CLOCK TOPOLOGY IN AN EHTERNET NETWORK

The instant disclosure relates to Ethernet-based communica tion networks, especially as used in the automotive environ ment. It may be desirable that Electronic Control Units (ECU) in an automobile be able to reconsider and improve the clock topology of the network to which they are attached. It may be desirable that an ECU can autonomously evaluate which poten tial clock source node would provide the best performance as the central or common reference clock.

Background

Automotive vehicle manufacturers (OEM's) and Tier-1 suppliers to the automotive industry are preparing the next generation of architecture for automotive controllers or electronic con trol units, ECU's. One development is the so-called "Zone- Oriented Architecture", in which ECU's are grouped into zones, such as a front-right-door zone. A difference from previous architectures is that controllers are located at certain physical or spatial positions in order to best gather data from sensors positioned there. For example, an ECU which collects data from a sensor in the right front door may be positioned in the right front door zone.

Also under consideration is the localization or distribution of software execution for features and applications, to other controllers and processors. Such localization or distribution may be part of an optimization, and may also be used in the event of an error or a failure, e.g. of an ECU. Localization may occur due to physical changes, such as adding new nodes to a network in the course of adding or repairing functional ity. Localization may also occur due to recurring events such as a partial power down of the network to save energy, such as with partial networking. This localization or distribution is referred to as dynamic migration, or just migration. Series production for the dynamic migration of software on other ECUs/processors (within the car) is expected soon.

Ethernet may be the network of choice for connecting ECU' s as nodes in a network. Ethernet technology is becoming ever more popular for the electrical systems of vehicles and supplier products. Use of Ethernet technology requires an effective synchronization or "clock" concept.

Existing Ethernet systems may use an implementation of the time synchronization standard IEEE 802. IAS. Two variants which have attracted particular attention are 802.1AS-rev failure and 802.1AS-rev time domain (the latter is a manda tory requirement for the former) . Further protocols beyond the physical transfer standards include Ethernet AVB and its successor Ethernet TSN. Ethernet AVB has already been intro duced for automobiles in series production. An essential sub standard for Ethernet TSN and AVB is the time synchronization standard IEEE 802. IAS which is dependent on the main standard IEEE 802.1 for Higher Layer LAN Protocols (Bridging) . Both standards use the Precision time Protocol (PTP) of IEEE 1588 to establish a common timebase in an Ethernet network,

"https : //en . wikipedia . org/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" .

PTP defines a master /slave hierarchy of clocks, along with a best timing clock within an AVB or TSN network. The best clock, or "grandmaster", serves as the source or timebase for nodes in the particular network. Each ECU or yController can potentially be grandmaster if it has the necessary configura tion. The Best Master Clock Algorithm (BMCA) can be used to identify the best time clock and propagate this information in the network. Cyclical announce messages send information about the best clock of a network such as an AVB cloud to neighbor nodes of IEEE 802. IAS-capable systems. The receiver of such a message compares this information to information it may already have about the characteristics of its clock, or information it may have received from another port. On the basis of these elements of information, a time synchroniza tion spanning tree may be set up.

Announcements continue to be cyclically dispatched even after the list of nodes of the spanning tree has been established. This allows, on the one hand, the loss of a grandmaster to be compensated by the dynamic election of a new best clock.

Likewise, new nodes added during runtime or during operation can also be taken into consideration.

A 802. IAS network configures and segments itself autono mously. Due to the cyclical implementation of the BMCA Best master Clock Algorithm, participant nodes may also be con nected or removed during runtime, i.e. dynamically.

The clock topology may be an important consideration for the operation of a system. The path which the data takes from sender to receiver may differ and thus pose differing demands on the quality of the data and processing. For example, if sensor data (e.g. a camera) is only one step removed - i.e. has only one hop - to the recipient, then as compared to a multi-hop or multi-step topology there will be: lower la tency, meaning more time for the generation of data or data processing; fewer security problems, because there are fewer points of attack on the shorter path; and more efficient data transfer, because less intermediate storage such as buffers or network resources must be made available en route, which also cuts costs. With knowledge of the architecture, an ap plication can be optimized regarding communication channels, as well as regarding redundancy for reliability. Other ad vantages include: higher synchronization accuracy, leading to more quality in the sensor fusion; and better possibilities for failsafe communications, since with the help of topology information redundant paths can be identified and redundancy mechanisms such as IEEE 802.1CB can be used.

