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Title:
COMPOUNDS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATING CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NLRP ACTIVITY
Document Type and Number:
WIPO Patent Application WO/2019/023147
Kind Code:
A1
Abstract:
In one aspect, compounds of Formula AA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are featured.The variables shown in Formula AA are as defined in the claims. The compounds of formula AA are NLRP3 activity modulators and, as such, can be used in the treatment of metabolic disorders (e.g. Type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity or gout), a disease of the central nervous system (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or Parkinson's disease), lung disease (e.g. asthma, COPD or pulmonary idiopathic fibrosis), liver disease (e.g. NASH syndrome, viral hepatitis or cirrhosis), pancreatic disease (e.g. acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis), kidney disease (e.g. acute kidney injury or chronic kidney injury), intestinal disease (e.g. Crohn's disease or Ulcerative Colitis), skin disease (e.g. psoriasis), musculoskeletal disease (e.g. scleroderma), a vessel disorder (e.g. giant cell arteritis), a disorder of the bones (e.g. osteoarthritis, osteoporosis or osteopetrosis disorders), eye disease (e.g. glaucoma or macular degeneration), a disease caused by viral infection (e.g. HIV or AIDS), an autoimmune disease (e.g. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or Autoimmune Thyroiditis), cancer or aging.

Inventors:
GLICK GARY (US)
ROUSH WILLIAM R (US)
VENKATRAMAN SHANKAR (US)
SHEN DONG-MING (US)
GHOSH SHOMIR (US)
KATZ JASON (US)
SEIDEL HANS MARTIN (US)
FRANCHI LUIGI (US)
WINKLER DAVID GUENTHER (US)
OPIPARI JR ANTHONY WILLIAM (US)
Application Number:
PCT/US2018/043338
Publication Date:
January 31, 2019
Filing Date:
July 23, 2018
Export Citation:
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Assignee:
IFM TRE INC (US)
International Classes:
C07D213/71; A61K31/175; C07C381/10; C07D205/04; C07D207/04; C07D207/10; C07D217/22; C07D231/18; C07D231/56; C07D263/46; C07D265/30; C07D277/36; C07D307/64; C07D333/34; C07D417/12
Domestic Patent References:
WO2016131098A12016-08-25
WO2017184604A12017-10-26
WO2017184623A12017-10-26
WO2017184624A12017-10-26
Foreign References:
EP2927214A12015-10-07
EP0552553A11993-07-28
EP2314593A12011-04-27
EP0173498A11986-03-05
EP0173498A11986-03-05
US4666506A1987-05-19
Other References:
TOTH J E ET AL: "Sulfonimidamide Analogs of Oncolytic Sulfonylureas", JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 40, no. 6, 14 March 1997 (1997-03-14), pages 1018 - 1025, XP000926714, ISSN: 0022-2623, DOI: 10.1021/JM960673L
TOTH J E ET AL: "Synthesis and resolution of sulfonimidamide analogs of sulfonylureas", JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, vol. 58, no. 12, 1 June 1993 (1993-06-01), pages 3469 - 3472, XP055499492, ISSN: 0022-3263, DOI: 10.1021/jo00064a044
SCOZZAFAVA A ET AL: "Arylsulfonyl-N,N-diethyl-dithiocarbamates: a novel class of antitumor agents", BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS, vol. 10, no. 16, 21 August 2000 (2000-08-21), pages 1887 - 1891, XP004216023, ISSN: 0960-894X, DOI: 10.1016/S0960-894X(00)00375-9
SUPURAN C T ET AL: "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - Part 94. 1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide derivatives as antitumor agents?", EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 35, no. 9, 1 September 2000 (2000-09-01), pages 867 - 874, XP004331220, ISSN: 0223-5234, DOI: 10.1016/S0223-5234(00)00169-0
SAXENA A ET AL: "Estimation of antitumor activity of sulphonaimidamide analogs of oncolytic sulphonylureas", OXIDATION COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 26, no. 1, 2003, pages 9 - 13, XP009507954, ISSN: 0209-4541
"Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy", 2005, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
"Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients", 2009, THE PHARMACEUTICAL PRESS AND THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION
"Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives", 2007, GOWER PUBLISHING COMPANY
"Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation", 2009, CRC PRESS LLC
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
SPENCER, William T. et al. (US)
Download PDF:
Claims:
WE CLAIM:

1. A compound of Formula

Formula wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

o = 1 or 2;

p = 0, 1, 2, or 3,

wherein

A is a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or a C6-Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl;

B is a 5-membered heteroaryl, a 7-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, or a C6-Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl;

wherein

at least one R6 is ortho to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA; R1 and R2 are each independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N02, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl)2, NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, HCOOCCi-Ce alkyl, H-(C= R13) RUR12, CO R8R9, SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl, S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, S(02) RuR12, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl, C1-G5 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R8R9, = R10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR8R9, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C6 alkoxy substituent of the R1 or R2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R1 or R2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R8R9, or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C6 alkyl, and OCi-C6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R1 and R2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, R8R9, = R10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R8R9 wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl and Ci-Ce alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, R8R9, = R10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce- C10 aryl, and CO R8R9;

R6 and R7 are each independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C1-G5 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl)2, CONR8R9, SFs, S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl and 3- to 10-membered

heterocycloalkyl, and a C2-C6 alkenyl,

wherein R6 and R7 are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR8R9, =NR10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR8R9, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, and S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl; and wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl or C1-G5 alkoxy that R6 or R7 is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C6-C10 aryl or R8R9, or wherein R6 or R7 is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C6 alkyl, and OCi-C6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R6 and R7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, C1-G5 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR8R9, CH2 R8R9, = R10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R8R9; each of R4 and R5 is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-G5 alkyl;

R10 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R8 and R9 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, (C= R13) RUR12, S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl, S(02) RuR12, COR13, CO2R13 and CO RuR12; wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R8 and R9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R13 is Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-C10 aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R11 and R12 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C6 alkyl; alkylene)

R3 is selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxy, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce alkyl, and

wherein the C1-C2 alkylene group is optionally substituted by oxo; and

R14 is hydrogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or C6-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic aryl , wherein each Ci-C6 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally independently substituted with 1 or 2 R6,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R2.

3. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein A is furanyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R2.

4. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein A is thiophenyl optionally

substituted with 1 or 2 R1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R2.

5. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein A is oxazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R2.

6. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein A is thiazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R2.

7. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R2.

8. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein m=l and n=0.

9 The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 8, wherein A is

10. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 8, wherein A is

1 1. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 8, wherein A is

12. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2,

13. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2,

14. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2,

15. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2,

16. The compound of any one of claims 1 or

17. The compound of any one of claims 1 or

18. The compound of any one of claims 1 or

19. The compound of any one of claims 1 or

20. The compound of claims 1, wherein A is

21. The compound of an one of claims 1, 2 or 8, wherein A is

22. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2 or 8, wherein A is

23. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2 or 8, wherein A is

24. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein m=l and n=l .

25. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 24, wherein A is

R2

26. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 24, wherein A is N >

27. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 24, wherein A is

28. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 24, wherein A is

29. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 24, wherein A is

30. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 24, wherein

31. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, or 24, wherein

32. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein A is

33. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein A is

34. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein A is

35. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein A is

36. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein A is

37. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein m=2 and n

38. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 37, wherein A is

39. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 37, wherein A is

40. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 37, wherein A is

41. The compound of any one of claims 1 or 37, wherein A is

42. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein each of R1 and R2, when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkoxy, or R8R9; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 alkyl, or R8R9 wherein the Ci-C6 salkoxy or Ci-C6 alkyl is further optionally substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R8R9, or oxo; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C6 alkyl, or R8R9 wherein the Ci- C6 alkoxy or Ci-C6 alkyl is further optionally substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R8R9, or oxo; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl)2; CO R8R9; SF5; S(02) RuR12; S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl; and S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl.

43. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein R1 is selected from the group

consisting of 1 -hydroxy -2 -methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1- cyclopropyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl;

pyrazolyl; S(02)CH3; and S(02)NRuR12.

44. The compound of claim 42 or 43, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, cyano, methyl; methoxy; ethoxy; isopropyl; l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2- yl; 2-hydroxy -2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2-hydroxy ethyl; 1 -hydroxys- propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; COCH3; COPh; 2-methoxy-2-propyl;

(dimethylamino)methyl; S(02)CH3; and S(02) RuR12.

45. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein B is phenyl substituted with 1 or 2 R6 and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R7.

46. The compound of claim 45, wherein o=2 and p=0.

47. The compound of any one of claims 45 or 46, wherein B is

48. The compound of claim 47, wherein each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of: Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-C6 alkyl;

CO R8R9, and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR8R9, =NR10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR8R9, 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C6 alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl.

49. The compound of any one of claims 47 or 48, wherein each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of: C1-G5 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and C3-C7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, or oxo.

50. The compound of claim 45, wherein o=l and p=l .

51. The compound of claim 45, wherein o=2 and =l .

52. The compound of claim 51, wherein B is

53. The compound of claim 52, wherein each R6 is independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CO R8R9, and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR8R9, =NR10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR8R9, 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein R is independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR8R9, SF5,

S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C6 alkoxy;

or R6 and R7, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR8R9, =NR10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR8R9. 54. The compound of claim 51, wherein B is

55. The compound of claim 54, wherein each R6 is independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CONR8R9, and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR8R9, =NR10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR8R9, 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein R7 is independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR8R9, SF5, S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-Ce alkoxy.

56. The compound of claim 45, wherein o=2 and =2.

57. The compound of claim 56, wherein B is

58. The compound of claim 57, wherein each R6 is independently selected from C1-C5 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CO R8R9, and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R8R9, = R10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR8R9, 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R7 is independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR8R9, SFs, S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two C1-G5 alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R6 and R7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy,

NR8R9, =NR10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR8R9.

59. The compound of claim 56, wherein B is

60. The compound of claim 59, wherein each R6 is independently selected from C1-G5 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CONR8R9, and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR8R9, =NR10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR8R9, 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R7 is independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR8R9, SFs, S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two C1-C5 alkoxy;

or R6 and R7, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR8R9, =NR10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR8R9.

61. The compound of claim 45, wherein o=2 and =3

62. The compound of claim 61 , wherein B is

63. The compound of claim 62, wherein each R6 is independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CONR8R9, and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R8R9, = R10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR8R9, 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R7 is independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR8R9, SFs, S(02)Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C6 alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R6 and R7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR8R9, =NR10, COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR8R9.

64. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein R3 is hydrogen.

65. A compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds below:

H2N H

141

142

143

144

145 151

C )H

152

c )H

153

c )H

154

155

harmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

66. A compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds below:

112b

116a

116b

120a

120b

121a

129b

130a

130b

134b

135a

135b

136b

143a

143b

721 167a

167b

168a

725

728 206

206a

206b

207

212

212a

212b

213

216

220

220a

270 n /

° HN

F harmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

67. A compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds in the following table:

741

337 CH3

HN ΝΗ·

337b

338 H'C-o

CT A; xNHNH*J

338a

b

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

68. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sulfur in the moiety S(=0)( HR3)=N- has (S) stereochemistry.

69. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 68, wherein the sulfur in the moiety

S(=0)( HR3)=N- has (R) stereochemistry.

70. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or salt as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

71. A method for modulating LRP3 activity, the method comprising contacting LRP3 with an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

72. The method of claim 71, wherein the modulating comprises antagonizing LRP3.

73. The method of any one of claims 71 or 72, which is carried out in vitro.

74. The method of claim 71 to 73, wherein the method comprises contacting a sample

comprising one or more cells comprising LRP3 with the compound.

75. The method of any one of claims 71, 72 or 74, which is carried out in vivo.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein the method comprises administering the compound to a subject having a disease in which LRP3 signaling contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms and/or progression of the disease.

77. The method of claim 76, wherein the subject is a human.

78. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is a metabolic disorder,

comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein the metabolic disorder is Type 2 diabetes,

atherosclerosis, obesity or gout.

80. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is a disease of the central

nervous system, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a

pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein the disease of the central nervous system is

Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or Parkinson's disease.

82. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is lung disease, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein the lung disease is asthma, COPD or pulmonary

idiopathic fibrosis.

84. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is liver disease, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

85. The method of claim 84, wherein the liver disease is NASH syndrome, viral hepatitis or cirrhosis.

86. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is pancreatic disease,

comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

87. The method of claim 86, wherein the pancreatic disease is acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis.

88. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is kidney disease, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

89. The method of claim 88, wherein the kidney disease is acute kidney injury or chronic kidney injury.

90. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is intestinal disease, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

91. The method of claim 90, wherein the intestinal disease is Crohn's disease or Ulcerative Colitis.

92. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is skin disease, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

93. The method of claim 92, wherein the skin disease is psoriasis.

94. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is musculoskeletal disease, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

95. The method of claim 94, wherein the musculoskeletal disease is scleroderma.

96. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is a vessel disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

97. The method of claim 96, wherein the vessel disorder is giant cell arteritis.

98. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is a disorder of the bones,

comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

99. The method of claim 98, wherein the disorder of the bones is osteoarthritis, osteoporosis or osteopetrosis disorders.

100. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is eye disease,

comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

101. The method of claim 90, wherein the eye disease is glaucoma or macular

degeneration.

102. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is a disease caused by viral infection, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a

pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

103. The method of claim 102, wherein the diseases caused by viral infection is HIV or AIDS.

104. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is an autoimmune

disease, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

105. The method of claim 104, wherein the autoimmune disease is Rheumatoid

Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Thyroiditis,.

106. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is cancer or aging, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

107. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is a cancer selected from: myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS); non-small cell lung cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer in patients carrying mutation or overexpression of LRP3; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), such as ALL in patients resistant to glucocorticoids treatment; Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (LCH); multiple myeloma; promyelocytic leukemia; acute myeloid leukemia (AML); chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); gastric cancer; and lung cancer metastasis, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1-69 or a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 70.

108. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is MDS.

109. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is non-small lung cancer.

110. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

111. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is LCH.

112. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is multiple myeloma.

113. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is promyelocytic leukemia.

114. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

115. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

116. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is gastric cancer.

117. The method of claim 107, wherein the cancer is lung cancer metastasis.

118. The method of any one of claims 76-117, further comprising administering a

therapeutically effective amount of an anti-T Fa agent to the subject.

119. The method of claim 118, wherein the LRP3 antagonist is administered to the subject prior to administration of the anti-TNFa agent to the subject.

120. The method of claim 118, wherein the anti-TNFa agent is administered to the subject prior to the administration of the NLRP3 antagonist to the subject.

121. The method of claim 118, wherein the NLRP3 antagonist and the anti-TNFa

agent are administered to the subject at substantially the same time.

. The method of claim 118, wherein the LRP3 antagonist and the anti-TNFa agent are formulated together in a single dosage form.

Description:
COMPOUNDS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATING CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NLRP ACTIVITY

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Application No. 62/536,271, filed on July 24, 2017; and US Provisional Application No. 62/573,894, filed on October 18, 2017; which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure features chemical entities (e.g., a compound that modulates (e.g., antagonizes) NLRP3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or hydrate, and/or cocrystal, and/or drug combination of the compound) that are useful, e.g., for treating a condition, disease or disorder in which a decrease or increase in NLRP3 activity (e.g., an increase, e.g., a condition, disease or disorder associated with NLRP3 signaling) contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms and/or progression of the condition, disease or disorder in a subject (e.g., a human). This disclosure also features compositions as well as other methods of using and making the same.

BACKGROUND

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a component of the inflammatory process and its aberrant activation is pathogenic in inherited disorders such as the cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). The inherited CAPS Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS) and neonatal onset multi-system inflammatory disease (NOMID) are examples of indications that have been reported to be associated with gain of function mutations in NLRP3.

NLRP3 can form a complex and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of complex diseases, including but not limited to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity and gout, as well as diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson disease, lung disease, such as asthma and COPD and pulmonary idiopathic fibrosis, liver disease, such as NASH syndrome, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, pancreatic disease, such as acute and chronic pancreatitis, kidney disease, such as acute and chronic kidney injury, intestinal disease such as Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis, skin disease such as psoriasis, musculoskeletal disease such as scleroderma, vessel disorders, such as giant cell arteritis, disorders of the bones, such as Osteoarthritis , osteoporosis and osteopetrosis disorders eye disease, such as glaucoma and macular degeneration, diseased caused by viral infection such as HIV and AIDS,

autoimmune disease such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,

Autoimmune Thyroiditis, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, cancer and aging.

In light of the above, it would be desirable to provide compounds that modulate (e.g., antagonize) NLRP3.

SUMMARY

This disclosure features chemical entities (e.g., a compound that modulates (e.g., antagonizes) NLRP3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or hydrate, and/or cocrystal, and/or drug combination of the compound) that are useful, e.g., for treating a condition, disease or disorder in which a decrease or increase in NLRP3 activity (e.g., an increase, e.g., a condition, disease or disorder associated with NLRP3 signaling).

In som mbodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the variables in Formula AA can be as defined anywhere herein.

This disclosure also features compositions as well as other methods of using and making the same. An "antagonist" of NLRP3 includes compounds that inhibit the ability of NLRP3 to induce the production of IL-Ιβ and/or IL-18 by directly binding to NLRP3, or by inactivating, destabilizing, altering distribution, of LRP3 or otherwise.

In one aspect, pharmaceutical compositions are featured that include a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described genetically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

In one aspect, methods for modulating (e.g., agonizing, partially agonizing, antagonizing) LRP3 activity are featured that include contacting LRP3 with a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described generically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same). Methods include in vitro methods, e.g., contacting a sample that includes one or more cells comprising LRP3, as well as in vivo methods.

In a further aspect, methods of treatment of a disease in which NLRP3 signaling contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms and/or progression of the disease are featured that include administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described generically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same).

In a further aspect, methods of treatment are featured that include administering to a subject a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described generically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same), wherein the chemical entity is administered in an amount effective to treat a disease in which LRP3 signaling contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms and/or progression of the disease, thereby treating the disease.

Embodiments can include one or more of the following features.

The chemical entity can be administered in combination with one or more additional therapies with one or more agents suitable for the treatment of the condition, disease or disorder.

Examples of the indications that may be treated by the compounds disclosed herein include but are not limited to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity and gout, as well as diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson disease, lung disease, such as asthma and COPD and pulmonary idiopathic fibrosis, liver disease, such as NASH syndrome, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, pancreatic disease, such as acute and chronic pancreatitis, kidney disease, such as acute and chronic kidney injury, intestinal disease such as Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis, skin disease such as psoriasis, musculoskeletal disease such as scleroderma, vessel disorders, such as giant cell arteritis, disorders of the bones, such as osteoarthritis , osteoporosis and osteopetrosis disorders, eye disease, such as glaucoma and macular degeneration, diseases caused by viral infection such as HIV and AIDS, autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic Lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis; Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, cancer and aging.

The methods can further include identifying the subject.

Other embodiments include those described in the Detailed Description and/or in the claims.

Additional Definitions

To facilitate understanding of the disclosure set forth herein, a number of additional terms are defined below. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology described herein are those well-known and commonly employed in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Each of the patents, applications, published applications, and other publications that are mentioned throughout the specification and the attached appendices are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

As used herein, the term "NLRP3" is meant to include, without limitation, nucleic acids, polynucleotides, oligonucleotides, sense and antisense polynucleotide strands, complementary sequences, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, homologous and/or orthologous NLRP3 molecules, isoforms, precursors, mutants, variants, derivatives, splice variants, alleles, different species, and active fragments thereof.

The term "acceptable" with respect to a formulation, composition or ingredient, as used herein, means having no persistent detrimental effect on the general health of the subject being treated.

"API" refers to an active pharmaceutical ingredient. The terms "effective amount" or "therapeutically effective amount," as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of a chemical entity (e.g., a compound exhibiting activity as a modulator of LRP3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof;) being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result includes reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. For example, an "effective amount" for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms. An appropriate "effective" amount in any individual case is determined using any suitable technique, such as a dose escalation study.

The term "excipient" or "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, carrier, solvent, or encapsulating material. In one embodiment, each component is " pharmaceutically acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 2005; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th ed. ; Rowe et al, Eds.; The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: 2009; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd ed.; Ash and Ash Eds.; Gower Publishing Company: 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, 2nd ed. ; Gibson Ed.; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, 2009.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" may refer to pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic and organic acids. In certain instances, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein, with acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" may also refer to pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts prepared by reacting a compound having an acidic group with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like, or by other methods previously determined. The pharmacologically acceptable salt s not specifically limited as far as it can be used in medicaments. Examples of a salt that the compounds described hereinform with a base include the following: salts thereof with inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum; salts thereof with organic bases such as methylamine, ethylamine and ethanolamine; salts thereof with basic amino acids such as lysine and ornithine; and ammonium salt. The salts may be acid addition salts, which are specifically exemplified by acid addition salts with the following: mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid:organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid, and ethanesulfonic acid; acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

The term "pharmaceutical composition" refers to a mixture of a compound described herein with other chemical components (referred to collectively herein as "excipients"), such as carriers, stabilizers, diluents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, and/or thickening agents. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to: rectal, oral, intravenous, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary, and topical administration.

The term "subject" refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human), monkey, cow, pig, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse. The terms "subject" and "patient" are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human.

The terms "treat," "treating," and "treatment," in the context of treating a disease or disorder, are meant to include alleviating or abrogating a disorder, disease, or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder, disease, or condition; or to slowing the progression, spread or worsening of a disease, disorder or condition or of one or more symptoms thereof.

The terms "hydrogen" and "H" are used interchangeably herein.

The term "halo" refers to fluoro (F), chloro (CI), bromo (Br), or iodo (I). The term "alkyl" refers to a hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, Ci-io indicates that the group may have from 1 to 10 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. Non-limiting examples include methyl, ethyl, z ' so-propyl, tert-butyl, /7-hexyl.

The term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl, in which one or more hydrogen atoms is/are replaced with an independently selected halo.

The term "alkoxy" refers to an -O-alkyl radical (e.g., -OCH3).

The term "carbocyclic ring" as used herein includes an aromatic or nonaromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having 3 to 10 carbons, such as 3 to 8 carbons, such as 3 to 7 carbons, which may be optionally substituted. Examples of carbocyclic rings include five-membered, six- membered, and seven-membered carbocyclic rings.

The term "heterocyclic ring" refers to an aromatic or nonaromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 1 1-14 membered tricyclic ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1 -9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively), wherein 0, 1, 2, or 3 atoms of each ring may be substituted by a substituent. Examples of heterocyclic rings include five-membered, six- membered, and seven-membered heterocyclic rings.

The term "cycloalkyl" as used herein includes an nonaromatic cyclic, bicylic, fused, or spiro hydrocarbon radical having 3 to 10 carbons, such as 3 to 8 carbons, such as 3 to 7 carbons, wherein the cycloalkyl group which may be optionally substituted. Examples of cycloalkyls include five-membered, six-membered, and seven-membered rings. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.

The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to an nonaromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 1 1-14 membered tricyclic ring, fused, or spiro system radical having 1 -3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1 -9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively), wherein 0, 1, 2, or 3 atoms of each ring may be substituted by a substituent. Examples of heterocycloalkyls include five-membered, six- membered, and seven-membered heterocyclic rings. Examples include piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxanyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and the like.

The term "aryl" is intended to mean an aromatic ring radical containing 6 to 10 ring carbons. Examples include phenyl and naphthyl.

The term "heteroaryl" is intended to mean an aromatic ring system containing 5 to 14 aromatic ring atoms that may be a single ring, two fused rings or three fused rings wherein at least one aromatic ring atom is a heteroatom selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of O, S and N. Examples include furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl and the like. Examples also include carbazolyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl. phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, lH-benzimidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuran and the like.

The term "hydroxy" refers to an OH group.

The term "amino" refers to an H2 group.

The term "oxo" refers to O. By way of example, substitution of a CH2 a group with oxo gives a C=0 group.

As used herein, the terms "the rin A" or "A" are used interchan eabl to denote connects A to the S(0)( HR 3 )=N moiety of Formula AA.

ed herein, the terms "the ring B" or "B" are used interchangeably to denote formula AA wherein the bond that is shown as being broken by the wavy line connects B to the NH(CO) group of Formula AA. As used herein, the term "the optionally substituted ring A" is used to denote

in formula AA, wherein the bond that is shown as being broken by the wavy line connects A to the S(0)( HR J )=N moiety of Formula AA.

As used herein, the term "the substituted ring B" is used to denote formula AA, wherein the bond that is shown as being broken by the wavy line * connects B to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

As used herein, the recitation "S(0 2 )", alone or as part of a larger recitation, refers to the

group In addition, atoms making up the compounds of the present embodiments are intended to include all isotopic forms of such atoms. Isotopes, as used herein, include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium, and isotopes of carbon include 13 C and 14 C.

The scope of the compounds disclosed herein includes tautomeric form of the compounds.

Thus, by way of example, a compound that is represented as containing the moiety

is also intended to include the tautomeric form containing the moiety . In addition, by way of example, a compound that is represented as containing the moiety

intended to include the tautomeric form containing the moiety

Non-limiting exemplified compounds of the formulae described herein include a stereogenic sulfur atom and optionally one or more stereogenic carbon atoms. This disclosure provides examples of stereoisomer mixtures (e.g., racemic mixture of enantiomers; mixture of diastereomers). This disclosure also describes and exemplifies methods for separating individual components of said stereoisomer mixtures (e.g., resolving the enantiomers of a racemic mixture). In cases of compounds containing only a stereogenic sulfur atom, resolved

enantiomers are graphically depicted using one of the two following formats: formulas A/B (hashed and solid wedge three-dimensional representation); and formula C ("flat structures with *-labelled stereogenic sulfur).

Formula A Formula B

Formula C

In reaction schemes showing resolution of a racemic mixture, Formulas A/B and C are intended only to convey that the constituent enantiomers were resolved in enantiopure pure form (about 98% ee or greater). The schemes that show resolution products using the formula A/B format are not intended to disclose or imply any correlation between absolute configuration and order of elution. Some of the compounds shown in the tables below are graphically represented using the formula A/B format. However, with the exception of compounds 181a and 181b, the depicted stereochemistry shown for each of the tabulated compounds drawn in the formula A/B format is a tentative assignment and based, by analogy, on the absolute stereochemistry assigned to compounds 181b (see, e.g., FIGS. 1 and 2).

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts ball-and-stick representations of two crystallographically independent molecules of compound 181a in the asymmetrical unit.

FIG. 2 depicts ball-and-stick representations of two crystallographically independent molecules of compound 181b in the asymmetrical unit.

FIG. 3 depicts the layout of the microplate used in an hTHP-1 assay.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A

wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

o = 1 or 2;

p = 0, 1, 2, or 3;

wherein

A is a 5-10-membered heteroaryl or a C 6 -Cio aryl;

B is a 5-10-membered heteroaryl or a C 6 -Cio aryl;

wherein

at least one R 6 is ortho to the bond connecting the B ring to the R 3 (CO) group of Formula AA; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, HCOOCi-Ce alkyl, H-(C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, COOCi-Ce alkyl, NR 8 R 9 , CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), and OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, or oxo;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, of the R 1 or R 2 Ci-Ce alkyl, the R 1 or R 2 Ci-Ce haloalkyl, the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, oxo, and OCi-Ce alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 , wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl and Ci-Ce alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, COOC1-C6 alkyl, C6-C10 aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ; R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, and C2-C6 alkenyl,

wherein R 6 and R 7 are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, and S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl; and wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl or C1-G5 alkoxy that R 6 or R 7 is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, halo, C 6 -Cio aryl or R 8 R 9 , or wherein R 6 or R 7 is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 4-to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, NR 20 , and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ; each of R 4 and R 5 is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 10 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C2- Ce alkenyl, C 2 -Ce alkynyl, (C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , COR 13 , CO2R 13 and CO R u R 12 ; wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C 2 -Ce alkenyl, or C 2 -Ce alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C2-C6 alkynyl, CO2R 13 , C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R 13 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, C6-C10 aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl; each R 3 is inde endentl selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, alkylene)

, wherein the C1-C2 alkylene group is optionally substituted with oxo; and R 14 is hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein each Ci-Ce alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally independently substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R 6 ;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A

wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

o = 1 or 2;

p = 0, 1, 2, or 3;

wherein

A is a 5-10-membered heteroaryl or a C 6 -Cio aryl;

B is a 5-10-membered heteroaryl or a C 6 -Cio aryl;

wherein

at least one R 6 is ortho to the bond connecting the B ring to the R 3 (CO) group of Formula AA; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, HCOOCi-Ce alkyl, H-(C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, C1-G5 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, COOCi-Ce alkyl, NR 8 R 9 , CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), and OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, or oxo;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, of the R 1 or R 2 Ci-Ce alkyl, the R 1 or R 2 Ci-Ce haloalkyl, the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, oxo, and OCi-Ce alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 , wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl and Ci-Ce alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, COOC1-C6 alkyl, C6-C10 aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 ;

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, and C2-C6 alkenyl, wherein R 6 and R 7 are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, and S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl; and wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl or C1-G5 alkoxy that R 6 or R 7 is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, halo, C6-C10 aryl or R 8 R 9 , or wherein R 6 or R 7 is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ;

R 10 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C2- Ce alkenyl, C 2 -Ce alkynyl, (C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , COR 13 , CO2R 13 and CO R u R 12 ; wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C 2 -Ce alkenyl, or C 2 -Ce alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C2-C6 alkynyl, CO2R 13 , C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R 13 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, C6-C10 aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl; each R 3 is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxy, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce alkyl, alkylene)

, wherein the C1-C2 alkylene group is optionally substituted with oxo; and

R 14 is hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally independently substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R 6 ;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A

wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

o = 1 or 2;

p = 0, 1, 2, or 3;

wherein

A is a 5-10-membered heteroaryl or a C6-C10 aryl;

B is a 5-10-membered heteroaryl or a C6-C10 aryl;

wherein

at least one R 6 is ortho to the bond connecting the B ring to the R 3 (CO) group of Formula AA; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H 2 , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, HCOOCi-Ce alkyl, H-(C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, C1-G5 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), and OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;;

wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R 8 R 9 , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, C1-G5 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 , wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl and Ci-Ce alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce- C10 aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ;

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C1-G5 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, and C2-C6 alkenyl,

wherein R 6 and R 7 are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, and S(0 2 )Ci-C6 alkyl; and wherein the C1-G5 alkyl or C1-G5 alkoxy that R 6 or R 7 is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, halo, C6-C10 aryl or R 8 R 9 , or wherein R 6 or R 7 is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen and optionally substituted with halo;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ;

R 10 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, (C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , COR 13 , CO2R 13 and CO R u R 12 ; wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R 13 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 3 is selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, and

D 14

(C-|-C 2 alkylene)

, wherein the C1-C2 alkylene group is optionally substituted with oxo; and R 14 is hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or C6-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally

independently substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R 6 ;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula AA

wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

o = 1 or 2;

p = 0, 1, 2, or 3;

wherein

A is a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or a C6-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic aryl;

B is a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or a C6-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic aryl;

wherein at least one R 6 is ortho to the bond connecting the B ring to the R 3 (CO) group of Formula AA; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, HCOOCCi-Ce alkyl, H-(C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR 8 R 9 , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 , wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl and Ci-Ce alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce- Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ;

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl and 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and C2-C6 alkenyl,

wherein R 6 and R 7 are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, and S(0 2 )Ci-C6 alkyl; and wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl or Ci-C 6 alkoxy that R 6 or R 7 is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C6-C10 aryl or NR 8 R 9 , or wherein R 6 or R 7 is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 ;

R 10 is Ci-Ce alkyl; each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl,

(C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , COR 13 , COzR 13 and CO R u R 12 ; wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R 13 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, C6-C10 aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl; and alkylene)

R is selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and

wherein the Ci-C 2 alkylene group is optionally substituted with oxo;

R 14 is hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally

independently substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 ;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

o = 1 or 2;

p = 0, 1, 2, or 3, wherein

A is a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or a C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl;

B is a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or a C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl;

wherein

at least one R 6 is ortho to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, HCOOCCi-Ce alkyl, H-(C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR 8 R 9 , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl; or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl and Ci-Ce alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce- C10 aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ; R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, C1-G5 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl and 3- to 10-membered

heterocycloalkyl, and a C2-C6 alkenyl,

wherein R 6 and R 7 are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, and S(0 2 )Ci-C6 alkyl; and wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl or Ci-C 6 alkoxy that R 6 or R 7 is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C6-C10 aryl or NR 8 R 9 , or wherein R 6 or R 7 is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ; each of R 4 and R 5 is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 10 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, (C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , S(0 2 )Ci-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , COR 13 , C0 2 R 13 and CO R u R 12 ; wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R 13 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, C6-C10 aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl;

alkylene)

R 3 is selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and

wherein the Ci-C 2 alkylene group is optionally substituted by oxo;

R 14 is hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or C6-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic aryl , wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally independently substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 ;

with the proviso that the compound of Formula AA is not a compound selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

o = 1 or 2;

p = 0, 1, 2, or 3,

wherein

A is a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or a C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl;

B is a 5-membered heteroaryl, a 7-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, or a C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl;

wherein at least one R 6 is ortho to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, HCOOCCi-Ce alkyl, H-(C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR 8 R 9 , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl and Ci-Ce alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce- Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ;

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl and 3- to 10-membered

heterocycloalkyl, and a C2-C6 alkenyl,

wherein R 6 and R 7 are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, and S(0 2 )Ci-C6 alkyl; and wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl or Ci-C 6 alkoxy that R 6 or R 7 is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C6-C10 aryl or NR 8 R 9 , or wherein R 6 or R 7 is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 ; each of R 4 and R 5 is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 10 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, (C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , COR 13 , COzR 13 and CO R u R 12 ; wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, C1-G5 alkoxy, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R 13 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, C6-C10 aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C 6 alkyl;

alkylene)

R is selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and

wherein the Ci-C 2 alkylene group is optionally substituted by oxo; and

R 14 is hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or monocyclic or bicyclic aryl , wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally independently substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 ;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments the variables shown in the formulae herein are as follows:

The variables m and n

In some embodiments m= =0, 1, or 2

In some embodiments m= =0 or 1.

In some embodiments m= = 1 or 2.

In some embodiments m= =0 or 2.

In some embodiments m= =0.

In some embodiments m= = 1.

In some embodiments m= =2.

In some embodiments n= 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments n=0 or 1. In some embodiments n= 1 or 2.

In some embodiments n= 0 or 2.

In some embodiments n= 0.

In some embodiments n= \ .

In some embodiments n= 2.

In some embodiments, m =0 and n= =0

In some embodiments, m =1 and n= =0

In some embodiments, m =1 and n= = 1 The Ring A and substitutions on the ring A

In some embodiments, A is a 5- to 10-membered (e.g., 5- to 6-membered) monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or a C 6 -Cio (e.g., C 6 ) monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, such as phenyl.

In some embodiments, A is a 5- to 10-membered (e.g., 5- to 6-membered) monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, A is a 5-membered heteroaryl containing a sulfur and optionally one or more nitrogens.

In some embodiments, A is a C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl.

In some embodiments, A is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is naphthyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is furanyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is furanyl optionally substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is thiophenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is oxazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is thiazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 . In some embodiments, A is oxazolyl optionally substituted with 2 R 1 or optionally substituted with 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is thiazolyl optionally substituted with 2 R 1 or optionally substituted with 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is pyridyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is indazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is phenyl substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is naphthyl substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is furanyl substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is thiophenyl substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is oxazolyl substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 . In some embodiments, A is thiazolyl substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is pyridyl substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is indazolyl optionally substituted with 1 R 1 and optionally substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is phenyl substituted with 1 R 1 and substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is furanyl substituted with 1 R 1 and substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is thiophenyl substituted with 1 R 1 and substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is oxazolyl substituted with 1 R 1 and substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is thiazolyl substituted with 1 R 1 and substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl substituted with 1 R 1 and substituted with 1 R 2 .

In some embodiments, A is pyridyl substituted with 1 R 1 and substituted with 1 R 2 . In some embodiments, A is phenyl, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, A is furanyl, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, A is thiophenyl, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, A is oxazolyl, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, A is thiazolyl, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, A is pyridyl, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, A is indazolyl, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, A is phenyl, m is 0, and n is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, A is furanyl, m is 0, and n is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, A is thiophenyl, m is 0, and n is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, A is oxazolyl, m is 0, and n is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, A is thiazolyl, m is 0, and n is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl, m is 0, and n is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, A is pyridyl, m is 0, and n is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, A is one of the rings disclosed hereinbelow optionally substituted as disclosed hereinbelow, wherein in each case the bond that is shown as being broken by the wavy line connects A to the S(0)(NR R )=N moiety of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A (

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A i

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A i

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A i

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is R

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is s *

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

R 2

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is N

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A i s

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A i s In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A i

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring

The groups R 1 and R 2

In some embodiments,

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), and OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl);

wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R 8 R 9 , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ;

In some embodiments,

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl; wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R 8 R 9 , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ; In some embodiments,

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-G5 haloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOC1-C6 alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-Ce alkynyl; wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R 8 R 9 , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, C1-C5 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments,

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO- Ce-Cio aryl, CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi- Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 )NR u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C1-C5 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR 8 R 9 , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-Cs carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments,

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl substituent and each Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituent of the R 1 or R 2 C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R 1 or R 2 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, or oxo;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments,

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments,

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C1-G5 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, NH 2 , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 )NR u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C1-G5 alkyl, C1-G5 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl are each unsubstituted; or at least one pair of R 1 and R 2 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 ;

In some embodiments,

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, halo, CN, COC1-C6 alkyl, CO2C1- C 6 alkyl, C6-C10 aryl, S(0)Ci-C 6 alkyl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy and oxo. In some embodiments, m=l ; n=0; and

R 1 is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 )NR u R 12 , S(0)Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments , m=l ; n=0; and,

R 1 is selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, S(0)Ci-C 6 alkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy and oxo. In some embodiments, m=l ; n=l ; and

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, NH2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 )NR u R 12 , S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C1-G5 alkyl, C1-G5 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, C1-G5 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl; In some embodiments , m=l ; n=l ; and,

R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, halo, CN, COCi-C 6 alkyl, CO2C1- C 6 alkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, S(0)Ci-C 6 alkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy and oxo.

In some embodiments, m=l ; n=l ; and

R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 4 - C 8 carbocyclic ring or a 5- to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, m=l ; n=l ; and

R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 6 carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, m=l ; n=l ; and

R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C5 carbocyclic ring or a 5- to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, m=l; n=l; and

R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 4 - C 8 carbocyclic ring or a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is unsubstituted.

Particular embodiments wherein m=l and n=0:

n some embodiments, R 1 s Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, n some embodiments, R 1 s l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl.

n some embodiments, R 1 s 2-hydroxy ethyl. n some embodiments, R 1 s Ci-Ce alkyl.

n some embodiments, R 1 s methyl,

n some embodiments, R 1 s isopropyl.

n some embodiments, R 1 s isopropyl.

n some embodiments, R 1 s Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with hydroxy at the carbon directly connected to ring A.

n some embodiments, R 1 s 2-hydroxy-2-propyl.

n some embodiments, R 1 s hydroxymethyl.

n some embodiments, R 1 s 1 -hydroxy ethyl,

n some embodiments, R 1 s l-hydroxy-2-propyl. n some embodiments, R 1 s Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with two or more hydroxy groups, n some embodiments, R 1 s Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with two or more hydroxy groups, wherein one of the two or more hyd roxy groups is bonded to the carbon directly connected to ring A. n some embodiments, R 1 s l,2-dihydroxy-prop-2-yl. n some embodiments, R 1 s C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, n some embodiments, R 1 s C3-C7 cycloalkyl.

n some embodiments, R 1 s C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with hydroxy at the carbon directly connected to ring A. In some embodiments, R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is morpholinyl (e.g., 1-morpholinyl).

In some embodiments, R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is l-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with hydroxy at the carbon directly connected to ring A.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo.

In some embodiments, R 1 is COCH3.

In some embodiments, R 1 is COCH2CH3.

In some embodiments, R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is methoxymethyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with R 8 R 9 at the carbon directly connected to ring A. In some embodiments, R 1 is (methylamino)methyl .

In some embodiments, R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is aminomethyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is N-methylacetamidom ethyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 1 -(dimethylamino)eth- 1 -yl .

In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-(dimethylamino)prop-2-yl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is (2-methoxy-eth- 1 -yl)(methyl)aminom ethyl .

In some embodiments, R 1 is (methyl)(acetyl)aminom ethyl .

In some embodiments, R 1 is (methyl)(cyclopropylmethyl)aminomethyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is (methyl)(2,2-difluoroeth- 1 -yl)aminomethyl

In some embodiments, R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy. In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-Ce alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally substituted as defined elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, R 1 is pyrrolidinylmethyl (e.g., pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl).

In some embodiments, R 1 is optionally substituted pyrrolidinylmethyl (e.g., 3,3- difluoropyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl).

In some embodiments, R 1 is azetidinylmethyl (e.g., azeti din- 1 -ylmethyl).

In some embodiments, R 1 is optionally substituted azetidinylmethyl (e.g., 3-methoxyazetidin-l- ylmethyl).

In some embodiments, R 1 is morpholinylmethyl (e.g., morpholin-4-ylmethyl). In some embodiments, R 1 is halo.

In some embodiments, R 1 is fluoro. In some embodiments, R is chloro.

In some embodiments, R is CN.

In some embodiments, R 1S NO2.

In some embodiments, R is COCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R is CO-Ce-Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R is CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl).

In some embodiments, R is CO2C1-C6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R is CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R is OCOCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R is OCOCe-Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R s OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl).

In some embodiments, R s OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl).

In some embodiments, R s C6-C10 aryl.

In some embodiments, R s phenyl.

In some embodiments, R s 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R s pyridyl (e.g., 4-pyridyl).

In some embodiments, R s pyrazolyl (e.g., 1-pyrazolyl).

In some embodiments, R s H 2 .

In some embodiments, R s HCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R s N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 .

In some embodiments, R s CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R s SFs.

In some embodiments, R s SCi-C 6 alkyl,

In some embodiments, R s S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 s S(0 2 )CH 3 .

In some embodiments, R 1 s S(0 2 ) R u R 12 .

In some embodiments, R 1 s S(0 2 )N(CH 3 ) 2 .

In some embodiments, R 1 s S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 s S(0)CH 3 .

In some embodiments, R 1 s attached to a carbon of an aryl ring A.

In some embodiments, R 1 s attached to a carbon of a heteroaryl ring A. In some embodiments, R 1 is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring A. Particular embodiments wherein m=l and n=l :

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy.

In some embodiments, R 1 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C 6 -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SFs.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SCi-Ce alkyl,

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 .

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo. n some embodiments, R s 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro.

n some embodiments, R s 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro.

n some embodiments, R s C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl.

n some embodiments, R s 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl,

n some embodiments, R s 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl,

n some embodiments, R s 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl,

n some embodiments, R s 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl.

n some embodiments, R s 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 Ci-C 6 alkyl.

n some embodiments, R s morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl.

n some embodiments, R s l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl.

n some embodiments, R s 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 halo.

n some embodiments, R s l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro.

n some embodiments, R s l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro.

n some embodiments, R s Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl.

n some embodiments, R s COCH3, and R 2 is methyl.

n some embodiments, R s Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-Ce alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl.

n some embodiments, R s 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl.

n some embodiments, R s Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 s Ci-Ce alkyl.

n some embodiments, R s (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl. n some embodiments, R s Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 s halo.

n some embodiments, R s (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is fluoro.

n some embodiments, R s (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is fluoro.

n some embodiments, R s (methylamino)methyl, and R 2 is fluoro. In some embodiments, R 1 is aminomethyl, and R 2 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 is methyl, and R 2 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C 6 -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SFs.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(0 2 )CH 3 .

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro. In some embodiments, R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo.

In some embodiments, R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is COCH3, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-Ce alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo.

In some embodiments, R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R 2 is (methylamino)methyl, and R 1 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R 2 is aminomethyl, and R 1 is fluoro. In some embodiments, R 2 is Ci-Ce alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, R 2 is methoxy, and R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are each attached to a carbon of an aryl ring A.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are each attached to a carbon of a heteroaryl ring A.

In some embodiments, R 1 is attached to a carbon and R 2 is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring A.

In some embodiments, R 2 is attached to a carbon and R 1 is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring A. In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 6 carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 6 aromatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S. In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are different.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are different, and R 2 comprises a carbonyl group.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are different, and R 2 comprises 1 or 2 (e.g., 1) nitrogen atoms

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are different, and R 2 comprises 1 or 2 (e.g., 1) oxygen atoms.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are different, and R 2 comprises a sulfur atom.

In some embodiments, R 2 and R 1 are different, and R 2 comprises a carbonyl group.

In some embodiments, R 2 and R 1 are different, and R 2 comprises 1 or 2 (e.g., 1) nitrogen atoms

In some embodiments, R 2 and R 1 are different, and R 2 comprises 1 or 2 (e.g., 1) oxygen atoms.

In some embodiments, R 2 and R 1 are different, and R 2 comprises a sulfur atom.

In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are the same.

In some embodiments, R 1 is para or meta to R 2 .

In some embodiments, R 1 is para or ortho to R 2 .

In some embodiments, R 1 is ortho or meta to R 2 .In some embodiments, R 1 is para to R 2 .

In some embodiments, R 1 is meta to R 2 .

In some embodiments, R 1 is ortho to R 2 . The variables o and p

In some embodiments, 0= =1 or 2.

In some embodiments, 0= =1.

In some embodiments, 0= =2.

In some embodiments, P= =0, 1, 2, or 3

In some embodiments, P= =0.

In some embodiments, P= =1.

In some embodiments, P= =2.

In some embodiments, 0= =1 and p= =0.

In some embodiments, 0= =2 and p= =0.

In some embodiments, 0= =1 and p= =1.

In some embodiments, 0= =1 and p= =2.

In some embodiments, 0= =2 and p= =1.

In some embodiments, 0= =2 and p= =2.

In some embodiments, 0= =2 and p= =3.

The ring B and substitutions on the ring B

In some embodiments, B is a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or a C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, such as phenyl.

In some embodiments, B is a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl or a C 6 monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, B is a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, B is a C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl.

In some embodiments, B is a 5-membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, B is a 7-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, B is phenyl substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R 7 .

In some embodiments, B is pyridyl substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R 7 .

In some embodiments, B is indazolyl substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 and optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R 7 . In some embodiments, B is pyrazolyl substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R 7 .

In some embodiments, B is phenyl, o is 1 or 2, and p is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, B is phenyl, o is 1, and p is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, B is phenyl, o is 2, and p is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, B is one of the rings disclosed hereinbelow, substituted as disclosed hereinbelow, wherein in each case the bond that is shown as being broken by the wavy line / connects B to the H(CO)group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is

The groups R 6 and R 7

In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl and 3- to 10-membered

heterocycloalkyl, and a C2-C6 alkenyl,

wherein R 6 and R 7 are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from

hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOC1-C6 alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl,

C6-C10 aryloxy, and S(0 2 )Ci-C6 alkyl; and wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl or Ci-C 6 alkoxy that R 6 or R 7 is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C6-C10 aryl or NR 8 R 9 , or wherein R 6 or R 7 is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C 4 -C 8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 2 Ci-Ce alkyl, C0 2 C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H 2 , HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-Ce alkyl, C 3 -Cio cycloalkyl and 3- to 10-membered

heterocycloalkyl, and a C 2 -C 6 alkenyl,

wherein R 6 and R 7 are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from

hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C 6 alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOC 2 -Ce alkynyl,

C 6 -Cio aryloxy, and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl; and wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl or Ci-C 6 alkoxy that R 6 or R 7 is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C 6 -Cio aryl or NR 8 R 9 , or wherein R 6 or R 7 is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to 6- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C1-G5 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 2 Ci-Ce alkyl, C0 2 C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H 2 , HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-Ce alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C 3 -C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC 2 -C 6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, C1-G5 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 2 Ci-Ce alkyl, C0 2 C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H 2 , HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-Ce alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C 3 -C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOC1-C6 alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC 2 -Ce alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C 4 -C 8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 2 Ci-Ce alkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH 2 , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOC1-C6 alkyl, OCOC6-C10 aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC 2 -C 6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 2 Ci-Ce alkyl, C0 2 C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are unsubstituted;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, C1-G5 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH 2 , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl are each unsubstituted;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments,

R 6 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-C1-C6 alkyl;

CO R 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC 2 -C 6 alkynyl;

and R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 2 Ci-Ce alkyl, C0 2 C 3 -Ce cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-

C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

or R 6 and R 7 , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 . In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO R 8 R 9 , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one 5-to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo. In some embodiments,

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO R 8 R 9 , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo. In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one 5-to 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally

independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally

independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally

independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more Ci-Ce alkyl. In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one 5-to 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally

independently substituted with one or more Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally

independently substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments,

at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally

independently substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=0; and

R 6 is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN,

N0 2 , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H2, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, o=l; p=l; and

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C1-C5 alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments, o=l or 2; p=l, 2, or 3; and

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci- Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi- Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH2, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 , CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and OCi-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=l ; and

each R 6 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-C5 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-C1-C6 alkyl; CONR 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

and R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci- C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

or R 6 and R 7 , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

each R 6 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-C5 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-C1-C6 alkyl; CO R 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl),

OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two C1-C5 alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C7 (e.g., C4-C 6 ) carbocyclic ring (e.g., aliphatic carbocyclic ring) or at least one 5-to-7-membered (e.g., 5-to-6-membered) heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , CH 2 NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=l or 2; p=l, 2, or 3; and

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments, o=l or 2; p=l, 2, or 3; and

R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO R 8 R 9 , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments, o=l or 2; p=l, 2, or 3; and

one R 6 and one R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=l or 2; p=l, 2, or 3; and

one R 6 and one R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 6 carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, o=l or 2; p=l, 2, or 3; and one R 6 and one R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is unsubstituted.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein each carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C 6 carbocyclic ring or a 5- to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C5 carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C 4 carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C 4 carbocyclic ring, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a Cs carbocyclic ring, wherein each of C 4 and Cs carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a Cs carbocyclic ring, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S (e.g., a 5-membered heteorocyclic ring, e.g., 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom), wherein each of carbocyclic and heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and

CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C 4 -Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is unsubstituted. In some embodiments, R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 6 is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, R 6 is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R 6 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo

In some embodiments, R 6 is trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, R 6 is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R 6 is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, R 6 is halo.

In some embodiments, R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, R 6 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R 6 is cyano.

In some embodiments, R 6 is attached to a carbon of an aryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R 6 is attached to a carbon of a heteroaryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R 6 is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring B.

Particular embodiments wherein o=l or 2; p=L 2, or 3 :

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is isopropyl and at least one R 7 is methyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is isopropyl and at least one R 7 is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=l ; R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is isopropyl and at least one R 7 is trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is isopropyl and at least one R 7 is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=l ; R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl. n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 7 is halo.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is isopropyl and at least one R 7 is halo.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is isopropyl and at least one R 7 is chloro.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is isopropyl and at least one R 7 is fluoro.

n some embodiments. o=l; p=l; R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro.

n some embodiments. o=2; p=l; at least one R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro.

n some embodiments. o=l; p=l; R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro.

n some embodiments. o=2; p=l; at least one R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro.

n some embodiments. o=2; p=2; at least one R 6 is isopropyl; and at least one R 7 is fluoro.

n some embodiments, o=2; p=2; at least one R 6 is isopropyl; one R 7 is fluoro; and the other R 7 is cyano.

n some embodiments, o=2; p=3; at least one R 6 is isopropyl; two R 7 are fluoro; and one R 7 is chloro.

n some embodiments. o=2; p=l; at least one R 6 is ethyl; and R 7 is fluoro.

n some embodiments, o=2; p=l; one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluorom ethyl; and R 7 is chloro.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 7 is cyano.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is isopropyl and at least one R 7 is cyano.

n some embodiments. o=l; p=l; R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano.

n some embodiments. o=2; p=l; at least one R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and at least one R 7 is C3-C7 ycloalkyl.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is cyclopropyl, and at least one R 7 is cyclopropyl.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and at least one R 7 is halo, n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is cyclopropyl and at least one R 7 is halo,

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is cyclopropyl and at least one R 7 is chloro.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is cyclopropyl and at least one R 7 is fluoro.

n some embodiments. o=l; p=l; R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is chloro.

n some embodiments. o=l; p=l; R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro.

n some embodiments. at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo. In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is isopropyl, and at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is isopropyl, and at least one R 7 is methoxy.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=l ; R 6 is isopropyl, and R 7 is methoxy.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=l ; at least one R 6 is isopropyl, and R 7 is methoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is isopropyl, and at least one R 7 is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is isopropyl, and at least one R 7 is difluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is halo, and at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl optionally sub stituted with hydroxy .

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=l ; R 6 is chloro, and R 7 is trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is halo, and at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is chloro, and at least one R 7 is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=l ; R 6 is chloro, and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and at least one R 7 is halo.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=2; R 6 is Ci-Ce alkoxy; and at least one R 7 is chloro.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl and at least one R 6 is methyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl and at least one R 6 is trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl and at least one R 6 is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=l ; R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 6 is halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl and at least one R 6 is halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl and at least one R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl and at least one R 6 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=l ; R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is chloro. In some embodiments, o=2; p=l; R 7 is isopropyl; and at least one R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, o=l; p=l; R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=l; R 7 is isopropyl; and at least one R 6 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2; R 7 is isopropyl; and at least one R 6 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2; at least one R 7 is isopropyl; one R 6 is fluoro; and the other R 6 is cyano.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=l; R 7 is ethyl; and at least one R 6 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, o=l; p=2; one R 7 is isopropyl; the other R 7 is trifluorom ethyl; and R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 6 is cyano.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl and at least one R 6 is cyano.

In some embodiments, o=l; p=l; R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyano.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=l; R 7 is isopropyl; and at least one R 6 is cyano.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and at least one R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is cyclopropyl, and at least one R 6 is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and at least one R 6 is halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is cyclopropyl and at least one R 6 is halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is cyclopropyl and at least one R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is cyclopropyl and at least one R 6 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, o=l; p=l; R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, o=l; p=l; R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl, and at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl, and at least one R 6 is methoxy.

In some embodiments, o=l; p=l; R 7 is isopropyl, and R 6 is methoxy.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=l; R 7 is isopropyl, and at least one R 6 is methoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is isopropyl, and at least one R 6 is trifluoromethoxy. In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is halo, and at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=l ; R 7 is chloro, and R 6 is trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is halo, and at least one R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is chloro, and at least one R 6 is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=l ; R 7 is chloro, and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and at least one R 6 is halo.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=2; at least one R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro. In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are each attached to a carbon of an aryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are each attached to a carbon of a heteroaryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R 6 is attached to a carbon and R 7 is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R 7 is attached to a carbon and R 6 is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring B.

In some embodiments, one R 6 and one R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 6 carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C 6 aromatic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, one R 6 and one R 7 are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C4-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S,

wherein the ring is fused to the B ring at the 2- and 3- positions relative to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO)group.

In some embodiments, o=l ; p=2; and

one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; and said pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form form a C4-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5- to 8- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S,

wherein the ring is fused to the B ring at the 2- and 3- positions relative to the bond connecting the B ring to the R 3 (CO) group.

In some embodiments, o=l; p=2; and

one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; and said pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form form a C4-Cs carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=l; p=2; and

one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; and said pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form form a Cs carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=l; p=2; and

one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; and said pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2; and

one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; and said pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form form a C4-Cs carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2; and

one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; and said pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form form a Cs carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and

CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=l; p=2; and

one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; and said pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ; and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs carbocyclic ring optionally

independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and

CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aromatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S. In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-8 carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ; and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5- to 8-mebered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ; and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-mebered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms; one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C4-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from 0, N, and S,

wherein one of the two rings is fused to the B ring at the 2- and 3- positions relative to the bond connecting the B ring to the NR 3 (CO) group, and the other of the two rings is fused to the B ring at the 5- and 6- positions relative to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C4-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S,

wherein one of the two rings is fused to the B ring at the 2- and 3- positions relative to the bond connecting the B ring to the R 3 (CO) group, and the other of the two rings is fused to the B ring at the 4- and 5- positions relative to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2; and two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, o=2; p=3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is halo (e.g., CI or F).

