazabicycloundec-7-ene;

DCC for N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide;

DCM for dichloromethane;

DIAD for diisopropyl azodicarboxylate;

DIBAL-H for diisobutylaluminum hydride;

DIPEA for diisopropyl ethylamine;

DMAP for N,N-dimethylaminopyridine;

DME for ethylene glycol dimethyl ether;

DMF for Ν,Ν-dimethyl formamide;

DMSO for dimethylsulfoxide;

DSC for N, N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate;

DPPA for diphenylphosphoryl azide;

dppf for l,l'-Ferrocenediyl-bis(diphenylphosphine)

EDCI or EDC for l-(3-diethylarmnopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochl

EtOAc for ethyl acetate;

EtOH for ethyl alcohol;

HATU for O (7-Azabenzotriazole-l-yl)-N.N.N\>>r - tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate;

HC1 for hydrochloric acid;

KHMDS is potassium bis(trimethylsilyl) amide;

Ms for mesyl;

NMM for N-4-methylmorpholine;

NMI for N-methylimidazole;

NMO for N-4-methylmorpholine-N-Oxide;

Ph for phenyl;

PMB for p-methoxybenzyl;

TBME for tert-butyl methyl ether;

TEA for triethyl amine;

TfzO for trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride;

TFA for trifluoroacetic acid;

THF for tetrahydrofuran; TMSOTf for trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate;

TBS for t-Butyldimethylsilyl;

TMS for trimethylsilyl;

TPAP tetrapropylammonium perruthenate;

TPP or PPh3 for triphenylphosphine;

DMTrCl for 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl chloride;

tBOC or Boc for tert-butyloxy carbonyl.

SYNTHETIC METHODS

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following synthetic schemes that illustrate the methods by which the compounds of the invention may be prepared, which are intended as an illustration only and not to limit the scope of the invention. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such changes and modifications including, without limitation, those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, and/or methods of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

Scheme 1

A procedure to prepare compounds of formula (1-1) is illustrated in scheme 1,

(7)

wherein Ri, R2, R4, and v_ are defined as previously, Pi and P2 are hydroxyl protecting groups. Thus, the compound of formula (1-2) is converted to the compound of formula (1-3) by reacting with CDI in the presence of base such as, but not limited to, K2CO3, DBU, TEA, DIPEA, and DMAP. Then the compound of formula (1-3) react with sulfonamide to give the sulfonyl carbamate compounds of formula (1-4). Further deprotection of hydroxy 1 protecting group Pi and P2 gives the compounds of formula (1-1). A more detailed discussion of the procedures, reagents and conditions for protection and deprotection of hydroxy 1 protecting groups and amino protecting group are described in literature, for example, by T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts in "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis " 3 ^rd ed., John Wiley & Son, Inc., 1999.

Scheme 2

A procedure to prepare compounds of formula (2-1) and (2-2) is illustrated in scheme

(7)

2, wherein Ri, R2, R4, and V- are defined as previously, Pi and P2 are hydroxyl protecting groups. Thus, the compound of formula (1-4) is converted to the compound of formula (2-3) by selective removal of Pi.

Treatment of (2-3) with a carboxylic acid RCOOH under Mitsunobu conditions such as, but not limited to, DIAD and PPI13 provides ester compound of formula (2-4) with inversed stereochemistry at C3. Hydrolysis of the ester and deprotection of P2 (if present) give compound of formula (2-1).

In the other aspect, compound of formula (2-3) is converted to a ketone compound of formula (2-5) in the presence of oxidants such as, but not limited to, DMP, PCC, PDC, or CrCb. Further deprecation to remove P2 affords the compound of formula (2-2). A more detailed discussion of the procedures, reagents and conditions for protection and deprotection of hydroxy 1 protecting groups and amino protecting group are described in literature, for example, by T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts in "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis " 3 ^rd ed., John Wiley & Son, Inc., 1999.