It is also desirable to allow platform-independent software assignment. Depending on the use case, it should be possible for software developers and architects to tailor the software or applications precisely to the requirements of the applica tion. Software optimization may best take place at the end manufacturer or Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) . Thus the software may become more platform and customer independ ent .

Likewise, for security reasons it may be desirable to iden tify all the nodes in the network and their local addresses. Using the appropriate techniques, each node may have the pos sibility to discover all transceivers or nodes in the vehi cle. Thus foreign or unwanted data sources or ECUs can be identified .

A further consideration may be the transfer of functions or applications from one control unit to another. In future ar chitectures a specific application may no longer be bound to a specific controller but rather be portable or transferrable to one or more different controllers. The right decision on transferring an application to a different controller can only be taken when topology information is known. Applica tions requiring low latency and high communication bandwidth should be executed if possible on neighboring controllers (minimizing the number of hops) . Neighboring controllers can be identified using topology information to allow or improve software application localization and distribution.

Concurrent with the transfer of functions, it may be neces sary or desirable to change the synchronization or clocking architecture. A function at one node which requires exact or close synchronization with a function at another node, for example a sensor processing operation at one node which uses sensor data from another node, may call for a reference clock collocated with one of the two referenced nodes. Thus it may be desirable to select a clock topology based on the desired use case. Currently, information about the topology of a controller network of a vehicle, i.e. the connectivity structure of the controller network and the information on data to be ex changed, is typically provided manually or statically at a single point in time, during or after configuration of the vehicle. The topology information may include a specification of which node provides a reference clock. This topology in formation is not determined by dynamic software or individual applications, but rather is taken as a given, i.e. from the manufacturer. However, the growing complexity and diversity of variants in automotive production makes a static approach to topology information for each production car less effi cient and less desirable.

Patent application EP 2677690 A1 addresses determining the network topology of a communications network including the clock topology. However the instant invention differs both in the protocol used and in the efficiency of the implementation for finding a topology which is to be selected for a given use case.

Summary

The instant invention offers the benefit of determining the desired use case and a corresponding clock topology between nodes, at any one of the time of delivery, end-of-line pro duction, or dynamically such as after a software update such as an over-the-air (OTA) update. In fact, the instant inven tion may be applied at any time where a new application or use case is available. As described below, the inventive ap proach supports detecting e.g. an Ethernet network topology dynamically, including identifying the relevant nodes and clock sources in the network.

In one embodiment the instant invention makes use of time synchronization protocols to determine topology information. One embodiment changes the best clock (grandmaster) of a network dynamically, and uses the best clock for a decentral ized exchange of the topology information, in particular in formation such as addresses, ports, and distance or "hops". Time synchronization messages are exchanged with information for determining the topology of the network. In particular, the distance to the best clock and its address may be deter mined. By having all eligible nodes become the active best clock in turn, all ECU' s or Controllers may receive infor mation about all the other participants of a network.

Based on information about the use case and the topology, in cluding clock topology information, the network may select a node as clock source or grandmaster. The selection process may depend on characteristics such as the individual communi cation and synchronization needs between two or more nodes of the network in the given use case.

Brief description of the Figures

The invention is best understood with reference to the fig ures, as described below.

Figure 1 shows a so-called "Zone-Oriented Architecture". Figure 2 shows measurement of the link delay.

Figure 3 shows one example of a complex automotive network as might be used for an embodiment of this invention.

Figures 4a and 4b show two further examples of complex auto motive networks as might be used for embodiments of this in vention .

Figure 5 shows a typical structure of an ECU as might be used as a node in an automotive network.

Figure 6 shows an example of a change of use case and corre sponding change of best clock. Figure 7 shows a further example of a change of use case and change of best clock.

Figures 8a and 8b shows the steps for determining a new best clock and starting operation of the new use case.

Figure 9 shows two resolutions of best clock given a new use case .

Figure 10 shows detail of determining which node represents the best clock.

Figures 11a and lib show evaluation of different grandmaster clock positions for a use case.

Figure 12 shows steps to select the best clock.

Figure 13 shows steps for evaluating the network topology.

Figure 14 shows evaluation of contents of a path trace mes sage .

Figure 15 shows evaluation of best clock based on topology and hop count .

Detailed Description

The detailed description set forth herein is meant to give the person of skill an understanding of certain implementa- tions of the instant invention.