In some embodiments, o=2; p=3; and

two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is CN.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is pyrazolyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is 3-pyrazolyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is 4-pyrazolyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is 5-pyrazolyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is thiazolyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA. In some embodiments, one R 7 is 4-thiazolyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is 5-thiazolyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is furyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the

H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is 2-furyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is thiophenyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is 2-thiophenyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is cycloalkenyl (e.g., cyclopentenyl, e.g., 1 -cyclopentenyl) and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the R 3 (CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkyl (e.g., methyl or propyl, e.g., 2-propyl) optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R 8 R 9 (e.g., dimethylamino), or C 6 -Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-Ce alkoxy (e.g., methoxy) optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R 8 R 9 (e.g., dimethylamino), or C 6 -Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the NH(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more C 6 -Cio aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy) and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more CN and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA. In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halo (e.g., F, CI) and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more COOCi-C 6 alkyl (e.g., CCht-Bu) and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl (e.g., S(02)methyl) and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., morpholinyl) and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) group of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more CO R 8 R 9 (e.g., unsubstituted amido) and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the NH(CO) groupof Formula AA.

In some embodiments, one R 7 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkyl (e.g., methyl or propyl, e.g., 2-propyl) and with one or more halo (e.g., F, CI) and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) groupof Formula AA and is para to the bond connecting the B ring to the H(CO) groupof Formula AA.

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are each attached to a carbon of an aryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R 6 and R 7 are each attached to a carbon of a heteroaryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R 6 is attached to a carbon and R 7 is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R 7 is attached to a carbon and R 6 is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring B.

In some embodiments of any of the formulae herein, each of R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; wherein the Ci-C 6 alkoxy or Ci-C 6 alkyl is further optionally substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R 8 R 9 , or oxo; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl wherein the Ci-Ce alkoxy or Ci-C 6 alkyl is further optionally substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, or oxo; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl); Ce-Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; S(0 2 )NR u R 12 ; S(0)Ci-Ce alkyl; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments of any of the formulae herein, R 1 is selected from the group consisting of 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1- hydroxyethyl; 2-hydroxyethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclopropyl; 1-hydroxy-l- cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; S(0 2 )CH3; and S(0 2 ) R u R 12 .

In some embodiments, R 2 is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, cyano, methyl; methoxy; ethoxy; isopropyl; l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; 2-hydroxy-2- propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2-hydroxyethyl; 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclopropyl; COCH3; COPh; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; S(0 2 )CH3 ; and

S(0 2 ) R u R 12 .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is and each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of: Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci- C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO- Ci-C 6 alkyl; CONR 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOC1-C6 alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalk l), and NHCOC2-C 6 alkynyl.

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is and each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of: C1-C5 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci- C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, and C3-C7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, or oxo.

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is , wherein each R 6 i is

independently selected from C1-G5 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci- C 6 alkyl; CONR 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , SF5, S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

or R 6 and R 7 , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is , wherein each R 6 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-G5 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CONR 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , SF5, S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

or R 6 and R 7 , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and

CONR 8 R 9 . In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is , wherein each R 6 i is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-C5 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci- C 6 alkyl; CONR 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , SF5, S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C 6 alkoxy.

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is , wherein each R 6 i is independently selected from C1-C5 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci- C 6 alkyl; CONR 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two C1-G5 alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is , wherein each R 6 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-G5 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-

C 6 alkyl; CONR 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl; wherein each R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is , wherein each R 6 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci- C 6 alkyl; CONR 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO R 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two C1-G5 alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, C1-G5 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is , wherein each R 6 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci- C 6 alkyl; CO R 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC 2 -C 6 alkynyl;

wherein each R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 2 Ci-Ce alkyl, C0 2 C 3 -Ce cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two C1-G5 alkoxy;

or R 6 and R 7 , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form a C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring B is , wherein each R 6 i is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci- C 6 alkyl; CO R 8 R 9 , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, NR 8 R 9 , =NR 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR 8 R 9 , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, CO2C3-C6

cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR 8 R 9 , SFs, S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two C1-G5 alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5- to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, R 8 R 9 , CH 2 R 8 R 9 , = R 10 , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R 8 R 9 ;

The group R 3

R 4

(C r C 2 alkylene)

In some embodiments, R is selected from hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, and

wherein the C1-C2 alkylene group is optionally substituted with oxo.

In some embodiments, R 3 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R 3 is cyano.

In some embodiments, R 3 is hydroxy.

In some embodiments, R 3 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy.In some embodiments, R 3 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments R 3 is meth l. alkylene)

, wherein the C1-C2 alkylene group is optionally substituted with oxo.

In some embodiments, R 3 is -CH2R 14 .

In some embodiments, R 3 is -C(0)R 14 .

In some embodiments, R 3 is -CH2CH2R 14 .

In some embodiments, R 3 is -CHR 14 CH 3 .

In some embodiments, R 3 is -CH 2 C(0)R 14 .

In some embodiments, R 3 is -C(0)CH 2 R 14 .

In some embodiments, R 3 is CO2C1-C6 alkyl The group R

In some embodiments, R 14 is hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl , wherein each Ci-Ce alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally independently substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 .

In some embodiments, R 14 is hydrogen or Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 14 is hydrogen, 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein each Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally independently substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 .

In some embodiments, R 14 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R 14 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 14 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 14 is 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl optionally independently substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 .

In some embodiments, R 14 is C 6 -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl optionally independently substituted with 1 or 2 R 6 .

The moiety S(=0)(NHR 3 )=N-

In some embodiments, the sulfur in the moiety S(=0)(NHR 3 )=N- has (S) stereochemistry.

In some embodiments, the sulfur in the moiety S(=0)( HR 3 )=N- has (R) stereochemistry.

The group R 10

In some embodiments, R 10 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 10 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 10 is ethyl.

The groups R 8 and R 9

In some embodiments, each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, (C= R 13 ) R U R 12 , S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , COR 13 , COzR 13 and CO R u R 12 ; wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to.

In some embodiments, each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, (C=NR 13 ) R U R 12 , S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl, S(0 2 ) R u R 12 , COR 13 , COzR 13 and CO R u R 12 ; wherein the Ci-C 6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C 6 -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to.

In some embodiments, each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is hydrogen,

In some embodiments, each R 8 at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R 9 at each occurrence is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, each R 8 at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R 9 at each occurrence is methyl.

In some embodiments, each R 8 at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R 9 at each occurrence is ethyl.

In some embodiments, each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is methyl.

In some embodiments, each of R 8 and R 9 at each occurrence is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- membered ring.

In some embodiments, R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 4- membered ring.

In some embodiments, R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 5- membered ring.

In some embodiments, R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 6- membered ring optionally containing one or more oxygen atoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to.

In some embodiments, R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 6- membered ring optionally containing one or more nitrogen atoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to. In some embodiments, R 8 and R 9 taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 7- membered ring.

The group R 13

In some embodiments, R 13 is Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R 13 is methyl.

In some embodiments, R 13 is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R 13 is C 6 -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R 13 is phenyl.

In some embodiments, R 13 is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

The groups R 11 and R 12

In some embodiments, each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is hydrogen,

In some embodiments, each R 11 at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R 12 at each occurrence is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, each R 11 at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R 12 at each occurrence is methyl.

In some embodiments, each R 11 at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R 12 at each occurrence is ethyl.

In some embodiments, each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is methyl.

In some embodiments, each of R 11 and R 12 at each occurrence is ethyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C1-G5 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-Ce alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 haloalkyl; Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(02)CH3.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C 6 -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H 2 ; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH 2 CH 3 ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH 3 .

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C 3 -C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C 3 - C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C 3 -C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 2 ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; C0 2 C 3 -Cs cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H 2 ; NHCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-Ce alkyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H 2 ; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2-hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from: Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2-hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; NH 2 ; NHCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CONR 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

R 1 the substituted ring A is s * ;

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl;

1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3-

C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl;

CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H 2 ; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from: 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H 2 ; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from: Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2-hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more C1-G5 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H 2 ; NHCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is , or

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H 2 ; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from: 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; CO2C1-C6 alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H 2 ; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CO2C1-C6 alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H 2 ; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi- Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HC1-C6 alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl.

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; NO2; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); CChCi-Ce alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi- Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C6-C10 aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H2; HC1-C6 alkyl; N(Ci-Ce alkyl) 2 ; CO R 8 R 9 ; SF 5 ; Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 ; and S(0 2 )Ci-C 6 alkyl

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 is selected from:

1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxymethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH3; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; and S(0 2 )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SF5;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(0 2 )Ci-C6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SF5.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo. In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl; R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl; R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH 3 , and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C 6 -Cio aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SFs;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SF5.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro; R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH3, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is r2 ;

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SF5;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo; R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-Ce alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SF5.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl. ome embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH 3 , and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

'

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C 6 -Cio aryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SFs;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C 10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SF5.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo; R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro; R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH3, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH3, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SF5;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C 6 -Cio aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SFs.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl; R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(C>2)CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl; R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH 3 , and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SFs;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SF5.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro; R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH3, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is

S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci- Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH3, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SF5;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SFs.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH3, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SF5;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo; R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-Ce alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SF5.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl. ome embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH 3 , and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl. ome embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl; R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(C>2)CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH 3 , and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl. ome embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C 6 -Cio aryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SFs;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SF5.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo; R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro; R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH3, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH3, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SF5;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C 6 -Cio aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SFs.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl; R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(C>2)CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl; R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH 3 , and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SFs;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SF5.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro; R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH3, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(0 2 )CH3; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH3, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl. In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SF5;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SFs.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(C>2)CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is COCH 3 , and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C6-C10 aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SF5;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SF5.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)CH 3 ;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is COCH 3 , and R 1 is methyl; or R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is ;

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is C 6 -Cio aryl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is SFs;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 2 is halo;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl; R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 2 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is C6-C10 aryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl; R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is SFs.

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(02)Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 8 R 9 , and R 1 is halo;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkoxy, and R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring A is

and R 1 and R 2 are one of the following combinations:

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is isopropyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 1 is hydroxymethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 2 is methyl; R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is phenyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyridyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is pyrazolyl;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is morpholinyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is fluoro;

R 1 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 2 is chloro;

R 1 is COCH 3 , and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 2 is methyl;

R 1 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 2 is methyl.

R 2 is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is isopropyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R 2 is hydroxymethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy -2-propyl and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is phenyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyridyl;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is pyrazolyl;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is S(0 2 )CH 3 ; R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R 1 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1 -cyclopropyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is morpholinyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is fluoro;

R 2 is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R 1 is chloro;

R 2 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R 1 is methyl;

R 2 is COCH3, and R 1 is methyl; or

R 2 is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R 1 is methyl.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, halo, and cyano.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 is selected from:

isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, tnfluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, halo, chloro, and fluoro. In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more halo, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, halo, and cyano.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 is selected from:

isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, tnfluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, halo, chloro, and fluoro.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, halo, and cyano.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 is selected from: isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, tnfluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, halo, chloro, and fluoro.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, halo, and cyano.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 is selected from:

isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, halo, chloro, and fluoro.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 is selected from:

Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, halo, and cyano.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 is selected from: isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, halo, chloro, and fluoro.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and the two R 6 are one of the following combinations:

(i) One R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and the other R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) One R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl and the other R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

(iii) One R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and the other R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) One R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and the other R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) One R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and the other R 6 is halo;

(vi) One R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and the other R 6 is cyano;

(vii) One R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and the other R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) One R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and the other R 6 is halo;

(ix) One R 6 is cyclopropyl and the other R 6 is halo;

(x) One R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and the other R 6 is Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) One R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and the other R 6 is Ci-Ce alkoxy;

(xii) One R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and the other R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) One R 6 is halo, and the other R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) One R 6 is halo, and the other R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) One R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and the other R 6 is halo;

(xvi) One R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and the other R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring B is ;

and the two R 6 are one of the following combinations:

(i) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is methyl;

(ii) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is ^-propyl;

(iii) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is isopropyl;

(iv) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(v) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(vi) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is chloro;

(vii) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is fluoro;

(viii) One R 6 is ethyl; and the other R 6 is fluoro;

(ix) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is cyano;

(x) One R 6 is cyclopropyl; and the other R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xi) One R 6 is cyclopropyl; and the other R 6 is chloro;

(xii) One R 6 is cyclopropyl; and the other R 6 is fluoro;

(xiii) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is methoxy;

(xiv) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is methoxy; or

(xv) One R 6 is isopropyl; and the other R 6 is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

(iii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(vi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano; vii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

viii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is halo;

ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl and R 7 is halo;

x) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo; xi) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy;

xii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more halo; xiii) R 6 s halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

xiv) R 6 s halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

xv) R 6 s Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is halo;

xvi) R 6 s Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

xvii) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo

xviii) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

xix) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

xx) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is halo;

xxi) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 6 is halo;

xxii) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

xxiii) R 7 s C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

xxiv) R 7 s C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is halo;

xxv) R 7 s C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R 6 is halo;

xxvi) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo

xxvii) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

xxviii) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo; xxix) R 7 s halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

xxx) R 7 s halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

xxxi) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is halo; or

xxxii) R 7 s Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro. me embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring B is R? ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

i) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methyl;

ii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is isopropyl;

iii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

iv) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

v) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

vi) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

vii) R 6 is ethyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

viii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano;

ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

x) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

xi) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro; R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methoxy;

(xii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiii) R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xiv) R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xv) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methyl;

(xvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xvii) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xviii) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xix) R 7 is ethyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xx) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyano;

(xxi) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xxiii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xxiv) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methoxy;

(xxv) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvi) R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl; or

(xxvii) R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

(iii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(vi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl and R 7 is halo;

(x) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy;

xii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more halo; xiii) R 6 is halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

xiv) R 6 is halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

xv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is halo;

xvi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

xvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R 6 is halo; (xxvi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

xxvii) R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-Ce alkoxy;

xxviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more halo; xxix) R 7 is halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

xxx) R 7 is halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

xxxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is halo; or

xxxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methyl;

(ii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(iv) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(vi) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) R 6 is ethyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano;

(ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(xi) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xv) R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xviii) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl; xix) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

xx) R 7 is ethyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

xxi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyano;

xxii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

xxiii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

xxiv) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

xxv) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methoxy;

xxvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

xxvii) R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl; or

xxviii) R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

(iii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(vi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl and R 7 is halo;

(x) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy;

(xii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) R 6 is halo, and R 7 is Ci-Ce haloalkyl;

(xiv) R 6 is halo, and R 7 is Ci-Ce haloalkoxy;

(xv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is halo; (xvi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxvi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) R 7 is halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) R 7 is halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is halo; or

(xxxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro;

(xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; or

(xxxiv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl..

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

i) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methyl;

ii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is isopropyl;

iii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

iv) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

y) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

vi) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

vii) R 6 is ethyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

viii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano;

ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

x) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

xi) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

xii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methoxy;

xiii) R 6 s isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

xiv) R 6 s chloro; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

xv) R 6 s chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

xvi) R 7 s isopropyl; and R 6 is methyl;

xvii) R 7 s isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

xviii) R 7 s isopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

xix) R 7 s isopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

xx) R 7 s ethyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

xxi) R 7 s isopropyl; and R 6 is cyano;

xxii) R 7 s cyclopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

xxiii) R 7 s cyclopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

xxiv) R 7 s cyclopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

xxv) R 7 s isopropyl; and R 6 is methoxy;

xxvi) R 7 s isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

xxvii) R 7 s chloro; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

xxviii) R 7 s chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

xxix) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; (xxx) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxi) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S;

(xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S; or

(xxxiv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

(iii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv)R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(vi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(ix)R 6 is cyclopropyl and R 7 is halo;

(x) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy;

(xii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) R 6 is halo, and R 7 is Ci-Ce haloalkyl; (xiv) R 6 is halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is halo;

(xvi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxvi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) R 7 is halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) R 7 is halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is halo; or

(xxxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl;

(iii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl; (v) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(vi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(ix)R 6 is cyclopropyl and R 7 is halo;

(x) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) R 6 is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy;

(xii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more halo; (xiii) R 6 is halo, and R 7 is Ci-Ce haloalkyl;

(xiv) R 6 is halo, and R 7 is Ci-Ce haloalkoxy;

(xv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is halo;

(xvi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxvi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) R 7 is halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) R 7 is halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is halo;

(xxxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro; (xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; or

(xxxiv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methyl;

(ii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(iv)R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(vi) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) R 6 is ethyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano;

(ix)R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(xi) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

( χ ίν) R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xv) R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xviii) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl; (xix) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xx) R 7 is ethyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xxviii) R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxx) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxi) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S;

(xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S; or

(xxxiv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations: (i) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methyl;

(ii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(iv) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(vi) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) R 6 is ethyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano;

(ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(xi) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl; (xv) R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xviii) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xx) R 7 is ethyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl; or

(xxviii) R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy. ome embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(vi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(ix) each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and R 7 is halo;

(x) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) each R 6 is independently halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) each R 6 is independently halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is halo;

(xvi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo; (xxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxvi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally

substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) R 7 is halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) R 7 is halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro;

(xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxiv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; and one R 6 is halo or cyano; or

(xxxv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; and one R 6 is halo or cyano.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methyl; (ii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(iv) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(vi) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) each R 6 is ethyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano;

(ix) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(xi) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) each R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(xv) each R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xviii) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xx) R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xxviii) R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluoromethyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(xxx) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 6 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano; (xxxi) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 6 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano;

(xxxii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 6 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano;

(xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S; and one R 6 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano; or

(xxxiv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S; and one R 6 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(vi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(ix) each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and R 7 is halo;

(x) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; (xii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) each R 6 is independently halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) each R 6 is independently halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is halo;

(xvi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

xix) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

xx) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

xxi) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

xxii) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

xxiii) R 7 is C 3 -C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

xxiv) R 7 is C 3 -C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

xxv) R 7 is C 3 -C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

xxvi) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally

substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) R 7 is halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) R 7 is halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo; or

(xxxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro. In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methyl;

(ii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(iv) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(vi) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) each R 6 is ethyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano;

(ix) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(xi) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) each R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(xv) each R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xviii) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xx) R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy; (xxvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xxviii) R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy; or

(xxix) one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluorom ethyl; and R 7 is chloro.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(vi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl and each R 7 is independently halo;

(x) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) R 6 is halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) R 6 is halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 7 is independently halo;

(xvi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro; xvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo:

(xviii) each R 7 is independently Ci -Ce

or more halo;

(xix) each R 7 is independently Ci -Ce

(xx) each R 7 is independently Ci -Ce

(xxi) each R 7 is independently Ci -Ce

(xxii) each R 7 is independently Ci -Ce

(xxiii) each R 7 is independently C 3 -CT

(xxiv) each R 7 is independently C 3 -CT

(xxv) each R 7 is independently C 3 -CT

(xxvi) each R 7 is independently Ci -Ce

substituted with one or more halo;

xxvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

xxviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

xxix) each R 7 is independently halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

xxx) each R 7 is independently halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

xxxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is halo;

xxxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro;

xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

xxxiv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; or

xxxv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl;

(ii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(iv) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(vi) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

(ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xi) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

xii) R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methoxy;

xiii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy; xiv) R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluorom ethyl; xv) R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy; xvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methyl;

xvii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl; xviii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl; xix) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

xx) each R 7 is ethyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

xxi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyano;

xxii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl; xxiii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

xxiv) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

xxv) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methoxy; (xxvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) each R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xxviii) each R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano;

(xxx) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano;

(xxxi) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano;

(xxxii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano; or

(xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(vi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo; (ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl and each R 7 is independently halo;

(x) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) R 6 is halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) R 6 is halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 7 is independently halo;

(xvi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxvi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) each R 7 is independently halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) each R 7 is independently halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is halo;

(xxxii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro; (xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxiv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; or

(xxxiv) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl;

(ϋ) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(iv) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(vi) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(νϋ) R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

(ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xi) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(XV) R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy; (xvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xviii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xx) each R 7 is ethyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) each R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xxviii) each R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano;

(xxx) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano;

(xxxi) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano;

(xxxii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano; or

(xxxiii) R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S; and one R 7 is fluoro, chloro, or cyano.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations: (i) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(vi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(ix) each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and R 7 is halo;

(x) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) each R 6 is independently halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) each R 6 is independently halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is halo;

(xvi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxv) R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo; (xxvi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) R 7 is halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) R 7 is halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo; or

(xxxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methyl;

(ii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(iv) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(vi) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) each R 6 is ethyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is cyano;

(ix) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(xi) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) each R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(xv) each R 6 is chloro; and R 7 is trifluoromethoxy; (xvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xviii) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xx) R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xxviii) R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy; or

(xxix) one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluorom ethyl; and R 7 is chloro

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(vi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(ix) R 6 is cyclopropyl and each R 7 is independently halo; (x) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) R 6 is halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) R 6 is halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 7 is independently halo;

(xvi) R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 6 is halo;

(xxv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R 6 is halo;

(xxvi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally

substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) each R 7 is independently halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) each R 7 is independently halo, and R 6 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is halo; or

(xxxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro. ome embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl;

(ii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii)R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(iv)R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(vi)R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

(ix)R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xi)R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) ;R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xv) R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluorom ethyl;

(xviii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xx) each R 7 is ethyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii^ each R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethyl; or (xxviii) each R 7 is chloro; and R 6 is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl;;

(iii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl

substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(vi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(ix) each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and each R 7 is independently halo;

(x) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy

optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 7 is independently halo;

(xvi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; (xviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7

cycloalkyl;

(xx) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl

(xxiv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxvi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro;

(xxxiii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C8 aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxiv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(xxxv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; or

(xxxvi) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl;

(ii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(iv) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(vi) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) each R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

(ix) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xi) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(xv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl; (xviii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xx) each R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xxviii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluoromethyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xxx) each R 6 is isopropyl; one R 7 is fluoro; and the other R 7 is cyano;

(xxxi) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxiii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxiv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl; (xxxvi) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl; or

(xxxvii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl .

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl

optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl

substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(vi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7

cycloalkyl;

(viii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(ix) each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and each R 7 is independently halo; (x) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 7 is independently halo;

(xvi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl

optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl

substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7

cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxvi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro; (xxxiii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C8 aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxiv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; or

(xxxv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl;

(ϋ) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(iv) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(vi) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(νϋ) each R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

(ix) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xi) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl; (xv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xviii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xx) each R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xxviii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluoromethyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xxx) each R 6 is isopropyl; one R 7 is fluoro; and the other R 7 is cyano; or

(xxxi) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxiii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxiv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl; or

(xxxvi)two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl

optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl

substituted with one or more halo;

(iv)each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(vi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(ix) each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and each R 7 is independently halo;

(x) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy

optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 7 is independently halo; xvi) each R 6 is independently Ci-Ce alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

xvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

xviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

xix) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

xx) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

xxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

xxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

xxiii) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

xxiv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo; xxv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo; xxvi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

xxvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

xxviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

xxix) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl; xxx) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy; xxxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo; or xxxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro.

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl; (ii) each R 8 is i sopropyl; and each R 7 is i sopropyl;

(iii)each R 8 is i sopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(iv)each R 8 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) each R 8 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(vi)each R 8 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) each R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

(ix)each R 8 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) each R 8 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xi)each R 8 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(xv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xviii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xx) each R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xxviii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluoromethyl; and R 7 is chloro; or

(xxx) R 6 is isopropyl; one R 7 is fluoro; and the other R 7 is cyano. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is cyano;

each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl; each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and each R 7 is independently halo;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 7 is independently halo;

each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 7 is chloro;

each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl; each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is cyano;

each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl; each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo;

each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is chloro;

R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; and one R 6 is halo or cyano; or

R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and

S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci- C 6 alkyl; and one R 6 is halo or cyano.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl;

each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is isopropyl; each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

each R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methoxy;

each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl;

each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

each R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy;

each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluoromethyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

each R 6 is isopropyl; one R 7 is fluoro; and the other R 7 is cyano;

R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 6 is chloro, fluoro, or cyano; R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 6 is chloro, fluoro, or cyano;

R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 6 is chloro, fluoro, or cyano;

R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and

S; and one R 6 is chloro, fluoro, or cyano;

R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S; and one R 6 is chloro, fluoro, or cyano; or

R 6 and R 7 on adjacent atoms taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 6 is chloro, fluoro, or cyano.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) each R 6 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl;

(iii)each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl

substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(vi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(ix) each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and each R 7 is independently halo; (x) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 7 is independently halo;

(xvi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7

cycloalkyl;

(xx) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxvi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo; or

(xxxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro. In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

i) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl;

ii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is isopropyl;

iii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

iv) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

v) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

vi) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

vii) each R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

viii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

ix) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

x) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

xi) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

xii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methoxy;

xiii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy; xiv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl; xv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy; xvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl;

xvii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl; xviii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl; xix) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

xx) each R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

xxi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

xxii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl; xxiii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro; (xxiv) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xxviii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluoromethyl; and each R 7 is chloro; or

(xxx) each R 6 is isopropyl; one R 7 is fluoro; and the other R 7 is cyano.

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii)each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl

substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(vi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 7 is independently halo;

(ix) each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and each R 7 is independently halo;

(x) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy

optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl; (xiv) each R 6 is independently halo, and each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) each R 6 is independently Ci-Ce alkoxy; and each R 7 is independently halo;

(xvi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7

cycloalkyl;

(xx) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxv) each R 7 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxvi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) each R 7 is independently halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxxvi) each R 7 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro;

(xxxvii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(xxxii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; or

(xxxiii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-Ce alkyl, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl;

(ii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is isopropyl;

(iii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(iv) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(vi) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) each R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

(ix) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xi) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(xv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl; (xvii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xviii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xx) each R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xxviii) R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) one R 6 is isopropyl; the other R 6 is trifluoromethyl; and R 7 is chloro;

(xxx) R 6 is isopropyl; one R 7 is fluoro; and the other R 7 is cyano; two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring;

(xxxi) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxiii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl;

(xxxiv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl (xxxv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl; or

(xxxvi) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl .

In some embodiments, of the com ound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is ;

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(ii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl;

(iii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(iv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(v) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(vi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is cyano;

(vii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(viii) each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R 7 is halo;

(ix) each R 6 is independently cyclopropyl and R 7 is halo; (x) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xii) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xiii) each R 6 is independently halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xiv) each R 6 is independently halo, and R 7 is Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xv) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is halo;

(xvi) each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 7 is chloro;

(xvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

(xviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

(xix) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xx) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxi) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxii) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl, and R 6 is cyano;

(xxiii) R 7 is C3 -C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

(xxiv) R 7 is C3 -C7 cycloalkyl, and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxv) R 7 is C3 -C7 cycloalkyl and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxvi) R 7 is Ci -C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy optionally

substituted with one or more halo;

(xxvii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy;

(xxviii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

(xxix) R 7 is halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;

(xxx) R 7 is halo, and each R 6 is independently Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy;

(xxxi) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and each R 6 is independently halo;

(xxxii) R 7 is Ci-C 6 alkoxy; and R 6 is chloro; (xxxiii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C8 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is halo;

(xxxiv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C8 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is cyano;

(xxxv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; and one R 7 is halo or cyano;

(xxxvi) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; and one R 7 is halo or cyano; or

(xxxvii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or Ci-C 6 alkyl; and one R 7 is halo or cyano.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

the substituted ring B is

and R 6 and R 7 are one of the following combinations:

(i) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methyl;

(ii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is isopropyl; (iii)each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(iv)each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(v) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(vi)each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(vii) each R 6 is ethyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(viii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is cyano;

(ix)each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is cyclopropyl;

(x) each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is chloro;

(xi)each R 6 is cyclopropyl; and each R 7 is fluoro;

(xii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is methoxy;

(xiii) each R 6 is isopropyl; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xiv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethyl;

(xv) each R 6 is chloro; and each R 7 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methyl;

(xvii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xviii) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xix) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xx) each R 7 is ethyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is cyano;

(xxii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is cyclopropyl;

(xxiii) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is chloro;

(xxiv) each R 7 is cyclopropyl; and each R 6 is fluoro;

(xxv) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is methoxy;

(xxvi) each R 7 is isopropyl; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxvii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethyl;

(xxviii) each R 7 is chloro; and each R 6 is trifluoromethoxy;

(xxix) each R 6 is isopropyl; two R 7 are fluoro; and one R 7 is chloro;

(xxx) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one

R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is chloro; (xxxi) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R 7 is fluoro;

(xxxii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 4 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl; and one R 7 is fluoro or chloro;

(xxxiii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl; and one R 7 is fluoro or chloro;

(xxxiv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C 6 aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl; and one R 7 is fluoro or chloro;

(xxxv) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl; and one R 7 is fluoro or chloro;

(xxxvi) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl; and one R 7 is fluoro or chloro; or

(xxxvii) two pairs, each of one R 6 and one R 7 , are on adjacent atoms, one pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl, and the other pair of one R 6 and one R 7 taken together with the atoms connecting them form a Cs aliphatic carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, oxo, or methyl ; and one R 7 is fluoro or chloro.

Additional Features of the Embodiments Herein

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA (e.g., Formula AA-1, Formula AA-2, Formula AA-3, Formula AA-4, or Formula AA-5), R 6 is not CN.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula AA is not a compound selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula AA is not a compound selected from the roup consisting of:

In some embodiments the compound of any of the formulae herein is not a compound disclosed in EP 0173498, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments the compound of any of the formulae herein is not a compound disclosed in US 4666506, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

It is understood that the combination of variables in the formulae herein is such that the compounds are stable.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound that is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in Table 1 :

Table 1.

109a

109b

110

110a

130b

131

131a

131b



IJ77

191b

192

192a

192b

215

216

217

218

219 220

220a

220b

221

307

311

harmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound that is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in the following table: b

a

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound that is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in the following table:

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration

enera/

In some embodiments, a chemical entity (e.g., a compound that modulates (e.g., antagonizes) NLRP3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or hydrate, and/or cocrystal, and/or drug combination thereof) is administered as a pharmaceutical composition that includes the chemical entity and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and optionally one or more additional therapeutic agents as described herein.

In some embodiments, the chemical entities can be administered in combination with one or more conventional pharmaceutical excipients. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d-a-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens, poloxamers or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, tris, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium-chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, and wool fat. Cyclodextrins such as α-, β, and γ-cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl-P-cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives can also be used to enhance delivery of compounds described herein. Dosage forms or compositions containing a chemical entity as described herein in the range of 0.005% to 100%) with the balance made up from non-toxic excipient may be prepared. The contemplated compositions may contain 0.001%>-100%> of a chemical entity provided herein, in one embodiment 0.1-95%, in another embodiment 75-85%, in a further embodiment 20-80%. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22 nd Edition (Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK. 2012).

Routes of Administration and Composition Components

In some embodiments, the chemical entities described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof can be administered to subject in need thereof by any accepted route of administration. Acceptable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, buccal, cutaneous, endocervical, endosinusial, endotracheal, enteral, epidural, interstitial, intra-abdominal, intra-arterial, intrabronchial, intrabursal, intracerebral, intracisternal, intracoronary, intradermal, intraductal, intraduodenal, intradural, intraepidermal, intraesophageal, intragastric, intragingival, intraileal, intralymphatic, intramedullary, intrameningeal, intramuscular, intraovarian, intraperitoneal, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary, intrasinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intratesticular, intrathecal, intratubular, intratumoral, intrauterine, intravascular, intravenous, nasal, nasogastric, oral, parenteral, percutaneous, peridural, rectal, respiratory (inhalation), subcutaneous, sublingual, submucosal, topical, transdermal, transmucosal, transtracheal, ureteral, urethral and vaginal. In certain embodiments, a preferred route of administration is parenteral (e.g., intratumoral).

Compositions can be formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., formulated for injection via the intravenous, intramuscular, sub -cutaneous, or even intraperitoneal routes. Typically, such compositions can be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for use to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a liquid prior to injection can also be prepared; and the preparations can also be emulsified. The preparation of such formulations will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.

The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions; formulations including sesame oil, peanut oil, or aqueous propylene glycol; and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that it may be easily injected. It also should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.

The carrier also can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion, and by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques, which yield a powder of the active ingredient, plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Intratumoral injections are discussed, e.g., in Lammers, et al., "Effect of Intratumoral Injection on the Biodistribution and the Therapeutic Potential of HPMA Copolymer -Based Drug Delivery Systems" Neoplasia. 2006, 10, 788-795.

In certain embodiments, the chemical entities described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are suitable for local, topical administration to the digestive or GI tract, e.g., rectal administration. Rectal compositions include, without limitation, enemas, rectal gels, rectal foams, rectal aerosols, suppositories, jelly suppositories, and enemas (e.g., retention enemas).

Pharmacologically acceptable excipients usable in the rectal composition as a gel, cream, enema, or rectal suppository, include, without limitation, any one or more of cocoa butter glycerides, synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, PEG (like PEG ointments), glycerine, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, poloxamers, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol Vaseline, anhydrous lanolin, shark liver oil, sodium saccharinate, menthol, sweet almond oil, sorbitol, sodium benzoate, anoxid SBN, vanilla essential oil, aerosol, parabens in phenoxyethanol, sodium methyl p-oxybenzoate, sodium propyl p-oxybenzoate, diethylamine, carbomers, carbopol, methyloxybenzoate, macrogol cetostearyl ether, cocoyl caprylocaprate, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, liquid paraffin, xanthan gum, carboxy-metabisulfite, sodium edetate, sodium benzoate, potassium metabisulfite, grapefruit seed extract, methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) , lactic acid, glycine, vitamins, such as vitamin A and E and potassium acetate.

In certain embodiments, suppositories can be prepared by mixing the chemical entities described herein with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum and release the active compound. In other embodiments, compositions for rectal administration are in the form of an enema. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are suitable for local delivery to the digestive or GI tract by way of oral administration (e.g., solid or liquid dosage forms.).

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the chemical entity is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

In one embodiment, the compositions will take the form of a unit dosage form such as a pill or tablet and thus the composition may contain, along with a chemical entity provided herein, a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, or the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or the like; and a binder such as starch, gum acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidine, gelatin, cellulose, cellulose derivatives or the like. In another solid dosage form, a powder, marume, solution or suspension (e.g., in propylene carbonate, vegetable oils, PEG's, poloxamer 124 or triglycerides) is encapsulated in a capsule (gelatin or cellulose base capsule). Unit dosage forms in which one or more chemical entities provided herein or additional active agents are physically separated are also contemplated; e.g., capsules with granules (or tablets in a capsule) of each drug; two-layer tablets; two-compartment gel caps, etc. Enteric coated or delayed release oral dosage forms are also contemplated.

Other physiologically acceptable compounds include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents or preservatives that are particularly useful for preventing the growth or action of microorganisms. Various preservatives are well known and include, for example, phenol and ascorbic acid.

In certain embodiments the excipients are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional, well-known sterilization techniques. For various oral dosage form excipients such as tablets and capsules sterility is not required. The USP/NF standard is usually sufficient.

In certain embodiments, solid oral dosage forms can further include one or more components that chemically and/or structurally predispose the composition for delivery of the chemical entity to the stomach or the lower GI; e.g., the ascending colon and/or transverse colon and/or distal colon and/or small bowel. Exemplary formulation techniques are described in, e.g., Filipski, K.J., et al., Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2013, 13, 776-802, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Examples include upper-GI targeting techniques, e.g., Accordion Pill (Intec Pharma), floating capsules, and materials capable of adhering to mucosal walls.

Other examples include lower-GI targeting techniques. For targeting various regions in the intestinal tract, several enteric/pH-responsive coatings and excipients are available. These materials are typically polymers that are designed to dissolve or erode at specific pH ranges, selected based upon the GI region of desired drug release. These materials also function to protect acid labile drugs from gastric fluid or limit exposure in cases where the active ingredient may be irritating to the upper GI (e.g., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate series, Coateric (polyvinyl acetate phthalate), cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, Eudragit series (methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymers), and Marcoat). Other techniques include dosage forms that respond to local flora in the GI tract, Pressure-controlled colon delivery capsule, and Pulsincap.

Ocular compositions can include, without limitation, one or more of any of the following: viscogens (e.g., Carboxymethylcellulose, Glycerin, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Polyethylene glycol); Stabilizers (e.g., Pluronic (triblock copolymers), Cyclodextrins); Preservatives (e.g., Benzalkonium chloride, ETDA, SofZia (boric acid, propylene glycol, sorbitol, and zinc chloride; Alcon Laboratories, Inc.), Purite (stabilized oxychloro complex; Allergan, Inc.)).

Topical compositions can include ointments and creams. Ointments are semisolid preparations that are typically based on petrolatum or other petroleum derivatives. Creams containing the selected active agent are typically viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions, often either oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Cream bases are typically water-washable, and contain an oil phase, an emulsifier and an aqueous phase. The oil phase, also sometimes called the "internal" phase, is generally comprised of petrolatum and a fatty alcohol such as cetyl or stearyl alcohol; the aqueous phase usually, although not necessarily, exceeds the oil phase in volume, and generally contains a humectant. The emulsifier in a cream formulation is generally a nonionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactant. As with other carriers or vehicles, an ointment base should be inert, stable, nonirritating and non-sensitizing.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions described herein can include one or more one or more of the following: lipids, interbilayer crosslinked multilamellar vesicles, biodegradeable poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) [PLGA]-based or poly anhydride-based nanoparticles or microparticles, and nanoporous particle-supported lipid bilayers.

Enema Formulations

In some embodiments, enema formulations containing the chemical entities described herein are provided in "ready-to-use" form.

In some embodiments, enema formulations containing the chemical entities described herein are provided in one or more kits or packs. In certain embodiments, the kit or pack includes two or more separately contained/packaged components, e.g. two components, which when mixed together, provide the desired formulation (e.g., as a suspension). In certain of these embodiments, the two component system includes a first component and a second component, in which: (i) the first component (e.g., contained in a sachet) includes the chemical entity (as described anywhere herein) and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients (e.g., together formulated as a solid preparation, e.g., together formulated as a wet granulated solid preparation); and (ii) the second component (e.g., contained in a vial or bottle) includes one or more liquids and optionally one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients together forming a liquid carrier. Prior to use (e.g., immediately prior to use), the contents of (i) and (ii) are combined to form the desired enema formulation, e.g., as a suspension. In other embodiments, each of component (i) and (ii) is provided in its own separate kit or pack.

In some embodiments, each of the one or more liquids is water, or a physiologically acceptable solvent, or a mixture of water and one or more physiologically acceptable solvents. Typical such solvents include, without limitation, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol. In certain embodiments, each of the one or more liquids is water. In other embodiments, each of the one or more liquids is an oil, e.g. natural and/or synthetic oils that are commonly used in pharmaceutical preparations.

Further pharmaceutical excipients and carriers that may be used in the pharmaceutical products herein described are listed in various handbooks (e.g. D. E. Bugay and W. P. Findlay (Eds) Pharmaceutical excipients (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999), E-M Hoepfner, A. Reng and P. C. Schmidt (Eds) Fiedler Encyclopedia of Excipients for Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics and Related Areas (Edition Cantor, Munich, 2002) and H. P. Fielder (Ed) Lexikon der Hilfsstoffe fur Pharmazie, Kosmetik and angrenzende Gebiete (Edition Cantor Aulendorf, 1989)).

In some embodiments, each of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be independently selelcted from thickeners, viscosity enhancing agents, bulking agents, mucoadhesive agents, penetration enhanceers, buffers, preservatives, diluents, binders, lubricants, glidants, disintegrants, fillers, solubilizing agents, pH modifying agents, preservatives, stabilizing agents, anti-oxidants, wetting or emulsifying agents, suspending agents, pigments, colorants, isotonic agents, chelating agents, emulsifiers, and diagnostic agents.

In certain embodiments, each of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be independently selelcted from thickeners, viscosity enhancing agents, mucoadhesive agents, buffers, preservatives, diluents, binders, lubricants, glidants, disintegrants, and fillers.

In certain embodiments, each of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be independently selelcted from thickeners, viscosity enhancing agents, bulking agents, mucoadhesive agents, buffers, preservatives, and fillers.

In certain embodiments, each of the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be independently selelcted from diluents, binders, lubricants, glidants, and disintegrants.

Examples of thickeners, viscosity enhancing agents, and mucoadhesive agents include without limitation: gums, e.g. xanthan gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tragacanth gums, karaya gum, ghatti gum, cholla gum, psyllium seed gum and gum arabic; poly(carboxylic acid-containing) based polymers, such as poly (acrylic, maleic, itaconic, citraconic, hydroxyethyl methacrylic or methacrylic) acid which have strong hydrogen-bonding groups, or derivatives thereof such as salts and esters; cellulose derivatives, such as methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, methylethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or cellulose esters or ethers or derivatives or salts thereof; clays such as manomorillonite clays, e.g. Veegun, attapulgite clay; polysaccharides such as dextran, pectin, amylopectin, agar, mannan or polygalactonic acid or starches such as hydroxypropyl starch or carboxymethyl starch; polypeptides such as casein, gluten, gelatin, fibrin glue; chitosan, e.g. lactate or glutamate or carboxymethyl chitin; glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid; metals or water soluble salts of alginic acid such as sodium alginate or magnesium alginate; schleroglucan; adhesives containing bismuth oxide or aluminium oxide; atherocollagen; polyvinyl polymers such as carboxyvinyl polymers; polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone); polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl acetates, polyvinylmethyl ethers, polyvinyl chlorides, polyvinylidenes, and/or the like; polycarboxylated vinyl polymers such as polyacrylic acid as mentioned above; polysiloxanes; polyethers; polyethylene oxides and glycols; polyalkoxys and polyacrylamides and derivatives and salts thereof. Preferred examples can include cellulose derivatives, such as methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, methylethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or cellulose esters or ethers or derivatives or salts thereof (e.g., methyl cellulose); and polyvinyl polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone).

Examples of preservatives include without limitation: benzalkonium chloride, benzoxonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimide, sepazonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, domiphen bromide (Bradosol®), thiomersal, phenylmercuric nitrate, phenylmercuric acetate, phenylmercuric borate, methylparaben, propylparaben, chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, chlorohexidine, polyhexamethylene biguanide, sodium perborate, imidazolidinyl urea, sorbic acid, Purite®), Polyquart®), and sodium perborate tetrahydrate and the like.

In certain embodiments, the preservative is a paraben, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the paraben is an alkyl substituted 4-hydroxybenzoate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. In certain embodiments, the alkyl is a C1-C4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the preservative is methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (methylparaben), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (propylparaben), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a combination thereof. Examples of buffers include without limitation: phosphate buffer system (sodium dihydrogen phospahate dehydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, bibasic sodium phosphate, anhydrous monobasic sodium phosphate), bicarbonate buffer system, and bisulfate buffer system.

Examples of disintegrants include, without limitation: carmellose calcium, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC), carmellose, croscarmellose sodium, partially pregelatinized starch, dry starch, carboxymethyl starch sodium, crospovidone, polysorbate 80 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan oleate), starch, sodium starch glycolate, hydroxypropyl cellulose pregelatinized starch, clays, cellulose, alginine, gums or cross linked polymers, such as cross- linked PVP (Polyplasdone XL from GAF Chemical Corp). In certain embodiments, the disintegrant is crospovidone.

Examples of glidants and lubricants (aggregation inhibitors) include without limitation: talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, colloidal silica, stearic acid, aqueous silicon dioxide, synthetic magnesium silicate, fine granulated silicon oxide, starch, sodium lauryl sulfate, boric acid, magnesium oxide, waxes, hydrogenated oil, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, stearic acid glycerol behenate, polyethylene glycol, and mineral oil. In certain embodiments, the glidant/lubricant is magnesium stearate, talc, and/or colloidal silica; e.g., magnesium stearate and/or talc.

Examples of diluents, also referred to as "fillers" or "bulking agents" include without limitation: dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate, lactose (e.g., lactose monohydrate), sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, sodium chloride, dry starch, hydrolyzed starches, pregelatinized starch, silicone dioxide, titanium oxide, magnesium aluminum silicate and powdered sugar. In certain embodiments, the diluent is lactose (e.g., lactose monohydrate).

Examples of binders include without limitation: starch, pregelatinized starch, gelatin, sugars (including sucrose, glucose, dxtrose, lactose and sorbitol), polyethylene glycol, waxes, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia tragacanth, sodium alginate cellulose, including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and veegum, and synthetic polymers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymers, polyacrylic acid/polymethacrylic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone). In certain embodiments, the binder is polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone). In some embodiments, enema formulations containing the chemical entities described herein include water and one or more (e.g., all) of the following excipients:

• One or more (e.g., one, two, or three) thickeners, viscosity enhancing agents, binders, and/or mucoadhesive agents (e.g., cellulose or cellulose esters or ethers or derivatives or salts thereof (e.g., methyl cellulose); and polyvinyl polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone);

• One or more (e.g., one or two; e.g., two) preservatives, such as a paraben, e.g., methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (methylparaben), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (propylparaben), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a combination thereof;

• One or more (e.g., one or two; e.g., two) buffers, such as phosphate buffer system (e.g., sodium dihydrogen phospahate dehydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate);

• One or more (e.g., one or two, e.g., two) glidants and/or lubricants, such as magnesium stearate and/or talc;

• One or more (e.g., one or two; e.g., one) disintegrants, such as crospovidone; and

• One or more (e.g., one or two; e.g., one) diluents, such as lactose (e.g., lactose monohydrate).

In certain of these embodiments, the chemical entity is a compound of Formula AA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof.

In certain embodiments, enema formulations containing the chemical entities described herein include water, methyl cellulose, povidone, methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium dihydrogen phospahate dehydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, crospovidone, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, and talc. In certain of these embodiments, the chemical entity is a compound of Formula AA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof.

In certain embodiments, enema formulations containing the chemical entities described herein are provided in one or more kits or packs. In certain embodiments, the kit or pack includes two separately contained/packaged components, which when mixed together, provide the desired formulation (e.g., as a suspension). In certain of these embodiments, the two component system includes a first component and a second component, in which: (i) the first component (e.g., contained in a sachet) includes the chemical entity (as described anywhere herein) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients (e.g., together formulated as a solid preparation, e.g., together formulated as a wet granulated solid preparation); and (ii) the second component (e.g., contained in a vial or bottle) includes one or more liquids and one or more one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients together forming a liquid carrier. In other embodiments, each of component (i) and (ii) is provided in its own separate kit or pack.

In certain of these embodiments, component (i) includes the chemical entitiy (e.g., a compound of Formula AA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof; e.g., a compound of Formula AA) and one or more (e.g., all) of the following excipients:

(a) One or more (e.g., one) binders (e.g., a polyvinyl polymer, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone);

(b) One or more (e.g., one or two, e.g., two) glidants and/or lubricants, such as magnesium stearate and/or talc;

(c) One or more (e.g., one or two; e.g., one) disintegrants, such as crospovidone; and

(d) One or more (e.g., one or two; e.g., one) diluents, such as lactose (e.g., lactose monohydrate).

In certain embodiments, component (i) includes from about 40 weight percent to about 80 weight percent (e.g., from about 50 weight percent to about 70 weight percent, from about 55 weight percent to about 70 weight percent; from about 60 weight percent to about 65 weight percent; e.g., about 62.1 weight percent) of the chemical entity (e.g., a compound of Formula AA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof).

In certain embodiments, component (i) includes from about 0.5 weight percent to about 5 weight percent (e.g., from about 1.5 weight percent to about 4.5 weight percent, from about 2 weight percent to about 3.5 weight percent; e.g., about 2.76 weight percent) of the binder (e.g., povidone).

In certain embodiments, component (i) includes from about 0.5 weight percent to about 5 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.5 weight percent to about 3 weight percent, from about 1 weight percent to about 3 weight percent; about 2 weight percent e.g., about 1.9 weight percent) of the disintegrant (e.g., crospovidone). In certain embodiments, component (i) includes from about 10 weight percent to about 50 weight percent (e.g., from about 20 weight percent to about 40 weight percent, from about 25 weight percent to about 35 weight percent; e.g., about 31.03 weight percent) of the diluent (e.g., lactose, e.g., lactose monohydrate).

In certain embodiments, component (i) includes from about 0.05 weight percent to about 5 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.05 weight percent to about 3 weight percent) of the glidants and/or lubricants.

In certain embodiments (e.g., when component (i) includes one or more lubricants, such as magnesium stearate), component (i) includes from about 0.05 weight percent to about 1 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.05 weight percent to about 1 weight percent; from about 0.1 weight percent to about 1 weight percent; from about 0.1 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent; e.g., about 0.27 weight percent) of the lubricant (e.g., magnesium stearate).

In certain embodiments (when component (i) includes one or more lubricants, such as talc), component (i) includesfrom about 0.5 weight percent to about 5 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.5 weight percent to about 3 weight percent, from about 1 weight percent to about 3 weight percent; from about 1.5 weight percent to about 2.5 weight percent; from about 1.8 weight percent to about 2.2 weight percent; about 1.93 weight percent) of the lubricant (e.g., talc).

In certain of these embodiments, each of (a), (b), (c), and (d) above is present.

In certain embodiments, component (i) includes the ingredients and amounts as shown in Table A.

Table A

lactose monohydrate (Pharmatose 200M) about 10 weight percent to about 50 weight percent (e.g., from about 20 weight percent to about 40 weight percent, from about 25 weight percent to about 35 weight percent; e.g., about 31.03 weight percent

Povidone (Kollidon K30) about 0.5 weight percent to about 5 weight percent (e.g., from about 1.5 weight percent to about 4.5 weight percent, from about 2 weight percent to about 3.5 weight percent; e.g., about 2.76 weight percent talc 0.5 weight percent to about 5 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.5 weight percent to about 3 weight percent, from about 1 weight percent to about 3 weight percent; from about 1.5 weight percent to about 2.5 weight percent; from about 1.8 weight percent to about 2.2 weight percent;e.g., about 1.93 weight percent

Magnesium stearate about 0.05 weight percent to about 1 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.05 weight percent to about 1 weight percent; from about 0.1 weight percent to about 1 weight percent; from about 0.1 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent; e.g., about 0.27 weight percent

In certain embodiments, component (i) includes the ingredients and amounts as shown

Table B.

Table B

In certain embodiments, component (i) is formulated as a wet granulated solid preparation. In certain of these embodiments an internal phase of ingredients (the chemical entity, disintegrant, and diluent) are combined and mixed in a high-shear granulator. A binder (e.g., povidone) is dissolved in water to form a granulating solution. This solution is added to the Inner Phase mixture resulting in the development of granules. While not wishing to be bound by theory, granule development is believed to be facilitated by the interaction of the polymeric binder with the materials of the internal phase. Once the granulation is formed and dried, an external phase (e.g., one or more lubricants - not an intrinsic component of the dried granulation), is added to the dry granulation. It is believed that lubrication of the granulation is important to the flowability of the granulation, in particular for packaging.

In certain of the foregoing embodiments, component (ii) includes water and one or more (e.g., all) of the following excipients:

(a') One or more (e.g., one, two; e.g., two) thickeners, viscosity enhancing agents, binders, and/or mucoadhesive agents (e.g., cellulose or cellulose esters or ethers or derivatives or salts thereof (e.g., methyl cellulose); and polyvinyl polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone);

(b') One or more (e.g., one or two; e.g., two) preservatives, such as a paraben, e.g., methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (methylparaben), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (propylparaben), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a combination thereof; and

(c') One or more (e.g., one or two; e.g., two) buffers, such as phosphate buffer system (e.g., sodium dihydrogen phospahate dihydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate); In certain of the foregoing embodiments, component (ii) includes water and one or more

(e.g., all) of the following excipients:

(a") a first thickener, viscosity enhancing agent, binder, and/or mucoadhesive agent (e.g., a cellulose or cellulose ester or ether or derivative or salt thereof (e.g., methyl cellulose)); (a'") a second thickener, viscosity enhancing agent, binder, and/or mucoadhesive agent (e.g., a polyvinyl polymer, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone)); (b") a first preservative, such as a paraben, e.g., propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (propylparaben), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof;

(b") a second preservative, such as a paraben, e.g., methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (methylparaben), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof,

(c") a first buffer, such as phosphate buffer system (e.g., disodium phosphate dodecahydrate);

(c'") a second buffer, such as phosphate buffer system (e.g., sodium dihydrogen phospahate dehydrate),

In certain embodiments, component (ii) includes from about 0.05 weight percent to about 5 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.05 weight percent to about 3 weight percent, from about 0.1 weight percent to about 3 weight percent; e.g., about 1.4 weight percent) of (a").

In certain embodiments, component (ii) includes from about 0.05 weight percent to about 5 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.05 weight percent to about 3 weight percent, from about 0.1 weight percent to about 2 weight percent; e.g., about 1.0 weight percent) of (a'").

In certain embodiments, component (ii) includes from about 0.005 weight percent to about

0.1 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.005 weight percent to about 0.05 weight percent; e.g., about 0.02 weight percent) of (b").

In certain embodiments, component (ii) includes from about 0.05 weight percent to about 1 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.05 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent; e.g., about 0.20 weight percent) of (b'").

In certain embodiments, component (ii) includes from about 0.05 weight percent to about 1 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.05 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent; e.g., about 0.15 weight percent) of (c").

In certain embodiments, component (ii) includes from about 0.005 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent (e.g., from about 0.005 weight percent to about 0.3 weight percent; e.g., about 0.15 weight percent) of (c'").

In certain of these embodiments, each of (a") - (c'") is present.

In certain embodiments, component (ii) includes water (up to 100%) and the ingredients and amounts as shown in Table C. Table C

In certain embodiments, component (ii) includes water (up to 100%) and the ingredients and amounts as shown in Table D. Table D

Ready-to-use" enemas are generally be provided in a "single-use" sealed disposable container of plastic or glass. Those formed of a polymeric material preferably have sufficient flexibility for ease of use by an unassisted patient. Typical plastic containers can be made of polyethylene. These containers may comprise a tip for direct introduction into the rectum. Such containers may also comprise a tube between the container and the tip. The tip is preferably provided with a protective shield which is removed before use. Optionally the tip has a lubricant to improve patient compliance.

In some embodiments, the enema formulation (e.g., suspension) is poured into a bottle for delivery after it has been prepared in a separate container. In certain embodiments, the bottle is a plastic bottle (e.g., flexible to allow for delivery by squeezing the bottle), which can be a polyethylene bottle (e.g., white in color). In some embodiments, the bottle is a single chamber bottle, which contains the suspension or solution. In other embodiments, the bottle is a multichamber bottle, where each chamber contains a separate mixture or solution. In still other embodiments, the bottle can further include a tip or rectal cannula for direct introduction into the rectum. In some embodiments, the enema formulation can be delivered in the device shown in FIGS. 3 A-3C, which includes a plastic bottle, a breakable capsule, and a rectal cannula and single flow pack.

Dosages

The dosages may be varied depending on the requirement of the patient, the severity of the condition being treating and the particular compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation can be determined by one skilled in the medical arts. The total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions throughout the day or by means providing continuous delivery.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are administered at a dosage of from about 0.001 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg (e.g., from about 0.001 mg/Kg to about 200 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 200 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 150 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 50 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 10 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 5 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 1 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 0.5 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 0.1 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 200 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 150 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg; from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 50 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 10 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 5 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 1 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 0.5 mg/Kg).

In some embodiments, enema formulations include from about 0.5 mg to about 2500 mg (e.g., from about 0.5 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 750 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 600 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 400 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 300 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 5 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 5 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 5 mg to about 1000 mg; from about 5 mg to about 750 mg; from about 5 mg to about 600 mg; from about 5 mg to about 500 mg; from about 5 mg to about 400 mg; from about 5 mg to about 300 mg; from about 5 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 50 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 50 mg to about 750 mg, from about 50 mg to about 600 mg, from about 50 mg to about 500 mg, from about 50 mg to about 400 mg, from about 50 mg to about 300 mg, from about 50 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 100 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 100 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 750 mg, from about 100 mg to about 700 mg, from about 100 mg to about 600 mg, from about 100 mg to about 500 mg, from about 100 mg to about 400 mg, from about 100 mg to about 300 mg, from about 100 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 150 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 150 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 150 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 150 mg to about 750 mg, from about 150 mg to about 700 mg, from about 150 mg to about 600 mg, from about 150 mg to about 500 mg, from about 150 mg to about 400 mg, from about 150 mg to about 300 mg, from about 150 mg to about 200 mg; e.g., from about 150 mg to about 500 mg; e.g., from about 300 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 300 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 300 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 300 mg to about 750 mg, from about 300 mg to about 700 mg, from about 300 mg to about 600 mg; e.g., from about 400 mg to about 2500 mg, from about 400 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 400 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 400 mg to about 750 mg, from about 400 mg to about 700 mg, from about 400 mg to about 600 from about 400 mg to about 500 mg; e.g., 150 mg or 450 mg) of the chemical entity in from about 1 mL to about 3000 mL (e.g., from about 1 mL to about 2000 mL, from about 1 mL to about 1000 mL, from about 1 mL to about 500 mL, from about 1 mL to about 250 mL, from about 1 mL to about 100 mL, from about 10 mL to about 1000 mL, from about 10 mL to about 500 mL, from about 10 mL to about 250 mL, from about 10 mL to about 100 mL, from about 30 mL to about 90 mL, from about 40 mL to about 80 mL; from about 50 mL to about 70 mL; e.g., about 1 mL, about 5 mL, about 10 mL, about 15 mL, about 20 mL, about 25 mL, about 30 mL, about 35 mL, about 40 mL, about 45 mL,about 50 mL, about 55 mL, about 60 mL, about 65 mL, about 70 mL, about 75 mL, about 100 mL, about 250 mL, or about 500 mL, or about 1000 mL, or about 2000mL, or about 3000 mL; e.g., 60 mL) of liquid carrier.