EXAMPLES

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following examples, which are intended as an illustration only and not limiting of the scope of the invention. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such changes and modifications including, without limitation, those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, formulations and/or methods of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

Example 1 :

Example 1

Step 1-1 :

HC1 (30 mL, 37%) was added into a solution of chenodeoxycholic acid (50.0 g) in

MeOH (300 mL) at 0 °C. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and evaporated to dryness. The residue was diluted with EtOAc (600 mL), washed sequentially with sat. NaHCC (100 mL ^χ 2) and sat. NaCl (100 mL ^χ 1). The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated to give compound 1-1 (45 g, 87% yield) as a white solid. Step 1-2:

TBSC1 (33 g, 0.22 mol) was added to compound 1-1 (45 g, 0.11 mol), triethylamine (34 g, 0.33 mol), and DMAP (0.7 g, 6 mmol) in DMF (200 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Water (600 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (300 mL χ 3). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. NaCl (200 mL x 3), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel with 20 to 40% EtOAc in petroleum ether to give compound 1-2 (50 g, 87% yield) as a yellow solid.

Step 1-3:

1-2 1-3

TMSC1 (63 g, 0.579 mol) was added to a solution of compound 1-2 (50 g, 0.096 mol),

N,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (98 g, 0.482 mol), and 1 -methylimidazole (39.6 g, 0.482mol) in DCM (500 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Water (1000 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (500 mL χ 3). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. NaCl (500 mL χ 3), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel with 10 to 40% EtOAc in petroleum ether to give compound 1-3 (35g, 61%) as a yellow solid.

Step 1-4:

1-3 1-4

NaHMDS (2.0 M in THF, 67 mL, 134 mmol) was added dropwise to compound 1-3 (35 g, 64 mmol) in THF (200 mL) at -78 °C over 1 h. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C over 1.5 h, and PhSeBr (18 g, 77 mmol) in THF(40 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C over 2.5 h and at room temperature for 30 min. Sat. NH4CI (60 mL) was added at 0 °C and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (200 mL χ 2). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. NaCl (60 mL χ 1), dried over Na2S04, and filtered. To the filtrate was added 30% H2O2 (20 mL) at 0 °C and the mixture was stirred at room temperature over 40 min. The

3 (60 mL) and sat. NaCl (60 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na2S04, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel with 10 to 20% EtOAc in petroleum ether to give compound 1-4 (30 g, 58%) as a yellow oil.

Step 1-4:

At 0 °C Os04 (0.5 g, 0.002 mol) was added to a solution of compound 1-4 (10 g, 0.017 mol), 2,6-lutidine (5.49 g, 0.05 mol), and NaI0 ₄ (16 g, 0.075 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (72 mL) and H2O (24 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50 °C overnight. Water (200 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with DCM (200 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. NaCl (100 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated to give compound 1-5 (7 g) as a black solid, which was used directly in next step.

Step 1-5:

At 0 °C BH3 in THF (1M, 100 mL) was added to a solution of compound 1-5 (7 g, crude) in THF (70 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with ice water and extracted with DCM (100 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. NaCl (100 mL), dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated to give compound 1-6 (4 g, 44% for 2 steps) as a white solid.

-6:

At 0 °C CDI (4 g, 0.0089 mol) was added to a solution of compound 1-6 (4 g, 0.0079 mol) and DIPEA (4 g, 0.0079 mol) in DCM (40 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, quenched with water (50 mL), and extracted with DCM (50 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. NaCl (50 mL), dried over Na2S04, 5 filtered, and concentrated to give compound 1-7 (2.9 g, 61.7%) as a white solid.

Step 1-7:

1-8

At 0 °C, 2,2-Dimethylchroman-6-sulfonyl chloride (100 mg, 0.385mmol) was added to a solution of ammonium hydroxide (5 mL) in THF (5mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 10 room temperature for 3 hours, diluted with water (10 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2S04, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC (Column, CI 8; mobile phase, MeCN/FhO, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give 1-8 (80 mg, 86.4%) as a white solid.

Step 1-9:

Example 1

Compound 1-7 (70 mg, 0.119 mmol) was added into a mixture of 1-8 (43 mg, 0.179 mmol) and K2CO3 (50 mg, 0.358 mmol) in THF (2 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 70 °C overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic layers were dried over 20 Na2S04, filtered and concentrated.