Figure 1 shows an example of an automotive network 101. The network shows a zone-oriented architecture and includes nodes (111,112, 121, 122, 151, 152) zone controllers (110, 120, 150) and server nodes (129 139 169) . Zones include, for ex ample, a front-left zone with controller 110 and nodes 111 and 112, or a rear-left zone with controller 150 and nodes 151 and 152. Server nodes with processing power include 129, 139 and 169. All nodes and controllers are interconnected with one or more data transfer busses, such as an automotive Ethernet, MOST, CAN in its multiple variants, etc.

It may be advantageous to transfer processing activities from sensors towards more central zone controller and server nodes. Server nodes may have ample processing power to handle more complex analyses, sensor data fusion, etc. Moving pro cessing activities and software applications towards central resources may be particularly advantageous when the pro cessing load is punctual or of varying intensity. Centraliz ing the processing may allow an averaging of the processing load, such that an application which requires particularly much processing at one time may share resources with a dif ferent application which requires particularly much pro cessing at a different time.

In order to allow information or data from sensors to be pro cessed at a different location, or to allow processing at a location which may change, it may be important to analyze the topology of the entire system. It may be important to iden tify delays in transferring data, and it may be important to understand the quality of the clock or clocks at the node which will be doing the processing. It may be important to understand the clock latency between the source node and the receiving or processing node, or the clock variance between the source node and the receiving or processing node.

It may be an important part of the processing to provide or embed timing information in the result of processing at a node. It may be important to know what timing difference there is or there may be between two or more source nodes and a receiving node, as for example might be necessary with data fusion .

Figure 2 shows a protocol as might be used for measuring the link delay in a system which uses PTP (Precision Timing Protocol) as per IEEE 802. IAS. An initiator 210 may send a delay_Req message at time tl shown as 211. The responder 220 may receive the delay_Req message at time t2 shown as 221.

The responder may send a delay_Resp (t2 ) message shown as 222. The Initiator may receive the delay_Resp (t2 ) message at time t4 shown as 212. With this message the Initiator 210 can de termine an absolute time delta from sending at tl to receiv ing at t4, and also a relative time t2 when the Responder re ceived the delay_Req message. The responder may send a de- lay_Resp_Follow_Up (t3) shown as 223, which is received at 213. With this message the Initiator 210 can determine an ab solute time delta from the Responder 220 sending de- lay_Resp(t2) to the Responder sending delay_Resp_Fol- low_Up(t3) . The Initiator may compare its receive time for the two messages at 212 and 213. With this, the Initiator will have information about the clock synchronization qual ity, such as Link delay and Neighbor Rate Ratio, and the transmission delay between the Initiator 210 and the Re sponder 220.

The information gathered with such a protocol gives infor mation about the absolute quality of the links. This infor mation may be qualified based on a use case. In particular, different nodes with different functions may pose different requirements for the quality of the link and what synchroni zation and delay is tolerable or desirable.

Figure 3 shows a network with a topology as might be found in an automotive environment. A central node or Gateway is shown as 310. This node may typically be the clock source or best clock, in addition to being a central node in the network to pology. Other nodes may be end or leaf nodes, such as nodes 321, 323, 341. Certain nodes which are intermediate points in the network are shown as 320, 330. These may be connected be tween the Gateway 310 and end or leaf nodes such as nodes 321, 323, 341. Node 322 is also at an intermediate point be tween node 320 and node 323. Figure 4a shows another network with a topology as might be found in an automotive environment, for example for use in a zone-oriented architecture. Multiple server nodes 410, 411, 412, 413 are interconnected in a ring topology. End nodes such as node 420 may be associated with a sensor, and are connected to a server node. End node 430 is connected via two different connections to server nodes 412 and 413.

Multiple connections and even ring connections make topology recognition or discovery more difficult. There may be two or more paths between any two given nodes, over which the nodes are a different number of steps removed (different hop count) .

Figure 4b shows yet another network with a topology as might be found in an automotive environment, for example for use in a zone-oriented architecture. Two server nodes 415, 416 are interconnected in a ring topology, which connections also connect to two groups of end or leaf nodes, such as nodes 440, 441, 442, 443 or nodes 445, 446, 447, 448. In case of a failure of a connection, it may be possible to reach, e.g. node 440 from server node 416 only through server node 415.