In certain embodiments, enema formulations include from about 50 mg to about 250 mg (e.g., from about 100 mg to about 200; e.g., about 150 mg) of the chemical entity in from about 10 mL to about 100 mL (e.g., from about 20 mL to about 100 mL, from about 30 mL to about 90 mL, from about 40 mL to about 80 mL; from about 50 mL to about 70 mL) of liquid carrier. In certain embodiments, enema formulations include about 150 mg of the chemical entity in about 60 mL of the liquid carrier. In certain of these embodiments, the chemical entity is a compound of Formula AA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof. For example, enema formulations can include about 150 mg of a compound of Formula AA in about 60 mL of the liquid carrier.

In certain embodiments, enema formulations include from about 350 mg to about 550 mg (e.g., from about 400 mg to about 500; e.g., about 450 mg) of the chemical entity in from about 10 mL to about 100 mL (e.g., from about 20 mL to about 100 mL, from about 30 mL to about 90 mL, from about 40 mL to about 80 mL; from about 50 mL to about 70 mL) of liquid carrier. In certain embodiments, enema formulations include about 450 mg of the chemical entity in about 60 mL of the liquid carrier. In certain of these embodiments, the chemical entity is a compound of Formula AA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof. For example, enema formulations can include about 450 mg of a compound of Formula AA in about 60 mL of the liquid carrier.

In some embodiments, enema formulations include from about from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL (e.g., from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 25 mg/mL; from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL; from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 25 mg/mL; from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL; from about 1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; from about 1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL; from about 5 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; e.g., about 2.5 mg/mL or about 7.5 mg/mL) of the chemical entity in liquid carrier. In certain of these embodiments, the chemical entity is a compound of Formula AA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof. For example, enema formulations can include about 2.5 mg/mL or about 7.5 mg/mL of a compound of Formula AA in liquid carrier. Regimens

The foregoing dosages can be administered on a daily basis (e.g., as a single dose or as two or more divided doses) or non-daily basis (e.g., every other day, every two days, every three days, once weekly, twice weeks, once every two weeks, once a month).

In some embodiments, the period of administration of a compound described herein is for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 1 1 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 1 1 months, 12 months, or more. In a further embodiment, a period of during which administration is stopped is for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 1 1 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 1 1 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 1 1 months, 12 months, or more. In an embodiment, a therapeutic compound is administered to an individual for a period of time followed by a separate period of time. In another embodiment, a therapeutic compound is administered for a first period and a second period following the first period, with administration stopped during the second period, followed by a third period where administration of the therapeutic compound is started and then a fourth period following the third period where administration is stopped. In an aspect of this embodiment, the period of administration of a therapeutic compound followed by a period where administration is stopped is repeated for a determined or undetermined period of time. In a further embodiment, a period of administration is for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, or more. In a further embodiment, a period of during which administration is stopped is for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, or more.

Methods of Treatment

In some embodiments, methods for treating a subject having condition, disease or disorder in which a decrease or increase in LRP3 activity (e.g., an increase, e.g., LRP3 signaling) contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms and/or progression of the condition, disease or disorder are provided, comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described generically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same).

Indications

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from: inappropriate host responses to infectious diseases where active infection exists at any body site, such as septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and/or adult respiratory distress syndrome; acute or chronic inflammation due to antigen, antibody and/or complement deposition; inflammatory conditions including arthritis, cholangitis, colitis, encephalitis, endocarditis, glomerulonephritis, hepatitis, myocarditis, pancreatitis, pericarditis, reperfusion injury and vasculitis, immune-based diseases such as acute and delayed hypersensitivity, graft rejection, and graft-versus-host disease; auto-immune diseases including Type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. For example, the condition, disease or disorder may be an inflammatory disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, septic shock, COPD and periodontal disease. In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is an autoimmune diseases. Non- limiting examples include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) comprising Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which are chronic inflammatory conditions with polygenic susceptibility. In certain embodiments, the condition is an inflammatory bowel disease. In certain embodiments, the condition is Crohn's disease, autoimmune colitis, iatrogenic autoimmune colitis, ulcerative colitis, colitis induced by one or more chemotherapeutic agents, colitis induced by treatment with adoptive cell therapy, colitis associated by one or more alloimmune diseases (such as graft-vs-host disease, e.g., acute graft vs. host disease and chronic graft vs. host disease), radiation enteritis, collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis, microscopic colitis, and radiation enteritis. In certain of these embodiments, the condition is alloimmune disease (such as graft-vs-host disease, e.g., acute graft vs. host disease and chronic graft vs. host disease), celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, psoriasis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, uveitis, and mucositis (e.g., oral mucositis, esophageal mucositis or intestinal mucositis).

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from major adverse cardiovascular events such as carbiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke in patients with a prior hear attack and inflammatory atherosclerosis (see for example, NCT01327846).

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity and gout, as well as diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson disease, lung disease, such as asthma and COPD and pulmonary idiopathic fibrosis, liver disease, such as NASH syndrome, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, pancreatic disease, such as acute and chronic pancreatitis, kidney disease, such as acute and chronic kidney injury, intestinal disease such as Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis, skin disease such as psoriasis, musculoskeletal disease such as scleroderma, vessel disorders, such as giant cell arteritis, disorders of the bones, such as Osteoarthritis , osteoporosis and osteopetrosis disorders eye disease, such as glaucoma and macular degeneration, diseased caused by viral infection such as HIV and AIDS, autoimmune disease such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Thyroiditis, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, cancer and aging. In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is a cardiovascular indication. In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is myocardial infraction. In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is stroke.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is obesity.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is Type 2 Diabetes.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is NASH.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is Alzheimer's disease

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is gout.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is SLE.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is rheumatoid arthritis.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is IBD.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is multiple sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is COPD.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is asthma.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is scleroderma.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is pulmonary fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is age related macular degeneration (AMD).

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is cystic fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is Muckle Wells syndrome.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS).

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is chronic neurologic cutaneous and articular syndrome.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from: myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS); non-small cell lung cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer in patients carrying mutation or overexpression of NLRP3; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), such as ALL in patients resistant to glucocorticoids treatment; Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (LCH); multiple myeloma; promyelocytic leukemia; acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); gastric cancer; and lung cancer metastasis. In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from: myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS); non-small cell lung cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer in patients carrying mutation or overexpression of LRP3; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), such as ALL in patients resistant to glucocorticoids treatment; Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (LCH); multiple myeloma; promyelocytic leukemia; gastric cancer; and lung cancer metastasis.

In some embodiments, the indication is MDS.

In some embodiments, the indication is non-small lung cancer in patients carrying mutation or overexpression of LRP3.

In some embodiments, the indication is ALL in patients resistant to glucocorticoids treatment.

In some embodiments, the indication is LCH.

In some embodiments, the indication is multiple myeloma.

In some embodiments, the indication is promyelocytic leukemia.

In some embodiments, the indication is gastric cancer.

In some embodiments, the indication is lung cancer metastasis.

Combination therapy

This disclosure contemplates both monotherapy regimens as well as combination therapy regimens.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein can further include administering one or more additional therapies (e.g., one or more additional therapeutic agents and/or one or more therapeutic regimens) in combination with administration of the compounds described herein.

In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is administered to the subject prior to contacting with or administering the chemical entity (e.g., about one hour prior, or about 6 hours prior, or about 12 hours prior, or about 24 hours prior, or about 48 hours prior, or about 1 week prior, or about 1 month prior).

In other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is administered to the subject at about the same time as contacting with or administering the chemical entity. By way of example, the second therapeutic agent or regimen and the chemical entity are provided to the subject simultaneously in the same dosage form. As another example, the second therapeutic agent or regimen and the chemical entity are provided to the subject concurrently in separate dosage forms. In still other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is administered to the subject after contacting with or administering the chemical entity (e.g., about one hour after, or about 6 hours after, or about 12 hours after, or about 24 hours after, or about 48 hours after, or about 1 week after, or about 1 month after).

Patient Selection

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to LRP3 activity, such as an indication related to LRP3 polymorphism.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to LRP3 activity, such as an indication related to LRP3 where polymorphism is a gain of function

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to LRP3 activity, such as an indication related to LRP3 polymorphism found in CAPS syndromes.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to LRP3 activity, such as an indication related LRP3 polymorphism where the polymorphism is VAR 014104 (R262W)

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to LRP3 activity, such as an indication related LRP3 polymorphism where the polymorphism is a natural variant reported in http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q96P20.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to LRP3 activity, such as an indication related to point mutation of LRP3 signaling.

Anti-TNFa Agents

The term "anti-TNFa agent" refers to an agent which directly or indirectly blocks, down- regulates, impairs, inhibits, impairs, or reduces TNFa activity and/or expression. In some embodiments, an anti-TNFa agent is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, a fusion protein, a soluble TNFa receptor (a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1 A (TNFR1) or a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily IB (TNFR2)), an inhibitory nucleic acid, or a small molecule TNFa antagonist. In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid is a ribozyme, small hairpin RNA, a small interfering RNA, an antisense nucleic acid, or an aptamer.

Exemplary anti-TNFa agents that directly block, down-regulate, impair, inhibit, or reduce TNFa activity and/or expression can, e.g., inhibit or decrease the expression level of TNFa or a receptor of TNFa (TNFRl or TNFR2) in a cell (e.g., a cell obtained from a subject, a

mammalian cell), or inhibit or reduce binding of TNFa to its receptor (TNFRl and/or TNFR2) and/or. Non-limiting examples of anti-TNFa agents that directly block, down-regulate, impair, inhibit, or reduce TNFa activity and/or expression include an antibody or fragment thereof, a fusion protein, a soluble TNFa receptor (e.g., a soluble TNFRl or soluble TNFR2), inhibitory nucleic acids (e.g., any of the examples of inhibitory nucleic acids described herein), and a small molecule TNFa antagonist.

Exemplary anti-TNFa agents that can indirectly block, down-regulate, impair, inhibitreduce TNFa activity and/or expression can, e.g., inhibit or decrease the level of downstream signaling of a TNFa receptor (e.g., TNFRl or TNFR2) in a mammalian cell (e.g., decrease the level and/or activity of one or more of the following signaling proteins: AP-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (ASK1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IKK), mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK),

MEKK 1/4, MEKK 4/7, MEKK 3/6, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κΒ), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 (NIK), receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIP), TNFRSFl A associated via death domain (TRADD), and TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2), in a cell), and/or decrease the level of TNFa-induced gene expression in a mammalian cell (e.g., decrease the transcription of genes regulated by, e.g., one or more transcription factors selected from the group of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), c-Jun, and NF-κΒ). A description of downstream signaling of a TNFa receptor is provided in Wajant et al., Cell Death Differentiation 10:45-65, 2003 (incorporated herein by reference). For example, such indirect anti-TNFa agents can be an inhibitory nucleic acid that targets (decreases the expression) a signaling component downstream of a TNFa-induced gene (e.g., any TNFa-induced gene known in the art), a TNFa receptor (e.g., any one or more of the signaling components downstream of a TNFa receptor described herein or known in the art), or a transcription factor selected from the group of NF-KB, c-Jun, and ATF2.

In other examples, such indirect anti-T Fa agents can be a small molecule inhibitor of a protein encoded by a TNFa-induced gene (e.g., any protein encoded by a TNFa-induced gene known in the art), a small molecule inhibitor of a signaling component downstream of a TNFa receptor (e.g., any of the signaling components downstream of a TNFa receptor described herein or known in the art), and a small molecule inhibitor of a transcription factor selected from the group of ATF2, c-Jun, and NF-KB .

In other embodiments, anti-TNFa agents that can indirectly block, down-regulate, impair, or reduce one or more components in a cell (e.g., acell obtained from a subject, a mammalian cell) that are involved in the signaling pathway that results in TNFa mRNA transcription, TNFa mRNA stabilization, and TNFa mRNA translation (e.g., one or more components selected from the group of CD14, c-Jun, ERKl/2, IKK, ΙκΒ, interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK), JNK, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), MEK1/2, MEK3/6, MEK4/7, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, PKR, p38, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (rac), raf kinase (raf), ras, TRAF6, TTP). For example, such indirect anti-TNFa agents can be an inhibitory nucleic acid that targets (decreases the expression) of a component in a mammalian cell that is involved in the signaling pathway that results in TNFa mRNA transcription, TNFa mRNA stabilization, and TNFa mRNA translation (e.g., a component selected from the group of CD14, c-Jun, ERKl/2, IKK, IKB, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MEK1/2, MEK3/6, MEK4/7, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, IRAK, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), PKR, p38, rac, raf, ras, TRAF6, TTP). In other examples, an indirect anti-TNFa agents is a small molecule inhibitor of a component in a mammalian cell that is involved in the signaling pathway that results in TNFa mRNA

transcription, TNFa mRNA stabilization, and TNFa mRNA translation (e.g., a component selected from the group of CD14, c-Jun, ERKl/2, IKK, IKB, IRAK, JNK, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), MEK1/2, MEK3/6, MEK4/7, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, IRAK, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), PKR, p38, rac, raf, ras, TRAF6, TTP).

Antibodies In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., a Fab or a scFv). In some embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody described herein can bind specifically to TNFa. In some embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein binds specifically to any one of TNFa, TNFRl, or TNFR2. In some embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody described herein can bind specifically to a TNFa receptor (TNFRl or TNFR2).

In some embodiments, the antibody can be a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, a multivalent antibody, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an antibody can be a scFv- Fc, a VHH domain, a VNAR domain, a (scFv)2, a minibody, or a BiTE.

In some embodiments, an antibody can be a crossmab, a diabody, a scDiabody, a scDiabody-CH3, a Diabody-CH3, a DutaMab, a DT-IgG, a diabody -Fc, a scDiabody -HAS, a charge pair antibody, a Fab-arm exchange antibody, a SEEDbody, a Triomab, a LUZ-Y, a Fcab, a k -body, an orthogonal Fab, a DVD-IgG, an IgG(H)-scFv, a scFv-(H)IgG, an IgG(L)-scFv, a scFv-(L)-IgG, an IgG (L,H)-Fc, an IgG(H)-V, a V(H)-IgG, an IgG(L)-V, a V(L)-IgG, an KIH IgG-scFab, a 2scFv-IgG, an IgG-2scFv, a scFv4-Ig, a Zybody, a DVI-IgG, a nanobody, a nanobody-HSA, a DVD-Ig, a dual-affinity re-targeting antibody (DART), a triomab, a kih IgG with a common LC, an ortho-Fab IgG, a 2-in-l-IgG, IgG-ScFv, scFv2-Fc, a bi-nanobody, tanden antibody, a DART-Fc, a scFv-HAS-scFv, a DAF (two-in-one or four-in-one), a DNL-Fab3, knobs-in-holes common LC, knobs-in-holes assembly, a TandAb, a Triple Body, a miniantibody, a minibody, a TriBi minibody, a scFv-CH3 KIH, a Fab-scFv, a scFv-CH-CL-scFv, a F(ab')2- scFV2, a scFv-KIH, a Fab-scFv-Fc, a tetravalent HCAb, a scDiabody -Fc, a tandem scFv-Fc, an intrabody, a dock and lock bispecific antibody, an ImmTAC, a HSAbody, a tandem scFv, an IgG-IgG, a Cov-X-Body, and a scFvl-PEG-scFv2.

Non-limiting examples of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody include an Fv fragment, a Fab fragment, a F(ab')2 fragment, and a Fab' fragment. Additional examples of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody is an antigen-binding fragment of an antigen-binding fragment of an IgA (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of IgAl or IgA2) (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgA, e.g., a human or humanized IgAl or IgA2); an antigen- binding fragment of an IgD (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgD); an antigen-binding fragment of an IgE (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgE); an IgG (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) (e.g., an antigen- binding fragment of a human or humanized IgG, e.g., human or humanized IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4); or an antigen-binding fragment of an IgM (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgM).

Non-limiting examples of anti-TNFa agents that are antibodies that specifically bind to TNFa are described in Ben-Horin et al., Autoimmunity Rev. 13(l):24-30, 2014; Bongartz et al., JAMA 295(19):2275-2285, 2006; Butler et al., Eur. Cytokine Network 6(4):225-230, 1994; Cohen et al., Canadian J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15(6):376-384, 2001; Elliott et al., Lancet 1994; 344: 1125-1127, 1994; Feldmann et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol. 19(1): 163-196, 2001; Rankin et al., Br. J. Rheumatol. 2:334-342, 1995; Knight et al., Molecular Immunol. 30(16): 1443-1453, 1993; Lorenz et al., J. Immunol. 156(4): 1646-1653, 1996; Hinshaw et al., Circulatory Shock 30(3):279-292, 1990; Ordas et al., Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeutics 91(4):635-646, 2012;

Feldman, Nature Reviews Immunol. 2(5):364-371, 2002; Taylor et al., Nature Reviews

Rheumatol. 5(10):578-582, 2009; Garces et al., Annals Rheumatic Dis. 72(12): 1947-1955, 2013; Palladino et al., Nature Rev. Drug Discovery 2(9):736-746, 2003; Sandborn et al., Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 5(2): 119-133, 1999; Atzeni et al., Autoimmunity Reviews 12(7):703-708, 2013; Maini et al., Immunol. Rev. 144(1): 195-223, 1995; Wanner et al., Shock 11(6):391-395, 1999; and U.S. Patent Nos. 6,090,382; 6,258,562; and 6,509,015).

In certain embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent can include or is golimumab

(golimumabTM), adalimumab (Humira™), infliximab (Remicade™), CDP571, CDP 870, or certolizumab pegol (Cimzia™). In certain embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent can be a TNFa inhibitor biosimilar. Examples of approved and late-phase TNFa inhibitor biosimilars include, but are not limited to, infliximab biosimilars such as Flixabi™ (SB2) from Samsung Bioepis, Inflectra® (CT-P13) from Celltrion/Pfizer, GS071 from Aprogen, Remsima™, PF-06438179 from Pfizer/Sandoz, NI-071 from Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., and ABP 710 from Amgen; adalimumab biosimilars such as Amgevita® (ABP 501) from Amgen and Exemptia™ from Zydus Cadila, BMO-2 or MYL-1401-A from Biocon/Mylan, CHS-1420 from Coherus, FKB327 from Kyowa Kirin, and BI 695501 from Boehringer Ingelheim;Solymbic®, SB5 from Samsung Bioepis, GP-2017 from Sandoz, ONS-3010 from Oncobiologics, M923 from Momenta, PF- 06410293 from Pfizer, and etanercept biosimilars such as Erelzi™ from Sandoz/Novartis, Brenzys™ (SB4) from Samsung Bioepis, GP2015 from Sandoz, TuNEX® from Mycenax, LBEC0101 from LG Life, and CHS-0214 from Coherus. In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the anti-TNFa agent is selected from the group consisting of: adalimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximabm, CDP571, and CDP 870.

In some embodiments, any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein has a dissociation constant (KD) of less than 1 x 10 "5 M (e.g., less than 0.5 x 10 "5 M, less than 1 x 10 -6 M, less than 0.5 x 10 -6 M, less than 1 x 10 _7 M, less than 0.5 x 10 -7 M, less than 1 x 10 "8 M, less than 0.5 x 10 "8 M, less than 1 x 10 "9 M, less than 0.5 x 10 "9 M, less than 1 x 10- 10 M, less than 0.5 x 10- 10 M, less than 1 x 10 _11 Μ, less than 0.5 x 10 _11 Μ, or less than 1 x 10 "12 M), e.g., as measured in phosphate buffered saline using surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

In some embodiments, any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein has a KD of about 1 x 10 -12 M to about 1 x 10 -5 M, about 0.5 x 10 -5 M, about 1 x 10 -6 M, about 0.5 x 10 "6 M, about 1 x 10 "7 M, about 0.5 x 10 "7 M, about 1 x 10 "8 M, about 0.5 x 10 "8 M, about 1 x 10 "9 M, about 0.5 x 10 "9 M, about 1 x 10- 10 M, about 0.5 x 10- 10 M, about 1 x 10 "11 M, or about 0.5 x 10 _11 Μ (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 _11 Μ to about 1 x 10 "5 M, about 0.5 x 10 "5 M, about 1 x 10 "6 M, about 0.5 x 10 "6 M, about 1 x 10 "7 M, about 0.5 x 10 "7 M, about 1 x 10 "8 M, about 0.5 x 10 "8 M, about 1 x 10 "9 M, about 0.5 x 10 "9 M, about 1 x 10- 10 M, about 0.5 x 10- 10 M, or about 1 x 10 "11 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 _11 Μ to about 1 x 10 "5 M, about 0.5 x 10 "5 M, about 1 x 10 "6 M, about 0.5 x 10 "6 M, about 1 x 10 "7 M, about 0.5 x 10 "7 M, about 1 x 10 "8 M, about 0.5 x 10 "8 M, about 1 x 10 "9 M, about 0.5 x 10 "9 M, about 1 x 10- 10 M, or about 0.5 x 10- 10 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 "10 M to about 1 x 10 "5 M, about 0.5 x 10 "5 M, about 1 x 10 "6 M, about 0.5 x 10 "6 M, about 1 x 10 "7 M, about 0.5 x 10 "7 M, about 1 x 10 "8 M, about 0.5 x 10 "8 M, about 1 x 10 "9 M, about 0.5 x 10 "9 M, or about 1 x 10- 10 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10- 10 M to about 1 x 10 "5 M, about 0.5 x 10 "5 M, about 1 x 10 "6 M, about 0.5 x 10 "6 M, about 1 x 10 "7 M, about 0.5 x 10 "7 M, about 1 x 10 "8 M, about 0.5 x 10 -8 M, about 1 x 10 _9 M, or about 0.5 x 10 -9 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 _9 M to about 1 x 10 _5 Μ, about 0.5 x 10 -5 M, about 1 x 10 -6 M, about 0.5 x 10 -6 M, about 1 x 10 _7 M, about 0.5 x 10 "7 M, about 1 x 10 "8 M, about 0.5 x 10 "8 M, or about 1 x 10 "9 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 -9 M to about 1 x 10 _5 Μ, about 0.5 x 10 -5 M, about 1 x 10 -6 M, about 0.5 x 10 -6 M, about 1 x 10 _7 M, about 0.5 x 10 -7 M, about 1 x 10 -8 M, or about 0.5 x 10 -8 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 -8 M to about 1 x 10 _5 Μ, about 0.5 x 10 -5 M, about 1 x 10 -6 M, about 0.5 x 10 -6 M, about 1 x 10 -7 M, about 0.5 x 10 -7 M, or about 1 x 10 -8 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 -8 M to about 1 x 10 -5 M, about 0.5 x 10 -5 M, about 1 x 10 -6 M, about 0.5 x 10 -6 M, about 1 x 10 _7 M, or about 0.5 x 10 -7 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 "7 M to about 1 x 10 "5 M, about 0.5 x 10 "5 M, about 1 x 10 "6 M, about 0.5 x 10 -6 M, or about 1 x 10 _7 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 -7 M to about 1 x 10 _5 M, about 0.5 x 10 "5 M, about 1 x 10 "6 M, or about 0.5 x 10 "6 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 "6 M to about 1 x 10 "5 M, about 0.5 x 10 "5 M, or about 1 x 10 "6 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 "6 M to about 1 x 10 "5 M or about 0.5 x 10 "5 M (inclusive); or about 0.5 x 10 "5 M to about 1 x 10 "5 M (inclusive), e.g., as measured in phosphate buffered saline using surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

In some embodiments, any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein has a K 0 ff of about 1 x 10 "6 s "1 to about 1 x 10 "3 s "1 , about 0.5 x 10 "3 s "1 , about 1 x 10 "4 s "1 , about 0.5 x 10 "4 s "1 , about 1 x 10 "5 s "1 , or about 0.5 x 10 "5 s "1 (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 "5 s "1 to about 1 x 10 "3 s "1 , about 0.5 x 10 "3 s "1 , about 1 x 10 "4 s "1 , about 0.5 x 10 "4 s "1 , or about 1 x 10 "5 s "1 (inclusive); about 1 x 10 "5 s "1 to about 1 x 10 "3 s "1 , about 0.5 x 10 "3 s "1 , about 1 x 10 "4 s "1 , or about 0.5 x 10 "4 s "1 (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 "4 s "1 to about 1 x 10 "3 s "1 , about 0.5 x 10 "3 s "1 , or about 1 x 10 "4 s "1 (inclusive); about 1 x 10 "4 s _1 to about 1 x 10 "3 s "1 , or about 0.5 x 10 "3 s "1 (inclusive); or about 0.5 x 10 "5 s _1 to about 1 x 10 "3 s "1 (inclusive), e.g., as measured in phosphate buffered saline using surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

In some embodiments, any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein has a Kon of about 1 x 10 2 M ' V 1 to about 1 x 10 6 M^s "1 , about 0.5 x 10 6 M ' V 1 , about 1 x about 0.5 x 10 5 M ' V 1 , about 1 x 10 4 M ' V 1 , about 0.5 x 10 4 M ' V 1 , about 1 x 10 3 M ' V 1 , or about 0.5 x 10 3 TVTV 1 (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 3 M ' V 1 to about 1 x 10 6 M^s "1 , about 0.5 x 10 6 M ' V 1 , about 1 x lO^ ' 1 , about 0.5 x 10 5 M ' V 1 , about 1 x 10 4 M ' V 1 , about 0.5 x 10 4 M ' V 1 , or about 1 x 10 3 M ' V 1 (inclusive); about 1 x 10 3 M ' ^o about 1 x 10 6 M^s "1 , about 0.5 x 10 6 M ' V 1 , about 1 x K^ M ' 1 , about 0.5 x 10 5 M ' V 1 , about 1 x 10 4 M ' V 1 , or about 0.5 x 10 4 TVTV 1 (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 4 M^s^ to about 1 x 10 6 M^s -1 , about 0.5 x 10 6 M ' V 1 , about 1 x lO^- 1 , about 0.5 x 10 5 M ' V 1 , or about 1 x 10 4 M ' V 1 (inclusive); about 1 x 10 4 M ' V 1 to about 1 x 10 6 M^s -1 , about 0.5 x 10 6 M ' V 1 , about 1 x ^ TvT 1 , or about 0.5 x 10 5 M ' V 1

(inclusive); about 0.5 x ^ TvT ^o about 1 x 10 6 M -1 s -1 , about 0.5 x 10 6 M -1 s -1 , or about 1 x 10 5 M^s -1 (inclusive); about 1 x ^ TvT 1 to about 1 x 10 6 M^s -1 , or about 0.5 x 10 6 TvTV 1

(inclusive); or about 0.5 x 10 6 M^s "1 to about 1 x lO 6 ^! " ^ "1 (inclusive), e.g., as measured in phosphate buffered saline using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Fusion Proteins

In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent is a fusion protein (e.g., an extracellular domain of a T FR fused to a partner peptide, e.g., an Fc region of an immunoglobulin, e.g., human IgG) (see, e.g., Deeg et al., Leukemia 16(2): 162, 2002; Peppel et al., J. Exp. Med.

174(6): 1483-1489, 1991) or a soluble TNFR (e.g., TNFR1 or TNFR2) that binds specifically to TNFa. In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent includes or is a soluble TNFa receptor (e.g., Bjornberg et al., Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 13(3):203-211, 1994; Kozak et al., Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integrative Comparative Physiol. 269(1 ):R23-R29, 1995; Tsao et al., Eur Respir J.

14(3):490-495, 1999; Watt et al., J Leukoc Biol. 66(6): 1005-1013, 1999; Mohler et al., J.

Immunol. 151(3): 1548-1561, 1993; Nophar et al., EMBO J. 9(10):3269, 1990; Piguet et al., Eur. Respiratory J. 7(3):515-518, 1994; and Gray et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87(19):7380- 7384, 1990). In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent includes or is etanercept (Enbrel™) (see, e.g., WO 91/03553 and WO 09/406,476, incorporated by reference herein). In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent inhibitor includes or is r-TBP-I (e.g., Gradstein et al., J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 26(2): 111-117, 2001).

Inhibitory Nucleic Acids

Inhibitory nucleic acids that can decrease the expression of AP-1, ASK1, CD 14, c-jun, ERK1/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD,

TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA expression in a mammalian cell include antisense nucleic acid molecules, i.e., nucleic acid molecules whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to all or part of a AP-1, ASK1, CD14, c-jun, ERK1/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFRl, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA (e.g., complementary to all or a part of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-37). Human TNFa CDS (SEQ ID NO: 1)

ATGAGCACTGAAAGCATGATCCGGGACGTGGAGCTGGCCGAGGAGGCGCTCCCCAA GAAGACAGGGGGGCCCCAGGGCTCCAGGCGGTGCTTGTTCCTCAGCCTCTTCTCCTT CCTGATCGTGGCAGGCGCCACCACGCTCTTCTGCCTGCTGCACTTTGGAGTGATCGG CCCCCAGAGGGAAGAGTTCCCCAGGGACCTCTCTCTAATCAGCCCTCTGGCCCAGGC AGTCAGATCATCTTCTCGAACCCCGAGTGACAAGCCTGTAGCCCATGTTGTAGCAAA CCCTCAAGCTGAGGGGCAGCTCCAGTGGCTGAACCGCCGGGCCAATGCCCTCCTGG CCAATGGCGTGGAGCTGAGAGATAACCAGCTGGTGGTGCCATCAGAGGGCCTGTAC CTCATCTACTCCCAGGTCCTCTTCAAGGGCCAAGGCTGCCCCTCCACCCATGTGCTC CTC ACCC AC ACC ATC AGCCGC ATCGCCGTCTCCT ACC AGACC AAGGTC AACCTCCTC TCTGCCATCAAGAGCCCCTGCCAGAGGGAGACCCCAGAGGGGGCTGAGGCCAAGCC CTGGTATGAGCCCATCTATCTGGGAGGGGTCTTCCAGCTGGAGAAGGGTGACCGACT CAGCGCTGAGATCAATCGGCCCGACTATCTCGACTTTGCCGAGTCTGGGCAGGTCTA CTTTGGGATCATTGCCCTGTGA

Human TNFR1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 2)

ATGGGCCTCTCCACCGTGCCTGACCTGCTGCTGCCACTGGTGCTCCTGGAGCTGTTG GTGGGAATATACCCCTCAGGGGTTATTGGACTGGTCCCTCACCTAGGGGACAGGGA GAAGAGAGATAGTGTGTGTCCCCAAGGAAAATATATCCACCCTCAAAATAATTCGA TTTGCTGTACCAAGTGCCACAAAGGAACCTACTTGTACAATGACTGTCCAGGCCCGG GGCAGGATACGGACTGCAGGGAGTGTGAGAGCGGCTCCTTCACCGCTTCAGAAAAC CACCTCAGACACTGCCTCAGCTGCTCCAAATGCCGAAAGGAAATGGGTCAGGTGGA GATCTCTTCTTGCACAGTGGACCGGGACACCGTGTGTGGCTGCAGGAAGAACCAGT ACCGGCATTATTGGAGTGAAAACCTTTTCCAGTGCTTCAATTGCAGCCTCTGCCTCA ATGGGACCGTGCACCTCTCCTGCCAGGAGAAACAGAACACCGTGTGCACCTGCCAT GCAGGTTTCTTTCTAAGAGAAAACGAGTGTGTCTCCTGTAGTAACTGTAAGAAAAGC CTGGAGTGCACGAAGTTGTGCCTACCCCAGATTGAGAATGTTAAGGGCACTGAGGA CTCAGGCACCACAGTGCTGTTGCCCCTGGTCATTTTCTTTGGTCTTTGCCTTTTATCCC TCCTCTTCATTGGTTTAATGTATCGCTACCAACGGTGGAAGTCCAAGCTCTACTCCAT TGTTTGTGGGAAATCGAC ACCTGAAAAAGAGGGGGAGCTTGAAGGAACTACTACTA AGCCCCTGGCCCCAAACCCAAGCTTCAGTCCCACTCCAGGCTTCACCCCCACCCTGG GCTTCAGTCCCGTGCCCAGTTCCACCTTCACCTCCAGCTCCACCTATACCCCCGGTGA CTGTCCCAACTTTGCGGCTCCCCGCAGAGAGGTGGCACCACCCTATCAGGGGGCTGA CCCCATCCTTGCGACAGCCCTCGCCTCCGACCCCATCCCCAACCCCCTTCAGAAGTG GGAGGAC AGCGCCC AC AAGCC AC AGAGCCT AGAC ACTGATGACCCCGCGACGCTGT ACGCCGTGGTGGAGAACGTGCCCCCGTTGCGCTGGAAGGAATTCGTGCGGCGCCTA GGGCTGAGCGACCACGAGATCGATCGGCTGGAGCTGCAGAACGGGCGCTGCCTGCG CGAGGCGCAATACAGCATGCTGGCGACCTGGAGGCGGCGCACGCCGCGGCGCGAG GCCACGCTGGAGCTGCTGGGACGCGTGCTCCGCGACATGGACCTGCTGGGCTGCCT GGAGGACATCGAGGAGGCGCTTTGCGGCCCCGCCGCCCTCCCGCCCGCGCCCAGTC TTCTCAGATGA

Human TNFR2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 3) ATTCTTCCCCTGGTGGCCATGGGACCCAGGTCAATGTCACCTGCATCGTGAACGTCT GTAGCAGCTCTGACCACAGCTCACAGTGCTCCTCCCAAGCCAGCTCCACAATGGGA GACACAGATTCCAGCCCCTCGGAGTCCCCGAAGGACGAGCAGGTCCCCTTCTCCAA GGAGGAATGTGCCTTTCGGTCACAGCTGGAGACGCCAGAGACCCTGCTGGGGAGCA CCGAAGAGAAGCCCCTGCCCCTTGGAGTGCCTGATGCTGGGATGAAGCCCAGTTAA

Human TRADD CDS (SEQ ID NO: 4)

ATGGCAGCTGGGCAAAATGGGCACGAAGAGTGGGTGGGCAGCGCATACCTGTTTGT

GGAGTCCTCGCTGGACAAGGTGGTCCTGTCGGATGCCTACGCGCACCCCCAGCAGA

AGGTGGCAGTGTACAGGGCTCTGCAGGCTGCCTTGGCAGAGAGCGGCGGGAGCCCG GACGTGCTGC AGATGCTGAAGATCC ACCGC AGCGACCCGC AGCTGATCGTGC AGCT GCGATTCTGCGGGCGGCAGCCCTGTGGCCGCTTCCTCCGCGCCTACCGCGAGGGGGC GCTGCGCGCCGCGCTGCAGAGGAGCCTGGCGGCCGCGCTCGCCCAGCACTCGGTGC CGCTGCAACTGGAGCTGCGCGCCGGCGCCGAGCGGCTGGACGCTTTGCTGGCGGAC GAGGAGCGCTGTTTGAGTTGCATCCTAGCCCAGCAGCCCGACCGGCTCCGGGATGA AGAACTGGCTGAGCTGGAGGATGCGCTGCGAAATCTGAAGTGCGGCTCGGGGGCCC GGGGTGGCGACGGGGAGGTCGCTTCGGCCCCCTTGCAGCCCCCGGTGCCCTCTCTGT CGGAGGTGAAGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCTGCCCAGACTTTTCTGTTCCAGGGTC AGCCTGTAGTGAATCGGCCGCTGAGCCTGAAGGACCAACAGACGTTCGCGCGCTCT GTGGGTCTCAAATGGCGCAAGGTGGGGCGCTCACTGCAGCGAGGCTGCCGGGCGCT GCGGGACCCGGCGCTGGACTCGCTGGCCTACGAGTACGAGCGCGAGGGACTGTACG AGCAGGCCTTCCAGCTGCTGCGGCGCTTCGTGCAGGCCGAGGGCCGCCGCGCCACG CTGCAGCGCCTGGTGGAGGCACTCGAGGAGAACGAGCTCACCAGCCTGGCAGAGGA CTTGCTGGGCCTGACCGATCCCAATGGCGGCCTGGCCTAG

Human TRAF2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 5) ATGGCTGCAGCTAGCGTGACCCCCCCTGGCTCCCTGGAGTTGCTACAGCCCGGCTTC TCCAAGACCCTCCTGGGGACCAAGCTGGAAGCCAAGTACCTGTGCTCCGCCTGCAG AAACGTCCTCCGCAGGCCCTTCCAGGCGCAGTGTGGCCACCGGTACTGCTCCTTCTG CCTGGCCAGCATCCTCAGCTCTGGGCCTCAGAACTGTGCTGCCTGTGTTCACGAGGG CATATATGAAGAAGGCATTTCTATTTTAGAAAGCAGTTCGGCCTTCCCAGATAATGC TGCCCGCAGGGAGGTGGAGAGCCTGCCGGCCGTCTGTCCCAGTGATGGATGCACCT GGAAGGGGACCCTGAAAGAATACGAGAGCTGCCACGAAGGCCGCTGCCCGCTCATG CTGACCGAATGTCCCGCGTGCAAAGGCCTGGTCCGCCTTGGTGAAAAGGAGCGCCA CCTGGAGCACGAGTGCCCGGAGAGAAGCCTGAGCTGCCGGCATTGCCGGGCACCCT GCTGCGGAGCAGACGTGAAGGCGCACCACGAGGTCTGCCCCAAGTTCCCCTTAACT TGTGACGGCTGCGGC AAGAAGAAGATCCCCCGGGAGAAGTTTC AGGACC ACGTC AA GACTTGTGGCAAGTGTCGAGTCCCTTGCAGATTCCACGCCATCGGCTGCCTCGAGAC GGTAGAGGGTGAGAAACAGCAGGAGCACGAGGTGCAGTGGCTGCGGGAGCACCTG GCCATGCTACTGAGCTCGGTGCTGGAGGCAAAGCCCCTCTTGGGAGACCAGAGCCA CGCGGGGTCAGAGCTCCTGCAGAGGTGCGAGAGCCTGGAGAAGAAGACGGCCACTT TTGAGAACATTGTCTGCGTCCTGAACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGGTGGCCATGACTGCC GAGGCCTGCAGCCGGCAGCACCGGCTGGACCAAGACAAGATTGAAGCCCTGAGTAG CAAGGTGCAGCAGCTGGAGAGGAGCATTGGCCTCAAGGACCTGGCGATGGCTGACT TGGAGCAGAAGGTCTTGGAGATGGAGGCATCCACCTACGATGGGGTCTTCATCTGG AAGATCTCAGACTTCGCCAGGAAGCGCCAGGAAGCTGTGGCTGGCCGCATACCCGC CATCTTCTCCCCAGCCTTCTACACCAGCAGGTACGGCTACAAGATGTGTCTGCGTAT CTACCTGAACGGCGACGGCACCGGGCGAGGAACACACCTGTCCCTCTTCTTTGTGGT GATGAAGGGCCCGAATGACGCCCTGCTGCGGTGGCCCTTCAACCAGAAGGTGACCT TAATGCTGCTCGACCAGAATAACCGGGAGCACGTGATTGACGCCTTCAGGCCCGAC GTGACTTCATCCTCTTTTCAGAGGCCAGTCAACGACATGAACATCGCAAGCGGCTGC CCCCTCTTCTGCCCCGTCTCCAAGATGGAGGCAAAGAATTCCTACGTGCGGGACGAT GCCATCTTCATCAAGGCCATTGTGGACCTGACAGGGCTCTAA

Human AP-1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 6) ATGGAAAC ACCCTTCTACGGCGATGAGGCGCTGAGCGGCCTGGGCGGCGGCGCC AG TGGCAGCGGCGGCAGCTTCGCGTCCCCGGGCCGCTTGTTCCCCGGGGCGCCCCCGAC GGCCGCGGCCGGCAGCATGATGAAGAAGGACGCGCTGACGCTGAGCCTGAGTGAGC AGGTGGCGGCAGCGCTCAAGCCTGCGGCCGCGCCGCCTCCTACCCCCCTGCGCGCC GACGGCGCCCCCAGCGCGGCACCCCCCGACGGCCTGCTCGCCTCTCCCGACCTGGG GCTGCTGAAGCTGGCCTCCCCCGAGCTCGAGCGCCTCATCATCCAGTCC AACGGGCT GGTCACCACCACGCCGACGAGCTCACAGTTCCTCTACCCCAAGGTGGCGGCCAGCG AGGAGCAGGAGTTCGCCGAGGGCTTCGTCAAGGCCCTGGAGGATTTACACAAGCAG AACCAGCTCGGCGCGGGCGCGGCCGCTGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGGGGGGCC CTCGGGCACGGCCACGGGCTCCGCGCCCCCCGGCGAGCTGGCCCCGGCGGCGGCCG CGCCCGAAGCGCCTGTCTACGCGAACCTGAGCAGCTACGCGGGCGGCGCCGGGGGC GCGGGGGGCGCCGCGACGGTCGCCTTCGCTGCCGAACCTGTGCCCTTCCCGCCGCCG CCACCCCCAGGCGCGTTGGGGCCGCCGCGCCTGGCTGCGCTCAAGGACGAGCCACA GACGGTGCCCGACGTGCCGAGCTTCGGCGAGAGCCCGCCGTTGTCGC CCATCGACATGGACACGCAGGAGCGCATCAAGGCGGAGCGCAAGCGGCTGCGCAA CCGCATCGCCGCCTCCAAGTGCCGCAAGCGCAAGCTGGAGCGCATCTCGCGCCTGG AAGAGAAAGTGAAGACCCTCAAGAGTCAGAACACGGAGCTGGCGTCCACGGCGAG CCTGCTGCGCGAGCAGGTGGCGCAGCTCAAGCAGAAAGTCCTCAGCCACGTCAACA GCGGCTGCCAGCTGCTGCCCCAGCACCAGGTGCCCGCGTACTGA

Human ASK1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 7) ATGAGCACGGAGGCGGACGAGGGCATCACTTTCTCTGTGCCACCCTTCGCCCCCTCG GGCTTCTGCACCATCCCCGAGGGCGGCATCTGCAGGAGGGGAGGAGCGGCGGCGGT GGGCGAGGGCGAGGAGCACCAGCTGCCACCGCCGCCGCCGGGCAGTTTCTGGAACG TGGAGAGCGCCGCTGCCCCTGGCATCGGTTGTCCGGCGGCCACCTCCTCGAGCAGTG CCACCCGAGGCCGGGGCAGCTCTGTTGGCGGGGGCAGCCGACGGACCACGGTGGCA T ATGTGATC AACGAAGCGAGCC AAGGGC AACTGGTGGTGGCCGAGAGCGAGGCCCT GCAGAGCTTGCGGGAGGCGTGCGAGACAGTGGGCGCCACCCTGGAACCCTGCATTT TGGGAAACTCGACTTTGGAGAAACCACCGTGCTGGACCGCTTTTACAATGCAGATAT TGCGGTGGTGGAGATGAGCGATGCCTTCCGGCAGCCGTCCTTGTTTTACCACCTTGG GGTGAGAGAAAGTTTCAGCATGGCCAACAACATCATCCTCTACTGCGATACTAACTC GGACTCTCTGCAGTCACTGAAGGAAATCATTTGCCAGAAGAATACTATGTGCACTGG GAACTACACCTTTGTTCCTTACATGATAACTCCACATAACAAAGTCTACTGCTGTGA CAGCAGCTTCATGAAGGGGTTGACAGAGCTCATGCAACCGAACTTCGAGCTGCTTCT TGGACCCATCTGCTTACCTCTTGTGGATCGTTTTATTCAACTTTTGAAGGTGGCACAA GCAAGTTCTAGCCAGTACTTCCGGGAATCTATACTCAATGACATCAGGAAAGCTCGT AATTTATACACTGGTAAAGAATTGGCAGCTGAGTTGGCAAGAATTCGGCAGCGAGT AGATAATATCGAAGTCTTGACAGCAGATATTGTCATAAATCTGTTACTTTCCTACAG AGATATCCAGGACTATGATTCTATTGTGAAGCTGGTAGAGACTTTAGAAAAACTGCC AACCTTTGATTTGGCCTCCCATCACCATGTGAAGTTTCATTATGCATTTGCACTGAAT AGGAGAAATCTCCCTGGTGACAGAGCAAAAGCTCTTGATATTATGATTCCCATGGTG CAAAGCGAAGGACAAGTTGCTTCAGATATGTATTGCCTAGTTGGTCGAATCTACAAA GATATGTTTTTGGACTCTAATTTCACGGACACTGAAAGCAGAGACCATGGAGCTTCT TGGTTCAAAAAGGCATTTGAATCTGAGCCAACACTACAGTCAGGAATTAATTATGCG GTCCTCCTCCTGGC AGCTGGAC ACC AGTTTGAATCTTCCTTTGAGCTCCGGAAAGTT GGGGTGAAGCTAAGTAGTCTTCTTGGTAAAAAGGGAAACTTGGAAAAACTCCAGAG CTACTGGGAAGTTGGATTTTTTCTGGGGGCCAGCGTCCTAGCCAATGACCACATGAG AGTCATTCAAGCATCTGAAAAGCTTTTTAAACTGAAGACACCAGCATGGTACCTCAA GTCTATTGTAGAGACAATTTTGATATATAAGCATTTTGTGAAACTGACCACAGAACA GCCTGTGGCC AAGCAAGAACTTGTGGACTTTTGGATGGATTTCCTGGTCGAGGCC AC AAAGACAGATGTTACTGTGGTTAGGTTTCCAGTATTAATATTAGAACCAACCAAAAT CTATCAACCTTCTTATTTGTCTATCAACAATGAAGTTGAGGAAAAGACAATCTCTAT TTGGCACGTGCTTCCTGATGACAAGAAAGGTATACATGAGTGGAATTTTAGTGCCTC TTCTGTCAGGGGAGTGAGTATTTCTAAATTTGAAGAAAGATGCTGCTTTCTTTATGTG CTTCACAATTCTGATGATTTCCAAATCTATTTCTGTACAGAACTTCATTGTAAAAAGT TTTTTGAGATGGTGAACACCATTACCGAAGAGAAGGGGAGAAGCACAGAGGAAGG AGACTGTGAAAGTGACTTGCTGGAGTATGACTATGAATATGATGAAAATGGTGACA GAGTCGTTTTAGGAAAAGGCACTTATGGGATAGTCTACGCAGGTCGGGACTTGAGC AACCAAGTCAGAATTGCTATTAAGGAAATCCCAGAGAGAGACAGCAGATACTCTCA GCCCCTGCATGAAGAAATAGCATTGCATAAACACCTGAAGCACAAAAATATTGTCC AGTATCTGGGCTCTTTCAGTGAGAATGGTTTCATTAAAATCTTCATGGAGCAGGTCC CTGGAGGAAGTCTTTCTGCTCTCCTTCGTTCCAAATGGGGTCCATTAAAAGACAATG AGCAAACAATTGGCTTTTATACAAAGCAAATACTGGAAGGATTAAAATATCTCCATG ACAATCAGATAGTTCACCGGGACATAAAGGGTGACAATGTGTTGATTAATACCTAC AGTGGTGTTCTCAAGATCTCTGACTTCGGAACATCAAAGAGGCTTGCTGGCATAAAC CCCTGTACTGAAACTTTTACTGGTACCCTCCAGTATATGGCACCAGAAATAATAGAT AAAGGACCAAGAGGCTACGGAAAAGCAGCAGACATCTGGTCTCTGGGCTGTACAAT CATTGAAATGGCCACAGGAAAACCCCCATTTTATGAACTGGGAGAACCACAAGCAG CTATGTTCAAGGTGGGAATGTTTAAAGTCCACCCTGAGATCCCAGAGTCCATGTCTG C AGAGGCC AAGGC ATTC ATACTGAAATGTTTTGAACC AGATCCTGAC AAGAGAGCC TGTGCTAACGACTTGCTTGTTGATGAGTTTTTAAAAGTTTCAAGCAAAAAGAAAAAG ACACAACCTAAGCTTTCAGCTCTTTCAGCTGGATCAAATGAATATCTCAGGAGTATA TCCTTGCCGGTACCTGTGCTGGTGGAGGACACCAGCAGCAGCAGTGAGTACGGCTC AGTTTCACCCGACACGGAGTTGAAAGTGGACCCCTTCTCTTTCAAAACAAGAGCCAA GTCCTGCGGAGAAAGAGATGTCAAGGGAATTCGGACACTCTTTTTGGGCATTCCAGA TGAGAATTTTGAAGATCACAGTGCTCCTCCTTCCCCTGAAGAAAAAGATTCTGGATT CTTCATGCTGAGGAAGGACAGTGAGAGGCGAGCTACCCTTCACAGGATCCTGACGG AAGACCAAGACAAAATTGTGAGAAACCTAATGGAATCTTTAGCTCAGGGGGCTGAA GAACCGAAACTAAAATGGGAACACATCACAACCCTCATTGCAAGCCTCAGAGAATT TGTGAGATCCACTGACCGAAAAATCATAGCCACCACACTGTCAAAGCTGAAACTGG AGCTGGACTTCGACAGCCATGGCATTAGCCAAGTCCAGGTGGTACTCTTTGGTTTTC AAGATGCTGTCAATAAAGTTCTTCGGAATCATAACATCAAGCCGCACTGGATGTTTG CCTTAGACAGTATCATTCGGAAGGCGGTACAGACAGCCATTACCATCCTGGTTCCAG AACTAAGGCCACATTTCAGCCTTGCATCTGAGAGTGATACTGCTGATCAAGAAGACT TGGATGTAGAAGATGACCATGAGGAACAGCCTTCAAATCAAACTGTCCGAAGACCT CAGGCTGTCATTGAAGATGCTGTGGCTACCTCAGGCGTGAGCACGCTCAGTTCTACT GTGTCTCATGATTCCCAGAGTGCTCACCGGTCACTGAATGTACAGCTTGGAAGGATG AAAATAGAAACCAATAGATTACTGGAAGAATTGGTTCGGAAAGAGAAAGAATTACA AGCACTCCTTCATCGAGCTATTGAAGAAAAAGACCAAGAAATTAAACACCTGAAGC TTAAGTCCCAACCCATAGAAATTCCTGAATTGCCTGTATTTCATCTAAATTCTTCTGG C AC AAAT ACTGAAGATTCTGAACTT ACCGACTGGCTGAGAGTGAATGGAGCTGATG AAGACACTATAAGCCGGTTTTTGGCTGAAGATTATACACTATTGGATGTTCTCTACT ATGTTACACGTGATGACTTAAAATGCTTGAGACTAAGGGGAGGGATGCTGTGCACA CTGTGGAAGG CTATCATTGACTTTCGAAACAAACAGACTTGA

Human CD14 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 8) ATGGAGCGCGCGTCCTGCTTGTTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCCGCTGGTGCACGTCTCTGCG ACCACGCCAGAACCTTGTGAGCTGGACGATGAAGATTTCCGCTGCGTCTGCAACTTC TCCGAACCTCAGCCCGACTGGTCCGAAGCCTTCCAGTGTGTGTCTGCAGTAGAGGTG GAGATCCATGCCGGCGGTCTCAACCTAGAGCCGTTTCTAAAGCGCGTCGATGCGGA CGCCGACCCGCGGCAGTATGCTGACACGGTCAAGGCTCTCCGCGTGCGGCGGCTCA CAGTGGGAGCCGCACAGGTTCCTGCTCAGCTACTGGTAGGCGCCCTGCGTGTGCTAG CGTACTCCCGCCTCAAGGAACTGACGCTCGAGGACCTAAAGATAACCGGCACCATG CCTCCGCTGCCTCTGGAAGCCACAGGACTTGCACTTTCCAGCTTGCGCCTACGCAAC GTGTCGTGGGCGACAGGGCGTTCTTGGCTCGCCGAGCTGCAGCAGTGGCTCAAGCC AGGCCTCAAGGTACTGAGCATTGCCCAAGCACACTCGCCTGCCTTTTCCTGCGAACA GGTTCGCGCCTTCCCGGCCCTTACCAGCCTAGACCTGTCTGACAATCCTGGACTGGG CGAACGCGGACTGATGGCGGCTCTCTGTCCCCACAAGTTCCCGGCCATCCAGAATCT AGCGCTGCGCAACACAGGAATGGAGACGCCCACAGGCGTGTGCGCCGCACTGGCGG CGGCAGGTGTGCAGCCCCACAGCCTAGACCTCAGCCACAACTCGCTGCGCGCCACC GTAAACCCTAGCGCTCCGAGATGCATGTGGTCCAGCGCCCTGAACTCCCTCAATCTG TCGTTCGCTGGGCTGGAACAGGTGCCTAAAGGACTGCCAGCCAAGCTCAGAGTGCT CGATCTCAGCTGCAACAGACTGAACAGGGCGCCGCAGCCTGACGAGCTGCCCGAGG TGGATAACCTGACACTGGACGGGAATCCCTTCCTGGTCCCTGGAACTGCCCTCCCCC ACGAGGGCTCAATGAACTCCGGCGTGGTCCCAGCCTGTGCACGTTCGACCCTGTCGG TGGGGGTGTCGGGAACCCTGGTGCTGCTCCAAGGGGCCCGGGGCTTTGCCTAA

Human ERK1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 9)

ATGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCTCAGGGGGGCGGGGGCGGGGAGCCCCGTAGAACCGAGG GGGTCGGCCCGGGGGTCCCGGGGGAGGTGGAGATGGTGAAGGGGCAGCCGTTCGAC GTGGGCCCGCGCTACACGCAGTTGCAGTACATCGGCGAGGGCGCGTACGGCATGGT CAGCTCGGCCTATGACCACGTGCGCAAGACTCGCGTGGCCATCAAGAAGATCAGCC CCTTCGAACATCAGACCTACTGCCAGCGCACGCTCCGGGAGATCCAGATCCTGCTGC GCTTCCGCCATGAGAATGTCATCGGCATCCGAGACATTCTGCGGGCGTCCACCCTGG AAGCCATGAGAGATGTCTACATTGTGCAGGACCTGATGGAGACTGACCTGTACAAG TTGCTGAAAAGCCAGCAGCTGAGCAATGACCATATCTGCTACTTCCTCTACCAGATC CTGCGGGGCCTCAAGTACATCCACTCCGCCAACGTGCTCCACCGAGATCTAAAGCCC TCCAACCTGCTCATCAACACCACCTGCGACCTTAAGATTTGTGATTTCGGCCTGGCC CGGATTGCCGATCCTGAGCATGACCACACCGGCTTCCTGACGGAGTATGTGGCTACG CGCTGGTACCGGGCCCCAGAGATCATGCTGAACTCCAAGGGCTATACCAAGTCCAT CGACATCTGGTCTGTGGGCTGCATTCTGGCTGAGATGCTCTCTAACCGGCCCATCTTC CCTGGCAAGCACTACCTGGATCAGCTCAACCACATTCTGGGCATCCTGGGCTCCCCA TCCCAGGAGGACCTGAATTGTATCATCAACATGAAGGCCCGAAACTACCTACAGTCT CTGCCCTCCAAGACCAAGGTGGCTTGGGCCAAGCTTTTCCCCAAGTCAGACTCCAAA GCCCTTGACCTGCTGGACCGGATGTTAACCTTTAACCCCAATAAACGGATCACAGTG GAGGAAGCGCTGGCTC ACCCCTACCTGGAGC AGT ACT ATGACCCGACGGATGAGCC AGTGGCCGAGGAGCCCTTCACCTTCGCCATGGAGCTGGATGACCTACCTAAGGAGC GGCTGAAGGAGCTCATCTTCCAGGAGACAGCACGCTTCCAGCCCGGAGTGCTGGAG GCCCCCTAG

Human ERK2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 10) ATGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGGCGCGGGCCCGGAGATGGTCCGCGGGC AGGTGTT CGACGTGGGGCCGCGCTACACCAACCTCTCGTACATCGGCGAGGGCGCCTACGGCA TGGTGTGCTCTGCTTATGATAATGTCAACAAAGTTCGAGTAGCTATCAAGAAAATCA GCCCCTTTGAGCACCAGACCTACTGCCAGAGAACCCTGAGGGAGATAAAAATCTTA CTGCGCTTCAGACATGAGAACATCATTGGAATCAATGACATTATTCGAGCACCAACC ATCGAGCAAATGAAAGATGTATATATAGTACAGGACCTCATGGAAACAGATCTTTA CAAGCTCTTGAAGACACAACACCTCAGCAATGACCATATCTGCTATTTTCTCTACCA GATCCTCAGAGGGTTAAAATATATCCATTCAGCTAACGTTCTGCACCGTGACCTCAA GCCTTCCAACCTGCTGCTCAACACCACCTGTGATCTCAAGATCTGTGACTTTGGCCT GGCCCGTGTTGCAGATCCAGACCATGATCACACAGGGTTCCTGACAGAATATGTGGC CACACGTTGGTACAGGGCTCCAGAAATTATGTTGAATTCCAAGGGCTACACCAAGTC CATTGATATTTGGTCTGTAGGCTGCATTCTGGCAGAAATGCTTTCTAACAGGCCCAT CTTTCCAGGGAAGCATTATCTTGACCAGCTGAACCACATTTTGGGTATTCTTGGATCC CCATCACAAGAAGACCTGAATTGTATAATAAATTTAAAAGCTAGGAACTATTTGCTT TCTCTTCCACACAAAAATAAGGTGCCATGGAACAGGCTGTTCCCAAATGCTGACTCC AAAGCTCTGGACTT ATTGGAC AAAATGTTGAC ATTC AACCC AC AC AAGAGGATTGA AGTAGAACAGGCTCTGGCCCACCCATATCTGGAGCAGTATTACGACCCGAGTGACG AGCCCATCGCCGAAGCACCATTCAAGTTCGACATGGAATTGGATGACTTGCCTAAGG AAAAGCTCAAAGAACTAATTTTTGAAGAGACTGCTAGATTCCAGCCAGGATACAGA TCTTAA