The residue was dissolved in MeOH (5 mL) and HC1 (37%, 0.5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, quenched with saturated NaHCCb (10 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL χ 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC

-> C /YTt-i+o1 T71 r.ol-i_ 1 V UV 254 nm) tO glVQ Example 1 (16.1 mg) as a white solid. ESIMS m/z = 616.25 [M-H] ^" . ¾ NMR (300 MHz, OMSO, ppm): δ 0.58 (3H, s), 0.83-0.85 (4H, m), 0.91-1.24 (10H, m), 1.26-1.31 (7H, m), 1.36-1.60 (6H, m), 1.63-1.87 (8H, m), 2.07 (2H, s), 2.22 (1H, m), 2.81 (2H, t), 3.62 (1H, m), 3.71 (1H, m), 3.95 (1H, m), 4.12 (1H, d), 4.31 (1H, m), 6.89 (1H, d), 7.56 (1H, dd), 7.62 (1H, d), 11.70 (1H, s).

Examples 2 and 3 in Table 1 were prepared by following procedures similar to that described in Example 1.

Table 1

Example 4:

2-Bromopropane (106 mg, 0.87 mmol) was added into a solution of 4- hydroxybenzenesulfonamide (100 mg, 0.58 mmol) in aq. IN NaOH (1.2 mL) and DMF (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at 50 °C overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc Π 0 mL ^" ) and washed with brine. The organic layers were dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC ((IntelFlash-1): Column, CI 8; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give 4- isopropoxybenzenesulfonamide (4-1) (60 mg, 48%) as a yellow solid.

Step 4-2:

- Example 4

Compound 4-2 (cf. WO 2016161003A1) (70 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added into a mixture of compound 4-1 (42.8 mg, 0.2 mmol) and K2CO3 (70.6 mg, 0.51 mmol) in DMF (2 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 70 °C overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated.

The residue was dissolved in MeOH (2 mL) and HC1 (37%, 0.5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, quenched with saturated NaHCCb (10 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2S04, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC ((IntelFlash- 1): Column, CI 8; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give Example 4 (22.4 mg) as a white solid. ESIMS m/z = 618.50 [M-H]\ TTNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 11.76 (s, 1H), 7.78 (br d, J= 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (2H, br d, J= 8.0 Hz), 4.74 (m, 1H), 4.30 (br s, 1H), 4.04 (d, J= 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (dd, J= 10.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J= 10.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (br s, 1H), 3.13 (m, 1H), 1.90 - 1.76 (m, 2H), 1.76 - 1.61 (m, 4H), 1.61 - 1.33 (m, 7H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 6H), 1.26 - 0.90 (m, 9H), 0.90 - 0.76 (m, 10H), 0.58 (s, 3H).

The below sulfonamides in Table 2 were prepared by following procedures similar to that described in Step 4-1. Table 2

M3uOK (162 mg, 1.44 mmol) was added into a solution of 4- fluorobenzenesulfonamide (100 mg, 0.73 mmol) and 1-methylcyclopentanol (173 mg, 1.73 mmol) in NMP (3 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 120 °C for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was quenched with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2S04, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC ((IntelFlash-1): Column, C18; mobile phase, MeCN/H20, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give 10-1 (50 mg, 27%) as a yellow oil.

The below sulfonamides in Table 3 were prepared by following procedures similar to that described in Step 10-1.

Table 3

Step 13-1 :

13-1

At 0 °C a solution of 4-Methoxy-3-methylbenzene-l-sulfonyl chloride (1 g, 9.09 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was added dropwise to ammonium hydroxide (10 mL). The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. Solvent was removed under reduce pressure and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (30 mL) and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered and concentrated to give the desired compound 13-1 (1.61 g, 88%) as a yellow solid.

Step 13-2:

At 0 °C BBr ₃ . Et20 (1 N, 12 mL) was added into a solution of compound 13-1 (800 mg, 4 mmol) in DCM (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h, quenched with ice water, and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated to give compound 13-2 (520 mg, 70%) as a yellow solid.

Step 13-3:

13-2 13-3

2-Bromopropane (195 mg, 1.61 mmol) was added into a solution of compound 13-2 (200 mg, 1.07 mmol) in aq. NaOH (IN, 1.61 mL) in DMF (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at 70 °C overnight. Cooled to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC ((IntelFlash-1): Column, CI 8; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give 13-3 (95 mg, 40%) as a yellow solid.