The topology of a network may also change in order to reduce power. Nodes 445 and 446 may power down to save power, and it may be desirable to consider the nodes as not part of the network topology while they are powered down. Thus the com plete network of Fig. 4b will be considered a partial network while the specific power-saving configuration is active. It may then be desirable or necessary for one or both server nodes to recognize or discover the new topology.

Figures 3 and 4 show the challenges automotive manufacturers and suppliers are faced with today. The figures illustrate the multitude of various harness topologies variants which might be used for a specific vehicle model. If the clock con figuration is static, then the Gateway may always be used as clock source, even if a different node would be a best clock. For example, if clock communication between nodes 310 and 320 is the most critical for a given use case, then it may be ad vantageous for nodes 320 to become grandmaster or clock source, instead of Gateway 310.

Figure 5 shows a representative configuration for a simple node or ECU 501. The node includes a microcontroller 520, memory 510, and a communications interface shown as I/O 530 for communicating with other nodes in a network. Other embod iments of a node may have two or more interfaces 530. The in terface may be an Ethernet interface, or a CAN bus, or a FlexRay or a wireless interface. The I/O interface 530 may correspond to one or more logical ports, which in turn corre spond to a path to a next node in the network. The nodes which can be reached directly via a port correspond to those nodes which are one hop away or one step removed.

A node with multiple interfaces may use the same interface technology for each interface, or different interfaces may use different technology. For example, a node which operates as a gateway in a network may have one Ethernet interface, two CAN bus interfaces, and a LIN bus interface.

The ECU node 501 may include a precision clock generation ca pability which would allow it to provide synchronization in formation to other nodes in a network. It may have the abil ity to use the time reference from a GPS system, or have a high-precision clock oscillator or crystal clock. It may also include the capability to do clock correction for example due to the effects of temperature, ageing, etc. The node may have the capability to do timestamping of packets of information it sends, such that data sent includes information on the time at which the packet was prepared or was sent. Depending on the configuration of ECU 501, it may or may not be capable of being a clock source or grandmaster.

Figure 6 shows a network with a topology as might be found in an embodiment for an automotive environment. The network is shown in a state following a change of use case. Node 610 is the ECU which provided the clock signal to the other nodes for the preceding or "old" use case; it was the selected or defined best clock, also referred to as grandmaster. The net work includes a node 621 which may be an ECU connected to a sensor node 620 as a camera. The node 621 is also connected to another node 630 which may be an ECU for sensor fusion.

The node 621 is also connected indirectly to another node 640 which may be an actuator. The node 640 is connected to the old best clock node 610 via two intermediate nodes; in other words, it is 3 "hops" or steps removed from node 610. The nodes 620 and 630 are each 2 "hops" or steps removed from node 610 because they are each connected via an intermediate node 621.

If node 630 does fusion processing, then it may need close synchronization with the camera node 620 and the actuator node 640. Choosing node 630 as the best clock or grandmaster means that the nodes 620 and 640 are each two hops or steps removed from the clock source 630. Depending on the details of the communication between the camera node, the fusion node and the actuator node, one or more of the corresponding paths may be determinative, and thus require or make highly desira ble a local grandmaster or best clock. Thus, for the new use case, node 630 may be selected as the best clock instead of node 610.

Figure 7 shows another embodiment of the invention. In Figure 7 a server-based ECU 701 comprises multiple microcontrollers 710, 711, 712, 713. The ECU also comprises a network with Ethernet switches 720, 721, 722. The Ethernet switches are connected amongst themselves. Microcontroller 710, for exam ple, is connected to switch 720, while microcontroller 712 is connected to switches 721 and 722. Other ECU's 730 and 731 are also connected to switches 720 and 722 respectively. In this example the ECU's 730 and 731 are external to the server-based ECU 710. One or more of these connections may be determinative and make a local grandmaster or best clock be desirable or necessary.

If pre-established measures are used, such as the Best Master Clock Algorithm (BMCA) of the Precision time Protocol (PTP) , as is described e.g. in the standard IEEE 802. IAS, the micro controller 710 might be selected as the best clock. However, if ECU C as node 731 has timing requirements which are more important for a given use case, or which are to be used for selecting the best clock, then these might be determinative and might make the microcontroller 713 be the source selected as best clock.