Human IKK CDS (SEQ ID NO: 11)

ATGTTTTCAGGGGGGTGTCATAGCCCCGGGTTTGGCCGCCCCAGCCCCGCCTTCCCC GCCCCGGGGAGCCCGCCCCCTGCCCCGCGTCCCTGCCGACAGGAAACAGGTGAGCA GATTGCCATCAAGCAGTGCCGGCAGGAGCTCAGCCCCCGGAACCGAGAGCGGTGGT GCCTGGAGATCCAGATCATGAGAAGGCTGACCCACCCCAATGTGGTGGCTGCCCGA GATGTCCCTGAGGGGATGCAGAACTTGGCGCCCAATGACCTGCCCCTGCTGGCCATG GAGTACTGCCAAGGAGGAGATCTCCGGAAGTACCTGAACCAGTTTGAGAACTGCTG TGGTCTGCGGGAAGGTGCCATCCTCACCTTGCTGAGTGACATTGCCTCTGCGCTTAG ATACCTTCATGAAAACAGAATCATCCATCGGGATCTAAAGCCAGAAAACATCGTCCT GCAGCAAGGAGAACAGAGGTTAATACACAAAATTATTGACCTAGGATATGCCAAGG AGCTGGATCAGGGCAGTCTTTGCACATCATTCGTGGGGACCCTGCAGTACCTGGCCC CAGAGCTACTGGAGCAGCAGAAGTACACAGTGACCGTCGACTACTGGAGCTTCGGC ACCCTGGCCTTTGAGTGCATCACGGGCTTCCGGCCCTTCCTCCCCAACTGGCAGCCC GTGCAGTGGCATTCAAAAGTGCGGCAGAAGAGTGAGGTGGACATTGTTGTTAGCGA AGACTTGAATGGAACGGTGAAGTTTTCAAGCTCTTTACCCTACCCCAATAATCTTAA CAGTGTCCTGGCTGAGCGACTGGAGAAGTGGCTGCAACTGATGCTGATGTGGCACC CCCGACAGAGGGGCACGGATCCCACGTATGGGCCCAATGGCTGCTTCAAGGCCCTG GATGACATCTTAAACTTAAAGCTGGTTCATATCTTGAACATGGTCACGGGCACCATC C AC ACCT ACCCTGTGAC AGAGGATGAGAGTCTGC AGAGCTTGAAGGCC AGAATCC A ACAGGACACGGGCATCCCAGAGGAGGACCAGGAGCTGCTGCAGGAAGCGGGCCTG GCGTTGATCCCCGATAAGCCTGCCACTCAGTGTATTTCAGACGGCAAGTTAAATGAG GGCCACACATTGGACATGGATCTTGTTTTTCTCTTTGACAACAGTAAAATCACCTAT GAGACTCAGATCTCCCCACGGCCCCAACCTGAAAGTGTCAGCTGTATCCTTCAAGAG CCCAAGAGGAATCTCGCCTTCTTCCAGCTGAGGAAGGTGTGGGGCCAGGTCTGGCA CAGCATCCAGACCCTGAAGGAAGATTGCAACCGGCTGCAGCAGGGACAGCGAGCCG CCATGATGAATCTCCTCCGAAACAACAGCTGCCTCTCCAAAATGAAGAATTCCATGG CTTCCATGTCTCAGCAGCTCAAGGCCAAGTTGGATTTCTTCAAAACCAGCATCCAGA TTGACCTGGAGAAGTACAGCGAGCAAACCGAGTTTGGGATCACATCAGATAAACTG CTGCTGGCCTGGAGGGAAATGGAGCAGGCTGTGGAGCTCTGTGGGCGGGAGAACGA AGTGAAACTCCTGGTAGAACGGATGATGGCTCTGCAGACCGACATTGTGGACTTAC AGAGGAGCCCCATGGGCCGGAAGCAGGGGGGAACGCTGGACGACCTAGAGGAGCA AGCAAGGGAGCTGTACAGGAGACTAAGGGAAAAACCTCGAGACCAGCGAACTGAG GGTGACAGTCAGGAAATGGTACGGCTGCTGCTTCAGGCAATTCAGAGCTTCGAGAA GAAAGTGCGAGTGATCTATACGCAGCTCAGTAAAACTGTGGTTTGCAAGCAGAAGG CGCTGGAACTGTTGCCCAAGGTGGAAGAGGTGGTGAGCTTAATGAATGAGGATGAG AAGACTGTTGTCCGGCTGCAGGAGAAGCGGCAGAAGGAGCTCTGGAATCTCCTGAA GATTGCTTGTAGCAAGGTCCGTGGTCCTGTCAGTGGAAGCCCGGATAGCATGAATGC CTCTCGACTTAGCCAGCCTGGGCAGCTGATGTCTCAGCCCTCCACGGCCTCCAACAG CTTACCTGAGCC AGCC AAGAAGAGTGAAGAACTGGTGGCTGAAGC AC AT AACCTCT GCACCCTGCTAGAAAATGCCATACAGGACACTGTGAGGGAACAAGACCAGAGTTTC ACGGCCCTAGACTGGAGCTGGTTACAGACGGAAGAAGAAGAGCACAGCTGCCTGGA GCAGGCCTCATGA Human ΙκΒ CDS (SEQ ID NO: 12)

ATGTTCCAGGCGGCCGAGCGCCCCCAGGAGTGGGCCATGGAGGGCCCCCGCGACGG GCTGAAGAAGGAGCGGCTACTGGACGACCGCCACGACAGCGGCCTGGACTCCATGA AAGACGAGGAGTACGAGCAGATGGTCAAGGAGCTGCAGGAGATCCGCCTCGAGCC GCAGGAGGTGCCGCGCGGCTCGGAGCCCTGGAAGCAGCAGCTCACCGAGGACGGG GACTCGTTCCTGCACTTGGCCATCATCCATGAAGAAAAGGCACTGACCATGGAAGTG ATCCGCCAGGTGAAGGGAGACCTGGCCTTCCTCAACTTCCAGAACAACCTGCAGCA GACTCCACTCCACTTGGCTGTGATCACCAACCAGCCAGAAATTGCTGAGGCACTTCT GGGAGCTGGCTGTGATCCTGAGCTCCGAGACTTTCGAGGAAATACCCCCCTACACCT TGCCTGTGAGCAGGGCTGCCTGGCCAGCGTGGGAGTCCTGACTCAGTCCTGCACCAC CCCGCACCTCCACTCCATCCTGAAGGCTACCAACTACAATGGCCACACGTGTCTACA CTTAGCCTCTATCCATGGCTACCTGGGCATCGTGGAGCTTTTGGTGTCCTTGGGTGCT GATGTCAATGCTCAGGAGCCCTGTAATGGCCGGACTGCCCTTCACCTCGCAGTGGAC CTGCAAAATCCTGACCTGGTGTCACTCCTGTTGAAGTGTGGGGCTGATGTCAACAGA GTTACCTACCAGGGCTATTCTCCCTACCAGCTCACCTGGGGCCGCCCAAGCACCCGG ATACAGCAGCAGCTGGGCCAGCTGACACTAGAAAACCTTCAGATGCTGCCAGAGAG TGAGGATGAGGAGAGCTATGACACAGAGTCAGAGTTCACGGAGTTCACAGAGGACG AGCTGCCCTATGATGACTGTGTGTTTGGAGGCCAGCGTCTGACGTT ATGA

Human IRAK CDS (SEQ ID NO: 13) ATGGCCGGGGGGCCGGGCCCGGGGGAGCCCGC AGCCCCCGGCGCCC AGC ACTTCTT GTACGAGGTGCCGCCCTGGGTCATGTGCCGCTTCTACAAAGTGATGGACGCCCTGGA GCCCGCCGACTGGTGCCAGTTCGCCGCCCTGATCGTGCGCGACCAGACCGAGCTGC GGCTGTGCGAGCGCTCCGGGCAGCGCACGGCCAGCGTCCTGTGGCCCTGGATCAAC CGCAACGCCCGTGTGGCCGACCTCGTGCACATCCTCACGCACCTGCAGCTGCTCCGT GCGCGGGAC ATC ATC ACAGCCTGGCACCCTCCCGCCCCGCTTCCGTCCCCAGGC ACC ACTGCCCCGAGGCCCAGCAGCATCCCTGCACCCGCCGAGGCCGAGGCCTGGAGCCC CCGGAAGTTGCCATCCTCAGCCTCCACCTTCCTCTCCCCAGCTTTTCCAGGCTCCCAG ACCCATTCAGGGCCTGAGCTCGGCCTGGTCCCAAGCCCTGCTTCCCTGTGGCCTCCA CCGCCATCTCCAGCCCCTTCTTCTACCAAGCCAGGCCCAGAGAGCTCAGTGTCCCTC CTGCAGGGAGCCCGCCCCTTTCCGTTTTGCTGGCCCCTCTGTGAGATTTCCCGGGGC ACCCACAACTTCTCGGAGGAGCTCAAGATCGGGGAGGGTGGCTTTGGGTGCGTGTA CCGGGCGGTGATGAGGAACACGGTGTATGCTGTGAAGAGGCTGAAGGAGAACGCTG ACCTGGAGTGGACTGCAGTGAAGCAGAGCTTCCTGACCGAGGTGG AGCAGCTGTCCAGGTTTCGTCACCCAAACATTGTGGACTTTGCTGGCTACTGTGCTC AGAACGGCTTCTACTGCCTGGTGTACGGCTTCCTGCCCAACGGCTCCCTGGAGGACC GTCTCCACTGCCAGACCCAGGCCTGCCCACCTCTCTCCTGGCCTCAGCGACTGGACA TCCTTCTGGGTACAGCCCGGGCAATTCAGTTTCTACATCAGGACAGCCCCAGCCTCA TCCATGGAGACATCAAGAGTTCCAACGTCCTTCTGGATGAGAGGCTGACACCCAAG CTGGGAGACTTTGGCCTGGCCCGGTTCAGCCGCTTTGCCGGGTCCAGCCCCAGCCAG AGCAGCATGGTGGCCCGGACACAGACAGTGCGGGGCACCCTGGCCTACCTGCCCGA GGAGTACATCAAGACGGGAAGGCTGGCTGTGGACACGGACACCTTCAGCTTTGGGG TGGTAGTGCTAGAGACCTTGGCTGGTCAGAGGGCTGTGAAGACGCACGGTGCCAGG ACCAAGTATCTGAAAGACCTGGTGGAAGAGGAGGCTGAGGAGGCTGGAGTGGCTTT GAGAAGCACCCAGAGCACACTGCAAGCAGGTCTGGCTGCAGATGCCTGGGCTGCTC CC ATCGCC ATGC AGATCTAC AAGAAGC ACCTGGACCCC AGGCCCGGGCCCTGCCC A CCTGAGCTGGGCCTGGGCCTGGGCCAGCTGGCCTGCTGCTGCCTGCACCGCCGGGCC AAAAGGAGGCCTCCTATGACCCAGGTGTACGAGAGGCTAGAGAAGCTGCAGGCAGT GGTGGCGGGGGTGCCCGGGCATTCGGAGGCCGCCAGCTGCATCCCCCCTTCCCCGC AGGAGAACTCCTACGTGTCCAGCACTGGCAGAGCCCACAGTGGGGCTGCTCCATGG CAGCCCCTGGCAGCGCCATCAGGAGCCAGTGCCCAGGCAGCAGAGCAGCTGCAGAG AGGCCCCAACCAGCCCGTGGAGAGTGACGAGAGCCTAGGCGGCCTCTCTGCTGCCC TGCGCTCCTGGCACTTGACTCCAAGC

TGCCCTCTGGACCCAGCACCCCTCAGGGAGGCCGGCTGTCCTCAGGGGGACACGGC AGGAGAATCGAGCTGGGGGAGTGGCCCAGGATCCCGGCCCACAGCCGTGGAAGGA CTGGCCCTTGGCAGCTCTGCATCATCGTCGTCAGAGCCACCGCAGATTATCATCAAC CCTGCCCGACAGAAGATGGTCCAGAAGCTGGCCCTGTACGAGGATGGGGCCCTGGA

CAGCCTGCAGCTGCTGTCGTCCAGCTCCCTCCCAGGCTTGGGCCTGGAACAGGACAG

GCAGGGGCCCGAAGAAAGTGATGAATTTCAGAGCTGA

Human JNK CDS (SEQ ID NO: 14) ATGAGCAGAAGCAAGCGTGACAACAATTTTTATAGTGTAGAGATTGGAGATTCTAC ATTCACAGTCCTGAAACGATATCAGAATTTAAAACCTATAGGCTCAGGAGCTCAAG GAATAGTATGCGCAGCTTATGATGCCATTCTTGAAAGAAATGTTGCAATCAAGAAGC TAAGCCGACCATTTCAGAATCAGACTCATGCCAAGCGGGCCTACAGAGAGCTAGTT CTTATGAAATGTGTTAATCACAAAAATATAATTGGCCTTTTGAATGTTTTCACACCAC AGAAATCCCT AGAAGAATTTC AAGATGTTT AC AT AGTC ATGGAGCTC ATGGATGC AA ATCTTTGCCAAGTGATTCAGATGGAGCTAGATCATGAAAGAATGTCCTACCTTCTCT ATCAGATGCTGTGTGGAATCAAGCACCTTCATTCTGCTGGAATTATTCATCGGGACT TAAAGCCCAGTAATATAGTAGTAAAATCTGATTGCACTTTGAAGATTCTTGACTTCG GTCTGGCCAGGACTGCAGGAACGAGTTTTATGATGACGCCTTATGTAGTGACTCGCT ACTACAGAGCACCCGAGGTCATCCTTGGCATGGGCTAC AAGGAAAACGTTGACATT TGGTCAGTTGGGTGCATCATGGGAGAAATGATCAAAGGTGGTGTTTTGTTCCCAGGT ACAGATCATATTGATCAGTGGAATAAAGTTATTGAACAGCTTGGAACACCATGTCCT GAATTCATGAAGAAACTGCAACCAACAGTAAGGACTTACGTTGAAAACAGACCTAA ATATGCTGGATATAGCTTTGAGAAACTCTTCCCTGATGTCCTTTTCCCAGCTGACTCA GAACACAACAAACTTAAAGCCAGTCAGGCAAGGGATTTGTTATCCAAAATGCTGGT AATAGATGCATCTAAAAGGATCTCTGTAGATGAAGCTCTCCAACACCCGTACATCAA TGTCTGGTATGATCCTTCTGAAGCAGAAGCTCCACCACCAAAGATCCCTGACAAGCA GTTAGATGAAAGGGAACACACAATAGAAGAGTGGAAAGAATTGATATATAAGGAA GTTATGGACTTGGAGGAGAGAACCAAGAATGGAGTTATACGGGGGCAGCCCTCTCC TTTAGGTGCAGCAGTGATCAATGGCTCTCAGCATCCATCATCATCGTCGTCTGTCAA TGATGTGTCTTCAATGTCAACAGATCCGACTTTGGCCTCTGATACAGACAGCAGTCT AGAAGCAGCAGCTGGGCCTCTGGGCTGCTGTAGATGA

Human LBP CDS (SEQ ID NO: 15) ATGGGGGCCTTGGCCAGAGCCCTGCCGTCCATACTGCTGGCATTGCTGCTTACGTCC ACCCCAGAGGCTCTGGGTGCCAACCCCGGCTTGGTCGCCAGGATCACCGACAAGGG ACTGCAGTATGCGGCCCAGGAGGGGCTATTAGCTCTGCAGAGTGAGCTGCTCAGGA TCACGCTGCCTGACTTCACCGGGGACTTGAGGATCCCCCACGTCGGCCGTGGGCGCT ATGAGTTCCACAGCCTGAACATCCACAGCTGTGAGCTGCTTCACTCTGCGCTGAGGC CTGTCCCTGGCC AGGGCCTGAGTCTC AGC A

TCTCCGACTCCTCCATCCGGGTCCAGGGCAGGTGGAAGGTGCGCAAGTCATTCTTCA AACTACAGGGCTCCTTTGATGTCAGTGTCAAGGGCATCAGCATTTCGGTCAACCTCC TGTTGGGCAGCGAGTCCTCCGGGAGGCCCACAGTTACTGCCTCCAGCTGCAGCAGTG ACATCGCTGACGTGGAGGTGGACATGTCGGGAGACTTGGGGTGGCTGTTGAACCTCT TCCACAACCAGATTGAGTCCAAGTTCCAGAAAGTACTGGAGAGCAGGATTTGCGAA ATGATCCAGAAATCGGTGTCCTCCGATCTACAGCCTTATCTCCAAACTCTGCCAGTT ACAACAGAGATTGACAGTTTCGCCGACATTGATTATAGCTTAGTGGAAGCCCCTCGG GCAACAGCCCAGATGCTGGAGGTGATGTTTAAGGGTGAAATCTTTCATCGTAACCAC CGTTCTCCAGTTACCCTCCTTGCTGCAGTCATGAGCCTTCCTGAGGAACACAACAAA ATGGTCTACTTTGCCATCTCGGATTATGTCTTCAACACGGCCAGCCTGGTTTATCATG AGGAAGGATATCTGAACTTCTCCATCACAGATGACATGATACCGCCTGACTCTAATA TCCGACTGACCACCAAGTCCTTCCGACCCTTCGTCCCACGGTTAGCCAGGCTCTACC CCAACATGAACCTGGAACTCCAGGGATCAGTGCCCTCTGCTCCGCTCCTGAACTTCA GCCCTGGGAATCTGTCTGTGGACCCCTATATGGAGATAGATGCCTTTGTGCTCCTGC CCAGCTCCAGCAAGGAGCCTGTCTTCCGGCTCAGTGTGGCCA

CTAATGTGTCCGCCACCTTGACCTTCAATACCAGCAAGATCACTGGGTTCCTGAAGC CAGGAAAGGTAAAAGTGGAACTGAAAGAATCCAAAGTTGGACTATTCAATGCAGAG CTGTTGGAAGCGCTCCTCAACTATTACATCCTTAACACCCTCTACCCCAAGTTCAAT GAT AAGTTGGCCGAAGGCTTCCCCCTTCCTCTGCTGAAGCGTGTTC AGCTCTACGAC CTTGGGCTGCAGATCCATAAGGACTTCCTGTTCTTGGGTGCCAATGTCCAATACATG AGAGTTTGA

Human MEK1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 16)

ATGCCCAAGAAGAAGCCGACGCCCATCCAGCTGAACCCGGCCCCCGACGGCTCTGC AGTTAACGGGACC AGCTCTGCGGAGACCAACTTGGAGGCCTTGCAGAAGAAGCTGG AGGAGCTAGAGCTTGATGAGCAGCAGCGAAAGCGCCTTGAGGCCTTTCTTACCCAG AAGCAGAAGGTGGGAGAACTGAAGGATGACGACTTTGAGAAGATCAGTGAGCTGG GGGCTGGCAATGGCGGTGTGGTGTTCAAGGTCTCCCACAAGCCTTCTGGCCTGGTCA TGGCCAGAAAGCTAATTCATCTGGAGATCAAACCCGCAATCCGGAACCAGATCATA AGGGAGCTGCAGGTTCTGCATGAGTGCAACTCTCCGTACATCGTGGGCTTCTATGGT GCGTTCTACAGCGATGGCGAGATCAGTATCTGCATGGAGCACATGGATGGAGGTTCT CTGGATCAAGTCCTGAAGAAAGCTGGAAGAATTCCTGAACAAATTTTAGGAAAAGT TAGCATTGCTGTAATAAAAGGCCTGACATATCTGAGGGAGAAGCACAAGATCATGC ACAGAGATGTCAAGCCCTCCAACATCCTAGTCAACTCCCGTGGGGAGATCAAGCTCT GTGACTTTGGGGTCAGCGGGCAGCTCATCGACTCCATGGCCAACTCCTTCGTGGGC ACAAGGTCCTACATGTCGCCAGAAAGACTCCAGGGGACTCATTACTCTGTGCAGTCA GACATCTGGAGCATGGGACTGTCTCTGGTAGAGATGGCGGTTGGGAGGTATCCCATC CCTCCTCCAGATGCCAAGGAGCTGGAGCTGATGTTTGGGTGCCAGGTGGAAGGAGA TGCGGCTGAGACCCCACCCAGGCCAAGGACCCCCGGGAGGCCCCTTAGCTCATACG GAATGGAC AGCCGACCTCCC ATGGC AATTTTTGAGTTGTTGGATT AC AT AGTC AACG AGCCTCCTCCAAAACTGCCCAGTGGAGTGTTCAGTCTGGAATTTCAAGATTTTGTGA ATAAATGCTTAATAAAAAACCCCGCAGAGAGAGCAGATTTGAAGCAACTCATGGTT CATGCTTTTATCAAGAGATCTGATGCTGAGGAAGTGGATTTTGCAGGTTGGCTCTGC TCCACCATCGGCCTTAACCAGCCCAGC ACACCAACCCATGCTGCTGGCGTCTAA

Human MEK2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 17)

ATGCTGGCCCGGAGGAAGCCGGTGCTGCCGGCGCTCACCATCAACCCTACCATCGC CGAGGGCCCATCCCCTACCAGCGAGGGCGCCTCCGAGGCAAACCTGGTGGACCTGC AGAAGAAGCTGGAGGAGCTGGAACTTGACGAGCAGCAGAAGAAGCGGCTGGAAGC CTTTCTCACCCAGAAAGCCAAGGTCGGCGAACTCAAAGACGATGACTTCGAAAGGA TCTCAGAGCTGGGCGCGGGCAACGGCGGGGTGGTCACCAAAGTCCAGCACAGACCC TCGGGCCTCATCATGGCCAGGAAGCTGATCCACCTTGAGATCAAGCCGGCCATCCG GAACCAGATCATCCGCGAGCTGCAGGTCCTGCACGAATGCAACTCGCCGTACATCG TGGGCTTCTACGGGGCCTTCTACAGTGACGGGGAGATCAGCATTTGCATGGAACACA TGGACGGCGGCTCCCTGGACCAGGTGCTGAAAGAGGCCAAGAGGATTCCCGAGGAG ATCCTGGGGAAAGTCAGCATCGCGGTTCTCCGGGGCTTGGCGTACCTCCGAGAGAA GCACCAGATCATGCACCGAGATGTGAAGCCCTCCAACATCCTCGTGAACTCTAGAG GGGAGATCAAGCTGTGTGACTTCGGGGTGAGCGGCCAGCTCATCGACTCCATGGCC AACTCCTTCGTGGGCACGCGCTCCTACATGGCTCCGGAGCGGTTGCAGGGCACA

CATTACTCGGTGCAGTCGGACATCTGGAGCATGGGCCTGTCCCTGGTGGAGCTGGCC GTCGGAAGGTACCCCATCCCCCCGCCCGACGCCAAAGAGCTGGAGGCCATCTTTGG CCGGCCCGTGGTCGACGGGGAAGAAGGAGAGCCTCACAGCATCTCGCCTCGGCCGA GGCCCCCCGGGCGCCCCGTCAGCGGTCACGGGATGGATAGCCGGCCTGCCATGGCC ATCTTTGAACTCCTGGACTAT ATTGTGAACGAGCC ACCTCCT AAGCTGCCC AACGGT GTGTTCACCCCCGACTTCCAGGAGTTTGTCAATAAATGCCTCATCAAGAACCCAGCG GAGCGGGCGGACCTGAAGATGCTCACAAACCACACCTTCATCAAGCGGTCCGAGGT GGAAGAAGTGGATTTTGCCGGCTGGTTGTGTAAAACCCTGCGGCTGAACCAGCCCG GCACACCCACGCGCACCGCCGTGTGA

Human MEK3 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 18)

ATGTCCAAGCCACCCGCACCCAACCCCACACCCCCCCGGAACCTGGACTCCCGGAC CTTCATCACCATTGGAGACAGAAACTTTGAGGTGGAGGCTGATGACTTGGTGACCAT CTCAGAACTGGGCCGTGGAGCCTATGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGTGCGGCACGCCCAGA GCGGCACCATCATGGCCGTGAAGCGGATCCGGGCCACCGTGAACTCACAGGAGCAG AAGCGGCTGCTCATGGACCTGGACATCAACATGCGCACGGTCGACTGTTTCTACACT GTCACCTTCTACGGGGCACTATTCAGAGAGGGAGACGTGTGGATCTGCATGGAGCTC ATGGACACATCCTTGGACAAGTTCTACCGGAAGGTGCTGGATAAAAACATGACAAT TCCAGAGGACATCCTTGGGGAGATTGCTGTGTCTATCGTGCGGGCCCTGGAGCATCT GCACAGCAAGCTGTCGGTGATCCACAGAGATGTGAAGCCCTCCAATGTCCTTATCAA CAAGGAGGGCCATGTGAAGATGTGTGACTTTGGCATCAGTGGCTACTTGGTGGACTC TGTGGCCAAGACGATGGATGCCGGCTGCAAGCCCTACATGGCCCCTGAGAGGATCA ACCCAGAGCTGAACCAGAAGGGCTACAATGTCAAGTCCGACGTCTGGAGCCTGGGC ATCACCATGATTGAGATGGCCATCCTGCGGTTCCCTTACGAGTCCTGGGGGACCCCG TTCCAGCAGCTGAAGCAGGTGGTGGAGGAGCCGTCCCCCCAGCTCCCAGCCGACCG TTTCTCCCCCGAGTTTGTGGACTTCACTGCTCAGTGCCTGAGGAAGAACCCCGCAGA GCGTATGAGCTACCTGGAGCTGATGGAGCACCCCTTCTTCACCTTGCACAAAACCAA GAAGACGGACATTGCTGCCTTCGTGAAGGAGATCCTGGGAGAAGACTCATAG

Human MEK6 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 19)

ATGTCTCAGTCGAAAGGCAAGAAGCGAAACCCTGGCCTTAAAATTCCAAAAGAAGC ATTTGAAC AACCTC AGACC AGTTCC AC ACC ACCTCGAGATTT AGACTCC AAGGCTTG CATTTCTATTGGAAATCAGAACTTTGAGGTGAAGGCAGATGACCTGGAGCCTATAAT GGAACTGGGACGAGGTGCGTACGGGGTGGTGGAGAAGATGCGGCACGTGCCCAGC GGGCAGATCATGGCAGTGAAGCGGATCCGAGCCACAGTAAATAGCCAGGAACAGA AACGGCTACTGATGGATTTGGATATTTCCATGAGGACGGTGGACTGTCCATTCACTG TCACCTTTTATGGCGCACTGTTTCGGGAGGGTGATGTGTGGATCTGCATGGAGCTCA TGGATACATCACTAGATAAATTCTACAAACAAGTTATTGATAAAGGCCAGACAATTC CAGAGGACATCTTAGGGAAAATAGCAGTTTCTATTGTAAAAGCATTAGAACATTTAC ATAGTAAGCTGTCTGTCATTCACAGAGACGTCAAGCCTTCTAATGTACTCATCAATG CTCTCGGTCAAGTGAAGATGTGCGATTTTGGAATCAGTGGCTACTTGGTGGACTCTG TTGCTAAAACAATTGATGCAGGTTGCAAACCATACATGGCCCCTGAAAGAATAAAC CCAGAGCTCAACCAGAAGGGATACAGTGTGAAGTCTGACATTTGGAGTCTGGGCAT CACGATGATTGAGTTGGCCATCCTTCGATTTCCCTATGATTCATGGGGAACTCCATTT CAGCAGCTCAAACAGGTGGTAGAGGAGCCATCGCCACAACTCCCAGCAGACAAGTT CTCTGCAGAGTTTGTTGACTTTACCTCACAGTGCTTAAAGAAGAATTCCAAAGAACG GCCTACATACCCAGAGCTAATGCAACATCCATTTTTCACCCTACATGAATCCAAAGG AACAGATGTGGCATCTTTTGTAAAACTGATTCTTGGAGACTAA

Human MEKK1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 20) ATGGCGGCGGCGGCGGGGAATCGCGCCTCGTCGTCGGGATTCCCGGGCGCC AGGGC TACGAGCCCTGAGGCAGGCGGCGGCGGAGGAGCCCTCAAGGCGAGCAGCGCGCCC GCGGCTGCCGCGGGACTGCTGCGGGAGGCGGGCAGCGGGGGCCGCGAGCGGGCGG ACTGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCTGCGCAAAGTGCGGAGTGTGGAGCTGGACCAGCTGCCT GAGCAGCCGCTCTTCCTTGCCGCCTCACCGCCGGCCTCCTCGACTTCCCCGTCGCCG GAGCCCGCGGACGC AGCGGGGAGTGGGACCGGCTTCCAGCCTGTGGCGGTGCCGCC GCCCCACGGAGCCGCGAGCCGCGGCGGCGCCCACCTTACCGAGTCGGTGGCGGCGC CGGACAGCGGCGCCTCGAGTCCCGCAGCGGCCGAGCCCGGGGAGAAGCGGGCGCC CGCCGCCGAGCCGTCTCCTGCAGCGGCCCCCGCCGGTCGTGAGATGGAGAATAAAG AAACTCTCAAAGGGTTGCACAAGATGGATGATCGTCCAGAGGAACGAATGATCAGG GAGAAACTGAAGGCAACCTGTATGCCAGCCTGGAAGCACGAATGGTTGGAAAGGAG AAATAGGCGAGGGCCTGTGGTGGTAAAACCAATCCCAGTTAAAGGAGATGGATCTG AAATGAATCACTTAGCAGCTGAGTCTCCAGGAGAGGTCCAGGCAAGTGCGGCTTCA CCAGCTTCCAAAGGCCGACGCAGTCCTTCTCCTGGCAACTCCCCATCAGGTCGCACA GTGAAATCAGAATCTCCAGGAGTAAGGAGAAAAAGAGTTTCCCCAGTGCCTTTTCA GAGTGGCAGAATCACACCACCCCGAAGAGCCCCTTCACCAGATGGCTTCTCACCAT ATAGCCCTGAGGAAACAAACCGCCGTGTTAACAAAGTGATGCGGGCCAGACTGTAC TTACTGCAGCAGATAGGGCCTAACTCTTTCCTGATTGGAGGAGACAGCCCAGACAAT AAATACCGGGTGTTTATTGGGCCTCAGAACTGCAGCTGTGCACGTGGAACATTCTGT ATTCATCTGCTATTTGTGATGCTCCGGGTGTTTCAACTAGAACCTTCAGACCCAATGT T ATGGAGAAAAACTTT AAAGAATTTTGAGGTTGAGAGTTTGTTCC AGAAAT ATC AC A GTAGGCGTAGCTCAAGGATCAAAGCTCCATCTCGTAACACCATCCAGAAGTTTGTTT CACGCATGTCAAATTCTCATACATTGTCATCATCTAGTACTTCTACGTCTAGTTCAGA AAACAGCATAAAGGATGAAGAGGAACAGATGTGTCCTATTTGCTTGTTGGGCATGC TTGATGAAGAAAGTCTTACAGTGTGTGAAGACGGCTGCAGGAACAAGCTGCACCAC C ACTGC ATGTC AATTTGGGC AGAAGAGTGT AGAAGAAAT AGAGAACCTTT AATATG TCCCCTTTGTAGATCTAAGTGGAGATCTCATGATTTCTACAGCCACGAGTTGTCAAG TCCTGTGGATTCCCCTTCTTCCCTCAGAGCTGCACAGCAGCAAACCGTACAGCAGCA GCCTTTGGCTGGATCACGAAGGAATCAAGAGAGCAATTTTAACCTTACTCATTATGG AACTCAGCAAATCCCTCCTGCTTACAAAGATTTAGCTGAGCCATGGATTCAGGTGTT TGGAATGGAACTCGTTGGCTGCTTATTTTCTAGAAACTGGAATGTGAGAGAGATGGC CCTCAGGCGTCTTTCCCATGATGTCAGTGGGGCCCTGCTGTTGGCAAATGGGGAGAG CACTGGAAATTCTGGGGGCAGCAGTGGAAGCAGCCCGAGTGGGGGAGCCACCAGTG GGTCTTCCCAGACCAGTATCTCAGGAGATGTGGTGGAGGCATGCTGCAGCGTTCTGT CAATGGTCTGTGCTGACCCTGTCTACAAAGTGTACGTTGCTGCTTTAAAAACATTGA GAGCCATGCTGGTATATACTCCTTGCCACAGTTTAGCGGAAAGAATCAAACTTCAGA GACTTCTCCAGCCAGTTGTAGACACCATCCTAGTCAAATGTGCAGATGCCAATAGCC GCACAAGTCAGCTGTCCATATCAACACTGTTGGAACTGTGCAAAGGCCAAGCAGGA GAGTTGGCAGTTGGCAGAGAAATACTAAAAGCTGGATCCATTGGTATTGGTGGTGTT GATTATGTCTTAAATTGTATTCTTGGAAACCAAACTGAATCAAACAATTGGCAAGAA CTTCTTGGCCGCCTTTGTCTTATAGATAGACTGTTGTTGGAATTTCCTGCTGAATTTT ATCCTCATATTGTCAGTACTGATGTTTCACAAGCTGAGCCTGTTGAAATCAGGTATA AGAAGCTGCTGTCCCTCTTAACCTTTGCTTTGCAGTCCATTGATAATTCCCACTCAAT GGTTGGCAAACTTTCCAGAAGGATCTACTTGAGTTCTGCAAGAATGGTTACTACAGT ACCCCATGTGTTTTCAAAACTGTTAGAAATGCTGAGTGTTTCCAGTTCCACTCACTTC ACC AGGATGCGTCGCCGTTTGATGGCT ATTGC AGATGAGGTGGAAATTGCCGAAGC CATCCAGTTGGGCGTAGAAGACACTTTGGATGGTCAACAGGACAGCTTCTTGCAGGC ATCTGTTCCCAACAACTATCTGGAAACCACAGAGAACAGTTCCCCTGAGTGCACAGT CCATTTAGAGAAAACTGGAAAAGGATTATGTGCTACAAAATTGAGTGCCAGTTCAG AGGACATTTCTGAGAGACTGGCCAGCATTTCAGTAGGACCTTCTAGTTCAACAACAA C AAC AAC AAC AAC AAC AGAGC AACC AAAGCC AATGGTTC AAAC AAAAGGC AGACC CCACAGTCAGTGTTTGAACTCCTCTCCTTTATCTCATCATTCCCAATTAATGTTTCCA GCCTTGTCAACCCCTTCTTCTTCTACCCCATCTGTACCAGCTGGCACTGCAACAGATG TCTCTAAGCATAGACTTCAGGGATTCATTCCCTGCAGAATACCTTCTGCATCTCCTCA AACACAGCGCAAGTTTTCTCTACAATTCCACAGAAACTGTCCTGAAAACAAAGACTC AGATAAACTTTCCCCAGTCTTTACTCAGTCAAGACCCTTGCCCTCCAGTAACATACA CAGGCCAAAGCCATCTAGACCTACCCCAGGTAATACAAGTAAACAGGGAGATCCCT CAAAAAATAGCATGACACTTGATCTGAACAGTAGTTCCAAATGTGATGACAGCTTTG GCTGTAGCAGCAATAGTAGTAATGCTGTTATACCCAGTGACGAGACAGTGTTCACCC CAGTAGAGGAGAAATGCAGATTAGATGTCAATACAGAGCTCAACTCCAGTATTGAG GACCTTCTTGAAGCATCTATGCCTTCAAGTGATACAACAGTAACTTTTAAGTCAGAA GTTGCTGTCCTGTCTCCTGAAAAGGCTGAAAATGATGATACCTACAAAGATGATGTG AATCATAATCAAAAGTGCAAAGAGAAGATGGAAGCTGAAGAAGAAGAAGCTTTAG CAATTGCCATGGCAATGTCAGCGTCTCAGGATGCCCTCCCCATAGTTCCTCAGCTGC AGGTTGAAAATGGAGAAGATATCATCATTATTCAACAGGATACACCAGAGACTCTA CC AGGAC AT ACC AAAGC AAAAC AACCGT AT AGAGAAGAC ACTGAATGGCTGAAAG GTCAACAGATAGGCCTTGGAGCATTTTCTTCTTGTTATCAGGCTCAAGATGTGGGAA CTGGAACTTTAATGGCTGTTAAACAGGTGACTTATGTCAGAAACACATCTTCTGAGC AAGAAGAAGTAGTAGAAGCACTAAGAGAAGAGATAAGAATGATGAGCCATCTGAA TCATCCAAACATCATTAGGATGTTGGGAGCCACGTGTGAGAAGAGCAATTACAATCT CTTC ATTGAATGGATGGC AGGGGGATCGGTGGCTC ATTTGCTGAGTAAATATGGAGC CTTCAAAGAATCAGTAGTTATTAACTACACTGAACAGTTACTCCGTGGCCTTTCGTA TCTCCATGAAAACCAAATCATTCACAGAGATGTCAAAGGTGCCAATTTGCTAATTGA CAGCACTGGTCAGAGACTAAGAATTGCAGATTTTGGAGCTGCAGCCAGGTTGGCAT CAAAAGGAACTGGTGCAGGAGAGTTTCAGGGACAATTACTGGGGACAATTGCATTT ATGGCACCTGAGGTACTAAGAGGTCAACAGTATGGAAGGAGCTGTGATGTATGGAG TGTTGGCTGTGCTATTATAGAAATGGCTTGTGCAAAACCACCATGGAATGCAGAAAA ACACTCCAATCATCTTGCTTTGATATTTAAGATTGCTAGTGCAACTACTGCTCCATCG ATCCCTTCACATTTGTCTCCTGGTTTACGAGATGTGGCTCTTCGTTGTTTAGAACTTC AACCTCAGGACAGACCTCCATCAAGAGAGCTACTGAAGCATCCAGTCTTTCGTACTA CATGGTAG Human MEKK 3 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 21)

ATGGACGAACAGGAGGCATTGAACTCAATCATGAACGATCTGGTGGCCCTCCAGAT GAACCGACGTCACCGGATGCCTGGATATGAGACCATGAAGAACAAAGACACAGGTC ACTCAAATAGGCAGAAAAAACACAACAGCAGCAGCTCAGCCCTTCTGAACAGCCCC ACAGTAACAACAAGCTCATGTGCAGGGGCCAGTGAGAAAAAGAAATTTTTGAGTGA CGTCAGAATCAAGTTCGAGCACAACGGGGAGAGGCGAATTATAGCGTTCAGCCGGC CTGTGAAATATGAAGATGTGGAGCACAAGGTGACAACAGTATTTGGACAACCTCTT GATCTACATTACATGAACAATGAGCTCTCCATCCTGCTGAAAAACCAAGATGATCTT GATAAAGCAATTGACATTTTAGATAGAAGCTCAAGCATGAAAAGCCTTAGGATATT GCTGTTGTCCC AGGAC AGAAACC ATAAC AGTTCCTCTCCCC ACTCTGGGGTGTCC AG ACAGGTGCGGATCAAGGCTTCCCAGTCCGCAGGGGATATAAATACTATCTACCAGC CCCCCGAGCCCAGAAGCAGGCACCTCTCTGTCAGCTCCCAGAACCCTGGCCGAAGC TCACCTCCCCCTGGCTATGTTCCTGAGCGGCAGCAGCACATTGCCCGGCAGGGGTCC TACACCAGCATCAACAGTGAGGGGGAGTTCATCCCAGAGACCAGCGAGCAGTGCAT GCTGGATCCCCTGAGCAGTGC AGAAAATTCCTTGTCTGGAAGCTGCC AATCCTTGGA CAGGTCAGCAGACAGCCCATCCTTCCGGAAATCACGAATGTCCCGTGCCCAGAGCTT CCCTGACAACAGACAGGAATACTCAGATCGGGAAACTCAGCTTTATGACAAAGGGG TCAAAGGTGGAACCTACCCCCGGCGCTACCACGTGTCTGTGCACCACAAGGACTAC AGTGATGGCAGAAGAACATTTCCCCGAATACGGCGTCATCAAGGCAACTTGTTCACC CTGGTGCCCTCCAGCCGCTCCCTGAGCACAAATGGCGAGAACATGGGTCTGGCTGTG CAATACCTGGACCCCCGTGGGCGCCTGCGGAGTGCGGACAGCGAGAATGCCCTCTC TGTGCAGGAGAGGAATGTGCCAACCAAGTCTCCCAGTGCCCCCATCAACTGGCGCC GGGGAAAGCTCCTGGGCCAGGGTGCCTTCGGCAGGGTCTATTTGTGCTATGACGTGG ACACGGGACGTGAACTTGCTTCCAAGCAGGTCCAATTTGATCCAGACAGTCCTGAGA CAAGCAAGGAGGTGAGTGCTCTGGAGTGCGAGATCCAGTTGCTAAAGAACTTGCAG CATGAGCGCATCGTGCAGTACTATGGCTGTCTGCGGGACCGCGCTGAGAAGACCCT GACCATCTTCATGGAGTACATGCCAGGGGGCTCGGTGAAAGACCAGTTGAAGGCTT ACGGTGCTCTGACAGAGAGCGTGACCCGAAAGTACACGCGGCAGATCCTGGAGGGC ATGTCCTACCTGCACAGCAACATGATTGTTCACCGGGACATTAAGGGAGCCAACATC CTCCGAGACTCTGCTGGGAATGTAAAGCTGGGGGACTTTGGGGCCAGCAAACGCCT GCAGACGATCTGTATGTCGGGGACGGGCATGCGCTCCGTCACTGGCACACCCTACTG GATGAGCCCTGAGGTGATCAGCGGCGAGGGCTATGGAAGGAAAGCAGACGTGTGG AGCCTGGGCTGCACTGTGGTGGAGATGCTGACAGAGAAACCACCGTGGGCAGAGTA TGAAGCTATGGCCGCCATCTTCAAGATTGCCACCCAGCCCACCAATCCTCAGCTGCC CTCCC AC ATCTCTGAAC ATGGCCGGGACTTCCTGAGGCGC ATTTTTGTGGAGGCTCG CCAGAGACCTTCAGCTGAGGAGCTGCTCA CACACCACTTTGCACAGCTCATGTACTGA

Human MEKK4 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 22)

ATGAGAGAAGCCGCTGCCGCGCTGGTCCCTCCTCCCGCCTTTGCCGTCACGCCTGCC GCCGCCATGGAGGAGCCGCCGCCACCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCACCGCCACCGGAACC CGAGACCGAGTCAGAACCCGAGTGCTGCTTGGCGGCGAGGCAAGAGGGCACATTGG GAGATTCAGCTTGCAAGAGTCCTGAATCTGATCTAGAAGACTTCTCCGATGAAACAA ATACAGAGAATCTTTATGGTACCTCTCCCCCCAGCACACCTCGACAGATGAAACGCA TGTCAACCAAACATCAGAGGAATAATGTGGGGAGGCCAGCCAGTCGGTCTAATTTG AAAGAAAAAATGAATGCACCAAATCAGCCTCCACATAAAGACACTGGAAAAACAGT GGAGAATGTGGAAGAATACAGCTATAAGCAGGAGAAAAAGATCCGAGCAGCTCTTA GAACAACAGAGCGTGATCATAAAAAAAATGTACAGTGCTCATTCATGTTAGACTCA GTGGGTGGATCTTTGCCAAAAAAATCAATTCCAGATGTGGATCTCAATAAGCCTTAC CTCAGCCTTGGCTGTAGCAATGCTAAGCTTCCAGTATCTGTGCCCATGCCTATAGCC AGACCTGCACGCCAGACTTCTAGGACTGACTGTCCAGCAGATCGTTTAAAGTTTTTT GAAACTTTACGACTTTTGCTAAAGCTTACCTCAGTCTCAAAGAAAAAAGACAGGGA GCAAAGAGGACAAGAAAATACGTCTGGTTTCTGGCTTAACCGATCTAACGAACTGA TCTGGTTAGAGCTACAAGCCTGGCATGCAGGACGGACAATTAACGACCAGGACTTC TTTTT AT AT AC AGCCCGTC AAGCC ATCCC AGATATTATT AATGAAATCCTT ACTTTC A AAGTCGACTATGGGAGCTTCGCCTTTGTTAGAGATAGAGCTGGTTTTAATGGTACTT CAGTAGAAGGGCAGTGCAAAGCCACTCCTGGAACAAAGATTGTAGGTTACTCAACA CATCATGAGCATCTCCAACGCCAGAGGGTCTCATTTGAGCAGGTAAAACGGATAAT GGAGCTGCTAGAGTACATAGAAGCACTTTATCCATCATTGCAGGCTCTTCAGAAGGA CTATGAAAAATATGCTGCAAAAGACTTCCAGGACAGGGTGCAGGCACTCTGTTTGTG GTTAAACATCACAAAAGACTTAAATCAGAAATTAAGGATTATGGGCACTGTTTTGGG CATCAAGAATTTATCAGACATTGGCTGGCCAGTGTTTGAAATCCCTTCCCCTCGACC ATCCAAAGGTAATGAGCCGGAGTATGAGGGTGATGACACAGAAGGAGAATTAAAG GAGTTGGAAAGTAGTACGGATGAGAGTGAAGAAGAACAAATCTCTGATCCTAGGGT ACCGGAAATCAGACAGCCCATAGATAACAGCTTCGACATCCAGTCGCGGGACTGCA TATCCAAGAAGCTTGAGAGGCTCGAATCTGAGGATGATTCTCTTGGCTGGGGAGCAC CAGACTGGAGCACAGAAGCAGGCTTTAGTAGACATTGTCTGACTTCTATTTATAGAC CATTTGTAGACAAAGCACTGAAGCAGATGGGGTTAAGAAAGTTAATTTTAAGACTTC ACAAGCTAATGGATGGTTCCTTGCAAAGGGCACGTATAGCATTGGTAAAGAACGAT CGTCCAGTGGAGTTTTCTGAATTTCCAGATCCCATGTGGGGTTCAGATTATGTGCAG TTGTCAAGGACACCACCTTCATCTGAGGAGAAATGCAGTGCTGTGTCGTGGGAGGA GCTGAAGGCCATGGATTTACCTTCATTCGAACCTGCCTTCCTAGTTCTCTGCCGAGTC CTTCTGAATGTCATACATGAGTGTCTGAAGTTAAGATTGGAGCAGAGACCTGCTGGA GAACCATCTCTCTTGAGTATTAAGCAGCTGGTGAGAGAGTGTAAGGAGGTCCTGAA GGGCGG

CCTGCTGATGAAGCAGTACTACCAGTTCATGCTGCAGGAGGTTCTGGAGGACTTGGA GAAGCCCGACTGCAACATTGACGCTTTTGAAGAGGATCTACATAAAATGCTTATGGT GTATTTTGATTACATGAGAAGCTGGATCCAAATGCTACAGCAATTACCTCAAGCATC GCATAGTTTAAAAAATCTGTTAGAAGAAGAATGGAATTTCACCAAAGAAATAACTC ATTAC ATACGGGGAGGAGAAGC AC AGGCCGGGAAGCTTTTCTGTGAC ATTGC AGGA ATGCTGCTGAAATCTACAGGAAGTTTTTTAGAATTTGGCTTACAGGAGAGCTGTGCT GAATTTTGGACTAGTGCGGATGACAGCAGTGCTTCCGACGAAATCAGGAGGTCTGTT ATAGAGATCAGTCGAGCCCTGAAGGAGCTCTTCCATGAAGCCAGAGAAAGGGCTTC CAAAGCACTTGGATTTGCTAAAATGTTGAGAAAGGACCTGGAAATAGCAGCAGAAT TCAGGCTTTCAGCCCCAGTTAGAGACCTCCTGGATGTTCTGAAATCAAAACAGTATG TCAAGGTGCAAATTCCTGGGTTAGAAAACTTGCAAATGTTTGTTCCAGACACTCTTG CTGAGGAGAAGAGTATTATTTTGCAGTTACTCAATGCAGCTGCAGGAAAGGACTGTT CAAAAGATTCAGATGACGTACTCATCGATGCCTATCTGCTTCTGACCAAGCACGGTG ATCGAGCCCGTGATTCAGAGGACAGCTGGGGCACCTGGGAGGCACAGCCTGTCAAA GTCGTGCCTCAGGTGGAGACTGTTGACACCCTGAGAAGCATGCAGGTGGATAATCTT TTACTAGTTGTCATGCAGTCTGCGCATCTCACAATTCAGAGAAAAGCTTTCCAGCAG TCCATTGAGGGACTTATGACTCTGTGCCAGGAGCAGACATCCAGTCAGCCGGTCATC GCCAAAGCTTTGCAGCAGCTGAAGAATGATGCATTGGAGCTATGCAACAGGATAAG CAATGCCATTGACCGCGTGGACCACATGTTCACATCAGAATTTGATGCTGAGGTTGA TGAATCTGAATCTGTCACCTTGCAACAGTACTACCGAGAAGCAATGATTCAGGGGTA CAATTTTGGATTTGAGTATCATAAAGAAGTTGTTCGTTTGATGTCTGGGGAGTTTAG ACAGAAGAT

AGGAGACAAATATATAAGCTTTGCCCGGAAGTGGATGAATTATGTCCTGACTAAAT GTGAGAGTGGTAGAGGTACAAGACCCAGGTGGGCGACTCAAGGATTTGATTTTCTA CAAGCAATTGAACCTGCCTTTATTTCAGCTTTACCAGAAGATGACTTCTTGAGTTTAC AAGCCTTGATGAATGAATGC ATTGGCC ATGTC AT AGGAAAACC AC AC AGTCCTGTTA CAGGTTTGTACCTTGCCATTCATCGGAACAGCCCCCGTCCTATGAAGGTACCTCGAT GCCATAGTGACCCTCCTAACCCACACCTCATTATCCCCACTCCAGAGGGATTCAGCA CTCGGAGCATGCCTTCCGACGCGCGGAGCCATGGCAGCCCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTG CTGCTGCTGCTGCTGTTGCTGCCAGTCGGCCCAGCCCCTCTGGTGGTGACTCTGTGCT GCCCAAATCC ATC AGCAGTGCCC ATGATACCAGGGGTTCCAGCGTTCCTGAAAATG ATCGATTGGCTTCCATAGCTGCTGAATTGCAGTTTAGGTCCCTGAGTCGTCACTCAA GCCCCACGGAGGAGCGAGATGAACCAGCATATCCAAGAGGAGATTCAAGTGGGTCC ACAAGAAGAAGTTGGGAACTTCGGACACTAATCAGCCAGAGTAAAGATACTGCTTC TAAACTAGGACCCATAGAAGCTATCCAGAAGTCAGTCCGATTGTTTGAAGAAAAGA GGTACCGAGAAATGAGGAGAAAGAATATCATTGGTCAAGTTTGTGATACGCCTAAG TCCTATGATAATGTTATGCACGTTGGCTTGAGGAAGGTGACCTTCAAATGGCAAAGA GGAAACAAAATTGGAGAAGGCCAGTATGGGAAGGTGTACACCTGCATCAGCGTCGA CACCGGGGAGCTGATGGCCATGAAAGAGATTCGATTTCAACCTAATGACCATAAGA CTATCAAGGAAACTGCAGACGAATTGAAAATATTCGAAGGCATCAAACACCCCAAT CTGGTTCGGTATTTTGGTGTGGAGCTCCATAGAGAAGAAATGTACATCTTCATGGAG TACTGCGATGAGGGGACTTTAGAAGAGGTGTCAAGGCTGGGACTTCAGGAACATGT GATTAGGCTGTATTCAAAGCAGATCACCATTGCGATCAACGTCCTCCATGAGCATGG CATAGTCCACCGTGACATTAAAGGTGCCAATATCTTCCTTACCTCATCTGGATTAATC AAACTGGGAGATTTTGGATGTTCAGTAAAGCTCAAAAACAATGCCCAGACCATGCC TGGTGAAGTGAAC AGC ACCCTGGGGAC AGC AGC AT AC ATGGC ACCTGAAGTC ATC A CTCGTGCCAAAGGAGAGGGCCATGGGCGTGCGGCCGACATCTGGAGTCTGGGGTGT GTTGTCATAGAGATGGTGACTGGCAAGAGGCCTTGGCATGAGTATGAGCACAACTTT CAAATTATGTATAAAGTGGGGATGGGACATAAGCCACCAATCCCTGAAAGATTAAG CCCTGAAGGAAAGGACTTCCTTTCTCACTGCCTTGAGAGTGACCCAAAGATGAGATG GACCGCC AGCC AGCTCCTCGACC ATTCGTTTGTC AA GGTTTGCACAGATGAAGAATG

Human MEKK 6 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 23)

ATGGC GGGGCCGTGTCCCCGGTCCGGGGCGGAGCGCGCCGGCAGCTGCTGGCAGGA CCCGCTGGCCGTGGCGCTGAGCCGGGGCCGGCAGCTCGCGGCGCCCCCGGGCCGGG GCTGCGCGCGGAGCCGGCCGCTCAGCGTGGTCTACGTGCTGACCCGGGAGCCGCAG CCCGGGCTCGAGCCTCGGGAGGGAACCGAGGCGGAGCCGCTGCCCCTGCGCTGCCT GCGCGAGGCTTGCGCGCAGGTCCCCCGGCCGCGGCCGCCCCCGCAGCTGCGCAGCC TGCCCTTCGGGACGCTGGAGCTAGGCGACACCGCGGCTCTGGATGCCTTCTACAACG CGGATGTGGTGGTGCTGGAGGTGAGCAGCTCGCTGGTACAGCCCTCCCTGTTCTACC ACCTTGGTGTGCGTGAGAGCTTCAGCATGACCAACAATGTGCTCCTCTGCTCCCAGG CCGACCTCCCTGACCTGCAGGCCCTGCGGGAGGATGTTTTCCAGAAGAACTCGGATT GCGTTGGCAGCTACACACTGATCCCCTATGTGGTGACGGCCACTGGTCGGGTGCTGT GTGGTGATGCAGGCCTTCTGCGGGGCCTGGCTGATGGGCTGGTACAGGCTGGAGTG GGGACCGAGGCCCTGCTCACTCCCCTGGTGGGCCGGCTTGCCCGCCTGCTGGAGGCC ACACCCACAGACTCTTGTGGCTATTTCCGGGAGACCATTCGGCGGGACATCCGGCAG GCGCGGGAGCGGTTCAGTGGGCCACAGCTGCGGCAGGAGCTGGCTC GCCTGCAGCGGAGACTGGACAGCGTGGAGCTGCTGAGCCCCGACATCATCATGAAC TTGCTGCTCTCCTACCGCGATGTGCAGGACTACTCGGCCATCATTGAGCTGGTGGAG ACGCTGCAGGCCTTGCCCACCTGTGATGTGGCCGAGCAGCATAATGTCTGCTTCCAC T AC ACTTTTGCCCTC AACCGGAGGAAC AGGCCTGGGGACCGGGCGAAGGCCCTGTC TGTGCTGCTGCCGCTGGTACAGCTTGAGGGCTCTGTGGCGCCCGATCTGTACTGCAT GTGTGGCCGTATCTACAAGGACATGTTCTTCAGCTCGGGTTTCCAGGATGCTGGGCA CCGGGAGCAGGCCTATCACTGGTATCGCAAGGCTTTTGACGTAGAGCCCAGCCTTCA CTCAGGCATCAATGCAGCTGTGCTCCTCATTGCTGCCGGGCAGCACTTTGAGGATTC CAAAGAGCTCCGGCTAATAGGC ATGAAGCTGGGCTGCCTGCTGGCCCGCAAAGGCT GCGTGGAGAAGATGCAGTATTACTGGGATGTGGGTTTCTACCTGGGAGCCCAGATCC TCGCCAATGACCCCACCCAGGTGGTGCTGGCTGCAGAGCAGCTGTATAAGCTCAAT GCCCCCATATGGTACCTGGTGTCCGTGATGGAGACCTTCCTGCTCTACCAGCACTTC AGGCCCACGCCAGAGCCCCCTGGAGGGCCACCACGCCGTGCCCACTTCTGGCTCCA CTTCTTGCTACAGTCCTGCCAACCATTCAAGACAGCCTGTGCCCAGGGCGACCAGTG CTTGGTGCTGGTCCTGGAGATGAACAAGGTGCTGCTGCCTGCAAAGCTCGAGGTTCG GGGTACTGACCCAGTAAGCACAGTGACCCTGAGCCTGCTGGAGCCTGAGACCCAGG ACATTCCCTCCAGCTGGACCTTCCCAGTCGCCTCCATATGCGGAGTCAGCGCCTCAA AGCGCGACGAGCGCTGCTGCTTCCTCTATGCACTCCCCCCGGCTCAGGACGTCCAGC TGTGCTTCCCCAGCGTAGGGCACTGCCAGTGGTTCTGCGGCCTGATCCAGGCCTGGG TGACGAACCCGGATTCCACGGCGCCCGCGGAGGAGGCGGAGGGCGCGGGGGAGAT GTTGGAGTTTGATTATGA