Step 18-1 :

18-1

2-Bromopropane (1.8 g, 14.88 mmol) was added into a solution of 4-bromo-2,6- dimethylphenol (2.0 g, 9.92 mmol) in aq. IN NaOH (16 mL) in DMF (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at 70 °C ovemight and cooled to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (300 mL) and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC ((IntelFlash-1): Column, C18; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give compound 18-1 (1.8 g, 75%) as a yellow solid.

Step 18-2:

At -78 °C to a solution of 5-bromo-2-isopropoxy-l,3-dimethylbenzene 18-1 (1.0 g,

4.1 mmol), and (n-Bu) ₂ Mg (1 ,3 N, 3,8 mL) in dry THF (30 mL) was added n-BuLi (1.6 N, 4 mL). After stirring at -78 °C for 2 hours, SO2CI2 (4 mL) was added. Stirring was continued for 1 hour below -40 °C, and subsequently for another 1 hour at room temperature. The mixture was poured on ice and extracted with diethyl ether (100 mL x 3). The combined organic layer was washed with cold water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was used directly without further purification.

Step 18-3:

18-2 18-3

(PMB)2NH (1.54 g, 6.0 mmol) and EtsN (4.04 g, 40 mmol) were dissolved in DCM

(20 mL). At 0 °C, a solution of crude 18-2 in DCM (10 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (40 mL) and washed with water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 2/1), yielding 440 mg (22% for 2 steps) of 4-isopropoxy-N,N-bis(4- methoxybenzyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzenesulfonarnide (18-3) as a colorless oil.

Step 18-4:

18-3 18-4

Intermediate 18-3 (440 mg, 0.91 mmol) was dissolved in TFA (5 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 40 °C for 1 hour. Solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (40 niL) and washed with saturated NaHCCb and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC

((IntelFlash-1): Column, CI 8; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give 4- isopropoxy-3,5-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide 18-4 (200 mg, 90%) as a light yellow solid. Step 22-1 :

22-1

5-Bromopyridine-2-sulfonyl chloride (500 mg, 1.9 mmol) was added into a solution of (PMB) ₂ NH (732 mg, 2.9 mmol), and Et ₃ N (0.5 g, 5 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. DCM (20 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified on a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :2) to give 700 mg (75%) of 5-bronio-NJV- bis(4- methoxybenzyi)pyridiiie-2-sulfonamide (22-1) as a colorless oil.

Step 22-2:

22-1 22-2

Into a 50 mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with nitrogen, was added 5- bromo-N,N-bis[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]pyridine-2-sulfonamide (22-1) (200 mg, 0.42 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (87 mg, 0.10 mmol), Xphos (80 mg, 0.17 mmol), i-BuONa (121 mg, 1.26 mmol), and toluene (5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 1 h. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :2) to give 150 mg (76%) of 5-(fer/-butoxy)-N,N-bis[(4-methoxy- phenyl)methyl]pyridine-2-sulfonamide (22-2) as yellow oil.

Step 22-3:

22-2 22-3

CAN (490 mg, 0.89 mmol) was added into a solution of intermediate 22-2 (150 mg, 0.32 mmol) in CLbCN (2 mL) and water (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and washed with water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give 50 mg (68%) of 5-(fer/-butoxy)- pyridines- sulfonamide (22-3) as yellow oil.

28-3 28-4 28-5

Step 28-1:

28-1

Pyrimidin-2-amine (20 g, 0.21 mol) was added slowly to chlorosulfonic acid (100 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 180 °C overnight. The mixture was cooled and poured carefully upon crushed ice and extracted by EtOAc (200 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated to give compound 28-1 (4.7 g, 11.6 %) as a yellow solid.

Step 28-2:

28-1 28-2

Compound 28-1 (3.5 g, 18 mmol) was added to a solution of PMB2NH (5.14 g, 20 mmol) and Et3N (3.63 g, 36 mmol) in DCM (20 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. DCM (100 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel (PE/ EtOAc = 1/ 1) to give 28-2 (3.8 g, 50%) as a white solid.