Figures 8 show the steps connected with a change of architec ture such as might happen with a change of use case, in order to start operation with a best clock which might be different from the previous best clock. A change of best clock, or grandmaster, may be necessary or advantageous when the topol ogy of the network changes, or when - due to functions which may be added or removed in the existing topology - there are different requirements for synchronization or clocking.

Figure 8a shows an overview of the steps. At 801 the network, or one or more nodes in the network, act to change the archi tecture of the network. Following this, in step 802, a new best clock is determined. This may be determined by one node on behalf of the nodes which compose the network, or it may be determined by a cooperative effort of multiple nodes in the network.

Figure 8b shows more detail of the steps of an embodiment which are used to determine a new best clock. At 811 the net work, or one or more nodes in the network, establish a new use case. At 812, the communications architecture correspond ing to the new use case is established. This may be estab lished by one node on behalf of the nodes which compose the network, or it may be determined by a cooperative effort of multiple nodes in the network, including by a cooperative effort of all nodes in the network which are capable of par ticipating as new best clock. The communications architecture concerns particularly the communications for clocking and synchronization .

At 813 the best clock for the new use case is determined.

This may also be done by one node on behalf of the nodes which compose the network, or it may be determined by a coop erative effort of multiple nodes in the network.

Once a best clock has been selected, the use case partici pants are synchronized at 814. The information on which node will be the best clock is disseminated to the whole network. The best clock may also be used to synchronize the nodes of the network. Following this, operation with the new use case begins at step 815.

Figure 9 shows steps which may be used to select the best clock in different embodiments. The steps begin with the new use case at 911. At 912 the distance to different ECU's is determined with respect to an arbitrary node which might be the best clock, and for the new use case in question. The distance or distances may be established by one node on be half of the nodes which compose the network, or it may be de termined by a cooperative effort of multiple nodes in the network, including by a cooperative effort of all nodes in the network which are capable of participating. The distances are determined for the clocks and synchronization which are needed for operation with the new use case.

The evaluation and selection can then proceed following step 912 according to two different options. One is a static eval uation at 923, where the different clock sources and differ ent synchronization requirements have already been identi fied. At step 924 a pre-established static network is chosen. For example, a table of different network configurations may be used, and the use case is used to select an entry in the table. Or a set of rules may be used based on the number or nodes and the number of hops between different nodes, accord ing to the use case. The best clock may be determined at man ufacture, or may be determined at some later time and the re sults saved. The statically determined best clock thus re sults in the selection of the best clock at step 925.

Alternatively, the evaluation and selection may then proceed at step 933 with a dynamic option. The topology of the net work is then evaluated at 934 based on changes due to the use case, or also due to dynamic changes in the network such as over-the-air (OTA) software updates. The network topology may also change based on being powered down to save energy, such as with partial networking. The best clock is selected based on the current topology and requirements of the current use case at step 935.

Figure 10 shows the steps in detail for determining which node represents the best clock. One of the first steps, shown as 1001, is to collect the requirements for clock synchroni zation for a given use case. Another first step, shown as 1002, is to evaluate the requirements for individual nodes of the network, given the use case. In this example it is shown as an evaluation per ECU. The two evaluation steps for the needed synchronization quality may be combined or done in a different order.

At step 1003 the abstract synchronization requirements of the use case are mapped to the specific architecture. For this, the use case architecture information is provided as an input from step 1010. For example, if a node performs sensor fusion with input from a number of other nodes, then this operation puts requirements on the clock synchronization between the nodes which participate in the sensor fusion. At step 1003, these requirements are mapped to the specific topology which is present. At step 1004 the requirements are analyzed for specific connections between nodes. Steps 1003 and 1004 may also be mixed, or combined as one step. At step 1005 the requirements of the different nodes are com pared and verified. The different requirements as mapped to the topology must be satisfied in order for the system as a whole to operate. If all requirements can be met, then at step 1006 the ideal position for the best clock can be set. This position meets all requirements, and offers the desired synchronization for the use case and the current topology. Figures 11 show an example of how use case communication plays a role in determining which node should be clock source, i.e. which ECU should be selected as grandmaster. In Figure 11a is shown a use case communication 1109 between ECU B as node 1102 and ECU D as node 1104. Node 1104 may be e.g. an actuator. The use case communication in this example is determinative, and drives the communication requirements. Thus, in the configuration of Figure 11a, the ECU D is 3 hops removed from the grandmaster, and the use case communication involves a node which is 3 steps removed from the grandmaster as clock source, as well as ECU B which is only 1 hop re moved .