GTACACGGAGACGGGCGAGCGGCTGGTGCTGGGCAAGGGCACGTATGGGGTGGTGT ACGCGGGCCGCGATCGCCACACGAGGGTGCGCATCGCCATCAAGGAGATCCCGGAG CGGGACAGCAGGTTCTCTCAGCCCCTGCATGAAGAGATCGCTCTTCACAGACGCCTG CGCCACAAGAACATAGTGCGCTATCTGGGCTCAGCTAGCCAGGGCGGCTACCTTAA GATCTTCATGGAGGAAGTGCCTGGAGGCAGCCTGTCCTCCTTGCTGCGGTCGGTGTG GGGACCCCTGAAGGACAACGAGAGCACCATCAGTTTCTACACCCGCCAGATCCTGC AGGGACTTGGCTACTTGCACGACAACCACATCGTGCACAGGGACATAAAAGGGGAC AATGTGCTGATC AAC ACCTTC AGTGGGCTGCTC AAGATTTCTGACTTCGGC ACCTCC AAGCGGCTGGCAGGCATCACACCTTGCACTGAGACCTTCACAGGAACTCTGCAGTA TATGGCCCCAGAAATCATTGACCAGGGCCCACGCGGGTATGGGAAAGCAGCTGACA TCTGGTCACTGGGCTGCACTGTCATTGAGATGGCCACAGGTCGCCCCCCCTTCCACG AGCTCGGGAGCCCACAGGCTGCCATGTTTCAGGTGGGTATGTACAAGGTCCATCCGC CAATGCCCAGCTCTCTGTCGGCCGAGGCCCAAGCCTTTCTCCTCCGAACTTTTGAGC CAGACCCCCGCCTCCGAGCCAGCGCCCAGACACTGCTGGGGGACCCCTTCCTGCAG CCTGGGAAAAGGAGCCGCAGCCCCAGCTCCCCACGACATGCTCCACGGCCCTCAGA TGCCCCTTCTGCCAGTCCCACTCCTTCAGCCAACTCAACCACCCAGTCTCAGACATTC CCGTGCCCTCAGGCACCCTCTCAGCACCCACCCAGCCCCCCGAAGCGCTGCCTCAGT TATGGGGGCACCAGCCAGCTCCGGGTGCCCGAGGAGCCTGCGGCCGAGGAGCCTGC GTCTCCGGAGGAGAGTTCGGGGCTGAGCCTGCTGCACCAGGAGAGCAAGCGTCGGG CCATGCTGGCCGCAGTATTGGAGCAGGAGCTGCCAGCGCTGGCGGAGAATCTGCAC CAGGAGCAGAAGCAAGAGCAGGGGGCCCGTCTGGGCAGAAACCATGTGGAAGAGC TGCTGCGCTGCCTCGGGGCACACATCCACACTCCCAACCGCCGGCAGCTCGCCCAGG AGCTGCGGGCGCTGCAAGGACGGCTGAGGGCCCAGGGCCTTGGGCCTGCGCTTCTG CACAGACCGCTGTTTGCCTTCCCGGATGCGGTGAAGCAGATCCTCCGCAAGCGCCAG ATCCGTCCACACTGGATGTTCGTTCTGGACTCACTGCTCAGCCGTGCTGTGCGGGCA GCCCTGGGTGTGCTAGGACCGGAGGTGGAGAAGGAGGCGGTCTCACCGAGGTCAGA GGAGCTGAGTAATGAAGGGGACTCCCAGCAGAGCCCAGGCCAGCAGAGCCCGCTTC CGGTGGAGCCCGAGCAGGGCCCCGCTCCTCTGATGGTGCAGCTGAGCCTCTTGAGG GC AGAGACTGATCGGCTGCGCGAAATCCTGG

CGGGGAAGGAACGGGAGTACCAGGCCCTGGTGCAGCGGGCTCTACAGCGGCTGAAT GAGGAAGCCCGGACCTATGTCCTGGCCCCAGAGCCTCCAACTGCTCTTTCAACGGAC CAGGGCCTGGTGCAGTGGCTACAGGAACTGAATGTGGATTCAGGCACCATCCAAAT GCTGTTGAACCATAGCTTCACCCTCCACACTCTGCTCACCTATGCCACTCGAGATGA CCTC ATCTAC ACCCGCATCAGGGGAGGGATGGTATGCCGCATCTGGAGGGCCATCTT GGCACAGCGAGCAGGATCCACACCAGTCACCTCTGGACCCTGA

Human MEKK7 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 24)

ATGTCTACAGCCTCTGCCGCCTCCTCCTCCTCCTCGTCTTCGGCCGGTGAGATGATC G AAGCCCCTTCCCAGGTCCTCAACTTTGAAGAGATCGACTACAAGGAGATCGAGGTG GAAGAGGTTGTTGGAAGAGGAGCCTTTGGAGTTGTTTGCAAAGCTAAGTGGAGAGC AAAAGATGTTGCTATTAAACAAATAGAAAGTGAATCTGAGAGGAAAGCGTTTATTG TAGAGCTTCGGCAGTTATCCCGTGTGAACCATCCTA

ATATTGTAAAGCTTTATGGAGCCTGCTTGAATCCAGTGTGTCTTGTGATGGAATATG CTGAAGGGGGCTCTTTATATAATGTGCTGCATGGTGCTGAACCATTGCCATATTATA CTGCTGCCCACGCAATGAGTTGGTGTTTACAGTGTTCCCAAGGAGTGGCTTATCTTC ACAGCATGCAACCCAAAGCGCTAATTCACAGGGACCTGAAACCACCAAACTTACTG CTGGTTGCAGGGGGGACAGTTCTAAAAATTTGTGATTTTGGTACAGCCTGTGACATT CAGACACACATGACCAATAACAAGGGGAGTGCTGCTTGGATGGCACCTGAAGTTTT TGAAGGTAGTAATTACAGTGAAAAATGTGACGTCTTCAGCTGGGGTATTATTCTTTG GGAAGTGATAACGCGTCGGAAAC

CCTTTGATGAGATTGGTGGCCCAGCTTTCCGAATCATGTGGGCTGTTCATAATGGTA CTCGACCACCACTGATAAAAAATTTACCTAAGCCCATTGAGAGCCTGATGACTCGTT GTTGGTCTAAAGATCCTTCCCAGCGCCCTTCAATGGAGGAAATTGTGAAAATAATGA CTCACTTGATGCGGTACTTTCCAGGAGCAGATGAGCCATTACAGTATCCTTGTCAGT ATTC AGATGAAGGAC AGAGC AACTCTGCC ACC AGT AC AGGCTC ATTC ATGGAC ATT GCTTCTACAAATACGAGTAACAAAAGTGACACTAATATGGAGCAAGTTCCTGCCAC AAATGATACTATTAAGCGCTTAGAATCAAAATTGTTGAAAAATCAGGCAAAGCAAC AGAGTGAATCTGGACGTTTAAGCTTGGGAGCCTCCCGTGGGAGCAGTGTGGAGAGC TTGCCCCCAACCTCTGAGGGCAAGAGGATGAGTGCTGACATGTCTGAAATAGAAGC TAGGATCGCCGCAACCACAGGCAACGGACAGCCAAGACGTAGATCCATCCAAGACT TGACTGTAACTGGAACAGAACCTGGTCAGGTGAGCAGTAGGTCATCCAGTCCCAGT GTCAGAATGATTACTACCTCAGGACCAACCTCAGAAAAGCCAACTCGAAGTCATCC ATGGACCCCTGATGATTCCACAGATACCAATGGATCAGATAACTCCATCCCAATGGC TTATCTTACACTGGATCACCAACTACAGCCTCTAGCACCGTGCCCAAACTCCAAAGA ATCTATGGCAGTGTTTGAACAGCATTGTAAAATGGCACAAGAATATATGAAAGTTCA AACAGAAATTGCATTGTTATTACAGAGAAAGCAAGAACTAGTTGCAGAACTGGACC AGGATGAAAAGGACCAGCAAAATACATCTCGCCTGGTACAGGAACATAAAAAGCTT TTAGATGAAAACAAAAGCCTTTCTACTTACTACCAGCAATGCAAAAAACAACTAGA GGTCATCAGAAGTCAGCAGCAGAAACGACAAGGCACTTCATGA

Human MK2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 25)

ATGCTGTCCAACTCCCAGGGCCAGAGCCCGCCGGTGCCGTTCCCCGCCCCGGCCCCG CCGCCGCAGCCCCCCACCCCTGCCCTGCCGCACCCCCCGGCGCAGCCGCCGCCGCCG CCCCCGCAGCAGTTCCCGCAGTTCCACGTCAAGTCCGGCCTGCAGATCAAGAAGAA CGCCATCATCGATGACTACAAGGTCACCAGCCAGGTCCTGGGGCTGGGCATCAACG GC AAAGTTTTGC AGATCTTC AAC AAGAGGACCC AGGAGAAATTCGCCCTC AAAATG CTTCAGGACTGCCCCAAGGCCCGCAGGGAGGTGGAGCTGCACTGGCGGGCCTCCCA GTGCCCGCACATCGTACGGATCGTGGATGTGTACGAGAATCTGTACGCAGGGAGGA AGTGCCTGCTGATTGTCATGGAATGTTTGGACGGTGGAGAACTCTTTAGCCGAATCC AGGATCGAGGAGACCAGGCATTCACAGAAAGAGAAGCATCCGAAATCATGAAGAG CATCGGTGAGGCCATCCAGTATCTGC ATTCAATCAAC ATTGCCCATCGGGATGTC AA GCCTGAGAATCTCTTATACACCTCCAAAAGGCCCAACGCCATCCTGAAACTCACTGA CTTTGGCTTTGCCAAGGAAACCACCAGCCACAACTCTTTGACCACTCCTTGTTATAC ACCGTACTATGTGGCTCCAGAAGTGCTGGGTCCAGAGAAGTATGACAAGTCCTGTG ACATGTGGTCCCTGGGTGTCATCATGTACATCCTGCTGTGTGGGTATCCCCCCTTCTA CTCCAACCACGGCCTTGCCATCTCTCCGGGCATGAAGACTCGCATCCGAATGGGCCA GTATGAATTTCCCAACCCAGAATGGTCAGAAGTATCAGAGGAAGTGAAGATGCTCA TTCGGAATCTGCTGAAAACAGAGCCCACCCAGAGAATGACCATCACCGAGTTTATG AACCACCCTTGGATCATGCAATCAACAAAGGTCCCTCAAACCCCACTGCACACCAG CCGGGTCCTGAAGGAGGACAAGGAGCGGTGGGAGGATGTCAAGGGGTGTCTTCATG ACAAGAACAGCGACCAGGCCACTTGGCTGACCAGGTTGTGA

Human MyD88 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 26)

ATGCGACCCGACCGCGCTGAGGCTCCAGGACCGCCCGCCATGGCTGCAGGAGGTCC

CGGCGCGGGGTCTGCGGCCCCGGTCTCCTCCACATCCTCCCTTCCCCTGGCTGCTCT C

AACATGCGAGTGCGGCGCCGCCTGTCTCTGTTCTTGAACGTGCGGACACAGGTGGCG GCCGACTGGACCGCGCTGGCGGAGGAGATGGACTTTGAGT ACTTGGAGATCCGGC A ACTGGAGACACAAGCGGACCCCACTGGCAGGCTGCTGGACGCCTGGCAGGGACGCC CTGGCGCCTCTGTAGGCCGACTGCTCGAGCTGCTTACCAAGCTGGGCCGCGACGACG TGCTGCTGGAGCTGGGACCCAGCATTGAGGAGGATTGCCAAAAGTATATCTTGAAG CAGCAGCAGGAGGAGGCTGAGAAGCCTTTACAGGTGGCCGCTGTAGACAGCAGTGT CCC ACGGAC AGC AGAGCTGGCGGGC ATC ACC AC ACTTGATGACCCCCTGGGGC ATA TGCCTGAGCGTTTCGATGCCTTCATCTGCTATTGCCCCAGCGACATCCAGTTTGTGCA GGAGATGATCCGGCAACTGGAACAGACAAACTATCGACTGAAGTTGTGTGTGTCTG ACCGCGATGTCCTGCCTGGCACCTGTGTCTGGTCTATTGCTAGTGAGCTCATCGAAA AGAGGTTGGCTAGAAGGCCACGGGGTGGGTGCCGCCGGATGGTGGTGGTTGTCTCT GATGATTACCTGCAGAGCAAGGAATGTGACTTCCAGACCAAATTTGCACTCAGCCTC TCTCCAGGTGCCCATCAGAAGCGACTGATCCCCATCAAGTACAAGGCAATGAAGAA AGAGTTCCCCAGCATCCTGAGGTTCATCACTGTCTGCGACTACACCAACCCCTGCAC CAAATCTTGGTTCTGGACTCGCCTTGCCAAGGCCTTGTCCCTGCCCTGA Human NF-κΒ CDS (SEQ ID NO: 27)

ATGGCAGAAGATGATCCATATTTGGGAAGGCCTGAACAAATGTTTCATTTGGATCCT TCTTTGACTCATACAATATTTAATCCAGAAGTATTTCAACCACAGATGGCACTGCCA ACAGATGGCCCATACCTTCAAATATTAGAGCAACCTAAACAGAGAGGATTTCGTTTC CGTTATGTATGTGAAGGCCCATCCCATGGTGGACTACCTGGTGCCTCTAGTGAAAAG AACAAGAAGTCTTACCCTCAGGTCAAAATCTGCAACTATGTGGGACCAGCAAAGGT TATTGTTCAGTTGGTCACAAATGGAAAAAATATCCACCTGCATGCCCACAGCCTGGT GGGAAAACACTGTGAGGATGGGATCTGCACTGTAACTGCTGGACCCAAGGACATGG TGGTCGGCTTCGCAAACCTGGGTATACTTCATGTGACAAAGAAAAAAGTATTTGAAA C ACTGGAAGC ACGAATGAC AGAGGCGTGT AT AAGGGGCTAT AATCCTGGACTCTTG GTGCACCCTGACCTTGCCTATTTGCAAGCAGAAGGTGGAGGGGACCGGCAGCTGGG AGATCGGGAAAAAGAGCTAATCCGCCAAGCAGCTCTGCAGCAGACCAAGGAGATG GACCTCAGCGTGGTGCGGCTCATGTTTACAGCTTTTCTTCCGGATAGCACTGGCAGC TTCACAAGGCGCCTGGAACCCGTGGTATCAGACGCCATCTATGACAGTAAAGCCCC C AATGC ATCC AACTTGAAAATTGTAAGAATGGAC AGGAC AGCTGGATGTGTGACTG GAGGGGAGGAAATTTATCTTCTTTGTGACAAAGTTCAGAAAGATGACATCCAGATTC GATTTTATGAAGAGGAAGAAAATGGTGGAGTCTGGGAAGGATTTGGAGATTTTTCC CCCACAGATGTTCATAGACAATTTGCCATTGTCTTCAAAACTCCAAAGTATAAAGAT ATTAATATTACAAAACCAGCCTCTGTGTTTGTCCAGCTTCGGAGGAAATCTGACTTG GAAACTAGTGAACCAAAACCTTTCCTCTACTATCCTGAAATCAAAGATAAAGAAGA AGTGCAGAGGAAACGTCAGAAGCTCATGCCCAATTTTTCGGATAGTTTCGGCGGTGG TAGTGGTGCTGGAGCTGGAGGCGGAGGCATGTTTGGTAGTGGCGGTGGAGGAGGGG GCACTGGAAGTACAGGTCCAGGGTATAGCTTCCCACACTATGGATTTCCTACTTATG GTGGGATTACTTTCCATCCTGGAACTACTAAATCTAATGCTGGGATGAAGCATGGAA CCATGGACACTGAATCTAAAAAGGACCCTGAAGGTTGTGACAAAAGTGATGACAAA AACACTGTAAACCTCTTTGGGAAAGTTATTGAAACCACAGAGCAAGATCAGGAGCC CAGCGAGGCCACCGTTGGGAATGGTGAGGTCACTCTAACGTATGCAACAGGAACAA AAGAAGAGAGTGCTGGAGTTCAGGATAACCTCTTTCTAGAGAAGGCTATGCAGCTT GCAAAGAGGCATGCCAATGCCCTTTTCGACTACGCGGTGACAGGAGACGTGAAGAT GCTGCTGGCCGTCCAGCGCCATCTCACTGCTGTGCAGGATGAGAATGGGGACAGTGT CTTACACTTAGCAATCATCCACCTTCATTCTCAACTTGTGAGGGATCTACTAGAAGTC ACATCTGGTTTGATTTCTGATGACATTATCAACATGAGAAATGATCTGTACCAGACG CCCTTGCACTTGGCAGTGATCACTAAGCAGGAAGATGTGGTGGAGGATTTGCTGAG GGCTGGGGCCGACCTGAGCCTTCTGGACCGCTTGGGTAACTCTGTTTTGCACCTAGC TGCC AAAGAAGGAC ATGAT AAAGTTCTC AGTATCTTACTC AAGC AC AAAAAGGC AG CACTACTTCTTGACCACCCCAACGGGGACGGTCTGAATGCCATTCATCTAGCCATGA TGAGCAATAGCCTGCCATGTTTGCTGCTGCTGGTGGCCGCTGGGGCTGACGTCAATG CTCAGGAGCAGAAGTCCGGGCGCACAGCACTGCACCTGGCTGTGGAGCACGACAAC ATCTCATTGGCAGGCTGCCTGCTCCTGGAGGGTGATGCCCATGTGGACAGTACTACC TACGATGGAACCACACCCCTGCATATAGCAGCTGGGAGAGGGTCCACCAGGCTGGC AGCTCTTCTCAAAGCAGCAGGAGCAGATCCCCTGGTGGAGAACTTTGAGCCTCTCTA TGACCTGGATGACTCTTGGGAAAATGCAGGAGAGGATGAAGGAGTTGTGCCTGGAA CCACGCCTCTAGATATGGCCACCAGCTGGCAGGTATTTGACATATTAAATGGGAAAC CATATGAGCCAGAGTTTACATCTGATGATTTACTAGCACAAGGAGACATGAAACAG CTGGCTGAAGATGTGAAGCTGCAGCTGTATAAGTTACTAGAAATTCCTGATCCAGAC AAAAACTGGGCTACTCTGGCGCAGAAATTAGGTCTGGGGATACTTAATAATGCCTTC CGGCTGAGTCCTGCTCCTTCCAAAACACTTATGGACAACTATGAGGTCTCTGGGGGT ACAGTCAGAGAGCTGGTGGAGGCCCTGAGACAAATGGGCTACACCGAAGCAATTGA AGTGATCCAGGCAGCCTCCAGCCCAGTGAAGACCACCTCTCAGGCCCACTCGCTGCC TCTCTCGCCTGCCTCCACAAGGCAGCAAATAGACGAGCTCCGAGACAGTGACAGTG TCTGCGACAGCGGCGTGGAGACATCCTTCCGCAAACTCAGCTTTACCGAGTCTCTGA CCAGTGGTGCCTCACTGCTAACTCTCAACAAAATGCCCCATGATTATGGGCAGGAAG GACCTCTAGAAGGCAAAATTTAG Human NIK CDS (SEQ ID NO: 28)

ATGGCAGTGATGGAAATGGCCTGCCCAGGTGCCCCTGGCTCAGCAGTGGGGCAGCA GAAGGAACTCCCCAAAGCCAAGGAGAAGACGCCGCCACTGGGGAAGAAACAGAGC TCCGTCTACAAGCTTGAGGCCGTGGAGAAGAGCCCTGTGTTCTGCGGAAAGTGGGA GATCCTGAATGACGTGATTACCAAGGGCACAGCCAAGGAAGGCTCCGAGGCAGGGC CAGCTGCCATCTCTATC ATCGCCC AGGCTGAGTGTGAGAATAGCCAAGAGTTCAGCC CCACCTTTTCAGAACGCATTTTCATCGCTGGGTCCAAACAGTACAGCCAGTCCGAGA GTCTTGATCAGATCCCCAACAATGTGGCCCATGCTACAGAGGGCAAAATGGCCCGT GTGTGTTGGAAGGGAAAGCGTCGCAGCAAAGCCCGGAAGAAACGGAAGAAGAAGA GCTCAAAGTCCCTGGCTCATGCAGGAGTGGCCTTGGCCAAACCCCTCCCCAGGACCC CTGAGCAGGAGAGCTGCACCATCCCAGTGCAGGAGGATGAGTCTCCACTCGGCGCC CCATATGTTAGAAACACCCCGCAGTTCACCAAGCCTCTGAAGGAACCAGGCCTTGG GCAACTCTGTTTTAAGCAGCTTGGCGAGGGCCTACGGCCGGCTCTGCCTCGATCAGA ACTCCACAAACTGATCAGCCCCTTGCAATGTCTGAACCACGTGTGGAAACTGCACCA CCCCCAGGACGGAGGCCCCCTGCCCCTGCCCACGCACCCCTTCCCCTATAGCAGACT GCCTCATCCCTTCCCATTCCACCCTCTCCAGCCCTGGAAACCTCACCCTCTGGAGTCC TTCCTGGGCAAACTGGCCTGTGTAGACAGCCAGAAACCCTTGCCTGACCCACACCTG AGCAAACTGGCCTGTGTAGACAGTCCAAAGCCCCTGCCTGGCCCACACCTGGAGCC CAGCTGCCTGTCTCGTGGTGCCCATGAGAAGTTTTCTGTGGAGGAATACCTAGTGCA TGCTCTGCAAGGCAGCGTGAGCTCAGGCCAGGCCCACAGCCTGACCAGCCTGGCCA AGACCTGGGCAGCAAGGGGCTCCAGATCCCGGGAGCCCAGCCCCAAAACTGAGGAC AACGAGGGTGTCCTGCTCACTGAGAAACTCAAGCCAGTGGATTATGAGTACCGAGA AGAAGTCCACTGGGCCACGCACCAGCTCCGCCTGGGCAGAGGCTCCTTCGGAGAGG TGCACAGGATGGAGGACAAGCAGACTGGCTTCCAGTGCGCTGTCAAAAAGGTGCGG CTGGAAGTATTTCGGGCAGAGGAGCTGATGGCATGTGCAGGATTGACCTCACCCAG AATTGTCCCTTTGTATGGAGCTGTGAGAGAAGGGCCTTGGGTC AAC ATCTTC ATGGA GCTGCTGGAAGGTGGCTCCCTGGGCCAGCTGGTCAAGGAGCAGGGCTGTCTCCCAG AGGACCGGGCCCTGTACTACCTGGGCCAGGCCCTGGAGGGTCTG GAATACCTCCACTCACGAAGGATTCTGCATGGGGACGTCAAAGCTGACAACGTGCT CCTGTCCAGCGATGGGAGCCACGCAGCCCTCTGTGACTTTGGCCATGCTGTGTGTCT TCAACCTGATGGCCTGGGAAAGTCCTTGCTCACAGGGGACTACATCCCTGGCACAG AGACCCACATGGCTCCGGAGGTGGTGCTGGGCAGGAGCTGCGACGCCAAGGTGGAT GTCTGGAGCAGCTGCTGTATGATGCTGCACATGCTCAACGGCTGCCACCCCTGGACT CAGTTCTTCCGAGGGCCGCTCTGCCTCAAGATTGCCAGCGAGCCTCCGCCTGTGAGG GAGATCCCACCCTCCTGCGCCCCTCTCACAGCCCAGGCCATCCAAGAGGGGCTGAG GAAAGAGCCCATCCACCGCGTGTCTGCAGCGGAGCTGGGAGGGAAGGTGAACCGG GCACTACAGCAAGTGGGAGGTCTGAAGAGCCCTTGGAGGGGAGAATATAAAGAACC AAGACATCCACCGCCAAATCAAGCCAATTACCACCAGACCCTCCATGCCCAGCCGA GAGAGCTTTCGCCAAGGGCCCCAGGGCCCCGGCCAGCTGAGGAGACAACAGGCAG AGCCCCTAAGCTCCAGCCTCCTCTCCCACCAGAGCCCCCAGAGCCAAACAAGTCTCC TCCCTTGACTTTGAGCAAGGAGGAGTCTGGGATGTGGGAACCCTTACCTCTGTCCTC CCTGGAGCCAGCCCCTGCCAGAAACCCCAGCTCACCAGAGCGGAAAGCAACCGTCC CGGAGCAGGAACTGCAGCAGCTGGAAATAGAATTATTCCTCAACAGCCTGTCCCAG CCATTTTCTCTGGAGGAGCAGGAGCAAATTCTCTCGTGCCTCAGCATCGACAGCCTC TCCCTGTCGGATGACAGTGAGAAGAACCCATCAAAGGCCTCTCAAAGCTCGCGGGA C ACCCTGAGCTC AGGCGT AC ACTCCTGGAGC AGCC AGGCCGAGGCTCGAAGCTCC A GCTGGAACATGGTGCTGGCCCGGGGGCGGCCCACCGACACCCCAAGCTATTTCAAT GGTGTGAAAGTCCAAATACAGTCTCTTAATGGTGAACACCTGCACATCCGGGAGTTC CACCGGGTCAAAGTGGGAGACATCGCCACTGGCATCAGCAGCCAGATCCCAGCTGC AGCCTTCAGCTTGGTCACCAAAGACGGGCAGCCTGTTCGCTACGACATGGAGGTGC CAGACTCGGGC ATCGACCTGC AGTGC ACACTGGCCCCTGATGGCAGCTTCGCCTGGA GCTGGAGGGTCAAGCATGGCCAGCTGGAGAACAGGCCCTAA

Human p38 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 29)

ATGTCTCAGGAGAGGCCCACGTTCTACCGGCAGGAGCTGAACAAGACAATCTGGGA GGTGCCCGAGCGTTACCAGAACCTGTCTCCAGTGGGCTCTGGCGCCTATGGCTCTGT GTGTGCTGCTTTTGACACAAAAACGGGGTTACGTGTGGCAGTGAAGAAGCTCTCCAG ACCATTTCAGTCCATCATTCATGCGAAAAGAACCTACAGAGAACTGCGGTTACTTAA ACATATGAAACATGAAAATGTGATTGGTCTGTTGGACGTTTTTACACCTGCAAGGTC TCTGGAGGAATTCAATGATGTGTATCTGGTGACCCATCTCATGGGGGCAGATCTGAA CAACATTGTGAAATGTCAGAAGCTTACAGATGACCATGTTCAGTTCCTTATCTACCA AATTCTCCGAGGTCTAAAGTATATACATTCAGCTGACATAATTCACAGGGACCTAAA ACCTAGTAATCTAGCTGTGAATGAAGACTGTGAGCTGAAGATTCTGGATTTTGGACT GGCTCGGCACACAGATGATGAAATGACAGGCTACGTGGCCACTAGGTGGTACAGGG CTCCTGAGATCATGCTGAACTGGATGCATTACAACCAGACAGTTGATATTTGGTCAG TGGGATGCATAATGGCCGAGCTGTTGACTGGAAGAACATTGTTTCCTGGTACAGACC ATATTAACCAGCTTCAGCAGATTATGCGTCTGACAGGAACACCCCCCGCTTATCTCA TTAACAGGATGCCAAGCCATGAGGCAAGAAACTATATTCAGTCTTTGACTCAGATGC CGAAGATGAACTTTGCGAATGTATTTATTGGTGCCAATCCCCTGGCTGTCGACTTGC TGGAGAAGATGCTTGTATTGGACTCAGATAAGAGAATTACAGCGGCCCAAGCCCTT GCACATGCCTACTTTGCTCAGTACCACGATCCTGATGATGAACCAGTGGCCGATCCT T ATGATC AGTCCTTTGAAAGC AGGGACCTCCTT ATAGATGAGTGGAAAAGCCTGACC TATGATGAAGTCATCAGCTTTGTGCCACCACCCCTTGACCAAGAAGAGATGGAGTCC TGA

Human PKR CDS (SEQ ID NO: 30)

ATGGCTGGTGATCTTTCAGCAGGTTTCTTCATGGAGGAACTTAATACATACCG TCAGAAGCAGGGAGTAGTACTTAAATATCAAGAACTGCCTAATTCAGGACCTCCAC ATGATAGGAGGTTTACATTTCAAGTTATAATAGATGGAAGAGAATTTCCAGAAGGT GAAGGTAGATCAAAGAAGGAAGCAAAAAATGCCGCAGCCAAATTAGCTGTTGAGAT ACTTAATAAGGAAAAGAAGGCAGTTAGTCCTTTATTATTGACAACAACGAATTCTTC AGAAGGATTATCCATGGGGAATTACATAGGCCTTATCAATAGAATTGCCCAGAAGA AAAGACTAACTGTAAATTATGAACAGTGTGCATCGGGGGTGCATGGGCCAGAAGGA TTTCATTATAAATGCAAAATGGGACAGAAAGAATATAGTATTGGTACAGGTTCTACT AAACAGGAAGCAAAACAATTGGCCGCTAAACTTGCATATCTTCAGATATTATCAGA AGAAACCTCAGTGAAATCTGACTACCTGTCCTCTGGTTCTTTTGCTACTACGTGTGAG TCCCAAAGCAACTCTTTAGTGACCAGCACACTCGCTTCTGAATCATCATCTGAAGGT GACTTCTCAGCAGATACATCAGAGATAAATTCTAACAGTGACAGTTTAAACAGTTCT TCGTTGCTTATGAATGGTCTCAGAAATAATCAAAGGAAGGCAAAAAGATCTTTGGC ACCCAGATTTGACCTTCCTGACATGAAAGAAACAAAGTATACTGTGGACAAGAGGT TTGGC ATGGATTTT AAAGAAAT AGAATTAATTGGCTC AGGTGGATTTGGCC AAGTTT TCAAAGCAAAACACAGAATTGACGGAAAGACTTACGTTATTAAACGTGTTAAATAT AATAACGAGAAGGCGGAGCGTGAAGTAAAAGCATTGGCAAAACTTGATCATGTAAA TATTGTTCACTACAATGGCTGTTGGGATGGATTTGATTATGATCCTGAGACCAGTGA TGATTCTCTTGAGAGCAGTGATTATGATCCTGAGAACAGCAAAAATAGTTCAAGGTC AAAGACTAAGTGCCTTTTCATCC AAATGGAATTCTGTGATAAAGGGACCTTGGAACA ATGGATTGAAAAAAGAAGAGGCGAGAAACTAGACAAAGTTTTGGCTTTGGAACTCT TTGAACAAATAACAAAAGGGGTGGATTATATACATTCAAAAAAATTAATTCATAGA GATCTTAAGCCAAGTAATATATTCTTAGTAGATACAAAACAAGTAAAGATTGGAGA CTTTGGACTTGTAACATCTCTGAAAAATGATGGAAAGCGAACAAGGAGTAAGGGAA CTTTGCGATACATGAGCCCAGAACAGATTTCTTCGCAAGACTATGGAAAGGAAGTG GACCTCTACGCTTTGGGGCTAATTCTTGCTGAACTTCTTCATGTATGTGACACTGCTT TTGAAACATCAAAGTTTTTCACAGACCTACGGGATGGCATCATCTCAGATATATTTG ATAAAAAAGAAAAAACTCTTCTACAGAAATTACTCTCAAAGAAACCTGAGGATCGA CCTAACACATCTGAAATACTAAGGACCTTGACTGTGTGGAAGAAAAGCCCAGAGAA AAATGAACGACACACATGTTAG

Human Rac CDS (SEQ ID NO: 31)

ATGAGCGACGTGGCTATTGTGAAGGAGGGTTGGCTGCACAAACGAGGGGAGTACAT CAAGACCTGGCGGCCACGCTACTTCCTCCTCAAGAATGATGGCACCTTCATTGGCTA CAAGGAGCGGCCGCAGGATGTGGACCAACGTGAGGCTCCCCTCAACAACTTCTCTG TGGCGCAGTGCCAGCTGATGAAGACGGAGCGGCCCCGGCCCAACACCTTCATCATC CGCTGCCTGCAGTGGACCACTGTCATCGAACGCACCTTCCATGTGGAGACTCCTGAG GAGCGGGAGGAGTGGACAACCGCCATCCAGACTGTGGCTGACGGCCTCAAGAAGCA GGAGGAGGAGGAGATGGACTTCCGGTCGGGCTCACCCAGTGACAACTCAGGGGCTG AAGAGATGGAGGTGTCCCTGGCCAAGCCCAAGCACCGCGTGACCATGAACGAGTTT GAGT ACCTGAAGCTGCTGGGC AAGGGC ACTTTCGGC AAGGTGATCCTGGTGAAGGA GAAGGCCACAGGCCGCTACTACGCCATGAAGATCCTCAAGAAGGAAGTCATCGTGG CCAAGGACGAGGTGGCCCACACACTCACCGAGAACCGCGTCCTGCAGAACTCCAGG CACCCCTTCCTCACAGCCCTGAAGTACTCTTTCCAGACCCACGACCGCCTCTGCTTTG TCATGGAGTACGCCAACGGGGGCGAGCTGTTCTTCCACCTGTCCCGGGAGCGTGTGT TCTCCGAGGACCGGGCCCGCTTCTATGGCGCTGAGATTGTGTCAGCCCTGGACTACC TGCACTCGGAGAAGAACGTGGTGTACCGGGACCTCAAGCTGGAGAACCTCATGCTG GACAAGGACGGGCACATTAAGATCACAGACTTCGGGCTGTGCAAGGAGGGGATCAA GGACGGTGCCACCATGAAGACCTTTTGCGGCACACCTGAGTACCTGGCCCCCGAGG TGCTGGAGGACAATGACTACGGCCGTGCAGTGGACTGGTGGGGGCTGGGCGTGGTC ATGTACGAGATGATGTGCGGTCGCCTGCCCTTCTACAACCAGGACCATGAGAAGCTT TTTGAGCTCATCCTCATGGAGGAGATCCGCTTCCCGCGCACGCTTGGTCCCGAGGCC AAGTCCTTGCTTTCAGGG

CTGCTCAAGAAGGACCCCAAGCAGAGGCTTGGCGGGGGCTCCGAGGACGCCAAGG AGATCATGCAGCATCGCTTCTTTGCCGGTATCGTGTGGCAGCACGTGTACGAGAAGA AGCTCAGCCCACCCTTCAAGCCCCAGGTCACGTCGGAGACTGACACCAGGTATTTTG ATGAGGAGTTCACGGCCCAGATGATCACCATCACACCACCTGACCAAGATGACAGC ATGGAGTGTGTGGACAGCGAGCGCAGGCCCCACTTCCCCCAGTTCTCCTACTCGGCC AGCGGCACGGCCTGA

Human Raf CDS (SEQ ID NO: 32) ATGGCT AGC AAACGAAAATCT AC AACTCC ATGC ATGGTTCGGAC ATC AC AAGT AGT AGAACAAGATGTGCCCGAGGAAGTAGACAGGGCCAAAGAGAAAGGAATCGGCACA CCACAGCCTGACGTGGCCAAGGACAGTTGGGCAGCAGAACTTGAAAACTCTTCCAA AGAAAACGAAGTGATAGAGGTGAAATCTATGGGGGAAAGCCAGTCCAAAAAACTC CAAGGTGGTTATGAGTGCAAATACTGCCCCTACTCCACGCAAAACCTGAACGAGTTC ACGGAGC ATGTCGAC ATGC AGC ATCCCAACGTGATTCTCAACCCCCTCTACGTGTGT GCAGAATGTAACTTCACAACCAAAAAGTACGACTCCCTATCCGACCACAACTCCAA GTTCCATCCCGGGGAGGCCAACTTCAAGCTGAAGTTAATTAAACGCAATAATCAAA CTGTCTTGGAACAGTCCATCGAAACCACCAACCATGTCGTGTCCATCACCACCAGTG GCCCTGGAACTGGTGACAGTGATTCTGGGATCTCGGTGAGTAAAACCCCCATCATGA AGCCTGGAAAACCAAAAGCGGATGCCAAGAAGGTGCCCAAGAAGCCCGAGGAGAT CACCCCCGAGAACCACGTGGAAGGGACCGCCCGCCTGGTGACAGACACAGCTGAGA TCCTCTCGAGACTCGGCGGGGTGGAGCTCCTCCAAGACACATTAGGACACGTCATGC CTTCTGTACAGCTGCCACCAAATATCAACCTTGTGCCCAAGGTCCCTGTCCCACTAA ATACTACCAAATACAACTCTGCCCTGGATACAAATGCCACGATGATCAACTCTTTCA ACAAGTTTCCTTACCCGACCCAGGCTGAGTTGTCCTGGCTGACAGCTGCCTCCAAAC ACCCAGAGGAGCACATCAGAATCTGGTTTGCCACCCAGCGCTTAAAGCATGGCATC AGCTGGTCCCCAGAAGAGGTGGAGGAGGCCCGGAAGAAGATGTTCAACGGCACCAT CCAGTCAGTACCCCCGACCATCACTGTGCTGCCCGCCCAGTTGGCCCCCACAAAGGT GACGCAGCCCATCCTCCAGACGGCTCTACCGTGCCAGATCCTCGGCCAGACTAGCCT GGTGCTGACTCAGGTGACCAGCGGGTCAACAACCGTCTCTTGCTCCCCCATCACACT TGCCGTGGCAGGAGTCACCAACCATGGCCAGAAGAGACCCTTGGTGACTCCCCAAG CTGCCCCCGAACCCAAGCGTCCACACATCGCTCAGGTGCCAGAGCCCCCACCCAAG GTGGCCAACCCCCCGCTCACACCAGCCAGTGACCGCAAGAAGACAAAGGAGCAGAT AGCACATCTCAAGGCCAGCTTTCTCCAGAGCCAGTTCCCTGACGATGCCGAGGTTTA CCGGCTC ATCGAGGTGACTGGCCTTGCC AGGAGCGAGATC AAGAAGTGGTTC AGTG ACCACCGATATCGGTGTCAAAGGGGCATCGTCCACATCACCAGCGAATCCCTTGCCA AAGACCAGTTGGCCATCGCGGCCTCCCGACACGGTCGCACGTATCATGCGTACCCA GACTTTGCCCCCCAGAAGTTCAAAGAGAAAACACAGGGTCAGGTTAAAATCTTGGA AGACAGCTTTTTGAAAAGTTCTTTTCCTACCCAAGCAGAACTGGATCGGCTAAGGGT GGAGACCAAGCTGAGCAGGAGAGAGATCGACTCCTGGTTCTCGGAGAGGCGGAAGC TTCGAGACAGCATGGAACAAGCTGTCTTGGATTCCATGGGGTCTGGCAAAAAAGGC CAAGATGTGGGAGCCCCCAATGGTGCTCTGTCTCGACTCGACCAGCTCTCCGGTGCC CAGTTAACAAGTTCTCTGCCCAGCCCTTCGCCAGCAATTGCAAAAAGTCAAGAACA GGTTCATCTCCTGAGGAGCACGTTTGCAAGAACCCAGTGGCCTACTCCCCAGGAGTA CGACCAGTTAGCGGCCAAGACTGGCCTGGTCCGAACTGAGATTGTGCGTTGGTTCAA GGAGAACAGATGCTTGCTGAAAACGGGAACCGTGAAGTGGATGGAGCAGTACCAGC ACCAGCCCATGGCAGATGATCACGGCTACGATGCCGTAGCAAGGAAAGCAACAAAA CCCATGGCCGAGAGCCCAAAGAACGGGGGTGATGTGGTTCCACAATATTACAAGGA CCCCAAAAAGCTCTGCGAAGAGGACTTGGAGAAGTTGGTGACCAGGGTAAAAGTAG GCAGCGAGCCAGCAAAAGACTGTTTGCCAGCAAAGCCCTCAGAGGCCACCTCAGAC CGGTCAGAGGGCAGCAGCCGGGACGGCCAGGGTAGCGACGAGAACGAGGAGTCGA GCGTTGTGGATTACGTGGAGGTGACGGTCGGGGAGGAGGATGCGATCTCAGATAGA TCAGATAGCTGGAGTCAGGCTGCGGCAGAAGGTGTGTCGGAACTGGCTGAATCAGA CTCCGACTGCGTCC CTGCAGAGGCTGGCCAGGCCTAG

Human K-Ras CDS (SEQ ID NO: 33)

ATGACTGAATATAAACTTGTGGTAGTTGGAGCTGGTGGCGTAGGCAAGAGTGCCTTG ACGATACAGCTAATTCAGAATCATTTTGTGGACGAATATGATCCAACAATAGAGGAT TCCTACAGGAAGCAAGTAGTAATTGATGGAGAAACCTGTCTCTTGGATATTCTCGAC ACAGCAGGTCAAGAGGAGTACAGTGCAATGAGGGACCAGTACATGAGGACTGGGG AGGGCTTTCTTTGTGTATTTGCCATAAATAATACTAAATCATTTGAAGATATTC ACCA TTATAGAGAACAAATTAAAAGAGTTAAGGACTCTGAAGATGTACCTATGGTCCTAGT AGGAAATAAATGTGATTTGCCTTCTAGAACAGTAGACACAAAACAGGCTCAGGACT TAGCAAGAAGTTATGGAATTCCTTTTATTGAAACATCAGCAAAGACAAGACAGGGT GTTGATGATGCCTTCTATACATTAGTTCGAGAAATTCGAAAACATAAAGAAAAGATG AGCAAAGATGGTAAAAAGAAGAAAAAGAAGTCAAAGACAAAGTGTGTAATTATGT AA

Human N-Ras CDS (SEQ ID NO: 34)

ATGACTGAGTACAAACTGGTGGTGGTTGGAGCAGGTGGTGTTGGGAAAAGCGCACT GACAATCCAGCTAATCCAGAACCACTTTGTAGATGAATATGATCCCACCATAGAGG ATTCTTACAGAAAACAAGTGGTTATAGATGGTGAAACCTGTTTGTTGGACATACTGG ATACAGCTGGACAAGAAGAGTACAGTGCCATGAGAGACCAATACATGAGGACAGG CGAAGGCTTCCTCTGTGTATTTGCCATCAATAATAGCAAGTCATTTGCGGATATTAA CCTCTACAGGGAGCAGATTAAGCGAGTAAAAGACTCGGATGATGTACCTATGGTGC T AGTGGGAAAC AAGTGTGATTTGCC AAC AAGGAC AGTTGAT AC AAAAC AAGCCC AC GAACTGGCCAAGAGTTACGGGATTCCATTCATTGAAACCTCAGCCAAGACCAGACA GGGTGTTGAAGATGCTTTTTACACACTGGTAAGAGAAATACGCCAGTACCGAATGA AAAAACTCAACAGCAGTGATGATGGGACTCAGGGTTGTATGGGATTGCCATGTGTG GTGATGTAA

Human RIP CDS (SEQ ID NO: 35)

ATGCAACCAGACATGTCCTTGAATGTCATTAAGATGAAATCCAGTGACTTCCTGGAG AGTGCAGAACTGGACAGCGGAGGCTTTGGGAAGGTGTCTCTGTGTTTCCACAGAAC CCAGGGACTCATGATCATGAAAACAGTGTACAAGGGGCCCAACTGCATTGAGCACA ACGAGGCCCTCTTGGAGGAGGCGAAGATGATGAACAGACTGAGACACAGCCGGGTG GTGAAGCTCCTGGGCGTCATCATAGAGGAAGGGAAGTACTCCCTGGTGATGGAGTA CATGGAGAAGGGCAACCTGATGCACGTGCTGAAAGCCGAGATGAGTACTCCGCTTT CTGTAAAAGGAAGGATAATTTTGGAAATCATTGAAGGAATGTGCTACTTACATGGA AAAGGCGTGATACACAAGGACCTGAAGCCTGAAAATATCCTTGTTGATAATGACTTC CACATTAAGATCGCAGACCTCGGCCTTGCCTCCTTTAAGATGTGGAGCAAACTGAAT AATGAAGAGCACAATGAGCTGAGGGAAGTGGACGGCACCGCTAAGAAGAATGGCG GCACCCTCTACTACATGGCGCCCGAGCACCTGAATGACGTCAACGCAAAGCCCACA GAGAAGTCGGATGTGTACAGCTTTGCTGTAGTACTCTGGGCGATATTTGCAAATAAG GAGCCATATGAAAATGCTATCTGTGAGCAGCAGTTGATAATGTGCATAAAATCTGG GAACAGGCCAGATGTGGATGACATCACTGAGTACTGCCCAAGAGAAATTATCAGTC TCATGAAGCTCTGCTGGGAAGCGAATCCGGAAGCTCGGCCGACATTTCCTGGCATTG AAGAAAAATTTAGGCCTTTTTATTTAAGTCAATTAGAAGAAAGTGTAGAAGAGGAC GTGAAGAGTTT AAAGAAAGAGTATTC AAACGAAAATGC AGTTGTGAAGAGAATGC A GTCTCTTCAACTTGATTGTGTGGCAGTACCTTCAAGCCGGTCAAATTCAGCCACAGA ACAGCCTGGTTCACTGCACAGTTCCCAGGGACTTGGGATGGGTCCTGTGGAGGAGTC CTGGTTTGCTCCTTCCCTGGAGCACCCACAAGAAGAGAATGAGCCCAGCCTGCAGA GTAAACTCCAAGACGAAGCCAACTACCATCTTTATGGCAGCCGCATGGACAGGCAG ACGAAAC AGC AGCCC AGAC AGAATGTGGCTT AC AAC AGAGAGGAGGAAAGGAGAC GCAGGGTCTCCCATGACCCTTTTGCACAGCAAAGACCTTACGAGAATTTTCAGAATA CAGAGGGAAAAGGCACTGCTTATTCCAGTGCAGCCAGTCATGGTAATGCAGTGCAC CAGCCCTCAGGGCTCACCAGCCAACCTCAAGTACTGTATCAGAACAATGGATTATAT AGCTCACATGGCTTTGGAACAAGACCACTGGATCCAGGAACAGCAGGTCCCAGAGT TTGGTACAGGCCAATTCCAAGTCATATGCCTAGTCTGCATAATATCCCAGTGCCTGA GACCAACTATCTAGGAAATACACCCACCATGCCATTCAGCTCCTTGCCACCAACAGA TGAATCTATAAAATATACCATATACAATAGTACTGGCATTCAGATTGGAGCCTACAA TTATATGGAGATTGGTGGGACGAGTTCATCACTACTAGACAGCACAAATACGAACTT CAAAGAAGAGCCAGCTGCTAAGTACCAAGCTATCTTTGATAATACCACTAGTCTGAC GGATAAACACCTGGACCCAATCAGGGAAAATCTGGGAAAGCACTGGAAAAACTGTG CCCGTAAACTGGGCTTCACACAGTCTCAGATTGATGAAATTGACCATGACTATGAGC GAGATGGACTGAAAGAAAAGGTTTACCAGATGCTCCAAAAGTGGGTGATGAGGGAA GGCATAAAGGGAGCCACGGTGGGGAAGCTGGCCCAGGCGCTCCACCAGTGTTCCAG GATCGACC TTCTGAGCAGCTTGATTTACGTCAGCCAGAACTAA

Human TRAF6 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 36)

ATGAGTCTGCTAAACTGTGAAAACAGCTGTGGATCCAGCCAGTCTGAAAGTGACTG CTGTGTGGCCATGGCCAGCTCCTGTAGCGCTGTAACAAAAGATGATAGTGTGGGTGG AACTGCCAGCACGGGGAACCTCTCCAGCTCATTTATGGAGGAGATCCAGGGATATG ATGTAGAGTTTGACCCACCCCTGGAAAGCAAGTATGAATGCCCCATCTGCTTGATGG C ATT ACGAGAAGC AGTGC AAACGCC ATGCGGCC AT AGGTTCTGC AAAGCCTGC ATC ATAAAATCAATAAGGGATGCAGGTCACAAATGTCCAGTTGACAATGAAATACTGCT GGAAAATCAACTATTTCCAGACAATTTTGCAAAACGTGAGATTCTTTCTCTGATGGT GAAATGTCCAAATGAAGGTTGTTTGCACAAGATGGAACTGAGACATCTTGAGGATC ATCAAGCACATTGTGAGTTTGCTCTTATGGATTGTCCCCAATGCCAGCGTCCCTTCCA AAAATTCCATATTAATATTCACATTCTGAAGGATTGTCCAAGGAGACAGGTTTCTTG TGACAACTGTGCTGCATCAATGGCATTTGAAGATAAAGAGATCCATGACCAGAACT GTCCTTTGGCAAATGTCATCTGTGAATACTGCAATACTATACTCATCAGAGAACAGA TGCCTAATCATTATGATCTAGACTGCCCTACAGCCCCAATTCCATGCACATTCAGTA CTTTTGGTTGCCATGAAAAGATGCAGAGGAATCACTTGGCACGCCACCTACAAGAG AACACCCAGTCACACATGAGAATGTTGGCCCAGGCTGTTCATAGTTTGAGCGTTATA CCCGACTCTGGGTATATCTCAGAGGTCCGGAATTTCCAGGAAACTATTCACCAGTTA GAGGGTCGCCTTGTAAGACAAGACCATCAAATCCGGGAGCTGACTGCTAAAATGGA AACTCAGAGTATGTATGTAAGTGAGCTCAAACGAACCATTCGAACCCTTGAGGACA AAGTTGCTGAAATCGAAGCACAGCAGTGCAATGGAATTTATATTTGGAAGATTGGC AACTTTGGAATGCATTTGAAATGTCAAGAAGAGGAGAAACCTGTTGTGATTCATAGC CCTGGATTCTACACTGGCAAACCCGGGTACAAACTGTGCATGCGCTTGCACCTTCAG TTACCGACTGCTCAGCGCTGTGCAAACTATATATCCCTTTTTGTCCACACAATGCAA GGAGAATATGACAGCCACCTCCCTTGGCCCTTCCAGGGTACAATACGCCTTACAATT CTTGATCAGTCTGAAGCACCTGTAAGGCAAAACCACGAAGAGATAATGGATGCCAA ACC AGAGCTGCTTGCTTTCC AGCGACCC AC AATCCC ACGGAACCC AAAAGGTTTTGG CTATGTAACTTTTATGCATCTGGAAGCCCTAAGACAAAGAACTTTCATTAAGGATGA CACATTATTAGTGCGCTGTGAGGTCTCCACCCGCTTTGACATGGGTAGCCTTCGGAG GGAGGGTTTTCAGCCACGAAGTACTGATGCAGGGGTATAG

Human TTP CDS (SEQ ID NO: 37) ATGGCCAACCGTTACACC ATGGATCTGACTGCCATCTACGAGAGCCTCCTGTCGCTG AGCCCTGACGTGCCCGTGCCATCCGACCATGGAGGGACTGAGTCCAGCCCAGGCTG GGGCTCCTCGGGACCCTGGAGCCTGAGCCCCTCCGACTCCAGCCCGTCTGGGGTCAC CTCCCGCCTGCCTGGCCGCTCCACCAGCCTAGTGGAGGGCCGCAGCTGTGGCTGGGT GCCCCCACCCCCTGGCTTCGCACCGCTGGCTCCCCGCCTGGGCCCTGAGCTGTCACC CTCACCCACTTCGCCCACTGCAACCTCCACCACCCCCTCGCGCTACAAGACTGAGCT ATGTCGGACCTTCTCAGAGAGTGGGCGCTGCCGCTACGGGGCCAAGTGCCAGTTTGC CCATGGCCTGGGCGAGCTGCGCCAGGCCAATCGCCACCCCAAATACAAGACGGAAC TCTGTCACAAGTTCTACCTCCAGGGCCGCTGCCCCTACGGCTCTCGCTGCCACTTCAT CCACAACCCTAGCGAAGACCTGGCGGCCCCGGGCCACCCTCCTGTGCTTCGCCAGA GCATCAGCTTCTCCGGCCTGCCCTCTGGCCGCCGGACCTCACCACCACCACCAGGCC TGGCCGGCCCTTCCCTGTCCTCCAGCTCCTTCTCGCCCTCCAGCTCCCCACCACCACC TGGGGACCTTCCACTGTCACCCTCTGCCTTCTCTGCTGCCCCTGGCACCCCCCTGGCT CGAAGAGACCCCACCCCAGTCTGTTGCCCCTCCTGCCGAAGGGCCACTCCTATCAGC GTCTGGGGGCCCTTGGGTGGCCTGGTTCGGACCCCCTCTGTACAGTCCCTGGGATCC GACCCTGATGAATATGCCAGCAGCGGCAGCAGCCTGGGGGGCTCTGACTCTCCCGT CTTCGAGGCGGGAGTTTTTGCACCACCCCAGCCCGTGGCAGCCCCCCGGCGACTCCC CATCTTCAATCGCATCTCTGTTTCTGAGTGA

An antisense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to all or part of a non-coding region of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding an AP-1, ASK1, CD14, c-jun, ERK1/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, J K, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6,

MK2, MyD88, F-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD,

TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTPMEKK1 protein. Non-coding regions (5' and 3' untranslated regions) are the 5' and 3' sequences that flank the coding region in a gene and are not translated into amino acids. Based upon the sequences disclosed herein, one of skill in the art can easily choose and synthesize any of a number of appropriate antisense nucleic acids to target a nucleic acid encoding an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, ΙκΒ, IKK, IRAK, J K, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKKl/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, F-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP protein described herein. Antisense nucleic acids targeting a nucleic acid encoding an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, ΙκΒ, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKKl/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-KB, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTPMEKKl protein can be designed using the software available at the Integrated DNA

Technologies website.

An antisense nucleic acid can be, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, or 50 nucleotides or more in length. An antisense oligonucleotide can be constructed using enzymatic ligation reactions and chemical synthesis using procedures known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid can be chemically synthesized using variously modified nucleotides or naturally occurring nucleotides designed to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides or to increase the biological stability of the molecules.

Examples of modified nucleotides which can be used to generate an antisense nucleic acid include 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2- methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5- chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 5-methylcytosine,

N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5'-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 5-methyl-2- thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil- 5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest).

The antisense nucleic acid molecules described herein can be prepared in vitro and administered to a subject, e.g., a human subject. Alternatively, they can be generated in situ such that they hybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, ΙκΒ, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP protein to thereby inhibit expression, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be by conventional nucleotide complementarities to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid molecule that binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. The antisense nucleic acid molecules can be delivered to a mammalian cell using a vector (e.g., an adenovirus vector, a lentivirus, or a retrovirus).

An antisense nucleic acid can be an a-anomeric nucleic acid molecule. An a-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual, β-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6625-6641, 1987). The antisense nucleic acid can also comprise a chimeric RNA-DNA analog (Inoue et al., FEB S Lett. 215:327-330, 1987) or a 2'-0- methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6131-6148, 1987).

Another example of an inhibitory nucleic acid is a ribozyme that has specificity for a nucleic acid encoding an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, ΙκΒ, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA, e.g., specificity for any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-37). Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules with ribonuclease activity that are capable of cleaving a single-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementary region. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes (described in Haselhoff and Gerlach, Nature 334:585-591, 1988)) can be used to catalytically cleave mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibit translation of the protein encoded by the mRNA. An AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, ΙκΒ, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA can be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules. See, e.g., Bartel et al., Science 261 : 1411-1418, 1993.

Alternatively, a ribozyme having specificity for an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA can be designed based upon the nucleotide sequence of any of the AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFRl, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA sequences disclosed herein. For example, a derivative of a Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be constructed in which the nucleotide sequence of the active site is complementary to the nucleotide sequence to be cleaved in an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFRl, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA (see, e.g., U.S. Patent. Nos. 4,987,071 and 5, 116,742).

An inhibitory nucleic acid can also be a nucleic acid molecule that forms triple helical structures. For example, expression of an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFRl, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP polypeptide can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the gene encoding the AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFRl, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP polypeptide (e.g., the promoter and/or enhancer, e.g., a sequence that is at least 1 kb, 2 kb, 3 kb, 4 kb, or 5 kb upstream of the transcription initiation start state) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the gene in target cells. See generally Maher, Bioassays 14(12):807-15, 1992; Helene, Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84, 1991; and Helene, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36, 1992.