Step 28-3:

28-2 28-3 Isoamyl nitrite (340 mg, 2.9 mmol) was added into a mixture of 28-2 (400 mg, 0.966 mmol) and CuCh (385 mg, 2.9 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduce pressure. The crude product was purified by silica column (PE/EA = 4/1) to give compound 28-3 (180 mg, 42.9%) as a white solid.

Step 28-4:

28-3

28-4

Compound 28-3 (180 mg, 0.41 mmol) was added into a mixture of 2-propanol (2 mL) and K2CO3 (171 mg, 1.25 mmol) in THF (4 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50 °C overnight. The solvent was removed under reduce pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel (PE/EA = 3/1) to give compound 28-4 (100 mg, 52.6%) as a white solid.

Step 28-5:

28-4 28-5

Compound 28-4 (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) was added into TFA (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduce pressure. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL) and washed carefully with saturated NaHCC and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC ((IntelFlash-1): Column, C18; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give the desired compound 28-5 (30 mg, 66.6%) as a white solid.

O OH O I kA _F N3H. THF ^l _ff " ^S^- _{ciisri 0 ¾}

29-1 29-2

₂ g. ₃ 29-4 29-5

29-1

Sodium hydride (1.67 g, 69.58 mmol) was added at -40 °C into a mixture of 1-fluoro- 4-nitrobenzene (3.92 g, 27.78 mmol) and 1-methylcyclopropan-l-ol (2 g, 27.74 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with cold water and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC ((IntelFlash- 1): Column, CI 8; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give 2.9 g (54%) of 1- (l-methylcyclopropoxy)-4-nitrobenzene (29-1) as brown oil.

Step 29-2:

29-2

29-1

To a solution of l-(l-methylcyclopropoxy)-4-nitrobenzene 29-1 (2.9 g, 15.01 mmol) in methanol (50 mL) was added Pd-C (10%, 1 g) under N ₂ . The suspension was degassed under vacuum and purged with H2 several times. The mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of H2 at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC

((IntelFlash-1): Column, CI 8; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give 2 g (82%) of 4-(l-methylcyclopropoxy) aniline (29-2) as brown oil.

Step 29-3:

4-(l-Methylcyclopropoxy) aniline 29-2 (1 g, 9.00 mmol) in CFbCN (5 mL) was added dropwise at 0 °C to a mixture of 3-methylbutyl-nitrite (1.78 g, 15.19 mmol), and CuBn (1.37 g) in CFbCN (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was noured into a. cold solution of sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate (20 niL ^χ 3). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC ((IntelFlash-1): Column, CI 8; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give 300 mg (19%) of l-bromo-4-(l-methylcyclopropoxy) benzene (29-3) as brown oil. Step 29-4:

29-3 29-4

To a solution of l-bromo-4-(l-methylcyclopropoxy) benzene 29-3 (300 mg, 1.3 mmol) and (n-Bu)2Mg (1.3 N, 1.2 mL) in dry THF (5 mL) at -78 °C was added n-BuLi (1 .6 N, 1.2 mL). After stirring at -78 °C for 2 hours, SO2CI2 (1.3 mL) was added. Stirring was continued for 1 hour below -40 °C, and subsequently for another 1 hour at room temperature. The mixture was poured on ice and extracted with diethyl ether (20 mL. ^χ 3). The organic layer was washed with cold water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was used directly without further purification.

Step 29-5:

Ammonium hydroxide (2 mL) was added into a solution of 29-4 in MeOH (5 mL) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was purified by silica chromatography

(petroleum ether/ethyl acetate 2/1) yielding 60 mg (27% for 2 steps) of 4-(l- ethylcyclopropoxy) benzene- sulfonamide (29-5) as a light yellow solid.

Step 30-1 :

To a solution of l-bromo-4-(perfluoroethoxy) benzene (300 mg, 1.03 mmol) and (n- Bu) ₂ Mg ( 1.3 N, lmL) in drv THF (5 mL) at -78 °C was added 11-BuLi (1.6 N, 1 mL) dropwise. After stirring at -78 °C for 2 hours, SO2CI2 (1 mL) was added. Stirring was continued for 1 hour below -40 °C, and subsequently for another 1 hour at room temperature. The mixture was poured on ice and extracted with diethyl ether (20 mL ^χ 3). The organic layer was washed with cold water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was used directly without further purification.