In Figure lib the communications topology has been optimized by selecting ECU C as node 1113 to be grandmaster. Thus the clock source is only one hop removed from both nodes of the use case communication 1119, being only one hop from ECU B and one hop from ECU D. Thus, if the use case communication is determinative for the clock synchronization requirements, this system is clearly improved with respect to the clock source of Figure 11a.

Figure 12 shows the information which becomes available to nodes when listening for and receiving announce messages. A message 1211 is sent from grandmaster ECU A 1010. In an em bodiment in the context of IEEE 802. IAS, the announce message provides status and characterization information from the grandmaster node that transmitted the message. This infor mation is used by the receiving nodes and end nodes when exe cuting the BMCA. The announce message makes one hop to ECU B 1220, because ECU B is one step removed from ECU A. ECU B now has the path trace information shown as 1221 including the GM name, the path trace, and the number of steps to the GM. ECU B forwards the message for another hop to ECU C 1230. ECU C now has the path trace information shown as 1231 including the GM name, the path trace, and the number of steps to the GM, which is two steps removed in this example.

Each node can thus collect information about the topology of the network as seen from its own perspective. In particular, each node can evaluate the number of hops to any grandmaster if that node were to become the grandmaster or clock source during operation.

A node which participates as a potential clock source may be a participant or a necessary participant in the evaluation of paths, while a node which cannot be clock source may instead be passive and receive whatever clock information is sent by a current clock. Topology discovery is done by at least one node, which may determine the path to the grandmaster or clock source using the information as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 13 shows steps of an embodiment which give an overview of best clock selection. The process starts with a dynamic determination of the distance for each node, or ECU, at step 1301. This can be done with the information as shown in Fig ure 12. If e.g. the BMCA Best Master Clock Algorithm is used, then at step 1302 Announce messages are exchanged. The syn chronization parameters (as shown in Figure 12) may then be saved at step 1303. These provide information such as the distance to the current grandmaster. At step 1304 the best grandmaster clock has been selected. Each of the steps may be performed by a software module, or by hardware, or a combina tion of both.

Figure 14 shows the steps in using a synchronization infor mation exchange protocol like the BMCA Best Master Clock Algorithm, as standardized in IEEE 802. IAS. Each of the steps may be performed by a software module, or by hardware, or a combination of both. The sequence begins with an event 1401 which triggers the topology discovery or topology recogni tion. The launch of topology discovery can manually trig gered, e.g. with a special setup menu or by an external test/diagnose unit. Another possibility is to start automati cally e.g. when a new software (e.g. OTA) is loaded. The to pology discovery may do a dynamic measuring or determination of distances as steps removed or hops, for each node or ECU.

A maintenance mode may be activated 1402 in order to not af fect a vehicle in operation and avoid potential failures. The maintenance mode puts the car is in safe mode, e.g. at the end of the production line or in a workshop. This step may not be needed if for example the standard IEEE 802.1AS-rev operation is used, as the standard allows a parallel time synchronization of several domains. In such a case, one do main can be used for normal operation, and another domain es pecially for the topology discovery.

The search algorithm to find the best master clock (BCMA) is then started at 1403. In one embodiment this is the master clock selection algorithm of IEEE 802. IAS.

In the first step of a loop at 1404, a unique node is se lected. In IEEE 802. IAS, this is the node with the highest priority. The selected node will be called grandmaster. The rule which is used to select a node at the first step of the loop, must insure that each node which can become clock source or grandmaster (for example, which has the capabili ties) is selected at least once. For efficiency considera tions, it is better that a node which has been selected once is not selected again.

In a next step of the loop, the acting grandmaster sends an nounce messages 1405, which provide status and characteriza tion information from the grandmaster node that transmitted the message. This information is used by the receiving nodes and end nodes when executing the BMCA. The nodes of the net work must extract topology information from the announce mes sages they receive and save the information at step 1406. Ex amples from an embodiment with the information that nodes re ceive is presented together with Figure 12. Information to be extracted may include the path to another node, the port which connects to that path, and the number of steps the node is removed when using the given port. When the acting

grandmaster node has completed sending announce messages to other nodes, it then retires itself to no longer be selected as the acting grandmaster in step 1407. It does this in the context of IEEE 802. IAS by setting its priority to the lowest possible value. In this way, each other node will have a higher priority and will become acting grandmaster, or no other node will become grandmaster and the discovery loop will complete. As indicated above, the rule which is used must insure that each node which can become clock source or grandmaster, is selected at least once.