In various embodiments, inhibitory nucleic acids can be modified at the sugar moiety, the base moiety, or phosphate backbone to improve, e.g., the solubility, stability, or hybridization, of the molecule. For example, the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids can be modified to generate peptide nucleic acids (see, e.g., Hyrup et al., Bioorganic Medicinal Chem. 4(l):5-23, 1996). Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are nucleic acid mimics, e.g., DNA mimics, in which the deoxyribose phosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and only the four natural nucleobases are retained. The neutral backbone of PNAs allows for specific hybridization to RNA and DNA under conditions of low ionic strength. PNA oligomers can be synthesized using standard solid phase peptide synthesis protocols (see, e.g., Perry-O'Keefe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 : 14670-675, 1996). PNAs can be used as antisense or antigene agents for sequence-specific modulation of gene expression by, e.g., inducing transcription or translation arrest or inhibiting replication.

Small Molecules

In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the small molecule is a tumor necrosis factor-converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitor (e.g., Moss et al., Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology 4: 300-309, 2008). In some embodiments, the anti- TNFa agent is C87 (Ma et al., J. Biol. Chem. 289(18): 12457-66, 2014). In some embodiments, the small molecule is LMP-420 (e.g., Haraguchi et al., AIDS Res. Ther. 3 :8, 2006). In some embodiments, the TACE inhibitor is TMI-005 and BMS-561392. Additional examples of small molecule inhibitors are described in, e.g., He et al., Science 310(5750): 1022-1025, 2005.

In some examples, the anti-TNFa agent is a small molecule that inhibits the activity of one of AP-1, ASK1, IKK, INK, MAPK, MEKK 1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, NIK, TRADD, RIP, NF-KB, and TRADD in a cell (e.g., in a cell obtained from a subject, a mammalian cell).

In some examples, the anti-TNFa agent is a small molecule that inhibits the activity of one of CD14, MyD88 (see, e.g., Olson et al., Scientific Reports 5: 14246, 2015), ras (e.g., Baker et al., Nature 497:577-578, 2013), raf (e.g., vemurafenib (PLX4032, RG7204), sorafenib tosylate, PLX-4720, dabrafenib (GSK2118436), GDC-0879, RAF265 (CHIR-265), AZ 628, NVP-BHG712, SB590885, ZM 336372, sorafenib, GW5074, TAK-632, CEP-32496, encorafenib (LGX818), CCT 196969, LY3009120, R05126766 (CH5126766), PLX7904, and MLN2480).

In some examples, the anti-TNFa agent TNFa inhibitor is a small molecule that inhibits the activity of one of MK2 (PF 3644022 and PHA 767491), INK (e.g., AEG 3482, BI 78D3,

CEP 1347, c-JUN peptide, IQ I S, JIP-1 (153-163), SP600125, SU 3327, and TCS JNK6o), c-jun (e.g., AEG 3482, BI 78D3, CEP 1347, c-JUN peptide, IQ I S, JIP-1 (153-163), SP600125, SU 3327, and TCS J K6o), MEK3/6 (e.g., Akinleye et al., J. Hematol. Oncol. 6:27, 2013), p38 (e.g., AL 8697, AMG 548, BIRB 796, CMPD-1, DBM 1285 dihydrochloride, EO 1428, JX 401, ML 3403, Org 48762-0, PH 797804, RWJ 67657, SB 202190, SB 203580, SB 239063, SB 706504, SCIO 469, SKF 86002, SX 011, TA 01, TA 02, TAK 715, VX 702, and VX 745), PKR (e.g., 2-aminopurine or CAS 608512-97-6), TTP (e.g., CAS 329907-28-0), MEK1/2 (e.g., Facciorusso et al., Expert Review Gastroentrol. Hepatol. 9:993-1003, 2015), ERKl/2 (e.g., Mandal et al., Oncogene 35:2547-2561, 2016), NIK (e.g., Mortier et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20:4515-4520, 2010), IKK (e.g., Reilly et al., Nature Med. 19:313-321, 2013), ΙκΒ (e.g., Suzuki et al., Expert. Opin. Invest. Drugs 20:395-405, 2011), NF-κΒ (e.g., Gupta et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1799(10-12):775-787, 2010), rac (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 9,278,956), MEK4/7, IRAK (Chaudhary et al., J. Med. Chem. 58(1):96-110, 2015), LBP (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,705,398), and TRAF6 (e.g., 3-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)amino]-l-phenyl-2-propen-l-one).

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the inhibitory nucleic acid can be about 10 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides (e.g., about 10 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 16 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 14 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 12 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 16 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 14 nucleotides, about 15 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 15 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides about 15nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides about 15nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides about 15nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides about 15nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 16 nucleotides nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 24 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 24 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 24 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 24 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides, about 26 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 26 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 26 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 28 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides about 28 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 28 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides about 28 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 28 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides about 30 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides about 30 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides to about 38 nucleotides about 30 nucleotides to about 36 nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides to about 34 nucleotides about 30 nucleotides to about 32 nucleotides, about 32 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides about 32 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 32 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides about 32 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 35 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 35 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 35 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 40 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 40 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 42 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 42 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, or about 45 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides) in length. One skilled in the art will appreciate that inhibitory nucleic acids may comprises at least one modified nucleic acid at either the 5 ' or 3' end of DNA or RNA.

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid can be formulated in a liposome, a micelle (e.g., a mixed micelle), a nanoemulsion, or a microemulsion, a solid nanoparticle, or a nanoparticle (e.g., a nanoparticle including one or more synthetic polymers). Additional exemplary structural features of inhibitory nucleic acids and formulations of inhibitory nucleic acids are described in US 2016/0090598.

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., any of the inhibitory nucleic acid described herein) can include a sterile saline solution (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)). In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., any of the inhibitory nucleic acid described herein) can include a tissue-specific delivery molecule (e.g., a tissue-specific antibody).

Compound Preparation and Biological Assays

As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, methods of synthesizing the compounds of the formulae herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and RGM. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.

Preparative Examples

The following abbreviations have the indicated meanings: ACN = acetonitrile

BTC = trichloromethyl chloroformate

Boc = t-butyloxy carbonyl

Davephos :::: 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2'-(N,N-diraethylamino)biphenyl

DCM = dichloromethane

DEA = diethylamine

DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide

DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide

DIEA = N,N-diisopropylethylamine

DPP A = diphenylphosphoryl azide

dppf : 1 J '-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene

EtOH = ethanol

HATU = l-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-lH-l,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyri di 3-oxid he afl uoroph osp hate

Hex = hexane

HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography

LC-MS = liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry

LiHMDS = lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide

LDA = lithium diisopropylamide

M = raol/L

Me = methyl

MeOH = methanol

MSA = methanesulfonic acid

BS = N-bromosuccinimide

NCS = N-chlorosuccinimide

MR = nuclear magnetic resonance

Pd(dppf)Cl2 = dichloro[l, l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium

Ph = phenyl

PPI13CI2 = dichlorotriphenylphosphorane

Py = pyridine

RT = room temperature

Rt = Retention time

Rf = Retardation factor

Sat. = saturated

TBAF = tetrabutylammonium fluoride

TBS = tert-butyldimethylsilyl TBSC1 = tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride TBDPSC1 = tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride TEA = triethylamine

TFA = trifluoroacetic acid

THF = tetrahydrofuran

TLC = thin layer chromatography

TsOH = 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid UV = ultraviolet

General

The progress of reactions was often monitored by TLC or LC-MS. The identity of the products was often confirmed by LC-MS. The LC-MS was recorded using one of the following methods.

Method A: Shim-pack XR-ODS, C18, 3x50 mm, 2.5 um column, 1.0 uL injection, 1.5 mL/min flow rate, 90-900 amu scan range, 190-400 nm UV range, 5-100% (1.1 min), 100% (0.6 min) gradient with ACN (0.05% TFA) and water (0.05% TFA), 2 minute total run time.

Method B: Kinetex EVO, C18, 3x50 mm, 2.2 um column, 1.0 uL injection, 1.5 mL/min flow rate, 90-900 amu scan range, 190-400 nm UV range, 10-95% (1.1 min), 95% (0.6 min) gradient with ACN and water (0.5% NH4HCO3 ), 2 minute total run time. Method C: Shim-pack XR-ODS, C18, 3x50 mm, 2.5 um column, 1.0 uL injection, 1.5 mL/min flow rate, 90-900 amu scan range, 190-400 nm UV range, 5-100% (2.1 min), 100% (0.6 min) gradient with ACN (0.05% TFA) and water (0.05% TFA), 3 minute total run time.

Method D: Kinetex EVO, C18, 3x50 mm, 2.2 um column, 1.0 uL injection, 1.5 mL/min flow rate, 90-900 amu scan range, 190-400 nm UV range, 10-95% (2.1 min), 95% (0.6 min) gradient with ACN and water (0.5% NH4HCO3 ), 3 minute total run time.

Method F: Phenomenex, CHO-7644, Onyx Monolithic C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 10.0 uL injection, 1.5 mL/min flow rate, 100-1500 amu scan range, 220 and 254 nm UV detection, 5% with ACN (0.1% TFA) to 100% water (0.1% TFA) over 9.5 min, with a stay at 100% (ACN, 0.1% TFA) for 1 min, then equilibration to 5% (ACN, 0.1% TFA) over 1.5 min.

The final targets were purified by Prep-HPLC. The Prep-HPLC was carried out using the following method.

Method E: Prep-HPLC: Column, XBridge Shield RP18 OBD (19x250 mm, 10 um); mobile phase, Water (lOmmol/L NH4HCO3) and ACN, UV detection 254/210 nm.

Method G: Prep-HPLC: Higgins Analytical Proto 200, C18 Column, 250 x 20 mm, 10 um; mobile phase, Water (0.1% TFA) and ACN (0.1% TFA), UV detection 254/210 nm.

NMR was recorded on BRUKER NMR 300.03 MHz, DUL-C-H, ULTRASHELD 300, AVANCE II 300 B-ACS™120 or BRUKER NMR 400.13 MHz, BBFO, ULTRASHIELD™400, AVANCE III 400, B-ACS™120 or BRUKER AC 250 NMR instrument with TMS as reference measured in ppm (part per million).

Racemic compounds of this invention can be resolved to give individual enantiomers using a variety of known methods. For example, chiral stationary phases can used and the elution conditions can include normal phase or super-critical fluid with or without acidic or basic additives. Enantiomerically pure acids or bases can be used to form diatereomeric salts with the racemic compounds whereby pure enantiomers can be obtained by fractional crystallization. The racemates can also be derivatized with enantiomerically pure auxiliary reagents to form diastereomeric mixtures that can be separated. The auxiliary is then removed to give pure enantiomers.

Schemes for the preparation of final targets:

Schemes 1-3 below illustrate several conditions used for coupling of sulfonimidamide 1 or 5 and isocyanate 2 to afford aminocarbonyl sulfonimidamide 4 via 3 or 6 after deprotection. As used in the schemes, rings "A" and "B" may be substituted as disclosed herein.

Scheme 1:

Scheme 2:

Scheme 3:

Scheme 3A:

Scheme 3B:

Scheme 4 below illustrates the coupling between sulfonimidamide 7 and isocyanate 2 to provide sulfonimidamide 8.

Scheme 4:

8 Scheme 4A:

Scheme 5 below illustrates the conversion of carboxylic acid 9 through Curtius rearrangement to isocyanate 2 via acyl azide 10, whereupon coupling between 2 and sulfonimidamide 5 affords aminocarbonyl sulfonimidamide 4.

Scheme 5:

Schemes for the preparation of Sulfonimidamide Intermediates 1-29:

Schemes below illustrate the preparation of sulfonamide intermediates. Scheme 6:

Intermediate 1

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-meth ylfuran-2-sulfonimidamide Step 1: Methyl 5-(chlorosulfonyl)-2-methylfuran-3-carboxylate

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask was placed methyl 2-methylfuran-3-carboxylate (7 g, 50 mmol) in CHCh (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of chlorosulfonic acid (11.6 g, 100 mmol) dropwise with stirring at -10°C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 48 h at RT, after which the system was cooled to -10°C. Then to the above was added phosphorus pentachloride (22.9 g, 110 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 50°C and then was quenched by pouring onto 200 mL of water/ice. The resulting mixture was extracted with 3x200 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, and then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 7.5 g (crude, 63%) of the title compound as light brown oil. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 2: Methyl 2-methyl-5-sulfamoylfuran-3-carboxylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of methyl 5-(chlorosulfonyl)-2- methylfuran-3-carboxylate (7.5 g, crude) in DCM (75 mL). To the above was added a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (50 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :4 to 1 :2). This resulted in 5.0 g (46% over two steps) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 218.0 (M-l). Step 3: 4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylfuran-2-sulfonamide

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of methyl 2-methyl-5-sulfamoylfuran-3-carboxylate (3.7 g, 16.9 mmol) in THF (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr (3 M in THF, 25 mL) dropwise with stirring at -10°C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 50 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 2.6 g (75%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 218.0 (M-l).

Step 4: N-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methy lfuran-2-sulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed 4-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylfuran-2-sulfonamide (1.0 g, 4.56 mmol), DCM (100 mL), IH- imidazole (612 mg, 9.12 mmol), and TBSC1 (3.4 g, 22.6 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT and then was diluted with 100 mL of water. The resulting mixture was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 1.4 g (92%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 332.0 (M-l).

Step 5: N'-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-meth ylfuran-2- sulfonimidamide

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed PPh 3 Cl 2 (3.0 g, 10.2 mmol) in CHCh (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of TEA (2.06 g, 20.4 mmol) dropwise with stirring at RT. After stirred at 0°C for 10 min, to the above was added a solution of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methy lfuran-2- sulfonamide (2.3 g, 6.8 mmol) in CHCh (10 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was allowed to react for 30 min at 0°C. To the mixture was added a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (10 mL) at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 0.80 g (52.8%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS- ESI: 333.0 (M+l). Scheme 7A:

Intermediate 2

Intermediate 2

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol e-2-sulfonimidamide

Step 1: Methyl 2-mercaptothiazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed methyl 2-bromothiazole-5-carboxylate (10 g, 45 mmol), EtOH (100 mL), and sodium hydrogensulfide (5 g, 89 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 80°C and then was cooled to 0°C with a water/ice bath. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 3 with aq. HCl (1 N). The solids were collected by filtration. This resulted in 6 g (76%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 176.0 (M+l).

Step 2: Methyl 2-(chlorosulfonyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed methyl 2-mercaptothiazole-5-carboxylate (6 g, 34 mmol) and acetic acid (60 mL). This was followed by the addition of sodium hypochlorite (60 mL, 8%-10% wt.) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then was diluted with 100 mL of water. The solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 5 g (crude, 60%) of the title compound as yellow oil. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 3-6 used similar procedure for converting compound 12 to Intermediate 1 shown in Scheme 6 to afford Intermediate 2. MS-ESI: 336.1 (M+l).

Scheme 7B:

Intermediate 2

Intermediate 2

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol e-2-sulfonimidamide

Step 1: Methyl 2-mercaptothiazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 2-L round-bottom flask was placed methyl 2-bromothiazole-5-carboxylate (100 g, 450 mmol), EtOH (1000 mL), sodium hydrogensulfide (50 g, 890 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 80°C and then was cooled to 0°C with a water/ice bath. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 3 with hydrogen chloride (1 N). The solids were collected by filtration. This resulted in 63.2 g (80%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 176.0 (M+l). Step 2: Methyl 2-(chlorosulfonyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask was placed methyl 2-mercaptothiazole-5-carboxylate (30 g, 170 mmol) and acetic acid (300 mL). This was followed by the addition of sodium hypochlorite (300 mL, 8%-10% wt.) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was diluted with 500 mL of water. The solution was extracted with 3x300 mL of DCM and the combined organic layers were washed with 2x300 mL of brine and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04. The crude product as a yellow solution in DCM was used in the next step.

Step 3: Methyl 2-sulfamoylthiazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 2-L round-bottom flask was placed methyl 2-(chlorosulfonyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate as a crude solution in DCM (900 mL). To the solution was introduced H3 (g) below 0°C for 20 minutes. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 23 g (75%, 2 steps) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 223.0 (M+l).

Step 4: 5-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of methyl 2-sulfamoylthiazole-5-carboxylate (15 g, 67.5 mmol) in THF (150 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr/THF (3 M, 90 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x150 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 11.5 g (78%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 223.0 (M+l), 221.0 (M-l) in positive and negative ion mode, respectively.

Step 5: N-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole -2-sulfonamide

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide (5 g, 22.5 mmol) in THF (100 mL). Then to the above was added NaH (60% wt, 1.8 g, 45.0 mmol) in portions in an ice/water bath. After stirring for 20 minutes in a water/ice bath, this was followed by the addition of a solution of TBSC1 (4.1 g, 27.2 mmol) in THF (10 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at RT. The reaction was quenched with sat. H4CI (100 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with 3 x 100 mL of ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were dried over Na 2 S04 and concentrated under vacuum. The crude solid was washed with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :5) (2x100 mL). This resulted in 6.81 g (90%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 337.1 (M+l), 335.1 (M-l) in positive and negative ion mode, respectively. Step 6: N'-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol e-2-sulfonimidamide

Into a 100-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of PPI13CI2 (3 g, 9.0 mmol) in CHCh (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of DIEA (1.54 g, 11.9 mmol) dropwise with stirring at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 10 min at RT. This was followed by the addition of a solution of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide (2.0 g, 5.9 mmol) in CHCh (30 mL) dropwise with stirring in an ice/water bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min in an ice/water bath. To the above was introduced L (g) below 0°C for 15 minutes. The resulting solution was stirred for 20 minutes at RT. The solids were filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in 300 mL of ethyl acetate. The solution was washed with brine (2x100 mL), dried over Na 2 S04 and concentrated under vacuum. The crude solid was washed with CHCh (100 mL). Then the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was further purified by a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). The original washed solid and solid from silica gel purification were combined. This resulted in 1.2 g (60%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 336.1 (M+l). ¾-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 2H), 5.78 (s, 1H), 1.51 (s, 6H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

Table 2. The Intermediate in the following Table was prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 16 to Intermediate 2 shown in Scheme 7B starting from ethyl 5-bromo-4- methylthiazole-2-carboxylate.

Scheme 8:

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxy

Steps 1-3 used similar procedures for converting compound 11 to compound 14 shown in Scheme 6 to afford compound 25 from compound 22. MS-ESI: 234.0 (M-l).

Steps 4-5 used similar procedure for converting compound 20 to Intermediate 2 shown in Scheme 7B to afford Intermediate 4 from compound 25. MS-ESI: 349.1 (M+l).

Table 3. The Intermediate in the following Table was prepared using similar procedure as shown in Scheme 8 above for converting compound 22 to Intermediate 4 starting from the appropriate materials.

Scheme 9:

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-fl

Step 1: Methyl 4-(chlorosulfonyl)-3-fluorobenzoate

Into a 1 L round-bottom flask was placed a solution of methyl 4-amino-3-fluorobenzoate (10 g, 59.1 mmol) in aq. HC1 (6 N, 200 mL). This was followed by the addition of a solution of NaNCte (6.1 g, 88.8 mmol) in water (20 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0°C. The above mixture was added to a saturated solution of SO2 in AcOH (200 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. Then to the above was added CuCh (8.0 g, 59.6 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and was then quenched by the addition of 200 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04 and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 10 g (67%) of the title compound as yellow oil. The product was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 2: Methyl 3-fluoro-4-sulfamoylbenzoate

Into a 1000 mL round bottom flask was placed a solution of methyl 4-(chlorosulfonyl)-3- fluorobenzoate solution (10 g, 39.5 mmol) in DCM (50 mL). This was followed by the addition of a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (500 mL) in portions with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 0°C. The resulting solution was concentrated and the residue was purified with SiCh-gel column and diluted with ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether (1 :2 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 8.28 g (90%) of the title compound as yellow solid. MS-ESI: 232.1 (M-l).

Step 3: 2-Fluoro-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 1 L 3 -necked round-bottom flask was placed a solution of methyl 3-fluoro-4- sulfamoylbenzoate (8.28 g 35.5 mmol) in THF (500 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr/THF (3 M, 60 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of sat. FLCl. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :2 to 1 : 1). This resulted 7.45 g (89.9%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 233.1 (M+l).

Step 4: N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl )benzenesulfonamide

Into a 500 mL round bottom flask was placed a solution of 2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2- yl)benzenesulfonamide (7.45 g 31.9 mmol) in THF (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH (60%) wt, 1.91 g, 79.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h. This was followed by the addition of the solution of TBSC1 (7.19 g, 47.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL) dropwise. The resulting solution was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with ice-water (100 mL); the resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (3x200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04 and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified with SiC -gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :2). This resulted 10 g (90%)of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 348.1 (M+l).

Step 5: N'-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2- yl)benzenesulfonimidamide

Into a 1 L 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of PPh 3 Cl 2 (19.2 g, 57.6 mmol) in CHCh (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of DIEA (7.4 g, 57.6 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. After stirred at 0°C for 10 min, to the above was added a solution of N'-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2- yl)benzenesulfonimidamide (10 g, 28.8 mmol) in CHCh (100 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was allowed to react for 30 min at 0°C. To the mixture was added a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (500 mL) at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The solids were filtered out, and the filtrate was dilute with 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of DCM and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 5 g (50%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 347.2 (M+l). Table 4. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using similar procedure as shown in Scheme 9 above for converting compound 27 to Intermediate 11 starting from the appropriate materials.

Table 5. The Intermediate in the following Table was prepared using similar procedure as shown in Scheme 9 above for converting compound 28 to Intermediate 11 starting from methyl 4- (chlorosulfonyl)benzoate.

Scheme 10:

Intermediate 18

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazole-3-sulfo nimidamide Step 1: l-Isopropyl-3-nitro-lH-pyrazole

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 3-nitro-lH-pyrazole (10 g, 88.4 mmol) in DMF (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH (60% wt, 3.9 g, 97.5 mmol) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 0°C. This was followed by the addition of 2-bromopropane (14.1 g, 114.6 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C in 10 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 11.8 g (86%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 156.1 (M+l).

Step 2: 3-Amino-l-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazole

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of l-isopropyl-3-nitro-lH-pyrazole (10.8 g, 69.6 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 1.5 g) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 7.27 g (83%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 126.1 (M+l). Steps 3-4 used similar procedures for converting compound 27 to compound 29 shown in Scheme 9 to afford compound 50 from compound 48. MS-ESI: 188.0 (M-l).

Steps 5-6 were using the similar procedures for converting compound 30 to Intermediate 11 shown in Scheme 9 to afford Intermediate 18 from compound 50. MS-ESI: 303.2 (M+l). Table 6. The Intermediate in the following Table was prepared using similar procedure as shown in Scheme 10 above for converting compound 48 to Intermediate 18 starting from the appropriate materials.

cheme 11:

Intermediate 23

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-((dimethylamino)methyl)benzen esulfonim

Step 1: 4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-nitrobenzoic acid (20 g, 120 mmol), DCM (200 mL), and DMF (0.2 mL). This was followed by the addition of oxalyl chloride (15 mL, 177.1 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 22 g (crude) of the title compound as yellow oil. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 2: N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzamide

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed dimethylamine hydrochloride (6.5 g, 79.7 mmol), DCM (200 mL), and TEA (50 mL). This was followed by the addition of 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (22 g, 119 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 6 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting mixture was washed with 2x50 mL of water. The solids were collected by filtration. This resulted in 16 g (69% over two steps) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 195.1 (M+l).

Step 3: 4-Amino-N,N-dimethylbenzamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzamide (16 g, 82.4 mmol), MeOH (100 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt., 1 g) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 13 g (96%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 165.1 (M+l).

Steps 4-5 used similar procedures for converting compound 27 to compound 29 shown in Scheme 9 to afford compound 43 from compound 41. MS-ESI: 229.1 (M+l).

Step 6: 4-((Dimethylamino)methyl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of N,N-dimethyl-4-sulfamoylbenzamide (1.8 g, 7.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL). This was followed by the addition of 9-BBN (5.8 g) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at 70°C and then was quenched by the addition of 20 mL of water/ice. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers were combined. The resulting mixture was washed with 200 mL of water and then the organic layer was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of DCM/MeOH (20: 1 to 15: 1). This resulted in 1 g (59%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS- ESI: 215.1 (M+l).

Steps 7-8 were using the similar procedures for converting compound 30 to Intermediate 11 shown in Scheme 9 to afford Intermediate 23 from compound 44. MS-ESI: 328.2 (M+l).

Intermediate 24 Intermediate 24

N'-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3-((dimethylamino)methyl)benzen esulfonimidam

Step 1: 3-amino-N,N-dimethylbenzamide

Into a 1000-mL round-bottom flask was placed dimethylamine as a hydrochloride salt (16.3 g, 200 mmol) in DCM (500 mL), DIEA (25.83 mg, 200 mmol). To the above was added 3-aminobenzoic acid (13.7 g, 100 mmol), HATU (57 g, 150 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 500 mL of H4CI (aq.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x500 ml of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of DCM/methanol (50: 1 to 20: 1). This resulted in 13.14 g (80%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 165.1 (M+l).

Steps 2-6 used the similar procedures for converting compound 41 to Intermediate 23 shown in Scheme 11 to afford Intermediate 24 from compound 47. MS-ESI: 328.2 (M+l).

cheme 13:

Intermediate 25

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilv0-4-^

Steps 1-5 used similar procedures for converting compound 38 to compound 43 shown in Scheme 11 to afford compound 57. MS-ESI: 247.0 (M+l).

Step 6: 4-((Dimethylamino)methyl)-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 3-fluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4- sulfamoylbenzamide (19.3 g, 78.4 mmol) in THF (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of L1AIH4 (8.8 g, 231.9 mmol) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 10 mL of water. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (6: 1 to 8: 1). This resulted in 7.0 g (38%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 233.1 (M+l).

Steps 7-8 used similar procedures for converting compound 44 to Intermediate 23 shown in Scheme 11 to afford Intermediate 25. MS-ESI: 346.2 (M+l). cheme 14:

Intermediate 26

Intermediate 26

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol e-2-sulfonimidamide

Step 1: (2-Bromothiazol-4-yl)methanol

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of ethyl 2-bromothiazole-4-carboxylate

(14 g, 59.3 mmol), EtOH (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaBH 4 (2.3 g, 60.5 mmol) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 2x200 mL of DCM.

The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04 and then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 10.0 g (87%) of the title compound as colorless oil. MS-ESI: 195.9, 193.9

(M+l).

Step 2: 2-Bromothiazole-4-carbaldehyde

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of (2-bromothiazol-4-yl)methanol (10.0 g, 51.5 mmol) in DCM (100 mL). To the solution was added Dess-Martin reagent (24.0 g, 56.6 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :50 to 1 0). This resulted in 8.0 g (81%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 193.9, 191.9 (M+l).

Step 3: l-(2-Bromothiazol-4-yl)ethanol

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 2-bromothiazole-4-carbaldehyde (8 g, 41.7 mmol) in THF (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr (3 M in THF, 15 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of DCM and the combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :5). This resulted in 6.0 g (69%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 209.9, 207.9 (M+l).

Step 4: 2-Bromo-4-(l-(ieri-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of l-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)ethanol (6.0 g, 28.8 mmol) and lH-imidazole (4.0 g, 58.8 mmol) in DMF (50 mL). To the solution was added TBDPSC1 (8.7 g, 31.6 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was diluted with 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of DCM and the combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100 to 1 :50). This resulted in 10.0 g (78%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 448.1, 446.1 (M+l). Step 5: 4-(l-( eri-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole-2-sulfonyl chloride

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 2-bromo-4-(l-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole (10.0 g, 22.4 mmol) in THF (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi (2.5 M in THF, 11 mL) dropwise with stirring at -78°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at -78°C. To the above SO2 gas was introduced. The reaction was warmed to RT and stirred for 30 min and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in DCM (100 mL) and then NCS (3.6 g, 26.9 mmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 8.0 g (crude, 77%) of the title compound as a white solid. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 6: N-ieri-butyl-4-(l-(teri-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole -2-sulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 4-(l-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole-2-sulfonyl chloride (8.0 g, 17.2 mmol) in DCM (50 mL). To the solution were added TEA (3.5 g, 34.6 mmol) and 2-methylpropan-2- amine (1.9 g, 26.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 15 to 1 :5). This resulted in 8.0 g (71%, 2 steps) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 503.2 (M+l).

Step 7: N-ieri-butyl-4-(l-hydroxyethyl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of N-tert-butyl-4-(l-(tert- butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide (8.0 g, 15.9 mmol) in THF (100 mL). To the solution was added TBAF (9.6 g, 292.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was diluted with 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of DCM and the combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 4.0 g (95%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 265.1 (M+l).

Step 8: 4-Acetyl-N-terf-butylthiazole-2-sulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of N-tert-butyl-4-(l- hydroxyethyl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide (4.0 g, 15.1 mmol) in DCM (50 mL). To the solution was added Dess-Martin reagent (7.1 g, 16.6 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 3.5 g (88%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 363.0 (M+l).

Step 9: 4-Acetylthiazole-2-sulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 4-acetyl-N-tert-butylthiazole-2- sulfonamide (3.5 g, 13.3 mmol) in DCM (5 mL). To the solution was added TFA (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at 40°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 2.5 g (91%) of the title compound as a gray solid. MS-ESI: 207.0 (M+l).

Steps 10-12 used similar procedures for converting compound 29 to Intermediate 11 shown in Scheme 9 to afford Intermediate 26 from compound 69. MS-ESI: 336.1 (M+l).

Scheme 15A:

Intermediate 27

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol e-5-sulfonimidamid

Step 1: l-(Thiazol-2-yl)ethanol

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed l-(thiazol-2-yl)ethanone (20 g, 157 mmol), EtOH (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaBLU (3 g, 81.3 mmol) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 10 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was diluted with 200 mL of water and extracted with 2x200 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 20 g (98%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 130.0 (M+l).

Step 2: 2-(l-( eri-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed l-(thiazol-2-yl)ethanol (20 g, 154.8 mmol), DMF (150 mL), lH-imidazole (20.5 g, 301 mmol). This was followed by the addition of TBDPSC1 (46 g, 167 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was diluted with 300 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100 to 1 :80). This resulted in 55 g (97%) of the title compound as colorless oil. MS-ESI: 368.1 (M+l).

Step 3: 2-(l-( eri-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole-5-sulfonyl chloride

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 2-(l-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole (30 g, 81.6 mmol) in THF (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi (2.5 M in THF, 35.2 mL) dropwise with stirring at -78°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at -78°C and then SO2 was introduced into the above reaction mixture. The reaction was slowly warmed to RT and then NCS (12.8 g, 95.86 mmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 30 g (crude, 79%) of the title compound as brown oil. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 4: N-ieri-butyl-2-(l-(teri-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole -5-sulfonamide

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed 2-(l-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole-5- sulfonyl chloride (crude, 30 g, 64.37 mmol), DCM (200 mL), TEA (13 g, 128.47 mmol). This was followed by the addition of 2-methylpropan-2-amine (5.6 g, 76.6 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :30 to 1 :20). This resulted in 25 g (61% over two steps) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 503.2 (M+l).

Step 5: N-terf-butyl-2-(l-hydroxyethyl)thiazole-5-sulfonamide

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed N-tert-butyl-2-(l-(tert- butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole- 5-sulfonamide (25 g, 49.7 mmol), THF (200 mL), TBAF (30 g, 99.67 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was diluted with 200 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 12 g (91%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 265.1 (M+l).

Step 6: 2-Acetyl-N-terf-butylthiazole-5-sulfonamide

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed N-tert-butyl-2-(l -hydroxy ethyl)thiazole-5- sulfonamide (12 g, 45.4 mmol), DCM (200 mL). To this solution was added Dess-Martin reagent (20 g, 47.2 mmol) in portions at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 9 g (76%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 263.0 (M+l).

Step 7: 2-Acetylthiazole-5-sulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed 2-acetyl-N-tert-butylthiazole-5-sulfonamide (7 g, 26.7 mmol), TFA (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at 70°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 5 g (91%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 207.0 (M+l).

Step 8: 2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonamide

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed 2-acetylthiazole-5-sulfonamide (5 g, 24.3 mmol), THF (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr (3 M in THF, 8.1 mL, 24.3 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 2x150 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 2.9 g (54%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 223.0 (M+l).

Steps 9-10 used similar procedures for converting compound 14 to Intermediate 1 shown in Scheme 6 to afford Intermediate 27 from compound 80. MS-ESI: 336.1 (M+l).

Scheme 15B:

Intermediate 27 Intermediate 27

N'-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol e-5-sulfonimi

Step 1: 2-(2-Methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl)thiazole

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of l-(thiazol-2-yl)ethanone (20 g, 157.0 mmol) in toluene (300 mL) and ethane- 1,2-diol (19.5 g, 314 mmol). To the solution was added TsOH (2.7 g, 15.7 mmol). The resulting solution was refluxed overnight and water was separated from the solution during the reflux. The resulting solution was diluted with 200 mL of water and extracted with 2x100 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, and then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 26.6 g (99%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 172.0 (M+l).

Step 2: 2-(2-Methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonamide

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 2-(2-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl)thiazole (14 g, 81.6 mmol) in THF (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi (2.5 M in THF, 35.2 mL, 88.0 mmol) dropwise with stirring at -78°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at -78°C and then S0 2 was introduced into the above reaction mixture. The reaction was slowly warmed to RT and then NCS (12.8 g, 95.86 mmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum and then was diluted in DCM (160 mL). To the above was added a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (300 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 :5). This resulted in 12.5 g (61%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 251.0 (M+l).

Step 3: 2-Acetylthiazole-5-sulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 2-(2-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2- yl)thiazole-5-sulfonamide (12.5 g, 50.0 mmol) in THF (125 mL). To the above was added aq. HC1 (4 N, 50.0 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 6 h at 70°C. The resulting solution was diluted with 100 mL of water and extracted with 2x200 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :2 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 9.3 g (90%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 207.0 (M+l). Steps 4-6 used the same procedures for converting compound 19 to Intermediate 2 shown in Scheme 7B to afford Intermediate 27 from compound 84. MS-ESI: 336.1 (M+l).

Intermediate 28

N'-(fert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5- sulfonimidamide

Step 1: 2-(Thiazol-2-yl)propan-2-ol

Into a 10-L 4-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of l-(thiazol-2-yl)ethanone (200 g, 1.6 mol) in THF (4 L). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr (3 M in THF, 942 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2 h. After warmed the mixture to RT, the solution was stirred for an additional 16 h. Then the reaction was quenched by the addition of 3 L of NH 4 C1 (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x1 L of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 210 g (93%) of the title compound as a brown oil. MS-ESI: 144.0 (M+l).

Step 2: Lithium 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfinate

Into a 10-L 4-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 2-(thiazol-2-yl)propan-2-ol (50 g, 349.0 mmol) in THF (1.5 L). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 350 mL) dropwise with stirring at -78°C. The mixture was stirred at -78°C for 1 h. Then SO2 was bubbled into the mixture for 15 min below -30°C. The mixture was stirred for an additional 1 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 87 g (crude) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. The crude product was used directly in the next step. Step 3: Methyl 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfinate

Into a 2-L 3-necked round-bottom flask, lithium 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfinate (87 g, crude) was dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (500 mL). Then SOCb (43 g, 360 mmol) was added to the mixture dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The mixture was stirred overnight at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with 500 mL of ethyl acetate. The resulting solution was washed with 2x200 mL of water and 2x200 mL of brine. The solution was dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 72 g (crude) of the title compound as light yellow oil. The crude product was used directly in the next step.

Step 4: 2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfinamide

Into a 10-L 4-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of methyl 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfinate (72 g, 326 mmol) in THF (500 mL). Then to the above ML (0.5 M in THF, 2.0 L) was added. After cooling to -78°C, LiHMDS (1 M in THF, 2.0 L) was added to the mixture dropwise with stirring. Then the mixture was stirred at -78°C for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 500 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x300 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 32 g (crude) of the title compound as brown oil. The crude product was used directly in the next step. Step 5: Tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-ylsulfinylcarbamate

Into a 1-L 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfinamide (32 g, crude) in THF (300 mL). This was followed by the addition of LDA (2 M in THF, 116 mL) dropwise with string at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h, then (Boc) 2 0 (33.8 g, 155 mmol) was added in portions at 0°C. The mixture was warmed to RT and stirred for an additional 2 h. The reaction was quenched with 200 mL of ice-water (200 mL), and the pH value of the solution was adjusted to 6 with HCOOH. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :2 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 19 g (18%, 4 steps) of the title compound as a white solid.

Step 6: N-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole -5-sulfonimidamide Into a 1-L 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, tert-butyl 2- (2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-ylsulfinylcarbamate (19 g, 62 mmol) was dissolved in fresh distilled ACN (200 mL). Then to the above solution was added NCS (9.8 g, 74 mmol) in portions. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at RT and then ML was bubbled in the mixture for 15 min. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :2 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 13 g (65%) of the title compound as a white solid. cheme 17:

4-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-methylthiophene-2-sulfonimidamid e

Step 1 used the procedures for converting compound 15 to Intermediate 1 shown in Scheme 6 to afford compound 93 by substituting ammonia with methylamine. MS-ESI: 349.1 (M+l).

Step 2: 4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-methylthiophene-2-sulfonimidamid e

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask purged with under nitrogen was placed a solution of N'-(tert- butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-methylthiophe ne-2-sulfonimidamide (500 mg, 1.43 mmol) in DCM (10 mL). To the solution was added HF/Py (70% wt, 200 mg). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 8 with aq. Na 2 C03 (5 % wt.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x10 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 300 mg (89%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 235.0 (M+l).

Schemes for the preparation of isocyanate intermediates 30-58:

Schemes below illustrate the synthesis of isocyanates.

Scheme 18:

Intermediate 30

4-Fluoro-2,6-diisopropylbenzenamine

Step 1: 4-Fluoro-2,6-bis(prop-l-en-2-yl)aniline

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed 2,6- dibromo-4-fluoroaniline (15 g, 55.8 mmol), dioxane (150 mL), water (15 mL), CS2CO3 (55 g, 169 mmol), 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (25 g, 149 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (4 g, 5.47 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 15 h at 100°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :8). This resulted in 9.2 g (86%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 192.1 (M+l).

Step 2: 4-Fluoro-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)aniline

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-fluoro-2,6-bis(prop-l-en-2-yl)aniline (9.2 g, 48.1 mmol), and MeOH (200 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 900 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :8). This resulted in 7.2 g (77%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 196.1 (M+l).

Intermediate 31

4-Amino-2-fluoro-3,5-diisopropylbenzonitrile

Step 1: 4-Amino-3,5-dibromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask was placed 4-amino-2-fluorobenzonitrile (25 g, 184 mmol), ACN (500 mL), and NBS (81.7 g, 459 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 75°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100 to 1 :98). This resulted in 50 g (93%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 294.9/292.9/296.9 (M+l).

Steps 2-3 used similar procedures for converting compound 94 to Intermediate 30 shown in Scheme 18 to afford Intermediate 31 from compound 97. MS-ESI: 221.1 (M+l).

Scheme 20:

Intermediate 32

4-(Difluoromethoxy)-2,6-diisopropylbenzenamine

Step 1: 2,6-Dibromo-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzenamine

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-(difluoromethoxy)benzenamine (3 g, 18.9 mmol), ACN (30 mL), and BS (7.7 g, 43.3 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :30 to 1 :20). This resulted in 2.9 g (48%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 317.9/315.9/319.9 (M+l).

Steps 2-3 used similar procedures for converting compound 94 to Intermediate 30 shown in Scheme 18 to afford Intermediate 32 from compound 100". MS-ESI: 244.1 (M+l).

Scheme 21:

33

Intermediate 33

4-(Difluoromethoxy)-2-ethyl-6-isopropylbenzenamine

Step 1: 2-Bromo-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzenamine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed 4- (difluoromethoxy)benzenamine (10 g, 62.8 mmol), ACN (100 mL), and BS (5.59 g, 31.4 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 7.9 g (53%) of the title compound as red oil. MS-ESI: 238.0/240.0 (M+l).

Step 2: 4-(Difluoromethoxy)-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)benzenamine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed 2- bromo-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzenamine (7.9 g, 33.2 mmol), dioxane (100 mL), water (10 mL), CS2CO3 (32.46 g, 99.63 mmol), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (8.36 g, 49.8 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (1.21 g, 1.65 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 90°C. The solids were filtered out. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :30 to 1 :20). This resulted in 5.3 g (80%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 200.1 (M+l).

Step 3: 4-(Difluoromethoxy)-2-isopropylbenzenamine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-(difluoromethoxy)-2-(prop-l-en-2- yl)benzenamine (5.3 g, 26.6 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 500 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT under hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 5.15 g (96%) of the title compound as red oil. MS-ESI: 202.1 (M+l).

Step 4: 2-Bromo-4-(difluoromethoxy)-6-isopropylbenzenamine

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-(difluoromethoxy)-2-isopropylbenzenamine (5.15 g, 25.6 mmol), CHCh (200 mL), Fe turnings (500 mg), and Br 2 (4.45 g, 27.9 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 70°C and then was quenched by the addition of 200 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :30 to 1 :20). This resulted in 6.98 g (97%) of the title compound as dark red oil. MS-ESI: 280.0/282.0 (M+l).

Step 5: 4-(Difluoromethoxy)-2-isopropyl-6-vinylbenzenamine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed 2- bromo-4-(difluoromethoxy)-6-isopropylbenzenamine (3 g, 10.7 mmol), dioxane (100 mL), water (10 mL), CS2CO3 (10.47 g, 32.13 mmol), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (2.47 g, 16.0 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (784 mg, 1.07 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 90°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :30 to 1 :20). This resulted in 2.3 g (94%) of the title compound as dark green oil. MS-ESI: 228.1 (M+l).

Step 6: 4-(Difluoromethoxy)-2-ethyl-6-isopropylbenzenamine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-(difluoromethoxy)-2-isopropyl-6- vinylbenzenamine (2.3 g, 10.1 mmol), MeOH (100 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 200 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT under hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 2.2 g (95%) of the title compound as red oil. MS-ESI: 230.1 (M+l).

Table 7. The Intermediate 34 in the following Table was prepared from compound 105" using similar procedure as shown in Scheme 21 above for converting compound 105" to 106".

Scheme 22:

107" ¾ρ 2 108" stsp s

110" Intermediate 35 Intermediate 35

4-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-3-isopropylbenzonitrile

Step 1: 4-Amino-5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 4-amino-2-fluorobenzonitrile (9 g, 66.1 mmol) in ACN (120 mL). Then NBS (12.4 g, 69.7 mmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 80°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 10.9 g (77%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 215.0/217.0 (M+l). ¾ NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 7.89 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (br s, 2H), 6.63 (d, J= 12.0 Hz, 1H). Step 2: 4-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-2-fluorobenzonitrile

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 4-amino-5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile (6.37 g, 29.6 mmol) in dioxane (70 mL) and water (10 mL). To the solution were added CS2CO3 (9.7 g, 29.8 mmol), cyclopropylboronic acid (3.8 g, 44.2 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (1.08 g, 1.48 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 90°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :5). This resulted in 5.03 g (96%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 177.1 (M+l).

Step 3: 4-Amino-3-bromo-5-cyclopropyl-2-fluorobenzonitrile

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 4-amino-5-cyclopropyl-2- fluorobenzonitrile (5.03 g, 28.7 mmol) in ACN (50 mL). To the solution was added NBS (5.6 g, 31.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 80°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :5). This resulted in 6.972 g (96%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 255.0/257.0 (M+l).

Step 4: 4-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-3-(prop-l-en-2-yl)benzonitril e

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 4-amino-3-bromo-5-cyclopropyl-2-fluorobenzonitrile (6.972 g, 27.33 mmol) in dioxane (120 mL) and water (20 mL). To the solution were added 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-l- en-2-yl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (6.9 g, 41.00 mmol), CS2CO3 (13.4 g, 41.00 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (0.4 g, 0.55 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 80°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :5). This resulted in 4.73 g (80%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 217.1 (M+l).

Step 5: 4-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-3-isopropylbenzonitrile

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 4-amino-5-cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-3- (prop-l-en-2-yl)benzonitrile (4.73 g, 21.97 mmol), MeOH (100 mL). To the solution was added AcOH (0.5 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 500 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at 40°C under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 4.71 g (99%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 219.1 (M+l).

Scheme 23:

8-Fluoro- 1,2,3,5 , 6,7-hexahy dro- -indacen-4-amine

Step 1: 3-Chloro-l-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-5-yl)propan-l-one

Into a 3-L round-bottom flask was placed a solution of AlCh (111 g, 834 mmol) in DCM (1200 mL). This was followed by the addition of a solution of 2,3-dihydro-lH-indene (90 g, 762 mmol) and 3-chloropropanoyl chloride (96.3 g, 759 mmol) in DCM (300 mL) dropwise with stirring at - 10°C in 30 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT. Then the reaction mixture was added dropwise to cold HC1 (3 N, 1200 mL) over 45 min at -10°C. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x600 mL of DCM and the organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 160.5 g (crude) of the title compound as a yellow solid. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 2: 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydro-s-indacen-l-one

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 3-chloro-l-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-5- yl)propan-l-one (160.5 g, 759 mmol) in cone. H 2 S0 4 (900 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 55°C and then was quenched by adding the reaction mixture carefully to 4500 mL of water/ice. The solids were collected by filtration and dried over infrared lamp for 24 h. The crude mixture was purified by chromatography and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100). This resulted in 10 g (7.6%) of l,6,7,8-tetrahydro-as-indacen-3(2H)-one (compound 113"a) and 112.2 g (85%) of the title compound (compound 113") as a yellow solid. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 3.13 - 2.79 (m, 8H), 2.70 - 2.55 (m, 2H), 2.20 - 1.90 (m, 2H). 1 H MR (400 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 7.49 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.19 - 2.98 (m, 4H), 2.93 - 2.80 (m, 3H), 2.68 - 2.54 (m, 2H), 2.15 - 1.95 (m, 2H).

Step 3: 4-nitro-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(5H)-one (114) (Major) and 8-nitro-2,3,6,7- tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(5H)-one (115) (Minor)

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-l-one (80 g, 464.5 mmol) in H 2 S0 4 (500 mL). Then HNO3 (58.5 g, 929 mmol) was added dropwise over lh at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 hr at 0°C. The reaction mixture was slowly added to a mixture of water/ice (1000 mL) and DCM (500 mL) with ice bath cooling. The organic layer was collected, dried over Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 90 g (90%) of the mixture of 4-nitro-2,3,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-l-one and 8-nitro-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-5- indacen-l(5H)-one as a yellow solid.

Step 4: l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask was placed a solution of the mixture of 4-nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7- hexahydro-s-indacen-l-one and 8-nitro-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(5H)-one (21.7 g, 100 mmol) in MeOH (300 mL). To the solution was added MSA (11.5 g, 120 mmol). Then Pd(OH) 2 /C (20%) wt, 5.5 g) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at RT under hydrogen (50 psi). The solids were filtered out and washed with methanol. The methanol filtrate and wash was diluted with water (500 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 10.6 with 2N NaOH. The resulting slurry was filtered and the crude solids were recrystallized from methanol/water (9: 1) with heating. This resulted in 13.7 g (79%>) of the title compound as an off-white solid.

Step 5: 8-Nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine (8 g, 46.2 mmol), EtOH (200 mL), and 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-4-methyl-4-nitrocyclohexa-2,5-dienone (21.6 g, 46.1 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :50 to 1 :30). This resulted in 5 g (50%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 219.1 (M+l).

Step 6: 4-Fluoro-8-nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed 8-nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine (5 g, 22.9 mmol) and HF/Py (70% wt, 20 mL). This was followed by the addition of 3-methylbutyl nitrite (3 g, 25.6 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was diluted with 50 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SC"4, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 4 g (crude, 79%) of the title compound as brown oil.

Step 7: 8-Fluoro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-fluoro-8-nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (4 g, 18.1 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt., 0.5 g) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :5). This resulted in 2 g (46%, 2 steps) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 192.1 (M+l).

Sch

Intermediate 37

l-methyl-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine Step 1: 4-nitro-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(5H)-one

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-l-one (40 g, 232 mmol) in H2SO4 (250 mL). Then HNO3 (29 g, 464 mmol) was added dropwise over 1 h at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 hr at 0°C. The reaction mixture was slowly added to a mixture of water/ice (500 mL) and DCM (250 mL) with ice bath cooling. The organic layer was collected, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04 and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel column with a gradient of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (1 :50 to 1 : 1). This resulted in minor product 5 g (10%) of the title compound and major product 30 g (60%) of 8-nitro-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(5H)-one both as a yellow solid.

Step 2: l-methylene-4-nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of methyltriphenylphosphanium bromide (16.4 g, 46.04 mmol) and t-BuOK (5.2 g, 46.0 mmol) in THF (150 mL) at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0°C. Then the solution of 4-nitro-l, 2,3,5, 6,7-hexahydro-s- indacen-l-one (5 g, 23.0 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10). This resulted in 2.6 g (52%) of the title compound as a green solid.

Step 3: l-methyl-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of l-methylidene-4-nitro-l,2,3, 5,6,7- hexahydro-s-indacene (2.6 g, 12.1 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL), Pd/C (10% wt, 300 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen, then H 2 (g) was introduced in with a balloon. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The Pd/C catalyst was filtered out. The filtrate was concentrated. This resulted in 2 g of the title compound as red oil.

Table 8. Intermediate 38 in the following Table was prepared from Compound 114" using similar procedure as shown in Scheme 24 above for converting compound 115" to intermediate 37.

Scheme 25:

Intermediate 39

8-Chloro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine

Step 1: 8-Chloro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4- amine (1.73 g, 9.99 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). To the solution was added NCS (1.47 g, 11.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT and then was diluted with 30 mL of DCM. The resulting mixture was washed with 3x10 mL of water and the organic layer was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 1.88 g (91%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 208.1/210.1 (M+l). Schem

Intermediate 40

8-Amino-L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- -indacene-4-carbonitrile

Step 1: 8-Bromo-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 1,2,3, 5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4- amine (2.6 g, 15.0 mmol) in DMF (30 mL). To the solution was added BS (2.9 g, 16.3 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was diluted with 80 mL of ethyl acetate. The resulting mixture was washed with 3x20 mL of water and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :30 to 1 :20). This resulted in 3.0 g (79%) of the title compound as a brown solid. MS-ESI: 252.0, 254.0 (M+l).

Step 2: 8-Amino-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene-4-carbonitrile

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 8-bromo-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine (725 mg, 2.88 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). To the solution were added t-BuOK (330 mg, 2.90 mmol), CuCN (386 mg, 4.32 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (424 mg, 0.58 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at 120°C and then was diluted with 20 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x20 mL ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :60 to 1 :40). This resulted in 192 mg (34%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 199.1 (M+l). Scheme 27:

4- Amino-3 , 5 -dii sopropylbenzonitrile

Step 1: 4-Amino-3,5-diisopropylbenzonitrile

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylbenzenamine (5.1 g, 19.9 mmol) in DMF (30 mL). To the solution were added Zn(CN) 2 (2.80 g, 23.9 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (732 mg, 1.00 mmol) and t-BuOK (3.36 g, 29.9 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 120°C and then was diluted with 30 mL of water. The solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradiente of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :30 to 1 :20). This resulted in 3.2 g (80%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 203.1 (M+l).

Intermediate 42

8-(Difluoromethoxy)-L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- -indacen-4-amine

Step 1: 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydro-s-indacene

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-l-one (37.2 g, 216 mmol) and MSA (42 g, 437.5 mmol) in MeOH (300 mL). Then Pd(OH) 2 /C (20% wt, 8 g) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 150 to 1 : 100). This resulted in 27.1 g (79%) of the title compound as a white solid.

Step 2: 4-Bromo-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (15 g, 94.8 mmol) in CCU (200 mL). Then I 2 (1.2 g, 4.72 mmol) was added. This was followed by the addition of a solution of Br 2 (16 g, 100 mmol) in CCU (50 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C in 10 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0°C. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 150 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x150 mL of DCM and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel column with a gradient of ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :500 to 1 : 100). This resulted in 19 g (85%) of the title compound as yellow oil. ¾ MR (300 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 7.02 (s, 1H), 2.95- 2.75 (m, 8H), 2.03-2.01 (m, 4H)

Step 3: l,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ol

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 4-bromo-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (5 g, 21.08 mmol) in THF (150 mL). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexane, 10 mL) dropwise with stirring at -78°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at -78°C. Then to the above was added trimethyl borate (2.6 g, 25.30 mmol) dropwise with stirring at -78°C. The reaction was warmed to RT slowly and then was stirred for 1 h at RT. Then to the mixture was added AcOH (2.0 mL, 33.20 mmol) and H 2 0 2 (1.0 mL, 28.88 mmol) dropwise with stirring at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 200 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :7 to 1 :5). This resulted in 1.9 g (52%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI: 175.1 (M+l).

Step 4: 8-Nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ol

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ol (1.9 g, 10.9 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL). To the solution was added 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-4-methyl-4-nitrocyclohexa-2,5-dienone (6.1 g, 13.1 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 1.1 g (46%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 218.1 (M-l).

Step 5: 4-(Difluoromethoxy)-8-nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 8-nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ol (1.1 g, 5.0 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) and water (2 mL). To the solution were added K2CO3 (1.4 g, 10.0 mmol) and sodium 2-chloro-2,2- difluoroacetate (1.5 g, 10.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 120°C and then was diluted with 20 mL of water. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 7 with aq. HC1 (1 N). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x20 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :2 to 1 :3). This resulted in 0.55 g (41%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 270.1 (M+l). Step 6: 8-(Difluoromethoxy)-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 4-(difluoromethoxy)-8-nitro- 1,2,3, 5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (550 mg, 2.0 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 100 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 460 mg (94%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 240.1 (M+l). Scheme 29:

Intermediate 43

3-Fluoro-2,6-diisopropylbenzenamine

Step 1: 2,6-Dibromo-4-chloro-3-fluoroaniline

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-chloro-3-fluoroaniline (5.08 g, 34.9 mmol), ACN (200 mL), and NBS (18.69 g, 105.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :200 to 1 : 100). This resulted in 9.7 g (92%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 303.8/305.8/301.8 (M+l).

Step 2: 4-Chloro-3-fluoro-2,6-bis(prop-l-en-2-yl)aniline

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 2,6-dibromo-4-chloro-3-fluoroaniline (9.03 g, 29.8 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (200 mL) and water (20 mL). To the solution were added 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-l, 3,2- dioxaborolane (15.12 g, 89.98 mmol), CS2CO3 (29.34 g, 90.1 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (2.20 g, 3.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at 90°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :30 to 1 :20). This resulted in 4.3 g (64%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 226.1, 228.1 (M+l).

Step 3: 3-Fluoro-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)aniline

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-2,6-bis(prop-l-en- 2-yl)aniline (1 g, 4.4 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL). Then Pd/C(10% wt, 100 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 700 mg (81%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 196.1 (M+l).

Scheme 30:

130" Intermediate 44 Intermediate 44

4-Isocyanato- 12 , 5,6,7-hexahydro- -indacene

Step 1: 4-Isocyanato-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine (64 mg, 0.4 mmol), THF (5 mL) and BTC (37 mg, 0.1 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 65°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 75 mg (crude) of the title compound as light brown oil. The crude product was used directly in the next step.

Table 9. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using similar procedure as shown in Scheme 30 above for converting compound 130" to Intermediate 44.

The following schemes illustrate additional general methods for the synthesis of compounds of Formula AA:

Scheme 31:

Scheme 32:

Scheme 33A:

Scheme 33B: Scheme 34:

Scheme 35A:

140"A 142"B

Scheme for the preparation of Sulfonimidamide Intermediates: Schemes below illustrate the preparation of sulfonimidamide intermediates 59-88 and 112-113. Scheme 36:

N f -(fert-butyldimethylsilv0-5-(2-hydroxypro^

Step 1: Ethyl 3-nitro-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed ethyl 3-nitro-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (5.0 g, 27.0 mmol), THF (150 mL), phenylboronic acid (6.6 g, 54.1 mmol), Cu(OAc) 2 (7.38 g, 40.6 mmol), and pyridine (8.54 g, 108 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 3.1 g (44%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI: 262 (M+l). Step 2: Ethyl 3-amino-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed ethyl 3-nitro-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (3.92 g, 15.0 mmol), MeOH (50 mL), and Pd/C (wet 10%wt, 400 mg). The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 2.8 g (81%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 232 (M+l).

Step 3: Ethyl 3-(chlorosulfonyl)-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed ethyl 3-amino-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole-5- carboxylate (1.8 g, 7.78 mmol), HC1 (cc. 6.0 mol/L, 15 mL). This was followed by the addition of a solution of NaNCte (646 mg, 9.36 mmol) in water (2.0 mL) dropwise with stirring at -10 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at -10 ° C . The above mixture was added to a saturated solution of SO2 in AcOH (20 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C . Then to the above was added CuCh (1.05 g, 7.81 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 30 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 2.2 g (90%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid.