Step 30-2:

30-1 30-2

(PMB) ₂ NH (386 mg, 1.5 mmol) and EtsN (1.01 g, 10 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (5 mL). At 0 °C a solution of crude 30-1 in DCM (3 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. DCM (10 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate 2/1 ) yielding 140 mg (26% for 2 steps) of 4-(tetrahydropyran-4-y]oxy)- benzenesulfonyl chloride (30-2) as a colorless oil.

Step 30-3:

30-2 30-3

Intermediate 30-2 (140 mg, 0.26 mmol) was dissolved in TFA (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 40 °C for 1 hour. The solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (10 mL), washed with saturated NaHCC and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep- HPLC ((IntelFlash-1): Column, C18; mobile phase, MeCN/H ₂ 0, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give 4-(perfluoroethoxy) benzenesulfonamide 30-3 (60 mg, 78%) as a light yellow solid.

The below examples 5-30 in Table 4 were prepared by following procedures similar to that described in Step 4-2. Table 4

52

Acetyl chloride (1.1 g, 14.01 mmol) was added into a solution of 31-1 (J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 7958-7961) (6 g, 13.74 mmol) in methanol (60 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and concentrated under vacuum, which provided 5.7 g (92%) of 31-2 as a light brown solid. Step 31-2:

31-2 31-3

TMSC1 (6.2 g, 57.07 mmol) was added into a solution of 31-2 (5.7 g, 12.65 mmol), 1- methylimidazole (7.8 g, 95.01 mmol), and N, 0-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (38.4 g, 188.76 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (100 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10), providing 5.9 g (70%) of 31-3 as a light brown solid.

Step 3

NaHMDS (2.0 M in THF, 22.1 mL) was added dropwise at -78 °C into a solution of 31-3 (5.9 g, 8.84 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) over a period of 30 min. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 1.5 h, and PhSeBr (2.5 g, 10.59 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 2 h and at room temperature for 30 min. Sat. NH4CI (30 mL) was added at 0 °C, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL ^χ 2). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine (30 mL), dried over Na2S04, and filtered.

The filtrate was treated with 30% H2O2 (10 mL) at 0 °C, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40min. The reaction mixture was washed sequentially with sat.

NaHCCb (30 mL) and sat. NaCl (30 mL). The organic layer was then dried over Na2S04, filtered and concentrated.

The residue was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and 37% HC1 (5 mL) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 min and concentrated under vacuum. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column with dichloromethane/methanol (20: 1) afforded 2.3 g (58%) of 31-4 as a light brown solid.

Step 31-4:

31-4 31-5

To a solution of 31-4 (2.1 g, 4.68 mmol) and TEA (2.4 g, 23.72 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added TBSCl (2.8 g, 18.54 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. To the mixture was added 1-methylimidazole (1.9 g, 23.17 mmol), N,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (9.5 g, 46.70 mmol), and TMSCI (1.5 g, 13.81 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Water (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (100 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under vacuum. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10) afforded 2.1 g (63%) of 31-5 as a light brown solid.

Step 31-5:

31-5 31-6

A solution of K2CO3 (3.7 g, 26.77 mmol) in water (5 mL) was added to a solution of 31-5 (1.9 g, 2.69 mmol) in EtOAc (10 mL) and CH3CN (10 mL). RuCh hydrate (30 mg, 0.13 mmol) and NaI04 (5.8 g, 27.10 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at 70 °C overnight. The solution was diluted with MTBE (100 mL) and quenched with 10% citric acid. The aqueous phase was extracted with MTBE (50 mL ^χ 2). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum.

Purification of the residue on a silica gel column with dichloromethane/methanol (50: 1) Step 31-6:

31-6 31-7

To a solution of 31-6 (670 mg, 1.00 mmol) and triethylamine (152 mg, 1.50 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) at 0 °C was added isobutyl chloroformate (164 mg, 1.20 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The reaction solution was diluted with DCM (20 mL) and washed with water (10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and NaBLU (152 mg, 4.02 mmol) was added at 0 ^° C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched by water and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum, which provided 640 mg (98%) of 31-7 as a light brown solid.