In step 1408 is evaluated whether a node with priority can become grandmaster. If every node has been acting clock source and then retired itself, for example in that it set its priority such that it no longer will become grandmaster, then the loop finishes, otherwise the loop returns to step 1404 with the highest priority node becoming grandmaster.

If every node, or at least every node which may act as a clock source or grandmaster, has sent announce messages, then the sequence ends at step 1409. When all selectable nodes have been selected, then the best clock selection process has completed and a set of feasible clock sources has been gener ated. If no node manifests itself as a priority node to be come acting grandmaster, this is an indication that the search algorithm has completed. For example, a timeout may be generated if there is no priority node, and then the search is terminated. If a maintenance mode was activated, then the maintenance mode should be deactivated here. We will not consider failure conditions, lost connections, etc., which may also lead to a situation where no node answers or where it seems to one node that no other node answers.

In one embodiment, all nodes of a network may be selectable, as each node is capable of being acting grandmaster, or be cause each node is potentially a best clock source for the network. In another embodiment, only some nodes may be capa ble of being acting grandmaster, and so only some nodes may be selectable. In another embodiment, certain nodes may not be selectable because they are to remain hidden, or for other reasons such as to avoid timing loops.

The minimum number of cycles through the loop of Figure 14 is given by the number of "known" nodes, excluding those nodes which may never be grandmaster (GM) . Any loop process and best clock search algorithm must consider the possibility of hidden nodes. Likewise, deadlock prevention at the start of operation may require all nodes - or at least those which are grandmaster capable - to assume they are best master clock, and to send announce messages. This may mean that many nodes send announce messages simultaneously until an acting

grandmaster has been selected.

Figure 15 shows one embodiment as an example of the evalua tion leading to the selection of the best clock source from the set of feasible clock sources based on topology and hop count. The process begins at step 1501 with identifying all nodes, here labeled ECU's, which will require synchronization or clock information as part of a use case which is to be prepared. At step 1502, one or more of the nodes, as repre sentative of the network, check how many ECU' s will be in volved in the selection process. If multiple nodes are in volved as feasible clock sources at 1522, then in this embod iment the next step at 1503 is for each participating node or ECU to determine the distance to other nodes (e.g. the number of hops) . The node then takes a sum of all distances and di vides that by the number of nodes. This distance is reported back to some central location or made centrally available in step 1504. When all participating nodes report the distance divided by node count, it forms a compilation of arithmetic mean distance by node for that ECU as a clock source. In this embodiment the node or nodes with the smallest mean distance will be selected from the set of feasible clock sources; in other embodiments, other criteria related to the use case may be used to select the best clock. In one embodiment, the clock source the node with the smallest number of hops to a node or to certain nodes or all nodes will be selected.

If only two ECU's or nodes are involved, at 1521, then at the next step 1513 it will be one of two nodes which is selected. In this embodiment the node with the best clock characteris tics will be selected; these might be the clock characteris tics specified in IEEE 802. IAS. In other embodiments, other criteria related to the use case may be used to select the best clock.

Once a best clock has been selected as clock source by the steps 1505 or 1515, the selection process finishes at step 1506. This may occur as described for step 1408, for example that no node responds and a timeout event occurs.

The number of steps (or hops) between the nodes may be fixed at one point in time, for example at production or delivery. Or the number of steps in the topology may change. The topol ogy may change e.g. because of a failure in a node or a fault in the topology, either transient or permanent. Or the topol ogy may change due to a software update such as an OTA up date, or because hardware is added to or removed from the to pology. The topology may change for a limited time or on a recurring basis; for example, partial networking may be used to save power, shutting down parts of the network. In an em bodiment in the context of an IEEE 802. IAS network, the net work may configure and segment itself autonomously. Due to the cyclical implementation of the BMCA (Best master Clock Algorithm) , participant nodes may also be connected or re moved during runtime, i.e. dynamically.

The context of an IEEE 802. IAS network for automotive envi- ronments is given as a preferred embodiment. However, it should be clear to the person of skill that the inventive concept can be implemented in other networks and for other environments such as industrial Use Cases.