Step 4: Ethyl l-phenyl-3-sulfamoyl-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of ethyl 3-(chlorosulfonyl)-l-phenyl-lH- pyrazole-5-carboxylate (2.2 g, 6.99 mmol) in DCM (10 mL). Then to the above was introduced H3 gas bubbled at 0 ° C for 10 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 1.07 g (52%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 296 (M+l).

Step 5: 5-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole-3-sulfonamide

Into a 100-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of ethyl l-phenyl-3-sulfamoyl-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (1.65 g, 5.59 mmol) in THF (30 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr/THF (3.0 M, 18.6 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 30 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (2: 1). This resulted in 1.35 g (86%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 282 (M+l). Step 6: N-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l-pheny l-lH-pyrazole-3- sulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole- 3- sulfonamide (500 mg, 1.78 mmol), THF (10 mL). This was followed by the addition of sodium hydride (60% wt. oil dispersion, 86 mg, 3.58 mmol) in portions at 0 ° C . Then to the above was added TBSC1 (538 mg, 3.57 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x10 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :2). This resulted in 660 mg (94%) of the title compound as a lightyellow solid. MS-ESI: 396 (M+l).

Step 7: N'-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l-phen yl-lH-pyrazole-3- sulfonimidamide

Into a 100-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed the solution of PPI13CI2 (1.67 g, 5.01 mmol) in chloroform (30 mL). This was followed by the addition of DIEA (1.29 g, 9.98 mmol) dropwise with stirring at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 10 min at RT and the reaction system was cooled to 0 ° C . To this was added a solution of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l-pheny l-lH-pyrazole- 3-sulfonamide (660 mg, 1.67 mmol) in chloroform (3.0 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C . To the mixture was added introduced L gas bubble for 15 min at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulting solution was diluted with 30 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 530 mg (81%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 395 (M+l). cheme 37:

156" Intermediate 60

Intermediate 60

N f -(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5- methylthiazole-2-

Steps 1-6 used similar procedures for converting compound 16 to intermediate 2 shown in Scheme 7B to afford intermediate 60 from compound 151". MS-ESI: 350 (M+l).

Scheme 38:

N-methyl-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl)acetamide

Intermediate 62

N-(4-QSi'-(tert-butyldimethvk

Step 1: N-benzyl-N-methylacetamide

Into a 1.0 L round-bottom flask were added benzyl(methyl)amine (10 g, 82.5 mmol) and DCM (500 mL) at 0 ° C . To this stirred solution were added DIEA (21.3 g, 165 mmol) and acetyl chloride (9.72 g, 124 mmol) in portions at 0 ° C . The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1) to afford the title compound (13 g, 96.5%) as a yellow oil. MS-ESI: 164 (M+l).

Step 2: 4-((N-methylacetamido)methyl)benzenesulfonyl chloride

Into a 250 mL round-bottom flask were added N-benzyl-N-methylacetamide (3.0 g, 18.4 mmol,) and DCM (6.0 mL) at 0 ° C . To this stirred solution were added CISO2OH (6.0 mL) in one portion at 0 ° C . The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at RT. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water/ice (150 mL) at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was extracted with 3x150 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product of the title compound (2.2 g, 45.7%)) was used in the next step directly without further purification.

Step 3: N-methyl-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl)acetamide

Into a 250 mL round-bottom flask were added 4-[(N-methylacetamido)methyl]benzene-l-sulfonyl chloride (2.2 g, 8.41 mmol) and DCM (3.0 mL) at 0 ° C . To this stirred solution were added NH 3 (g) in DCM (40 mL) dropwise at 0 ° C . The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1) to afford the minor compound 159B (122 mg, 6.1%) and the title compound (1.9 g, 93.3%) both as white solids. MS-ESI: 243 (M+l).

Step 4-6 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford intermediate 62 from intermediate 61. MS-ESI: 356 (M+1).

Table 10. Intermediate 62B in the following Table was prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 157" to Intermediate 62 shown in Scheme 38 from compound 159"B which was separated from step 3 in Scheme 38. The Intermediate 63 was prepared using similar procedures for converting compound 157" to Intermediate 62 shown in Scheme 38 from appropriate starting materials.

Scheme 39:

Intermediate 64

4-((Methylamino)methyl)benzenesulfonamide

Intermediate 65

N-(4-(N'-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)sulfamimidoyl)benzyl)-N-me thylpent-4-vnamide

Step 1: 4-((Methylamino)methyl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 500-mL sealed tube, was placed N-methyl-N-[(4-sulfamoylphenyl)methyl]acetamide (5.0 g), hydrogen chloride (200 mL, 12 M). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 100 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 5.0 g of the title compound as an off-white crude solid. MS-ESI: 201 (M+l)

Step 2: N-methyl-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl)pent-4-ynamide

Into a 250 mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-((methylamino)methyl)benzenesulfonamide (4.0 g, 20 mmol) in DMF (40 mL ). To this stirred solution was added HATU (6.33 g, 16.7 mmol), DIEA (5.16 g, 40 mmol) and pent-4-ynoic acid (2.16 g, 22 mmol). Then the mixture was stirred overnight RT. The resulting solution was diluted with 40 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 2.97 g (53%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 281 (M+l).

Steps 3-5 used similar procedures for converting Intermediate 61 to Intermediate 62 shown in Scheme 38 to afford Intermediate 65 from compound 163". MS-ESI: 394 (M+l). cheme 40A:

Intermediate 67

Intermediate 66

Jgrt-butyl 4-(N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)sulfamimidoyl)benzyl(methyl)ca rbamate

Intermediate 67

N'-((L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- -indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4-

((methylamino)methyl)benzenesulfonimidamide

Step 1: Tert-butyl methyl(4-sulfamoylbenzyl)carbamate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-[(methylamino)methyl]benzene-l -sulfonamide (5.0 g, 25 mmol) in DCM (100 mL). To this stirred solution was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (6.0 g, 27.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 5 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 5.0 g (66.7 %) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 301 (M+l).

Steps 2-4 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford Intermediate 66 from compound 166" . MS-ESI: 414 (M+l).

Step 5: reri-butyl(4-(N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7-h exahydro-s-indacen-4- yl)carbamoyl)-sulfamidimidoyl)benzyl)(methyl)carbamate

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl (4-(N'-(tert- butyldimethylsilyl)sulfamidimidoyl)benzyl)(methyl)carbamate (500 mg, 1.21 mmol) in THF (15 mL). To this stirred solution was added 4-isocyanato-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (343 mg, 1.81 mmol) and NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 96.8 mg, 2.42 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT. The reaction was quenched by the addition of MeOH (10 mL). This resulted in 500 mg (67.5%) of the title compound as a white crude solid. MS-ESI: 613 (M+l). Step 6: N'-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-4- ((methylamino)methyl)benzenesulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed tert-butyl N-[(4-[[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)amino] ([[(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl]imino])ox o- 6 -sulfanyl]phenyl)methyl]-N- methylcarbamate (90 mg) and HC1 in dioxane (4 M, 5.0 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The crude product was purified by Prep- HPLC with the following conditions: Column, Sunfire Prep C18 OBD, 10 um, 19*250 mm; mobile phase A: water (0.05% TFA) and B: ACN (20% to 50% gradient of B over 17 min); Detector, UV 220/254 nm. This resulted in 30 mg of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 399 (M+l).

cheme 42:

177" Intermediate 70

Intermediate 70

N f -(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-6-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-2- methylpyridine-3-sulfonim

Step 1: Methyl 5-amino-6-methylpicolinate

Into a 50-mL seal tube was placed methyl 6-bromo-2-methylpyridin-3 -amine (500 mg, 2.67 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) and Pd(OAc) 2 (120 mg, 0.53 mmol), dppf (444 mg, 0.80 mmol), TEA (809 mg, 8.01 mmol). The seal tube was evacuated and flushed three times with CO. The resulting solution was stirred for 5 h at 100 ° C under 10 atm of CO. Then the solution was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1).

This resulted in 351 mg (79.2 %) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 167 (M+l).

Steps 2-4 used similar procedures for converting compound 27 to Intermediate 30 shown in

Scheme 9 to afford compound 176" from compound 173". MS-ESI: 231 (M+l).

Steps 5-6 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford Intermediate 70 from compound 176". MS-ESI: 344 (M+l).

Table 11. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 172" to Intermediate 70 shown in Scheme 42 from appropriate starting materials. Intermediate # Structure IUPAC Name Exact Mass[M+H] +

N-(/er/-butyldimethylsilyl)-6-(2-

/ =. NH 2

Intermediate 71 hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridine-3- 330

N— ' O TBS

sulfonimidamide

Scheme 43:

178" 179" 180" 181 "

182" 183" Intermediate 72

Intermediate 72

N-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzenes ulfonimidamide Step 1: l-Bromo-4-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzene

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 2-(4-bromophenyl)propan-2-ol (10 g, 46.5 mmol) in THF (50 mL). To this stirred solution was added NaH (60% wt. oil dispersion, 5.19 g, 93 mmol) at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C . To this stirred solution was added Mel (6.60 g, 46.5 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was allowed to react for an additional 15 h at RT. The resulting solution was quenched with 40 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (15/85). This resulted in 8.5 g (50.3%) of the title compound as a yellow solid.

Step 2: 4-(2-Methoxypropan-2-yl)benzenesulfinic acid

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of l-bromo-4-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzene (5.0 g, 21.8 mmol) in THF (50 mL). To this stirred solution was added n-BuLi (13 mL, 32.7 mmol, 2.5 M) dropwise with stirring at -78 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at -78 ° C . S0 2 (g) was introduced into the stirring solution at -78 ° C . The resulting solution was allowed to react for an additional 60 min at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 6.0 g (crude) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 213 (M-l)

Step 3: 4-(2-Methoxypropan-2-yl)benzenesulfonyl chloride

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzene-l-sulfinic acid (4.9 g, 22.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL). To this stirred solution was added NCS (4.58 g, 34.3 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C . The mixture was allowed to react for an additional 60 min at RT. L (g) was introduced into the reaction solution. The resulting solution was allowed to react for an additional 120 min at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/4). This resulted in 4.3 g (82 %) of the title compound as a yellow solid.

Step 4: 4-(2-Methoxypropan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzene-l-sulfonyl chloride (4.3 g, 17.3 mmol) in DCM (50 mL). ML (g) was introduced into the reaction solution at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 180 min at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/3). This resulted in 3.9 g (98.5%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 230 (M+l). Step 5: N-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzenes ulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 4-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzene-l- sulfonamide (4.0 g, 17.5 mmol) in THF (40 mL). To this stirred solution was added NaH (1.4 g, 34.9 mmol, 60%wt. oil dispersion) and TBSC1 (3.16 g, 21 mmol) at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was allowed to react with stirring for 15 h at RT. The resulting solution was quenched with 40 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (30/70). This resulted in 2.3 g (38.4%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 344 (M+l)

Step 6: N'-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzene sulfonimidamide

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed the solution of PPI13CI2 (12.4 g, 37.3 mmol) in chloroform (150 mL). This was followed by the addition of DIEA (9.63 g, 74.5 mmol) dropwise with stirring at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 10 min at RT and the reaction system was cooled to 0 ° C . To this was added a solution of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzene- l- sulfonamide (3.2 g, 9.31 mmol) in chloroform (30 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C . To the mixture was introduced H3 gas bubble for 15 min at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulting solution was diluted with

100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (36/64). This resulted in 1.4 g (36.5%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 343 (M+l)

Scheme 44:

Intermediate 73

Intermediate 73

N f -(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-((dimethylamino)methyl)py ridine-2-sulfonimidamide

Step 1: (6-Bromopyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of n itrogen, were placed Ti(OEt) 4 (12.3 g, 53.8 mmol) and dimethylamine (4.85 g, 108 mmol) in Me

OH (50 mL) at RT. To a stirred solutionwas added 6-bromopyridine-3-carbaldehyde (5.0 g, 26.

9 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) dropwise at 0 ° C . Then the reaction solution was stirred at RT for 3h. NaBH 4 (1.02 g, 26.9 mmol) was added to the mixture and the resulting solution was stirred over night at RT. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water/ice (30mL) at 0 ° C . The resultin g mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Then the resulting mixture extracted with et hyl acetate (3 x 50mL) and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl aceta te/petroleum ether (5: 1) to afford the title compound (3.5 g, 60.5%) as a yellow oil. MS-ESI: 216 /218 (M+l).

Steps 2-6 used similar procedures for converting compound 179" to Intermediate 72 shown in Scheme 43 to afford Intermediate 73 from compound 185. MS-ESI: 329 (M+l).

Table 12. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 184" to Intermediate 73 shown in Scheme 44 from appropriate starting materials.

Scheme 45:

N f -(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-l-methyl-lH-indazole-5-sulf onimidamide Steps 1-6 used similar procedures for converting compound 179" to Intermediate 72 shown in Scheme 43 to afford Intermediate 75 from compound 190". MS-ESI: 325 (M+l).

Intermediate 76

Intermediate 76

N f -(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-(dimethylamino)propan- 2-yl)benzenesulfonimidamide Step 1: 4-(Prop-l-en-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 4-bromobenzene-l -sulfonamide (5.0 g, 21.2 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL) and H2O (15 mL). To this stirred solution was added 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-l, 3,2- dioxaborolane (14.2 g, 84.7 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (4.65 g, 6.35 mmol) and CS2CO3 (13.8 g, 42.4 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 15 h at 100 ° C . The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (40/60). This resulted in 3.6 g (86.2%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 198 (M+l). Step 2: 2-Chloro-N-(2-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)propan-2-yl)acetamide

Into a 1.0-L round-bottom flask, was placed 4-(prop-l-en-2-yl)benzene-l -sulfonamide (5.0 g, 25.4 mmol) in H2SO4 (50 mL) and AcOH (250 mL). To the stirred solution was added 2- chloroacetonitrile (38.3 g, 507 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 °C. The resulting solution was allowed to react for an additional 15 h at RT. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 7 with Na 2 C03 (5.0 M). Then the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 200mL) and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (2/3). This resulted in 4.2 g (57%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 291 (M+l).

Step 3: 4-(2-Aminopropan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-chloro-N-[2-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)propan-2- yl]acetamide (4.2 g, 14.5 mmol) in CH3COOH (15 mL) and ethanol (75 mL). To this stirred solution was added thiourea (1.32 g, 17.3mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 85 ° C . The resulting mixture was washed with 100 ml of H2O and extracted with 3x250 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 2.3 g (54.3%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 215 (M+l).

Step 4: 4-(2-(Dimethylamino)propan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-(2-aminopropan-2-yl)benzene-l -sulfonamide (2.14 g, 9.99 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL). To this stirred solution was added HCHO (37%wt, 599 mg, 20 mmol) and NaBLbCN (1.86 g, 30 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 120 min at RT. The resulting mixture was diluted with 100 mL of water and extracted with 3x250 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (30/70). This resulted in 1.0 g (41.3%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 243 (M+l).

Steps 5-7 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford Intermediate 76 from compound 200. MS-ESI: 356 (M+l). cheme 47:

Intermediate 77

N f -(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(l-(dimethylamino)ethyl)b enzenesulfonim

Step 1 : (E)-4-(l-((ieri-butylsulfinyl)imino)ethyl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen was added 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (3.04g, 25.1 mmol) in THF (50 mL). To this stirred solution was added Ti(OEt)4 (11.5 g, 50.2 mmol) and 4-acetylbenzene-l -sulfonamide (5.0 g, 25.1 mmol) in portions at RT. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at 70 ° C under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with Water (20 mL) at 0 ° C . The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1) to afford the title compound (5.0 g,75.8%) as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 303 (M+l). Step 2: 4-(l-(( eri-butylsulfinyl)amino)ethyl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 500 mL round-bottom flask were added 4-[(lE)-l-[(2-methylpropane-2- sulfinyl)imino]ethyl]benzene -1 -sulfonamide (4.65 g, 15.4 mmol) in THF (200 mL) at RT. To this stirred solution was added NaBH 4 (1.16 g, 30.8 mmol) in portions at 0 ° C under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at RT under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition of HC1 (2M, 50 mL) at 0 ° C . The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 . After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (4.5 g, 96.1%) as a white solid. MS-ESI: 305 (M+l).

Step 3: 4-(l-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 250 mL round-bottom flask were added 4-[l-[(2-methylpropane-2- sulfinyl)amino]ethyl]benzene-l -sulfonamide (4.4 g, 14.5 mmol) and MeOH (50 mL) at room temperature. To this stirred solution was added HC1 (gas) in 1,4-dioxane (8.0 mL, 26.3 mmol) in one portions at RT. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse flash chromatography with the following conditions (column, CI 8 silica gel; mobile phase, MeCN in water, 10% to 50% gradient in 10 min; detector, UV 254 nm.) to afford the title compound (2.6 g, 89.7%) as a white solid. MS-ESI: 201 (M+l).

Step 4: 4-(l-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 250 mL round-bottom flask was added 4-(l-aminoethyl)benzene-l -sulfonamide (2.0 g, 9.99 mmol) and MeOH (60 mL) at RT. To this stirred solution was added HCHO (37%wt, 1.61 g, 53.6 mmol) and NaBLbCN (1.25 g, 20 mmol) in portions at RT. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The reaction solution was diluted with 100 mL of water and extracted with 3x100 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :2) to afford the title compound (1.5 g, 65.8%) as a white solid. MS-ESI: 229 (M+l).

Steps 5-7 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford Intermediate 77 from compound 207". MS-ESI: 342 (M+l). heme 48:

Intermediate 78

4-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylthiophene-2-sulfonimida mide

Step 1 : N'-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N,N-di methylthiophene-2- sulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl) thiophene-2-sulfonoimidamide (300 mg, 0.90 mmol) in THF (3.0 mL). To the solution were added NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 53.8 mg, 1.35 mmol) at -10 ° C in ethanol/ice bath. To the solution were added iodomethane (0.50 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C in 30 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of H4Cl(aq.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x20 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5). This resulted in 252 mg (77.5%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 363 (M+l).

Step 2: N'-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N,N-di methylthiophene-2- sulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2- yl)-N,N -dimethylthiophene-2-sulfonoimidamide (200 mg, 0.55 mmol) in THF (10 mL). To the solution was added HF/Py (70%wt, 0.10 mL) dropwise with stirring at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 60 min at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x1 OmL), the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate. This resulted in 127 mg (92.7%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 249 (M+l). Scheme 49:

Intermediate 79

Intermediate 79

2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-methylthiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Step 1: Tert-butyl (chloro(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(oxo)- 6 - sulfaneylidene)carbamate

Into a 1.0-L round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl N-[[2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol- 5-yl] sulfinyljcarbamate (100 g, 326 mmol) in ACN (500 mL). To the stirred solution was added NCS (65.4 g, 490 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulted solution was concentrated. This resulted in 120 g (crude) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 341/343 (M+l).

Step 2: eri-butyl((2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(methylamino )(oxo)- 6 - sulfaneylidene) carbamate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl (chloro(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2- yl)thiazol-5-yl)(oxo)- 6 -sulfaneylidene)carbamate (10 g, 29.3 mmol) in THF (100 mL). To the stirred solution was added CH3NH2 (1.82 g, 58.6 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulted solution was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 6.1 g (62%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 336 (M+l).

Step 3: 2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-methylthiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl((2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5- yl)(methylamino)(oxo)- 6 -sulfaneylidene) carbamate (3.0 g, 8.94 mmol) in HC1 (gas) in 1,4- dioxane (8 mL, 26.3 mmol) in one portion at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 60 min at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 2.10 g (crude) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 236 (M+l).

Scheme 50A:

216" Intermediate 80

Intermediate 80

Jgrt-butyl (amino(2-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(oxo)- 6 -sulfaneylidene)carbamate Step 1: Methyl 2-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfinate

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3- thiazole-5-sulfinate (40 g, 181 mmol) in THF (500 mL). To this stirred solution was added NaH (60% wt. oil dispersion, 7.95 g, 199 mmol) in three portions at 0 ° C in an ice/ethanol bath. To this reaction solution was added Mel (51.3 g, 362 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C in an ice/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water (50 mL ) at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was extracted with 3x300 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 32 g (75.3%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 236 (M+l).

Step 2: 2-(2-Methoxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfinamide

Into a 1-L 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of methyl 2-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazole-5-sulfinate (20 g, 85 mmol) in THF (500 mL). This was followed by the addition of KHMDS (500 mL, 1.0 mole, 2 M) dropwise with stirring at -78 °C in a liquid nitrogen/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at -78 °C in a liquid nitrogen/ethanol bath. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (50 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x300 mL of ethyl acetate dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3). This resulted in 14 g (74.8%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 221.0 (M+l).

Step 3: Tert-butyl ((2-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)sulfinyl)carbamate

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of 2-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazole-5-sulfinamide (10 g, 45.4 mmol) in THF (250 mL). To this stirred solution was added NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 3.63 g, 90.8 mmol) in three times at 0 °C in an ice/ethanol bath. To this solution was added B0C2O (9.91 g, 45.4 mmol) in portions at 0 °C in an ice/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water (50 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x300 mL of ethyl acetate concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 12 g (82.5%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 321.1 (M+l).

Step 4: Tert-butyl (chloro(2-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(oxo)^ 6 - sulfaneylidene)carbamate

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of tert-butyl N-[[2-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol-5- yl]sulfinyl]carbamate (11 g, 34.3 mmol) in THF (200 mL). NCS (13.8 g, 103 mmol) was added to the reaction solution in one portion at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT. This reaction solution was used to the next step directly without further purification. Step 5: Tert-but l (amino(2-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(oxo)- 6 - sulfaneylidene)carbamate

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of tert-butyl N-[[2-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol-5- yl]sulfinyl]carbamate (9.0 g, 28.9mmol) in THF (200 mL). To the mixture was added introduced H3 gas bubble for 15 min at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 7g (72.3%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 336.1 (M+l).

Scheme 51:

Intermediate 81

Intermediate 81

N-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-6-isobutylpyridine-3-sulfonimida mide

Steps 1-2 used similar procedures for converting compound 27 to Intermediate 29 shown Scheme 9 to afford compound 219" from compound 217". MS-ESI: 238 (M+l). Step 3: 6-(2-Methylprop-l-enyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide

Into a 500 mL round-bottom flash were added 6-bromopyridine-3 -sulfonamide (5.5 g, 23.2 mmol) and dioxane (150 mL) and water (15 mL) at RT. To this solution was added Pd(dppf)Ch (1.7 g, 2.32 mmol), Cs2C03 (15.1 g, 46.4 mmol) and 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(2-methylprop-l-en-l-yl)- 5 1,3,2-dioxaborolane (8.45 g, 46.4mmol) in one portion at RT under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 100 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1) to afford title compound (4.0 g, 81.2%) as a light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 213 (M+l).

0 Step 4: 6-Isobutylpyridine-3-sulfonamide

Into a 250mL 3-necked round-bottom flask was added 6-(2-methylprop-l-en-l-yl)pyridine-3- sulfonamide (4 g, 18.8 mmol) and MeOH (100 mL) at RT under nitrogen atmosphere. To this stirred solution was added Pd/C (wet 10% wt, 900 mg). The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at RT under hydrogen 5 atmosphere. The resulting mixture was filtered; the filter cake was washed with MeOH (3x20 mL).

The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product of the title compound (3.8 g) was used to the next step directly without further purification. MS-ESI: 215 (M+l).

Steps 5-7 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford intermediate 81 from compound 221". MS-ESI: 328 (M+l).

0

Table 13. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 217" to Intermediate 81 shown in Scheme 51 from appropriate starting materials.

5 Scheme 52:

Intermediate 83

N-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)m ethy

Ex mple 233 (Compound 342)

N-((l, 2,3,5, 6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4- (hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonimidamide

Step 1: 4-(Hydroxymethyl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid (1.0 g, 4.97 mmol) in THF (15 mL). This was followed by the addition of BFL-THF (14.3 mL, 149 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C in an ice/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of HCl (50 mL, 2 M) dropwise in an ice bath and stirred for lh at RT. The mixture was extracted with 8x50 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and concentrated. This resulted in 800 mg (86%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 188 (M+l).

Steps 2-3 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to Intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford Intermediate 83 from compound 225". MS-ESI: 415 (M+l).Steps 4-5 used similar procedures for converting compound 166" to Intermediate 67 shown in Scheme 40A to afford compound Example 233 from Intermediate 83. MS-ESI: 386 (M+1).

Intermediate 84

4-(Bromomethyl)-N-(L2,3,5,6,7-hexahvdro- -indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)benzenesulfonimidamide Step 6: 4-(Bromomethyl)-N'-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4- ylcarbamoyl)benzenesulfonimidamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed l-[amino[4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene]-3-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- s-indacen-4-yl)urea (1.0 g, 2.59 mmol) in THF (50 mL). To the stirred solution was added PBr 3 (702 mg, 2.59 mmol) in portions. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT. The solids were collected by filtration. This resulted in 500 mg (43%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS- ESI: 449/41 1 (M+1).

Scheme 53:

N-(fert-butyldimethylsily0-2-methyl- Step 1: 6-Bromo-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 6-bromo-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (6.0 g, 28.3 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) under N2. To the stirred solution was added HCHO (1.02 g, 34 mmol) in portions at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h, then NaBLbCN (3.56 g, 56.6 mmol) was added in portions at RT. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water (100 mL) and extracted with 3x150 mL ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was eluted from a silica gel column with acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 5 g (78.2%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 226/228 (M+l).

teps 2-5 used similar procedures for converting compound 185" to Intermediate 173" shown in Scheme 44 to afford Intermediate 85 from compound 229. MS-ESI: 238 (M+l).

Scheme 54:

Intermediate 86 Intermediate 86

N f -(fert-butyldimethylsilv0-2-m

Step 1 : l-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(lH)-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (8.0 g, 60.1 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic anhydride (25.2 g, 120mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water/ice. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 10 g (72.6%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 230 (M+l).

Steps 2-3 used similar procedures for converting compound 158" to Intermediate 61 shown in Scheme 38 to afford compound 236" from compound 234". MS-ESI: 309 (M+l).

Step 4: l,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-7-sulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)-l,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline -7-sulfonamide (8.0 g, 26 mmol) in ethanol (12 mL) and H2O (60 mL). To the stirred solution was added KOH (7.28 g, 123 mmol) in one portion at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The crude product was applied onto a silica gel column with DCM/MeOH (10: 1). This resulted in 5.0 g (90.8%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid.

Step 5 used similar procedures for converting compound 228" to compound 229" shown in Scheme 53 to afford compound 238" from compound 237". MS-ESI: 227 (M+l).

Steps 6-7 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford intermediate 86 from compound 238". MS-ESI: 340 (M+l). Scheme 55:

Intermediate 87

Intermediate 87

N f -(fert-butyldimethylsilv0-2-m

Step 1: 4-((Dimethylamino)methyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-fluorobenzene-l- sulfonamide (1 g, 4.31 mmol) and DMF (10 mL, 0.14 mmol). Then to the above was added sodium methoxide (2.16 g, 40 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 5.0 mL of water. The residue was eluted from a CI 8 column with ACN:H 2 0 (3 :7). This resulted in 800 mg (76.1%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS- ESI: 245 (M+l).

Steps 2-3 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford intermediate 87 from compound 240". MS-ESI: 358 (M+l). cheme 56:

Intermediate 88

N-(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-((dim

Step 1: (4-Fluorothiophen-2-yl)methanol

Into a 1000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed methyl 4-fluorothiophene-2-carboxylate (10 g, 62.4 mmol) in ethanol (300 mL). Then to the above solution was added NaBH 4 (4.62 g, 125 mmol) in portions at 0 ° C in an ice/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C and then the reaction solution was allowed to react for an additional 16 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 50 mL of water. Then the mixture was concentrated and extracted with 3xl00mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 6.4 g (77.6%) of the title compound as white oil. MS-ESI: 133 (M+l)

Step 2: 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-fluorothiophene

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed (4-fluorothiophen-2-yl)methanol (8.5 g, 64.3 mmol) in DCM (70 mL). To the stirred solution was added PBr 3 (19.2 g, 70.8 mmol) dropwise at 0 ° C in an ice/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was allowed to react for an additional 12 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 50 mL of water. Then the mixture was concentrated and extracted with 3xl00mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (15/85). This resulted in 7.0 g (55.8%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 194/196 (M+l).

Step 3: l-(4-Fluorothiophen-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorothiophene (7.4 g, 37.9 mmol) in CHCh (50 mL). To the above solution was added butoxytributyl-14-azane sulfate (6.76 g, 19 mmol) and DMA (37 mL, 425 mmol) with stirring at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 2h at 60 ° C . The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 50 mL of water. Then the mixture was concentrated and extracted with 3xl00mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (17/83). This resulted in 6.0 g (99.5%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 160 (M+l).

Step 4: Lithium 5-((dimethylamino)methyl)-3-fluorothiophene-2-sulfinate

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed a solution of [(4-fluorothiophen-2-yl)methyl]dimethylamine (6.2 g, 38.9 mmol) in THF (60 mL). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi/THF (18.7 mL, 2.5 M) dropwise with stirring at -78 ° C in a liquid nitrogen/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at -78 ° C . To the above S0 2 (g) was introduced into the reaction solution at -78 ° C . The resulting solution was allowed to react for an additional 2 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 10 g (crude) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 222 (M-l).

Step 5: 5-((Dimethylamino)methyl)-3-fluorothiophene-2-sulfonyl chloride

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3- fluorothiophene -2-sulfinic acid (10 g, 44.8 mmol) in THF (100 mL). To the above solution was added NCS (7.18 g, 53.8 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C and then allowed to react for an additional 2h at RT. This reaction was used for next step without purification. Step 6: 5-((Dimethylamino)methyl)-3-fluorothiophene-2-sulfonamide

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3- fluorothiophene -2-sulfonyl chloride (10 g, 38.8 mmol) in THF (100 mL). To the above H 3 (g) was introduced at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (60/40). This resulted in 2.1 g (22.7%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 239 (M+l).

Step 7: N-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-((dimethylamino)methyl)-3-fluo rothiophene-2- sulfonamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3- fluorothiophene -2-sulfonamide (1.8 g, 7.55 mmol) in THF (30 mL) under N 2 . To the above solution was added NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 640mg, 15 mmol) with stirring at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 5 min at 0 ° C . This was followed by the addition of TBSCl (1.37 g, 9.09 mmol) at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was allowed to react for an additional 15 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 20 mL of water. Then the mixture was concentrated and extracted with 3xl00mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 2.0 g (75.2%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 353 (M+l).

Step 8: N-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-((dimethylamino)methyl)-3-fluo rothiophene-2- sulfonimidoyl chloride

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen was placed a solution of PPh 3 Ch (29.5 g, 88.7 mmol) in CHCh (50 mL). To the above solution was added DIEA (17.2 g, 133 mmol) dropwise in an ice/water bath. The solution was stirred at RT for 20 minutes. This was followed by the addition of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5- [(dimethylamino)methyl]-3-fluorothiophene- 2-sulfonamide (15.7 g, 44.4 mmol) in CHCh (30 mL) at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was allowed to react for an additional 30 min at 0 ° C . Then the reaction solution was used for next step without purification.

Step 9: N'-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-((dimethylamino)methyl)-3-flu orothiophene-2- sulfonimidamide

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed [(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)imino](chloro)[5-[(dimethylamino)m ethyl]-3- fluorothiophen-2-ylH 6 -sulfanone (16.5 g, 44.4 mmol) in CHCh (80 mL). To the above H 3 (g) was introduced at 0 ° C for 15min. The resulting solution was stirred for 15 min at 0 ° C and then allowed to react for an additional 15 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether (60/40). This resulted in 5.8 g (37.2 %) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 352(M+1).

Scheme 68:

Intermediate 28 295" Intermediate 112

Intermediate 112

N f -(fert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)thi azole-5-sulfonimidamide

Step 1: 2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxypropan-

2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidoylcarbamate (3.21 g, 10 mmol) in HCl/dioxane (4 M, 50 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT. The solution was concentrated to give the title compound (3.2 g, crude, yellow oil). MS-ESI: 222 (M+l).

Step 2: N'-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol e-5-sulfonimidamide Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5- sulfonimidamide (3.2 g crude, 10 mmol) in THF (100 mL), DIEA (3.87 g, 30 mmol) was added in at RT. Then TBSCl (3.0 g, 20 mmol) was added to the solution in portions. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT. The solution was concentrated and the crude product was purified by silica gel column with ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether (1 : 1) to give the title compound (2.3 g, yield 70%, yellow solid). MS-ESI: 336 (M+l). Scheme 69:

Intermediate 113

Intermediate 113

2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-methylthiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Step 1: Tert-butyl (chloro(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(oxo)- 6 - sulfaneylidene)carbamate

Into a 1-L round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl N-[[2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol-5- yl]sulfinyl]carbamate (100 g, 326 mmol) in ACN (500 mL). To the stirred solution was added NCS (65.4 g, 49 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulted solution was concentrated. This resulted in 120 g crude title compound as yellow oil.

Step 2: eri-((2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(methylamino)(oxo )- 6 - sulfaneylidene)carbamate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl N-[chloro[2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3- thiazol-5- yl]oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene]carbamate (10 g, 29.3 mmol) in THF (100 mL). To the stirred solution was added CH3NH2 (1.82 g, 58.6 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulted solution was concentrated. The residue was eluted from silica gel with ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 6.1 g (62%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS- ESI: 336 (M+l). Step 3: 2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-methylthiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl((2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)

(methylamino)(oxo)- 6 -sulfaneylidene)carbamate (3.0 g, 8.94 mmol) in HC1 (gas) in 1,4-dioxane

(8.0 mL, 26.3 mmol) in one portion at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 60 min at RT.

The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 2.10 g crude title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 236 (M+l).

The schemes below illustrate the synthesis of Intermediates 89-96, 101-104, 114-117A, and

118"-126", which are isocyanate and precursors thereof as well as other intermediates: heme 57:

251" 252" 253" Intermediate 89

Intermediate 90

Intermediate 89

7-Nitro-6-vinyl-lH-indazole

Step 1: 7-Nitro-lH-indazol-6-ol

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed lH-indazol-6-ol (500 mg, 3.73 mmol). This was followed by the addition of H2SO4 (5.0 mL) in several batches at 0 ° C . To this was added KNO3

(377 mg, 3.73 mmol) in portions at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C in a water/ice bath. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 50 mL of water/ice. The solids were collected by filtration. This resulted in 350 mg (52.4%) of the title compound as a brown solid. MS-ESI: 180 (M+l).

Step 2: 7-Nitro-lH-indazol-6-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 7-nitro-lH-indazol-6-ol (350 mg, 1.95 mmol) in DCM (10 mL), TEA (593 mg, 5.86 mmol), Tf 2 0 (717 mg, 2.54 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT. The resulting solution was diluted with 20 mL of H 2 0. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x20 mL of ethyl acetate dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3). This resulted in 80 mg (13.2%) ofthe title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 312 (M+l). Step 3: 7-Nitro-6-vinyl-lH-indazole

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 7-nitro-lH-indazol-6-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (100 mg, 0.32 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) and H 2 0 (2.0 mL), Cs 2 C0 3 (209 mg, 0.64 mmol), 2-ethenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2- dioxaborolane (59.4 mg, 0.39 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (23.5 mg, 0.030 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 90 ° C . in an oil bath. Then the mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3). This resulted in 50 mg (82.6%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 190 (M+l).

Intermediate 90

6-Ethyl-lH-indazol-7-amine

Step 4: 6-Ethyl-lH-indazol-7-amine

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 6-ethenyl-7-nitro-lH-indazole (50 mg) in MeOH (10 mL), and Pd/C (10% wt, 5.0 mg). The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The Pd/C catalysts were filtered out, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 44 mg of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 162 (M+l). Scheme 58:

6-Ethyl-2-methyl-2H-indazol-7-amine

Step 1: 2-Methyl-7-nitro-6-vinyl-2H-indazole

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 6-ethenyl-7-nitro-lH-indazole (380 mg, 2.01 mmol) in acetone (20 mL), KOH (225 mg, 4.02 mmol). This was followed by the addition of Mel (342 mg, 2.41 mmol) dropwise with stirring. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 0 ° C in a water/ice bath. The resulting solution was diluted with 20 mL of H2O. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 ml of ethyl acetate dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 210 mg (51.5%) of 254" as a yellow solid and 180 mg (44%) of 255" as a yellow solid. MS- ESI: 208 (M+l).

Step 2: 6-Ethyl-2-methyl-2H-indazol-7-amine

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of N2, was placed 6-ethenyl-l-methyl-7-nitro-lH-indazole (210 mg, 1.03 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) and Pd/C (10%) wt, 50 mg). The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The Pd/C catalysts were filtered out, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 160 mg (88.4%>) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESL 176 (M+l).

Table 14. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 254" to Intermediate 91 shown in Scheme 58 from 255".

Intermediate 93

2,4,5, 6-Tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[f|inden-3-amine

0

Step 1: Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-triene-3-carbaldehyde

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 3-bromobicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-triene (70 g, 382 mmol) in THF (300 mL). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi (184 mL, 459 mmol) dropwise with stirring at about -70 ° C . After addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 30 min. To this solution was added DMF (36.3 g, 497 mmol) dropwise with stirring at -70 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at -70 ° C in a liquid nitrogen bath. The reaction was slowly warmed to RT and then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 ml of DCM. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, and then the organic layers was concentrated. This resulted in 50 g (98.9%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 133 (M+l).

Step 2: (Z)-3-(bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-yl)acrylic acid

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-triene-3-carbaldehyde (1.7 g, 12.9 mmol) in pyridine (20 mL), propanedioic acid (1.99 g, 19.2 mmol) and piperidine (110 mg, 1.29 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for overnight at 90 ° C . in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 2.1 g (93.7%) of the title compound as a solid. MS-ESI: 173 (M-l).

Step 3: 3-(Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-yl)propanoic acid

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(Z or E)-3-[bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3- yljprop -2-enoic acid (2.1 g, 12.1 mmol) and Pd/C (10% wt, 200 mg). The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The Pd/C catalysts were filtered out, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 2.1 g (98.9%) of the title compound as a solid. MS-ESI: 175 (M-l). Step 4: 3-(Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-yl)propanoyl chloride

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 3-[bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-yl]propanoic acid (10 g, 56.8 mmol) in DCM (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of oxalyl chloride (7.2 g, 56.8 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C in a water/ice bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 10 g (90.5%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. Step 5: l,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-4H-cyclobuta[f]inden-4-one

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 3-[bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-l(6),2,4-trien-3-yl]propanoyl chloride (5.0 g, 25.7 mmol) in DCM (50 mL). This was followed by the addition of AlCh (3.4 g, 25.7 mmol) in portions at 0 ° C . for 10 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 0 ° C in a water/ice bath. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 2x50 mL of DCM. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 15). This resulted in 3.5 g (86.1%) of the title compound as a white solid. ¾ MR (300 MHz, CDCh) δ 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 3.22 (m, 4H), 3.18 - 3.00 (m, 2H), 2.73 - 2.63 (m, 2H).

Step 6: 2,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[f indene

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed l,2,5,6-tetrahydrocyclobuta[f]inden-4-one (20 g, 126 mmol) in THF (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of BH3-Me 2 S (25.3 mL, 253 mmol, 10 M) dropwise at 0 ° C in an ice bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at 70 ° C in an oil bath. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 20 mL of MeOH. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100 to 1 :50). This resulted in 15 g (82.3%) of the title compound as colorless oil. ¾NMR (300 MHz, CDCh) δ 6.95 (s, 2H), 3.10 (s, 4H), 2.88 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 4H), 2.03 (p, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H).

Step 7: 3-Iodo-2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[f indene

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed acetic acid (100 mL), 2,4,5, 6-tetrahydro-lH- cyclobuta[f]indene (15 g, 104 mmol) and NIS (35.1 g, 156 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 50 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting solution was diluted with 200 mL of water. The mixture was extracted with 3x100 mL of DCM. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , then concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100 to 1 :80). This resulted in 5.0 g (17.8%) of the title compound as yellow oil. Step 8: Tert-butyl (2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[f inden-3-yl)carbamate:

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 3-iodo-2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[f indene (5.0 g, 18.5 mmol) in toluene (100 mL), tert-butyl carbamate (6.5 g, 55.5 mmol), X-phos (900 mg, 1.85 mmol), Pd 2 (dba) 3 (800 mg, 0.93 mmol) , t-BuOK (6.2 g, 55.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at 100 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :50 to 1 0). This resulted in 3.0 g (83.3%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 260 (M+l).

1 H MR (300 MHz, CDCh) δ 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.13 (br, 1H), 3.26 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (d, J =

4.5 Hz, 2H), 2.90 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.06 (p, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (s,

9H).

Step 9: 2,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[f]inden-3-amine

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[f]inden- 3-ylcarbamate (3.0 g, 11.6 mmol) in DCM (20 mL), 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid (5.0 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulting solution was diluted with 50 mL of water.

The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 10 with sat. aqueous Na 2 C0 3 . The resulting solution was extracted with 3x20 mL of DCM. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SC"4, then concentrated. This resulted in 1.5 g (81.4%) of the title compound as a yellow solid.

MS-ESI: 160 (M+l).

Scheme 60:

269" 270" intermediate 94 Intermediate 94

3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[5,6-blfuran-4-amine Step 1: 8-Nitro-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-7H-indeno[5,6-b]furan-7-one

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2H,3H,5H,6H,7H-indeno[5,6-b]furan-7-one (4 g, 23 mmol,) in H2SO4 (20 mL). This was followed by the addition of HNO3 (2.13 g, 23 mmol, 68%) dropwise with stirring at 0 °C in an ice/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 200 mL of water/ice. The solids were collected by filtration. This resulted in 4.0 g (79.5%) of the title compound as a light brown solid. MS-ESI: 220 (M+l).

Step 2: 3,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-2H-indeno[5,6-b]furan-8-amine

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 8-nitro-2H,3H,5H,6H,7H-indeno[5,6-b]furan-7-one (4.0 g, 18.3 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL), TsOH (1.0 mL), Pd(OH) 2 /C (20%wt, 1 g). The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen.

The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 50 mL of EA. The resulting mixture was washed with 2x50 ml of NaHCCb and 3 x40 ml of H2O. The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :9). This resulted in 1.1 g (34.4%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 176 (M+l).

Step 3: 4-Bromo-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[5,6-b]furan-8-amine

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2H,3H,5H,6H,7H-indeno[5,6-b]furan-8-amine (1.1 g, 6.28 mmol) in ACN (30 mL) and BS (1.34 g , 7.53 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :8). This resulted in 83 mg (52 %) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 254 (M+l).

Step 4: 4-Bromo-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[5,6-b]furan

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-bromo-2H,3H,5H,6H,7H-indeno[5,6-b]furan-8- amine (500 mg, 1.97 mmol) in ethanol (15 mL) and acetic acid (3.0 mL, 0.050 mmol). To the above solution was added NaNCte (1.36 g, 19.7 mmol) in H2O (3 mL) dropwise at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The resulting solution was diluted with 30 mL of H2O. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 ml of ethyl acetate dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10). This resulted in 100 mg (21.3%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 239 (M+l).

Step 5: Tert-butyl (3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[5,6-b]furan-4-yl)carbamate

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 4-bromo-2H,3H,5H,6H,7H-indeno[5,6-b]furan (120 mg, 0.50 mmol) in toluene (15 mL), t-BuOK (282 mg, 2.51 mmol), tert-butyl carbamate (588 mg, 5.02 mmol), Xphos (47.8 mg, 0.10 mmol), and Pd2(dba)3CHCh (104 mg, 0.10 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 100 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5). This resulted in 80 mg (57.9%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 276 (M+l).

Step 6: 3,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-2H-indeno[5,6-b]furan-4-amine

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl N-[2H,3H,5H,6H,7H-indeno[5,6-b]furan- 4-yl] carbamate (80 mg, 0.29 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) and TFA (3.0 mL, 0.030 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 15 mL of DCM. The resulting mixture was washed with 2 xl5 ml of NaOH (aq.). The organic layer was dried with Na2S0 4 and then concentrated. This resulted in 50 mg (98.2%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 176(M+1). cheme 61:

intermediate 95

Intermediate 95

Tricvclor6.2.0.0 3 6 1deca-1.3(6)J-trien-2-amine

Step 1: 2,2'-(l,4-Phenylene)bis(ethan-l-ol)

Into a 1.0-L round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 2-[4-(carboxymethyl)phenyl]acetic acid (40 g, 200 mmol) in THF (500 mL). This was followed by the addition of BH3-Me2S (60 mL, 600 mmol, 10 M) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 24 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 200 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 2x150 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 28 g (81.8%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 167 (M+l).

Step 2: l,4-Bis(2-bromoethyl)benzene

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl]ethan-l-ol (28 g, 168 mmol) in aq. HBr (300 mL, 40%wt). The resulting solution was stirred for 5 h at 100 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting solution was diluted with 500 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of DCM. The organic layers combined, then concentrated. This resulted in 40 g (81.4%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 291, 293, 295 (M+l).

Step 3: l,4-Dibromo-2,5-bis(2-bromoethyl)benzene

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed l,4-bis(2-bromoethyl)benzene (30 g, 103 mmol) in trichloromethane (200 mL). To the above solution was added I2 (0.78 g, 3.08 mmol), iron powder (0.75 g, 13.4 mmol), Br 2 (41 g, 257 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 24 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of aqueous Na 2 S0 3 . The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL DCM and the organic layers was combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04 then concentrated. This resulted in 40 g (86.6%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 449/451/453 (M+l).

Step 4: Tricyclo[6.2.0.0 3 ' 6 ]deca-l,3(6),7-triene

Into a 1000-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed l,4-dibromo-2,5-bis(2-bromoethyl)benzene (40 g, 88.9 mmol) in THF (400 mL). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi (74.7 mL, 187 mmol, 2.5 M) dropwise with stirring at - 78 ° C in a liquid nitrogen bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at -78 ° C . The reaction was then quenched by the addition of aqueous NH4CI (300 ml) and extracted with 2x200 mL of DCMDCM and the organic layers was combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 then concentrated. This resulted in 8.0 g (69.1%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid.

Step 5: 2-Iodotricyclo[6.2.0.0 3 ' 6 ]deca-l,3(6),7-triene

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed tricyclo[6.2.0.0 3 ' 6 ]deca-l,3(6),7-triene (8 g, 61.45 mmol) in acetic acid (50 mL) and NIS (20.7 g, 92.2 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 50 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting solution was diluted with 100 mL of water. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of aqueous Na 2 S0 3 . The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers was combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 then concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100). This resulted in 2.5 g (18.2%)) of the title compound as a white solid. Step 6: Tert-butyl tricyclo[6.2.0.0 3 ' 6 ]deca-l,3(6),7-trien-2-ylcarbamate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 2-iodotricyclo[6.2.0.0 3 ' 6 ]deca-l,3(6),7-triene (2.5 g, 9.76 mmol) in toluene (50 mL).

To the stirred solution was added tert-butyl carbamate (3.43 g, 29.3 mmol), Pd 2 (dba) 3 (447 mg,

0.49 mmol), Xphos (466 mg, 0.98 mmol), and t-BuOK (3.29g, 29.3 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at 100 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :50 to 1 :30). This resulted in 1.5 g (62.6%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 246 (M+l).

Step 7: Tricyclo[6.2.0.0 3 ' 6 ]deca-l,3(6),7-trien-2-amine

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed tert-butyl N-[tricyclo[6.2.0.0 3 ' 6 ]deca-l,3(6),7-trien-2-yl]carbamate (1.5 g, 6.1 mmol) in

DCM (20 mL) and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid (4.0 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at

RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 800 mg (90.1%) of the title compound as a brown solid. MS-ESI: 146 (M+l).

Scheme 62A:

280" Intermediate 96

Intermediate 96

3-Amino-2,4-diisopropylbenzonitrile

Step 1: 3-Amino-2,4-dibromo-6-chlorobenzonitrile

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 5-amino-2-chlorobenzonitrile (10 g, 65.8 mmol), ACN (200 mL) and BS (17.6 g, 98.7 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 15 to 1 :5). This resulted in 18 g of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 310, 312 (M+l).

Step 2: 3-Amino-6-chloro-2,4-di(prop-l-en-2-yl)benzonitrile

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 3-amino-2,4-dibromo-6-chlorobenzonitrile (15 g, 48 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) and H2O (20 mL), 2-(tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)prop-2-en-l-ylium (17.6 g, 106 mmol), CS2CO3 (47 g, 144 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (1.5 g, 4.8 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at 100 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether (1 :0 to 1 :25). This resulted in 10 g of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 233 (M+l).

Step 3: 3-Amino-2,4-diisopropylbenzonitrile

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 3-amino-6-chloro-2,4-bis(prop-l-en-2-yl)benzonitrile (10 g, 43 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 2.0 g) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 8.0 g of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 203 (M+l).

Scheme 65:

8- Amino- 1,2,3,5 , 6,7-hexahydro- -indacen- 1 -ol

Step 1: 8-Amino-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(2H)-one

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of hydrogen, was placed a solution of 8-nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-l-one (700 mg, 3.22 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL), and Pd/C (10% wt, 100 mg). The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The Pd/C catalysts were filtered out, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 550 mg (91.2%) of the title compound as a yellow oil. MS-ESI: 188 (M+l).

Step 2: 8-Amino-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-l-ol

Into a 100 mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 8-amino-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen- 1 (2H)-one (2.0 g, 10.7 mmol ) in ethanol. To this solution was added NaBH 4 (1.9 g, 50 mmol) with stirring in portions at 0 ° C in an ice bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT. The reaction was quenched by water (10 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 1.5 g of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 189 (M+l).

Scheme 66:

Cpd 115" Intermediate 102 Intermediate 103

Intermediate 103

4- Amino- 1,2,3,5 , 6,7-hexahydro- -indacen- 1 -ol Step 1: 4-Amino-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(2H)-one

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of hydrogen, was placed a solution of 4-nitro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-l-one (3.0 g, 13.8 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL), and Pd/C (10% wt, 500 mg). The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The Pd/C catalysts were filtered out, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with DCM/MeOH (10: 1). This resulted in 2.2 g (85.1%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 187 (M+l).

Step 2: 4-Amino-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-l-ol

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 8-amino-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen- l(2H)-one (2.0 g, 10.7 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) and NaBH 4 (1.9 g, 50 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16h at RT. The reaction was quenched with water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 1.36 g of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 190 (M+l).

Scheme 67:

Intermediate 104

3-(3-(But-3-vnyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)propanoic acid

Step 1: Methyl 3-oxohept-6-ynoate

Into a 2000-mL 3 -neck round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed methyl 3-oxobutanoate (20 g, 172 mmol) in THF (200 mL). To the above solution was added LDA (200 mL, 400 mmol, 2 M) dropwise at -20°C in a dry ice bath. Then reaction was allowed to react at -20 °C for 30 min. Then 3-bromoprop-l-yne (20.5 g, 172 mmol) was added to the reaction solution in portions at -20 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at -20 °C in a dry ice bath. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 500 mL of H4CI solution. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 3 with HC1 (aq). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 ml of ethyl acetate and the organic layers was combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SC"4, then concentrated. This resulted in the title compound (2.0 g, 7.53%) as white oil.

Step 2: Methyl 2-(2-(but-3-ynyl)-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl)acetate

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed methyl 3-oxohept-6-ynoate (20 g, 130 mmol) in toluene (200 mL), ethane- 1,2-diol (40.2 g, 649 mmol) and TsOH (2.23 g, 13 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 6 h at 120 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting solution was diluted with 200 mL of Et 2 0. The resulting mixture was washed with 3 xlOO ml of NaHCCb and 3x100 ml of saturated NaCl solution. The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. This resulted in the title compound (20 g, 77.9%) as yellow oil.

Step 3: 2-(2-(But-3-ynyl)-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethanol

Into a 1.0-L 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed methyl 2-[2-(but-3-yn-l-yl)-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl]acetate (90 g, 454 mmol) in THF (300mL). To this above solution was added LiAlFL (17.9 g, 472 mmol) in portions with stirring at 0 ° C in an ice/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 6 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water/ice. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in the title compound (80 g crude) and used in the next step directly. MS-ESI: 169 (M-l). Step 4: l-Hydroxyhept-6-yn-3-one

Into a 3.0-L 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 2-[2-(but-3-yn-l-yl)-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl]ethan-l-ol (80 g, 470 mmol) in THF (1.0L) and HC1 (500 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT. The resulting solution was diluted with 1.0L of water. The mixture was extracted with 3 xl .OL of ethyl acetate and the organic layer was combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with DCM/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 20 g of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 125 (M-l).

Step 5 : 2-(3-(But-3-ynyl)diaziridin-3-yl)ethanol

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed l-hydroxyhept-6-yn-3-one (20 g, 159 mmol) in DCM (250 mL). To the above solution was introduced L (g) for 15 min at -40 ° C in a liquid nitrogen/ethanol bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at -40 ° C and then allowed to react for 16h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 18 g (crude) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 141 (M+l).

Step 6: 2-(3-(But-3-ynyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)ethanol

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 2-[3-(but-3-yn-l-yl)diaziridin-3-yl]ethan-l-ol (14.4 g, 114 mmol) in DCM (200 mL), TEA (34.6g, 342 mmol), L (58 g, 228 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of Na 2 S 2 0 3 . The resulting mixture was quenched with 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x300 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 6.0 g (38%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 139 (M+l).

Step 7: 3-(But-3-ynyl)-3-(2-iodoethyl)-3H-diazirine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 2-[3-(but-3-yn-l-yl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]ethan-l-ol (5.0 g, 36.2 mmol) in THF (20 mL), imidazole (3.7 g, 54.3 mmol), I 2 (9.18 g, 36.2 mmol), PPh 3 (14.2 g, 54.3 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 20 mL of saturated Na 2 S 2 0 3 solution. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 5.0 g (crude) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 248 (M+l).

Step 8: 3-(3-(But-3-ynyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)propanenitrile

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 3-(but-3-yn-l-yl)-3-(2-iodoethyl)-3H-diazirine (5.0 g, 20.2 mmol) in DMF (250 mL), KCN (2.62 g, 40.3mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 60 °C in an oil bath. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 20 mL of FeS0 4 solution. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 ml of ethyl acetate dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 2.0 g (crude) of the title compound as a solid. MS-ESI: 148 (M+l).

Step 9: 3-(3-(But-3-ynyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)propanoic acid

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 3-[3-(but-3-yn-l-yl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]propanenitrile (1.0 g, 3.40 mmol) in MeOH (40 mL), NaOH (272 mg, 6.79 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 90 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting solution was concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 400 mg crude (26.6%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 167 (M+l).

Scheme 70:

298" 300" 301" Intermediate 114 Intermediate 114

3,5-Diisopropyl-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazol-4-amine

Step 1: 3,5-Diisopropyl-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-propanol (50 mL), phenylhydrazine (3.81 g, 35.2 mmol) and 2,6-dimethylheptane-3,5-dione (5.0 g, 32.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 85 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 100 mL of ethyl acetate. The resulting mixture was washed with 50 mL of H2O. The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated. This resulted in 6.9 g (94%) of the title compound as a light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 229 (M+l).

Step 2: 3,5-Diisopropyl-4-nitro-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed l-phenyl-3,5-bis(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazole (6.9 g, 30 mmol) in Ac 2 0 (50 mL). This was followed by the addition of HNO3 (4.07 mL, 91 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C in 10 min. The resulting solution was stirred for overnight at RT. The residue was dissolved in 150 mL of ethyl acetate. The resulting mixture was washed with 2x100 mL of H2O. The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated. This resulted in 3.7 g (44.8%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 274 (M+l).