Step 31-7:

31-7 31-8

CDI (99 mg, 0.61 mmol) was added to a solution of 31-7 (400 mg, 0.61 mmol) and DIPEA (118 mg, 0.91 mmol) in DCM (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture and extracted with DCM (20 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic phase was washed with saturated brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give compound 31-8 (450 mg, 98%) as a colorless oil, which was used directly without further purification. Ste 31-8:

Example 31

Intermediate 31-8 (100 mg, 0.134 mmol) was added to 4- isopropoxybenzenesulfonamide 4-1 (43 mg, 0.201mmol) and K2CO3 (55 mg, 0.402 mmol) in THF (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 50 °C overnight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (10 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated.

The residue was dissolved in MeOH (5 mL) and HC1 (37%, 0.5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour, neutralized with saturated NaHCCb (10 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC ((IntelFlash-1): Column, CI 8; mobile phase, MeCN/H20, Detector, UV 254 nm) to give Example 31 (14.1 mg) as a white solid. ESI-MS m/z, 634.25 [M-H]\ ¾ NMR (300 MHz, OMSO, ppm) δ 0.58 (3H, s), 0.75- 1.05 (11H, m), 1.05-1.17 (2H, m), 1.25-1.31 (9H, m), 1.36-1.53 (7H, m), 1.63-1.67 (3H, m), 1.77-1.84 (2H, m), 1.96-2.11 (2H, m), 3.13 (1H, m), 3.48 (1H, m), 3.62-3.75 (4H, m), 3.94- 3.98 (2H, m), 4.75 (1H, m), 7.11 (2H, d), 7.80 (2H, d).

Exam le 32

Example 32 was prepared by following procedures similar to that described Example 31. ESI-MS m/z, 660.30 [M-H] ^" .

Exam le 33

Example 5 (150 mg, 0.232 mmol) was dissolved in THF (2.322 mL) in a 2-dram vial. To the solution was added triphenylphosphine (152 mg, 0.581 mmol) and the resulting solution was cooled to 0 °C under N ₂ . TFA (0.045 mL, 0.581 mmol) and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (0.113 mL, 0.581 mmol) were added respectively. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min, followed by the addition of sodium benzoate (84 mg, 0.581 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight, filtered, concentrated, and purified by CombiFlash (40 g SiC , EA/Hex: 0-100%) to give compound 33-1 (168.6 mg, 0.227 mmol, 98 % yield). ESI-MS (m/z): 740.35 [M-H] ^" . -2:

Compound 33-1 (168.6 mg, 0.227 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (3 mL) in a 2-dram vial and the solution was cooled to 0 °C. After adding K2CO3 (75 mg, 0.545 mmol), the vial was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and diluted with EtOAc. The mixture was washed with 10% citric acid, sat. NaHCC , and brine respectively. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by CombiFlash (20 g S1O2, EA/Hex: 0-100%) to give Example 33 (99.4 mg, 0.154 mmol, 67.7 % yield) as a white foam. ESI-MS (m/z): 644.36 [M-H] ^" . NMR data: ¾ NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-<i) δ 9.04 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 0.4 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J= 8.7, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.12 - 4.04 (m, 3H), 3.88 (dd, J= 10.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (br s, 1H), 2.82 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.13 (m, 1 H), 1.96 - 1.68 (m, 5H), 1.35 (s, 6 H), 1.00 - 0.92 (m, 6H), 0.86 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H), xample 34

To a 25 mL round-bottomed flask was added Example 5 (150 mg, 0.232 mmol) and

DCM (3.871 mL). To the solution at 0 °C was added bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (0.568 mL, 2.322 mmol), 1 -methylimidazole (0.074 mL, 0.929 mmol) and TMSC1 (0.089 mL, 0.697 mmol) respectively. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 2.5 h. MeOH (7.73 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with sat. NaHCCb and brine respectively. The organic layer was dried, filtered, concentrated to give 34-1 (136 mg, 0.189 mmol, 82% yield) as a white foam. ESI-MS (m/z): 716.40 [M-H] ^" .

Step 34-2:

To a 2-dram vial containing 34-1 (136 mg, 0.189 mmol) was added DCM (3.8 mL) and sodium bicarbonate (80 mg, 0.947 mmol). The mixture was cooled to 0 °C and Dess- Martin periodinane (96 mg, 0.227 mmol) was added. The cold bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with sat. NaHCCb and brine. The organic layer was dried, filtered, concentrated, and purified by CombiFlash (20 g SiC , EA/Hex: 0-100%) to give 34-2 (119 mg, 0.166 mmol, 88 % vieldV EST-MS fm/zV 714 39 ΓΜ-Η1 ^" -3:

To a 2-dram vial was added a solution of 34-2 (119 mg, 0.166 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and a drop of 37% HC1 solution (0.014 mL, 0.166 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 35 min and diluted with EtOAc. The mixture was washed with sat. NaHCC solution and brine respectively. The organic layer was dried, filtered, and concentrated to give a white foam (97.3 mg). The foam was purified by Combifiash (12 g Si0 ₂ , EA/Hex: 0-100%) to example 34 (97 mg, 0.151 mmol, 91 % yield) as a white solid. ESI-MS (m/z): 642.35 [M-H] ^" .

ASSAYS

Human FXR (NR1H4) Assay

Determination of a ligand mediated Gal4 promoter driven transactivation to quantify ligand binding mediated activation of FXR. FXR Reporter Assay kit purchased from Indigo Bioscience (Catalogue number: IB00601) to determine the potency and efficacy of compound developed by Enanta that can induce FXR activation. The principle application of this reporter assay system is to quantify functional activity of human FXR. The assay utilizes non-human mammalian cells, CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells engineered to express human NR1H4 protein (referred to as FXR). Reporter cells also incorporate the cDNA encoding beetle luciferase which catalyzes the substrates and yields photon emission.

Luminescence intensity of the reaction is quantified using a plate-reading luminometer, Envision. Reporter Cells include the luciferase reporter gene functionally linked to an FXR responsive promoter. Thus, quantifying changes in luciferase expression in the treated reporter cells provides a sensitive surrogate measure of the changes in FXR activity. EC50 and efficacy (normalize to CDCA set as 100%) is determined by XLFit. The assay is according to the manufacturer's instructions. In brief, the assay was performed in white, 96 well plates using final volume of lOOuL containing cells with different doses of compounds. Retrieve Reporter Cells from -80°C storage. Perform a rapid thaw of the frozen cells by transferring a 10 ml volume of 37°C cell recovery medium into the tube of frozen cells. Recap the tube of for 5 - 10 minutes. Retrieve the tube of Reporter Cell Suspension from the water bath. Sanitize the outside surface of the tube with a 70% alcohol swab, and then transfer it into the cell culture hood. Dispense 90 μΐ of cell suspension into each well of the 96-well Assay Plate. Transfer the plate into 37°C incubator, allowing the cells adherent to the bottom of the well. Dilute compounds in Dilution Plate (DP), and administrate to cells at Assay Plate (AP). DMSO content of the samples was kept at 0.2%. Cells were incubated for additional 22 hours before luciferase activities were measured. Thirty minutes before intending to quantify FXR activity, remove Detection Substrate and Detection Buffer from the refrigerator and place them in a low-light area so that they may equilibrate to room temperature. Remove the plate's lid and discard all media contents by ejecting it into an appropriate waste container. Gently tap the inverted plate onto a clean absorbent paper towel to remove residual droplets. Cells will remain tightly adhered to well bottoms. Add 100 μΐ of luciferase detection reagent to each well of the assay plate. Allow the assay plate to rest at room temperature for at least 5 minutes following the addition of LDR. Set the instrument (Envision) to perform a single 5 second "plate shake" prior to reading the first assay well. Read time may be 0.5 second (500mSec) per well. EC50 and Efficacy (normalize to CDCA set as 100%) is determined by XLFit.

To assess the FXR agonistic potency of the example compounds as well as for reference compound, potency ranges were determined in the Human FXR (NR1H4) Assay as listed below in Table 4. (A = EC50 < 1 nM; B = 1 nM < EC50 < 10 nM; C = 10 nM < EC50 < 100 nM; D = EC50 > ΙΟΟ ηΜ).

23 D 24 A

25 D 26 D

27 B 28 C

29 A 30 B

31 D 32 D

33 A 34 A

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.