Step 3: 3,5-Diisopropyl-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazol-4-amine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-nitro-l-phenyl-3,5-bis(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazole (3.7 g, 13.5 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL), to the stirred solution was added Pd/C (10%wt, 400 mg). The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The Pd/C catalysts were filtered out, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 2.7 g (82%) of the title compound as a light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 244 (M+l). Scheme 72:

309" Intermediate 116

Intermediate 116

1,2,3, 6,7,8-Hexahydro-as-indacen-4-amine

Step 1: 4-Nitro-l,6,7,8-tetrahydro-as-indacen-3(2H)-one (308) and 5-nitro-l,6,7,8- tetrahydro-as-indacen-3(2H)-one (309")

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of l,6,7,8-tetrahydro-as-indacen-3(2H)- one (Cpd 307" was isolated from 113" in Scheme 23 by chromatography) (9.8 g, 46.5 mmol) in H2SO4 (50 mL). Then HNO3 (5.85 g, 92.9 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 min at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 0 ° C . The reaction mixture was slowly added to a mixture of water/ice (100 mL) and DCM (50 mL) with ice bath cooling. The organic layer was collected, dried over Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 11 g (89%) of a mixture of cpd 308" and cpd 309" as a yellow solid. The mixture was monitored by TLC (ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether = 1/10, Rf= 0.4),

Step 2: l,2,3,6,7,8-hexahydro-as-indacen-4-amine (116)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of the mixture of 4-nitro- 1,6,7,8- tetrahydro-as-indacen-3(2H)-one and 5-nitro-l,6,7,8-tetrahydro-as-indacen-3(2H)-one (2.17 g, 10 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL). To the solution was added MSA (1.15 g, 12 mmol). Then Pd(OH) 2 /C (20%wt, 550 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and filled three times with hydrogen. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at RT under hydrogen (50 psi). The solids were filtered out and washed with MeOH. The MeOH filtrate and wash was diluted with water (50 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 10.6 with 2 N NaOH. The resulting mixture was filtered and the crude solids were recrystallized from MeOH/water (9: 1) with heating. This resulted in 1.38 g (80%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI: 174 (M+l). Scheme 73:

Intermediate 117A Intermediate 117

Intermediate 117

1,2,3,5 , 6,7-Hexahy dro-s-indacen-3 ,3,5,5 -d4-4-amine

Step 1: 5-Bromo-2,3-dihydro-lH-indene-l,l-<fc

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of LiAlD4 (1.57 g, 37 mmol) in Et 2 0 (150 mL). This was followed by the addition of AlCh (10.1 g, 76 mmol) in portions at 0 °C in 5 min. To this was added 5- bromo-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-l-one (4.0 g, 19 mmol) in portions at 0 ° C in 5 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at RT. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 ° C with a water/ice bath. The reaction was then quenched by careful addition of 10 mL of water. The solids were filtered out. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of ethyl acetate and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 3.5 g (93%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 199/201 (M+l). Step 2: Tert-butyl (E)-3-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-5-yl-l,l-</2)acrylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of 5-bromo-2,3-dihydro-lH-indene-l, l-i¾ (7.0 g, 35 mmol) in DMF (80 mL), to the stirred solution was added tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphane (1.07 g, 3.52 mmol), tert- butyl prop-2-enoate (4.0 mL), triethylamine (5.0 mL) and Pd(OAc) 2 (395 mg, 1.76 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 100 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with DCM/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 5.7 g (66%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 247 (M+l).

Step 3: Tert-butyl 3-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-5-yl-l,l-d 2 )propanoate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of tert-butyl (E)-3-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-5-yl-l, l-i¾)acrylate (5.8 g, 24 mmol) in MeOH (40 mL), to the stirred solution was added Pd/C (580 mg, 10% w ). The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for lh at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The Pd/C catalysts were filtered out, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 5.7 g (98%) of the title compound as colorless oil. MS-ESI: 249 (M+l).

Step 4: 3-(2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-5-yl-l,l-<fc)propanoic acid

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of tert-butyl 3-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-5- yl-l,l-d 2 )propanoate (4.3 g, 17.3 mmol) in DCM (50 mL), to the stirred solution was added CF3COOH (5.5 mL, 74 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for overnight at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 3.1 g (93%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI: 191 (M-l).

Step 5: 3-(2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-5-yl-l,l-<fc)propanoyl chloride

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of 3-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-5-yl-l, l-ifc)propanoic acid (9.0 g, 41.7 mmol) in DCM (40 mL). This was followed by the addition of oxalic dichloride (8.0 mL) at 0 ° C . To this was added DMF (0.5 mL) at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 4.0 g (41%) of the title compound as brown oil.

Step 6: 3,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(2H)-one-7,7-</2

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of 3-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-5-yl-l, l-d2)propanoyl chloride (3.9 g, 18 mmol) in DCE (40 mL). This was followed by the addition of AlCh (3.3 g, 25 mmol) in portions at 0 ° C in 2 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 200 mL of water/ice. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (2: 100). This resulted in 1.5 g (46%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI: 175 (M+l).

Step 7: 8-Nitro-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(2H)-one-7,7-</2 (Cpd 318", major) and 4- Nitro-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(2H)-one-7,7-</2 (Cpd 317", minor)

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(2H)-one-7,7-ifc (120 g). This was followed by the addition of H2SO4 (8.0 mL) at 0 °C. To this was added HNO3 (2.0 mL) at 0 °C in 2 min. To the mixture was added H2SO4 (2.0 mL) at 0 °C in 2 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water/ice. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate dried in an oven under reduced pressure. The residue was separated on silica gel eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (3 : 100). This resulted in 870 mg of cpd 318" and 290 mg of cpd 317", both as yellow solids. Cpd 317" : 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCh) δ 7.83 (s, 1H), 3.55 - 3.45 (m, 2H), 3.42 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.84 - 2.74 (m, 2H), 2.22 (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 2H). Cpd 318": 1 H MR (300 MHz, CDCh) δ 7.46 (s, 1H), 3.20 - 3.00 (m, 4H), 2.83 - 2.73 (m, 2H), 2.20 (t, J= 7.5 Hz, 2H).

Step 8: 8-Amino-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(2H)-one-7,7-</2

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of 8-nitro-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(2H)-one-7,7-d2 (870 mg) in MeOH (100 mL), to the stirred solution was added Pd/C (87 mg, 10%wt). The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for lh at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The Pd/C catalysts were filtered out, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 700 mg of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 190 (M+l). Step 9: l,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydro-s-indacen-3,3,5,5-</^-4-amine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of L1AID4 (160 mg, 3.8 mmol) in Et 2 0 (40 mL). This was followed by the addition of AlCh (634 mg, 4.8 mmol) in portions at 0 °C in 2 min. To this solution was added 8- amino-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-l(2H)-one-7,7-d 2 (600 mg, 3.17 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of water. The resulting solution was diluted with 20 mL of EtOAc. The solids were filtered out. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (5: 1). This resulted in 470 mg (78%) of the Intermediate 117 as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 178 (M+l).

Intermediate 117A

1 ,2,3 , 5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen- 1 , L7,7-d4-4-amine

Intermediate 117A was prepared starting from compound 317" and using the same procedure as shown in scheme 73 above for converting compound 318" to intermediate 117. MS-ESI: 178 (M+l).

Table 15. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using similar procedure as shown in Scheme 30 above for converting compound 130" to Intermediate 44.

Schemes below the synthesis of sulfonimidamide Intermediates 118-123. Scheme 74:

Intermediate 118

N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-6-isopropylpyridine-3-sulfonimid amide Steps 1-4 used similar procedures for converting compound 245" to Intermediate 88 shown in Scheme 56 to afford Intermediate 118 from compound 322". MS-ESI: 314 (M+l).

Scheme 75:

Intermediate m^TBS

Step 1: 4-Amino-3-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide

Into a 500 mL round-bottom flask were added 4-amino-3-fluorobenzoic acid (15 g, 97 mmol) and DMF (100 mL) at RT. To the stirred solution was added HATU (74 mg, 0.19 mmol) and DIEA (25 mg, 0.19 mmol) at 0 ° C . To the above mixture was added Me H 2 /THF (2M, 97 mL, 194 mmol) in one portion at 0 ° C . The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 2 h at RT. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtO Ac (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 . After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was eluted from silica gel column with petroleum ether /EtO Ac (1 : 1) to afford the title compound (16 g, 98%) as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 169 (M+l).

Steps 2-3 used similar procedures for converting compound 27 to Intermediate 29 shown in Scheme 9 to afford compound 329" from compound 327". MS-ESI: 233 (M+l).

Step 4: 2-Fluoro-4-((methylamino)methyl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask were placed 3-fluoro-N-methyl-4-sulfamoylbenzamide (1.2 g) in THF (40 mL) at 0 °C. To the stirred solution was added LiAlH 4 (543 mg, 14 mmol) in portions at 0 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 70 °C. The reaction was quenched with water (2 mL). The resulting mixture was filtered, the filter cake was washed with EtO Ac (3x10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC (EtOAc/MeOH = 25: 1) to afford the title compound (800 mg, 77%) as a white solid. MS-ESI: 219 (M+l).

Step 5: Tert-butyl (3-fluoro-4-sulfamoylbenzyl)(methyl)carbamate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask were placed 2-fluoro-4-[(methylamino)methyl]benzene-l- sulfonamide (800 mg, 3.7 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at 0 ° C . To a stirred solution was added (Boc) 2 0 (1.5 g, 6.89 mmol) in portions at 0 ° C . The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep- TLC (PE/EtOAc 1 : 1) to afford the title compound (900 mg, 77%) as a white solid. MS-ESI: 319 (M+l).

Steps 6-7 used similar procedures for converting compound 248" to Intermediate 88 shown in Scheme 56 to afford Intermediate 119 from compound 331". MS-ESI: 432 (M+l).

Scheme 76:

N'-ftert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-^dimethylamino)methyl)-3-fluo robenzenesulfonimidamide Step 1: l-(2-Fluoro-4-nitrophenyl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 1 -(bromomethyl)-2-fluoro-4- nitrobenzene (8.0 g, 34 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL). This was followed by the addition of dimethylamine (2 M, 21 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C in 5 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 7.0 g crude title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 199 (M+l).

Step 2: 4-((Dimethylamino)methyl)-3-fluoroaniline

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed the solution of [(2-fluoro-4- nitrophenyl)methyl]dimethylamine (7.0 g, 35 mmol) in AcOH (20 mL), to the stirred solution was added iron powder (10 g, 179 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with DCM/MeOH (9: 1). This resulted in 6.5 g crude title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 169 (M+l).

Steps 3-4 used similar procedures for converting compound 145" to compound 147" shown in Scheme 36 to afford compound 337" from compound 335". MS-ESI: 233 (M+l).

Steps 5-6 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to Intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford Intermediate 120 from compound 337". MS-ESI: 233 (M+l).

Scheme 77:

Intermediate 121

Intermediate 121

N'-ftert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-isopropylthiophene-2-sulfonim idamide Steps 1-2 used similar procedures for converting compound 158" to intermediate 61 shown in Scheme 38 to afford compound 341" from compound 339". MS-ESI: 221 (M+l).

Step 3 used similar procedures for converting compound 147" to compound 148" shown in Scheme 36 to afford compound 342" from compound 341". MS-ESI: 221 (M+l).

Step 4: 4-Isopropylthiophene-2-sulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed the solution of 4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiophene- 2-sulfonamide (1.5 g, 6.79 mmol) in DCM (20 mL). To the stirred solution was added TFA (3.9 g, 34 mmol) and Et 3 SiH (2.32 g, 20 mmol). The result solution was stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from silica gel column with a gradient of ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 1.1 g (79%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 206 (M+l).

Steps 5-6 used similar procedures for converting compound 148" to Intermediate 59 shown in Scheme 36 to afford Intermediate 121 from compound 344". MS-ESI: 319 (M+l).

Scheme 78:

Intermediate 122

N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(l-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)benze nesulfonimidamide

Step 1: 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-l-methylpyrrolidine

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(4-bromophenyl)pyrrolidine (3.0 g, 13.3 mmol) in HCHO (3.23 g, 37% wt), to the stirred solution was added NaBftCN (2.5 g, 40 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1). This resulted in 2.8 g (88%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 240/242 (M+l). Steps 2-6 used similar procedures for converting compound 245" to Intermediate 88 shown in Scheme 56 to afford Intermediate 122" from compound 347". MS-ESI: 354 (M+l).

Scheme 79:

N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-(2-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl)th iazole-5-sulfonimidamide Step 1: 2-(2-Methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl)thiazole

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed l-(l,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethan-l-one (27 g, 212 mmol) in toluene (300 mL), to the stirred solution was added TsOH (2.0 g, 11.6 mmol) and ethane- 1,2-diol (40 g, 644 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at 110 ° C in an oil bath. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 36 g (99%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 172 (M+l).

Steps 2-5 used similar procedures for converting compound 245" to Intermediate 88 shown in Scheme 56 to afford Intermediate 123 from compound 353". MS-ESI: 363 (M+l). Reagent 1

Dichlorotriphenylphosphorane

This reagent was either purchased or prepared usin the following procedure:

An oven dried 40 mL vial equipped with a stir bar was capped with a rubber septum and flushed with nitrogen. At room temperature, a solution of PPh 3 (0.85 g, 3.2 mmol) in anhydrous 1,2- dichloroethane (5 mL) was introduced via syringe. The reaction vessel was immersed in an ice / water bath and cooled for 5 min. A solution of hexachloroethane (0.76 g, 3.2 mmol) in anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL) was introduced dropwise via syringe. After the addition was complete the reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for an additional 5 min and then placed into a preheated block set at 80 °C. Heating was continued for 4.5 h, at which time the reaction was assumed to be complete. The light golden clear solution was cooled to ambient temperature. The reagent thus prepared was transferred via syringe in subsequent reactions without any work up or purification. The total volume of the reaction mixture was 11 mL for the molar calculations for next steps. This solution containing PPh 3 Q 2 was stored under nitrogen at room temperature until used.

Reagent 2

Polymer-bound dichlorotriphenylphosphorane

Polystyrene bound PPI13 (0.32 g, 0.32 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous dichloroethane (6 mL) and shaked on a shaker for 5 mins. It was then filtered and the process was repeated again to swell the polymer. Filtered resin was suspended in anhydrous dichloroethane (6 mL) a third time and the whole suspension was transferred into an oven dried 40 mL vial with a stir bar via pipette. The vial was capped with a rubber septum and connected to a steady flow of nitrogen. The reaction vessel was immersed in an ice/water bath and cooled down for 10 min. A solution of hexachloroethane (0.076 g, 0.32 mmol) in anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was introduced drop wise via syringe. After the addition was complete the reaction mixture was placed in an already heated block set at 82 °C for 5 h. At this point the reaction is assumed to be completed. It was gradually brought to room temperature and used in the next step as is. This reagent was used at 1.5 equiv. with respect to sulfonamide in the next step.

Synthetic Examples

Example 1

Example 1 (181): N'-(L2,3,5,6,7-hexahvdro- -indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2- yl)-5-methylfuran-2-sulfonimidamide

Example 1 was synthesized according to the general method shown in Scheme 1, as illustrated below.

Examples 2 and 3

Examples 2 and 3

Examples 2 (181a) and 3 (181b): (SV and (RV N'-(1.2.3.5.6.7-hexahydro- -indacen-4- ylcarbamoyl)-4-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylfuran-2-sulfon imidamide

Examples 2 and 3 were prepared through chiral separation of Example 1 as illustrated below

Examples 2 and 3

Step 1: N'-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-inda cen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-4- (2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylfuran-2-sulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed N'-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylfuran-2-sulfonimidamide (200 mg, 0.6 mmol), THF (10 mL), NaH (60% wt, 48 mg, 1.2 mmol). This was followed by the addition of a solution of 4-isocyanato- 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (120 mg, 0.6 mmol) in THF (1 mL) dropwise with stirring at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x10 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 140 mg (43.8%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 532.0 (M-l).

Step 2: N'-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-4-(2-hydr oxypropan-2-yl)-5- methylfuran-2-sulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed N'-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-(l,2,3, 5,6,7- hexahydro-5-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)- 5-methylfuran-2- sulfonimidamide (130 g, 0.2 mmol), THF (10 mL), and TBAF (300 mg, 0.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC using method E eluted with a gradient of 30-60% ACN. This resulted in 82 mg (80.3%)) of Example 1 as a white solid.

Example 1: MS-ESI: 418.0 (M+l). 1 H MR (400 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 5.04 (s, 1H), 2.79 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 4H), 2.71 - 2.63 (m, 4H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.94 (tt, J= 7.4 and 7.4 Hz, 4H), 1.40 (s, 6H).

Step 3: Chiral separation

The product obtained as described in the previous step (70 mg) was resolved by Chiral-Prep- HPLC using the following conditions: Column, ChiralPak ID, 2*25 cm, 5 um; mobile phase, Hex and EtOH (hold 20% EtOH over 18 min); Flow rate, 20 mL/min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in 26.8 mg of Example 2 (front peak, 99%> ee) as a white solid and 27.7 mg (second peak, 99.3%) ee) of Example 3 as a white solid.

Example 2: MS-ESI: 418.0 (M+l). ¾ MR (400 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 5.03 (s, 1H), 2.78 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 4H), 2.73 - 2.60 (m, 4H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.93 (tt, J= 7.2 and 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.39 (s, 6H).

Example 3: MS-ESI: 418.0 (M+l). ¾ MR (400 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 5.03 (s, 1H), 2.78 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 4H), 2.73 - 2.60 (m, 4H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.93 (tt, J= 7.2 and 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.39 (s, 6H).

Single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis was performed on compound 181a. FIG 1 shows ball and stick models of the asymmetrical unit containing two crystallographically independent molecules of compound 181a, with hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity. Table M below shows fractional atomic coordinates of compound 181a. Table M.

C25 5416(4) 2367(3) -1181(2) 24.1(7)

C15 1514(3) 7144(2) 6188(2) 21.6(6)

C33 3503(3) 3713(2) 1124(2) 16.9(6)

C37 3005(3) 2117(3) 5067(2) 23.8(7)

C30 2028(3) 5128(2) 844(2) 20.5(6)

CIO -360(4) 7379(2) 11275(2) 23.9(7)

C36 3748(3) 1285(3) 4821(2) 24.5(7)

C17 2020(4) 6535(3) 4974(2) 28.3(7)

C14 1181(3) 6178(2) 6137.8(19) 19.0(6)

C35 3710(3) 1326(2) 3973(2) 23.7(7)

C19 2583(3) 8401(3) 5214(2) 26.0(7)

C3 1902(3) 8960(2) 8090(2) 19.0(6)

C32 3002(3) 3944(2) 1954(2) 21.0(6)

C40 2768(4) 2390(3) 5955(2) 33.7(8)

C20 1804(4) 9231(3) 5566(3) 34.6(8)

C39 1810(4) 3575(3) 4092(3) 35.7(8)

C42 1313(4) 2062(3) 6087(3) 40.3(9)

C21 4139(4) 8447(3) 5541(3) 40.0(9)

C18 2406(5) 6256(3) 4130(3) 44.7(10)

C41 3893(5) 1934(4) 6622(3) 54.3(12)

Single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis was performed on compound 181b. FIG 2 shows ball and stick models of the asymmetrical unit containing two crystallographically independent molecules of compound 181b, with hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity. Table N below shows fractional atomic coordinates of compound 181b.

Table N.

N2 9933(3) 4006.4(19) 2465.8(16) 17.8(5)

Nl 9943(2) 2773(2) 1482.7(16) 16.3(5)

N4 5051(3) 7745(2) 8421.8(17) 20.2(5)

N3 7870(3) 5173(2) 2653.4(17) 18.4(5)

N5 5031(3) 8923(2) 7390.2(17) 19.9(5)

C14 9136(3) 3353(2) 1894.3(18) 15.8(6)

CI 9391(3) 2043(2) 864.7(19) 17.4(6)

N6 7031(3) 10109(2) 7191.6(19) 23.0(6)

C30 5618(3) 7045(2) 9058(2) 19.3(6)

C6 9205(3) 1370(2) -570(2) 20.1(6)

C53 7446(4) 7363(3) 5675(2) 26.1(7)

C32 4273(3) 7792(2) 10199(2) 20.6(6)

C2 9731(3) 2078(2) 44.2(19) 16.8(6)

C43 5846(3) 8333(2) 8016(2) 20.2(6)

C3 10685(3) 2795(2) -304(2) 20.3(6)

C37 7028(3) 5597(2) 9506(2) 21.2(6)

C7 8316(3) 620(2) -386(2) 20.2(6)

C35 5773(3) 6383(2) 10493(2) 20.7(6)

CIO 7573(4) -36(3) 1780(2) 27.4(7)

C36 6681(3) 5639(2) 10322(2) 21.2(6)

C22 8481(3) 2845(3) 3816(2) 23.0(6)

C8 8002(3) 584(2) 440(2) 20.3(6)

C39 7525(4) 4977(3) 8177(2) 28.0(7)

C31 5248(3) 7078(2) 9867(2) 19.6(6)

C52 6981(3) 7875(3) 4927(2) 24.2(7)

C12 8541(3) 1280(2) 1066.4(19) 18.0(6)

C34 5191(4) 6574(3) 11302(2) 24.8(7)

C51 6252(4) 8707(3) 5170(2) 26.7(7)

C33 4585(4) 7630(3) 11175(2) 27.6(7)

C24 7990(4) 3461(3) 5032(2) 30.5(8)

C23 7962(3) 2603(3) 4580(2) 24.0(7)

C50 6302(4) 8662(3) 6020(2) 25.4(7)

C9 7077(3) -142(2) 804(2) 23.6(7)

C38 7972(3) 4873(2) 9155(2) 23.5(7)

C5 9763(4) 1551(3) -1391(2) 24.9(7)

C41 6502(3) 6286(2) 8872(2) 20.5(6)

C21 8811(3) 3816(2) 3866.6(19) 20.4(6)

C4 10356(4) 2619(3) -1277(2) 28.3(7)

Cll 8099(3) 1036(2) 1909(2) 22.6(6)

C40 7006(3) 6055(3) 8044(2) 24.5(6)

C25 7419(4) 1599(3) 4793(2) 26.8(7)

C58 8189(4) 6425(3) 5905(3) 37.6(9) C54 7221(4) 7601(3) 4036(2) 34.1(8)

C27 8195(4) 774(3) 4438(3) 38.1(9)

C29 7607(6) 3737(3) 5874(3) 46.7(10)

C56 8674(4) 7924(3) 3907(3) 42.4(10)

C28 5872(4) 1551(3) 4471(3) 44.2(10)

C57 6101(6) 8060(4) 3369(3) 58.9(14)

Example 4

Example 4 (101'): N'-(L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- -indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2- vDthiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Example 4 (above) was synthesized according to the general methods in Schemes 2 and 3, as illustrated in Route 1 and Route 2 below.

Examples 5 and 6

Examples 5 and 6 (stereochemistry not assigned)

Examples 5 (101) and 6 (102): (SV and (R)-N'-(1.2.3.5.6J-hexahydro- -indacen-4- ylcarbamoyl)-2-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidam ide

Examples 5 and 6 (above) were synthesized according to general methods shown in Schemes 2 and 3, as illustrated in Route 1 and Route 2 below. Example 7

Example 7 (194): Tert-butyl N-(1.2 .5.6J-hexahvdro-s-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-2-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidoylcarbamate

Example 7 was synthesized according to general method shown in Scheme 3, as illustrated in Route 2 below.

Route 1

Examples 5 and 6 (stereochemistry not assigned) Step 1: N-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-N'-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-inda cen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-2- (2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of N'-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidamide (336 mg, 1.0 mmol) in THF (10 mL). To this solution was added NaH (60% wt, 80 mg, 2.0 mmol) in portions at 0°C. The solution was stirred at 0°C for 15 minutes, and this was followed by the addition of a solution of 4-isocyanato- 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (209 mg, 1.1 mmol) in THF (5 mL) dropwise with stirring at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x10 mL of DCM and the combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 535 mg (crude) of the title compound as a brown oil. MS-ESI: 535.0 (M+l).

Step 2: N'-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-2-(2-hydr oxypropan-2- yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N'- (l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-2-(2-hydroxy propan-2-yl)thiazole-5- sulfonimidamide (535 mg, crude, 1.0 mmol) in THF (10 mL). To this solution was added HF/Py (70% wt, 143 mg, 5.0 mmol) dropwise at 0°C. The solution was stirred at RT for 4 h. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x10 mL of ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC using Method E with ACN/water (20% to 60% in 10 minutes). This resulted in 189 mg (45%, 2 steps) of Example 4 as a white solid.

Example 4: MS-ESI: 421.0 (M+l). ¾ MR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 8.46 (br s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.80 (br s, 2H), 6.86 (s, 1H) 6.28 (s, 1H), 2.88 - 2.71 (m, 4H), 2.71 - 2.56 (m, 4H), 2.02 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.49 (s, 6H).

Step 2: Chiral separation.

The product obtained as described in the previous step (189 mg) was resolved by Chiral -Prep- HPLC using the following conditions: Column, CHIRAL Cellulose-SB, 2*25 cm, 5 um; mobile phase, Hex (0.1%DEA) and EtOH (hold 20% EtOH over 16 min); Flow rate, 20 mL/min; Detector, UV 254/220 nm. This resulted in 70 mg of Example 5 (front peak, 99% ee 101) as a white solid and 65 mg of Example 6 (second peak, 97.5% ee 102) as a white solid. Absolute stereochemistry of these two isomers has not been assigned.

Example 5: MS-ESI: 421.0 (M+l). ¾ MR (400 MHz, DMSO^) δ 8.43 (br s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.83 (br s, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H) 6.29 (s, 1H), 2.82 - 2.71 (m, 4H), 2.71 - 2.56 (m, 4H), 2.02 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.50 (s, 6H).

Example 6: MS-ESI: 421.0 (M+l). ¾ MR (400 MHz, DMSO^) δ 8.41 (br s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.83 (s, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H) 6.27 (s, 1H), 2.82 - 2.71 (m, 4H), 2.71 - 2.56 (m, 4H), 2.02 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.50 (s, 6H). Route 2:

Examples 5 and 6 (stereochemistry not assigned)

Step 1: Tert-butyl N-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-2-(2-hydro xypropan- 2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidoylcarbamate

Tert-butyl (amino(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(oxo)- 6 -sulfaneylidene)carbamate (12 g, 37 mmol) was dissolved in dried THF (200 mL). To the solution was added NaH (17.7 g, 60%, 44 mmol) in portions at 0°C under nitrogen atmosphere, and then the mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h. Freshly prepared 4-isocyanato-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (7.4 g, 37 mmol) was dissolved in dried THF (50 mL) and the solution was added to the front mixture dropwise at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with ice-water (100 mL), and the pH value of the resulting solution was adjusted to 6 with HCO2H. The solution was extracted with EtOAc (3x200 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated to give 17.5 g of Example 7 as a crude grey solid.

Example 7: MS-ESI: 521.0 (M+l). ¾ MR (300 MHz, MeOD-ώ) δ 8.14 (s, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 3.00 - 2.60 (m, 8H), 2.20 - 1.90 (m, 4H), 1.51 (s, 6H), 1.37 (s, 9H).

Step 2: N'-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-2-(2-hydr oxypropan-2- yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

The crude tert-butyl (N-((l, 2,3,5, 6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan- 2-yl)-thiazole-5-sulfonimidoyl)carbamate (crude 17.5 g) was dissolved in THF (200 mL). To the solution was added HC1 (200 mL, 4M in 1,4-dioxane) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight and concentrated. The residue was purified with Si0 2 -gel column and eluted with MeOH/DCM (5%) and further purified by reverse column with MeOH/water (50% to 80% in 50 minutes) to give 12 g of Example 4 (51%, 2 steps) as a white solid.

Example 4: MS-ESI: 421.0 (M+l). ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 8.46 (br s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.80 (br s, 2H), 6.86 (s, 1H) 6.28 (s, 1H), 2.88 - 2.71 (m, 4H), 2.71 - 2.56 (m, 4H), 2.02 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.49 (s, 6H).

Step 3: Chiral separation.

The product obtained as described in the previous step (12 g) was resolved by Chiral-Prep-SFC using the following conditions: Column, CHIRALPAK IF, 2*25cm, 5um; Mobile Phase A: CO2: 60, Mobile Phase B: MeOH (2mM NHs-MeOH): 40; Flow rate: 40 mL/min; Detector, UV 220 nm. This resulted in 3.8 g of Example 6 (front peak, 99% ee 102) as a white solid and 4.6 g of Example 5 (second peak, 97.5% ee 101) as a white solid. Absolute stereochemistry of these two isomers has not been assigned.

Example 5: MS-ESI: 421.0 (M+l). ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 8.43 (br s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.83 (br s, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H) 6.29 (s, 1H), 2.82 - 2.71 (m, 4H), 2.71 - 2.56 (m, 4H), 2.02 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.50 (s, 6H).

Example 6: MS-ESI: 421.0 (M+l). ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 8.41 (br s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.83 (s, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H) 6.27 (s, 1H), 2.82 - 2.71 (m, 4H), 2.71 - 2.56 (m, 4H), 2.02 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.50 (s, 6H).

Example 8

Example 8 (270): N'-(8-fluoro-L2,3,5,6J-hexahydro- -indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-4-(2- hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-N-methylthiophene-2-sulfonimidamide (Scheme 4)

Example 8 was synthesized according to the general method shown in Scheme 4.

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen was placed a solution of 4-fluoro-8-isocyanato-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5-indacene (110 mg, 0.51 mmol) in DCM (5 mL). To the solution were added TEA (153 mg, 1.51 mmol) and 4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'- methylthiophene-2-sulfonimidamide (120 mg, 0.51 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep- HPLC using method E eluted with a gradient of 30-74% ACN. This resulted in 80 mg (35%) of Example 8 as a white solid. Example 8: MS-ESI: 450.1 (M-l). ¾ MR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 8.50 (br s, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.59-7.50 (m, 2H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 2.84-2.69 (m, 8H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.99 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.42 (d, J= 2.8 Hz, 6H)

Example 9 (204)

N'-((2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4-methyl-5-(2-hvdro xypropan-2-yl)thiophene-2- sulfonimidamide (Scheme 5)

Example

Step 1: 4-Azido-2,6-dimethylpyridine

To the solution of 2,6-dimethylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid (151 mg, 1.0 mmol) in dried toluene (15 mL). To the solution was added DPPA (825 mg, 3.0 mmol) and TEA (303 mg, 3.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 60°C for 4 h. The solution was concentrated under vacuum. This gave 900 mg (crude) of the title compound as yellow oil.

Step 2 & 3 : N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N'-((2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)ca rbamoyl)-5-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-methylthiophene-2-sulfonimidamide

The 4-azido-2,6-dimethylpyridine (900 mg, crude) was dissolved in THF (20 mL). To the solution was added N'-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3-meth ylthiophene-2- sulfonimidamide (349 mg, 1.0 mmol) and NaOH (120 mg, 3.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50°C for 12 h. The solution was diluted with water 20 mL, then the resulting solution was extracted with 3x20 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This gave 500 mg (crude) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 497.0 (M+l).

Step 4: N'-((2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4-methyl-5-(2-hydro xypropan-2- yl)thiophene-2-sulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N'- ((2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyp ropan-2-yl)thiophene-2- sulfonimidamide (500 mg, crude) in THF (10 mL), to this solution was added HF/Py (70% wt, 143 mg, 5.0 mmol) dropwise at 0°C. The solution was stirred at RT for 4 h. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x10 mL of ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC using method E eluted with a gradient of ACN/water (10% to 30%) in 10 minutes). This resulted in 15 mg (4%>, 4 steps) of Example 9 as a white solid. MS-ESI: 383.0 (M+l). 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 9.31 (s, 1H), 7.53 (br s, 2H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.14 (s, 2H), 5.81 (s, 1H), 2.28 (s, 6H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 6H).

20 Table 16. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar conditions as described in Example 1 and Scheme 1 from appropriate starting materials.

o ^ ° 4-((dimethylamino)methyl)-N'- Λ (1,2,3,5 , 6,7-hexahy dro-s-indacen-4-

28 125 413.3 ylcarbamoyl)benzenesulfonimidamid

e

N'-(2-cyclopropyl-4- (difluoromethoxy)-6-

29 129 isopropylphenylcarbamoyl)-4-(2- 496.2 hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-

methylbenzenesulfonimidamide

3-fluoro-N'-(8-fluoro-l,2,3,5,6,7- hexahydro-s-indacen-4-

30 213 456.1 ylcarbamoyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2- yl)thiophene-2-sulfonimidamide

4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methyl- N'-((3-methyl-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-

31 207 432.2 s-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)furan-2-

0 H 2 0 sulfonimidamide

4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methyl- N'-((l-methyl-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-

32 195 432.2 s-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)furan-2-

O NH 2 0 sulfonimidamide

Table 17. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar conditions as described in

Example 4 - route 1 and Scheme 2 from appropriate starting materials.

3- fluoro-N'-((8-fluoro- 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-

205 4- yl)carbamoyl)-5-(2- 450.2 hydroxypropan-2-

yl)benzenesulfonimidamide

N'-((4-(difluoromethoxy)-2,6- diisopropylphenyl)carbamoyl)-5-

143 (2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4- 504.2 methylthiophene-2- sulfonimidamide

4-fluoro-N'-((8-fluoro- 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-

206 4-yl)carbamoyl)-3-(2- 450.2 hydroxypropan-2- yl)benzenesulfonimidamide

N'-((8-fluoro- 1,2,3, 5,6,7- hexahydro-s-indacen-4- yl)carbamoyl)-2-(2-

108 453.1 hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4- methy lthi azol e- 5 - sulfonimidamide

O 3-fluoro-N'-((l,2,3, 5,6,7- hexahydro-s-indacen-4-

202 yl)carbamoyl)-4-(2- 432.2 hydroxypropan-2- yl)benzenesulfonimidamide

N'-((8-fluoro- 1,2,3, 5,6,7- hexahydro-s-indacen-4-

208 H0 N *-f F yl)carbamoyl)-4-(2- 439.1 hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-2- sulfonimidamide YV( V N'-((3-fluoro-2,6- diisopropylphenyl)carbamoyl)-2-

197 443.2

(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-

5-sulfonimidamide

sulfonimidamide Table 18. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar conditions as described in

Table 19. Examples in the following table were obtained from chiral HPLC resolutions of racemic examples described above. The chiral column and eluents are listed in the table. As a convention, 5 the faster-eluting enantiomer is always listed first in the table followed by the slower-eluting enantiomer of the pair. The symbol * at a chiral center denotes that this chiral center has been resolved and the absolute stereochemistry at that center has not been determined.

methylthiophene-2-sulfonimidamide

sulfonimidamide

(R)-or (S)-

ChiralPak

/ * N NH N'-(8-fluoro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- 30%

176b or 176a IG,

s-indacen-4-ylcarbamoyl)-4-(2- EtOH in 438.2

2*25cm,

hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiophene-2- Hex

5um

F sulfonimidamide

Example 77: MS-ESI: 421.1 (M+1). ¾ NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-de) δ 8.41 (br s, 1H), 7.74 (br s, 2H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 3.02 - 2.50 (m, 8H), 2.10 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.48 (s,

6H).

Example 200: MS-ESI: 439.2 (M+1). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 8.38 (br, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.75 (br, 1H), 6.27 (s, 1H), 2.81 (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 4H), 2.70 (t, J= 6.8 Hz, 4H), 2.02-1.95 (m, 4H),

1.50 (s, 6H).

Example 203: MS-ESI: 404.2 (M+1). ¾ NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 8.42 (br s, 1H), 7.76 (s,

1H), 7.72 (s, 2H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 5.1 1 (s, 1H), 2.90 - 2.72 (m, 4H), 2.72 - 2.60 (m, 4H), 2.10 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.46 (s, 6H).

Example 205: MS-ESI: 418.1 (M-l). ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 8.39 (br s, 1H), 7.68 (s,

2H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 2.95 - 2.75 (m, 4H), 2.75 - 2.60 (m, 4H), 2.05 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.43 (s, 6H).

Example 206: MS-ESI: 438.2 (M+1). ¾ NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-i¾) δ 8.41 (br s, 1H), 7.65 (s,

2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 2.90 - 2.60 (m, 8H), 2.10 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.39 (s, 6H).

Example 208 (Compound 221)

4,5-Dichloro-N'-((4-fluoro-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)carbamoyl)t hiophene-2-sulfonimidamide

Step 1 : N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4,5-dichlorothiophene-2-sulfonam ide

4,5-Dichlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH2CI2 (2 mL). Triethylamine (0.090 mL, 0.65 mmol) and TBSC1 (38 mg, 0.25 mmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, or until the reaction was complete as indicated by LCMS(Method F: m/Z=424.1 [M+DMSO+H] + , retention time = 3.70 min). The reaction mixture was used in the next step as is.

Step 2: N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4,5-dichlorothiophene-2-sulfonim idamide

In an oven-dried vial under nitrogen, a solution of PPI13CI2 (143 mg, 0.44 mmol) was prepared in dichloroethane (1.5 mL). Triethylamine (0.120 mL, 0.86 mmol) was introduced in a steady stream via syringe at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled in an ice / water bath for 2 min and the reaction mixture of TBS protected sulfonamide (prepared in 2 mL DCM) from step 1 was introduced via syringe rapidly drop by drop (addition time < 30 seconds). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min, at which time anhydrous ammonia was bubbled into the reaction mixture for 45 seconds. The suspension thus formed was stirred in an ice / water bath for 30 min and then warmed to room temperature and centrifuged to remove solids. The supernatant was concentrated in vacuo and dried under high vacuum for 30 min.

Step 3: 4,5-Dichloro-N'-((4-fluoro-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)carbamoyl)t hiophene- 2- sulfonimidamide and N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4,5-dichloro- N'-((4-fluoro- 2,6-diisopropyl phenyl)carbamoyl)thiophene-2-sulfonimidamide

To the crude reaction mixture from step 2 was added anhydrous THF (1.5 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred in an ice / water bath for 5 min, at which time NaH (17 mg, 0.44 mmol) was added. After 2 min stirring, a solution of 5-fluoro-2-isocyanato-l,3-diisopropylbenzene (36.5 mg, 0.165 mmol) in THF (3 ml) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for 30 min to give a mixture of crude products. LC-MS (Method

F): m/Z=451.8 [M+H] + , retention time = 6.18 min; for TBS-protected product, 566.4 [M+H] + , retention time = 9.25 min.

5 Step 4: 4,5-Dichloro-N'-((4-fluoro-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)carbamoyl)t hiophene- 2- sulfonimidamide

To the reaction mixture from step 3 was carefully added 4N HC1 in dioxane (0.3 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for approximately 30 min until the completion of reaction, as determined by LCMS analysis (Method F: 451.8 [M+H] + , retention time = 6.18 10 min). The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo. DMSO (0.5 mL) was added to the residue and the resulting solution was purified on a prep-HPLC to afford the title compound. LCMS: 451 [M+H] + .

Table 20. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar procedures as described in 15 Example 208 above starting from appropriate sulfonamides.

Exam le 221 (Compound 141)

N f -((L2 ,5,6 -hexahvdrodicvclopentarb,e1pyridin-8-yl)carbamoyl)-4-(2-hvdr oxypropan-2-yl)-

5-methylfuran-2-sulfonimidamide (Scheme 31)

Example 221

Step 1: Phenyl (l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydrodicyclopenta[b,e]pyridin-8-yl)carbamat e Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with nitrogen, was placed l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydrodicyclopenta[b,e]pyridin-8-amine (50 mg, 0.29 mmol) in THF (10 mL), to this was added NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 22.8 mg, 0.57 mmol) at 0 °C; and then phenyl chloroformate (67.4 mg, 0.43 mmol,) in THF (2.0 mL) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. This reaction solution was used for next step directly without any purification.

Step 2: N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydrodicycl openta[b,e]pyridin-8- yl)carbamoyl) -4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylfuran-2-sulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with nitrogen, was placed N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methy lfuran-2-sulfonoimidamide (96 mg, 0.29 mmol) in THF (10 mL). To this was added NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 23.2 mg, 0.58 mmol) at 0 °C, followed by phenyl (l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydrodicyclopenta[b,e]pyridin-8- yl)carbamate (127 mg, 0.43 mmol) crude in THF from via syringe rapidly drop by drop. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 5.0 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 4x10 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1; 1). This resulted in 50 mg (38.4%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI:

533(M+1).

Step 3: N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydrodicyclopenta[b,e]pyridin-8-yl)carb amoyl)-4-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl) -5-methylfuran-2-sulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7 -hexahydrodicyclopenta[b,e]pyridin-8-yl)carbamoyl)-4-(2-hydr oxypropan-2-yl)-5- methylfuran-2-sulfonimidamide (58 mg, 0.11 mmol) in THF (10 mL), to this was added TBAF (28.8 mg, 0.11 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with DCM/MeOH (10: 1). The crude product was further purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep OBD C18 Column 19*250 mm, 5um; Mobile Phase A: water (10 mM NH4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 11% B to 40% B in 7 min; UV 254/210 nm; Rt: 6 min. This resulted in 25 mg (54.87%) of Example 221 as a white solid. MS-ESI: 419 (M+l). ¾ NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-de, ppm) δ: 8.82 (s, 1H), 7.65 (s, 2H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 5.03 (s, 1H), 2.82-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.76-2.67 (m, 4H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.39 (s, 6H).

Table 21. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar conditions as described in

Example 221 and Scheme 31 from appropriate starting materials.

20 Exam le 223 (Compound 321)

2-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-vn-N-((2.4.5.6-tetrahvdro-lH-cvclobutar flinden-3- vDcarbamovDthiazole-5-sulfonimidamide (Scheme 3 A)

Examples 224 and 225 (Compound 321b and 321a)

Examples 224 and 225 (stereochemistry tentatively assigned)

(RV and (SV 2-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-vn-N-((2.4.5.6-tetrahvdro-lH-cvclobutar flinden-3- vDcarbamovDthiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Route 1:

Examples 223

chiral resolution

Examples 224 and 225 (stereochemistry tentatively assigned)

Step 1: eri-butyl(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-((2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH -cyclobuta[f|inden- 3-yl) carbamoyl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidoyl)carbamate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed tert-butyl N-[amino[2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol-5-yl]oxo- 6 - sulfanylidene]carbamate (1.39g, 4.32 mmol) in THF (50 mL). To this solution was added NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 518 mg, 13mmol) at 0 °C, followed by the addition of 3-isocyanato- 2,4,5, 6-tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[f]indene (800 mg, 4.32 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 2.0 g (91%) of title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 507 (M+l).

Step 2: 2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-((2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-cyclobut a[f|inden-3- yl)carbamoyl) thiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed tert-butyl(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-((2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-l H-cyclobuta[f]inden-3- yl)carbamoyl) thiazole-5-sulfonimidoyl)carbamate (2.2 g, 4.34 mmol) in dioxane (40 mL). To this was added cone. HCl (8 mL, 12 M) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT. The resulting solution was diluted with 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated. The crude product was purified by HP -Flash with the following conditions: Column, C18 silica gel; mobile phase, ACN:H 2 0=25 :75 increasing to ACN:H 2 0=55 :45 within 25 ; Detector, UV 254 nm. This resulted in 1.5 g (85%) of Example 223. MS-ESI: 407 (M+l). ¾NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 2H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 3.06 - 2.94 (m, 2H), 2.93 - 2.84 (m, 2H), 2.82 - 2.60 (m, 4H), 2.03 - 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.50 (s, 6H).

Step 3: Chiral resolution

Example 223 ( 1.5 g) was separated with the followed condition: Column: CHIRALPAK IG,

20*250 mm, 5 urn; Mobile Phase A: C0 2 : 60, Mobile Phase B: MeOH Preparative: 40; Flow rate: 50 mL/min; 220 nm. The resulting solution was stirred for 20 min at 10 °C. This resulted in 546 mg (99%ee, 36.4%) of Example 224 (RTi: 3.47 min) as a white solid and 595 mg (99%ee, 39.6%) of Example 225 (RT 2 : 5.35 min) as a white solid. The absolute stereochemistry was tentatively assigned.

Example 224: MS-ESI: 407.1 (M+l). ¾ MR (300 MHz, DMSO-dis) δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 2H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 3.06 - 2.94 (m, 2H), 2.93 - 2.84 (m, 2H), 2.82 - 2.60 (m, 4H), 2.03 - 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.50 (s, 6H).

Example 225: MS-ESI: 407.1 (M+l). ¾ MR (300 MHz, DMSO-dis) δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 2H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 3.06 - 2.94 (m, 2H), 2.93 - 2.84 (m, 2H), 2.82 - 2.60 (m, 4H), 2.03 - 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.50 (s, 6H).

Route 2:

Intermediate 28 Intermediate 28A or 28B

(stereochemistry arbitrarily assigned)

Int

Example 224

Step 1: Chiral resolution (R) and (S)-tert-butyl(amino(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-5- yl)(oxo)- 6 -sulfaneylidene)carbamate

The productlO g of Intermediate 28 was separated with the followed condition: Column: CHIRALPAK IC, 5*25 cm,5 um; Mobile Phase A:C0 2 :55, Mobile Phase B: EtOH:HeX=l : l :45; Flow rate: 150 mL/min; UV 220 nm; Rti: 5.13 (Intermediate 28A); Rt 2 : 5.65 (Intermediate 28B) This resulted in 3 g (99.5% ee, 60%) of 28A, and 3 g (99.0 % ee, 60%) of 28B.

Step 2: Tert-butyl (R)-(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-((2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH- cyclobuta[f inden-3-yl) carbamoyl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidoyl)carbamate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed intermediate 28A (>99% ee, 1.67 g, 5.20 mmol) in THF (50 mL), NaH (60% wt. oil dispersion, 624 mg, 15.6 mmol) was added at 0 °C, this was followed by the addition of 3- isocyanato-2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[f]indene (850 mg, crude) in THF (5 mL) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of DCM. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated. This resulted in 2.2 g (83.5%) of title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 507 (M+l).

Step 3: (R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-((2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH- cyclobuta[f]inden-3- yl)carbamoyl) thiazole-5-sulfonimidamide Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed tert-butyl (S)-(2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-((2,4,5,6-tetrahydro-lH-cycl obuta[f inden-3-yl)carbamoyl) thiazole-5-sulfonimidoyl)carbamate (2.2 g, 4.34 mmol) in dioxane (40 mL), to this was added cone. HC1 (8 mL, 12M) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 8 h below 10 °C. The resulting solution was diluted with 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of DCM. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, then concentrated. The crude product was purified by HP-Flash with the following conditions: Column, C18 silica gel; mobile phase, MeCN:water=25:75 increasing to MeCN:water=55:45 within 30 min; Detector, UV 210 nm. This resulted in 1.37 g (77.3%) of Example 224 (99.4% ee) as a white solid. MS-ESI: 407 (M+l).

1H MR (300 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 2H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 2.92 (d, J= 3.9 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (d, J= 3.9 Hz, 2H), 2.90 - 2.55 (m, 4H), 2.00 - 1.75 (m, 6H), 1.50 (s, 6H).

Table 22. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar conditions as described in Example 223- Route 1 and Scheme 3A from appropriate starting materials.

N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5- indacen-4-yl-3 ,3,5,5-

227 375 d4)carbamoyl)-2-(2- 425 hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-

sulfonimidamide

N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5- indacen-4-yl- 1 , 1,7,7-

228 376 i¾)carbamoyl)-2-(2- 425 hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-

sulfonimidamide

Exam le 229 (Compound 307)

2-Fluoro-N f -((8-fluoro-L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- -indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4- hydroxybenzenesulfonimidamide (Scheme 3B)

Stepl: N-(ieri-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-fluoro-N -(8-fluoro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-fluoro-4- methoxybenzene-l-sulfonoimidamide (139 mg, 0.44 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL). To this solution was added NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 35.2 mg, 0.44 mmol) at 0 °C.This was followed by the addition of 4-fluoro-8-isocyanato-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5-indacene (95 mg, 0.44 mmol) in THF (5 mL) dropwise at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S04, and then concentrated. The residue was eluted from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 120 mg (51.2%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 536 (M+l).

Step 2: 2-Fluoro-N'-(8-fluoro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-ylca rbamoyl)-4- hydroxybenzenesulfonimidamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of l-[[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)imino](2- fluoro-4- methoxybenzene)sulfinyl]-3-(8-fluoro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5 -indacen-4-yl)urea (120 mg, 0.22 mmol) in ACN (5.0 mL), to this solution was added BBr 3 (561 mg, 2.24 mmol) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 5 mL of MeOH. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The crude product (100 mg) was purified by Prep-HPLC under the following conditions: Column, XBridge Prep OBD CI 8, 19*250 mm, 5 urn; mobile phase: water (10 mM NH 4 HC0 3 ) and ACN (25% to 43% ACN gradient in 7 min); Detector, UV. This resulted in 17.7 mg (19.4%) of Example 229 as a white solid. MS- ESI: 408 (M+l).

Example 230 (Compound 323)

iV-((l -hydroxy- 1,2,3, 5, 6,7-hexahydro- -indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2- vDthiazole-5-sulfonimidamide (Scheme 32)

Example 293 Examples 230

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-((l-oxo-l,2,3,5,6,7- hexahydro-5-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidamid e (100 mg, 0.23 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL). To this solution was added NaBH 4 (17.4 mg, 0.46 mmol) in portions at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The crude product (5 mL) was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBndge Prep OBD C18 Column 30x 150mm 5um; Mobile Phase A: water (10 mM NH 4 HC0 3 ), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 10% to 28% B in 7 min; 210/254 nm; Rt: 6.00 min. This resulted in 180 mg of the title compound (Example 230) as a solid. MS-ESI: 437.1 (M+l).

¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 8.51 (br s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.82 (br s, 2H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.28 (s, 1H), 5.07 (d, J= 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.05-4.85 (m, 1Η),2.95-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.75-50 (m, 4H), 2.35- 2.15 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.60 (m, 1H), 1.51 (s, 6H).

Exam le 231 (Compound 338)

N-((L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- -indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4-((3-methoxyazetidin-l- yDmethyPbenzenesulfonimidamide (Scheme 33A)

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed l-[amino[4-(bromomethyl)phenyl]oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene]-3-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5- indacen-4-yl)urea(50 mg, 0.11 mmol) in THF(5 mL). To this solution was added DIEA (28.4 mg, 0.22mmol) and 3-methoxyazetidine(10.5 mg, 0.12 mmol) atRT. The resulting solution was stined for 1 h at 65 ° C . The resulting mixture was concentrated. The crude product was purified by Prep- HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep C18 OBD Column 19* 100mm 5um 13nm; Mobile Phase A: water (10 mM NH 4 HCO 3 mM+0.1%NH 3 H 2 O), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 30% to 37% B in 9.5 min; 254/210 nm; Rt: 9.62 min .This resulted in 5 mg of Example 231 as a white solid. MS-ESI: 455 (M+1). ¾ MR (300MHz , DMSO-de) δ: 8.27 (br s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (s, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 4.02-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.51-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.14(s, 3H), 2.95-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.78- 2.73 (m, 4H), 2.69-2.63 (m, 4H), 1.96-1.88 (m, 4H).

Table 23. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar conditions as described in Example 231 and Scheme 33A from appropriate starting materials.

ylcarbamoyl)benzenesulfonimidamide Exam le 244 (Compound 401)

N f -((L2 ,5,6 -hexahvdro- -indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4-((2-oxopyrrolidin-l- yl)methyl)benzenesulfonimidamide (Scheme 33B)

Into a 40-mL sealed tube purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed l-[amino[4-(bromomethyl)phenyl]oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene]-3-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5-indacen-4- yl)urea (200 mg, 0.45 mmol) in THF (10 mL), to this stirred solution was added DIEA (173 mg, 1.34 mmol) and pyrrolidin-2-one (114 mg, 1.34 mmol) at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 60 °C. The resulting mixture was concentrated. The crude product was purified by Prep- HPLC with the following conditions: Column, XBridge Prep OBD C18, 30x150 mm 5 um; mobile phase, water (10 mM H4HCO3) and ACN (25% to 44% ACN gradient in 7 min); Detector, UV. This resulted in 10 mg (4.95%) of Example 244 as a white solid. MS-ESI: 453 (M+l).

¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ: 8.26 (br s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (br s, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.26-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.74 (m, 4H), 2.65-2.61 (m, 4H), 2.30 (t, J = 8.20 Hz, 2H), 1.98-1.89 (m, 6H).

Exam le 245 (Compound 404) N-((L2,3,5,6,7-hexahvdro- -indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-N,N- -2-sulfonimidamide (Scheme 4A)

Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)- N,N- dimethylthiophene-2-sulfonoimidamide (125 mg, 0.50 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL). To this was added NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 30.2 mg, 0.75 mmol) in several batches at 0 ° C in an ice/water bath. To the mixture was added 4-isocyanato-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (110 mg, 0.55 mmol) at 0 ° C in an ice/water bath. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C in a water/ice bath. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of H4CI (aq.). The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: X Bridge Prep Cis OBD, 19* 150mm 5 um; mobile phase, water (10 mM H4HCO3) and ACN (10% to 80% in 6 min); Detector, UV 254 nm. This resulted in 90 mg (39.9%) of Example 245 as a white powder. MS-ESI: 448.2 (M+l). ¾ MR (DMSO-i¾ 300 MHz): δ 8.60 (br s, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.58 (br s, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 2.86-2.70 (m, 8H), 2.70 (s, 6H), 1.98-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.3 (s, 6H).

Exam le 246 (Compound 331)

N f -((L2,3,5,6,7-hexahvdro- -indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-N- methylthiophene-2-sulfonimidamide (Scheme 4)

Example 246

Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-methylthiophene-2-sulfonoimidamid e (106 mg, 0.45 mmol) in THF (4.0 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH (60%wt. oil dispersion, 23.5 mg, 0.59 mmol) in several batches at 0 ° C in a water/ice bath. To this was added a solution of 4-isocyanato-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (99.1 mg, 0.50 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 ° C in a water/ice bath. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water/ice. The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column, X Bridge Shield RP18 OBD, 19x250 mm, 10 urn; mobile phase, water (10 mM H4HCO3+0.1%NH3.H 2 O) and ACN (43% to 67% ACN gradient in 6 min); Detector, UV 254 nm. This resulted in 80 mg (40.79%) of Example 246 as a white solid. MS-ESI: 434.15 (M+l). ¾ MR (DMSO-de, 300 MHz): δ 8.55 (br s, 1H) 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 5.22 (s, 1H) 2.63-2.85 (m, 8H) 2.49 (s, 3H) 2.00-1.80 (m, 4H) 1.31 (s, 6H).

Table 24. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar conditions as described in Example 246 and Scheme 4 from appropriate starting materials.

Exam le 248 (Compound 405)

Step 1: rerf-butyl(N-((l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen -4-yl)(methyl)carbamoyl)-2- (2- hydroxypropan -2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonimidoyl)carbamate

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl N-([[(l, 2,3,5, 6,7-hexahydro-5-indacen-4- yl) carbamoyl]imino][2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol-5-yl]o xo- 6 -sulfanyl)carbamate (200 mg, 0.38 mmol) in THF (10 mL), to this stirred solution was added CH3I (60 mg, 0.42 mmol) dropwise at 0 ° C . The resulting solution was stirred for 1 d at RT. The resulting mixture was concentrated. This resulted in 100 mg (49%) of the title compound as a solid. MS-ESI: 535 (M+l). Step 2: N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)(methyl)carbamoyl) -2-(2-hydroxypropan- 2-yl) thiazole-5-sulfonimidamide

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl N-([[(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4- yl) (methyl)carbamoyl]imino][2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazo l-5-yl]oxo- 6 - sulfanyl)carbamate (100 mg) in HC1 (4M, 10 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 5 h at RT. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column, XBridge Prep C 18 OBD, 5um, 19* 150 mm; mobile phase, water (10 mM H 4 HC03mM) and ACN (22% to 53% ACN gradient in 7 min); Detector, UV. This resulted in 15.7 mg of Example 248 as a solid. MS-ESI: 435 (M+l).

Table 25. Example 249 was isolated as a side product from the preparation of Example 248.

Exam le 250 (Compound 324)

N-(N-((L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- -indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5- sulfonimidovDacetamide (Scheme 35 A)

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a mixture of N'-((l, 2,3,5, 6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-2-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5- sulfonimidamide (200 mg, 0.48 mmol) and TEA (96 mg, 0.96 mmol) in DCM (20 mL). To the stirred solution, Ac 2 0 (74 mg, 0.72 mmol) was added dropwise at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred overnight. Then 80 mg of the product was obtained by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep CI 8 OBD Column 19x 150 mm 5um; Mobile Phase A: water (10 mM H4HCO3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 18% B to 41% B in 7 min; 254 /210 nm; Rt: 5.05 min, this resulted in 100 mg of the Example 250 as a white solid. MS-ESI: 462.14 (M+l). ¾

NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD-A) 5: 8.11 (s, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 2.92 - 2.69 (m, 8H), 2.09 - 2.01 (m, 4H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.60 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 6H).

Exam le 251 (Compound 407)

methyl 4-((4-(N-((1.2.3.5.6.7-hexahydro-5-indacen-4- yl)carbamoyl)sulfamidimidoyl)benzyl)(methyl)amino)-4-oxobuta noate (Scheme 35)

Example 251

Into a 8-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of l-[amino([4-[(methylamino)methyl]- phenyl])oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene]-3-(l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5-indacen-4-y l)urea (100 mg, 0.25 mmol), methyl 4-chloro-4-oxobutanoate (37.8 mg, 0.25 mmol) in DMF (10 mL), to this stirred solution was added HATU (191 mg, 0.50 mmol) and DIEA (64.9 mg, 0.50 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 20 min at RT. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column, XBridge Shield RP18 OBD, 19*250 mm, 10 um; mobile phase, water (10 mM H4HCO3) and ACN (15% to 75% ACN gradient in 7 min); Detector, UV 250 nm. This resulted in 4.2 mg (3.27%) of Example 251 as a white solid. MS-ESI: 513 (M+l). ¾ MR (300MHz, CD 3 OD-d ) δ: 8.02-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 2H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.85-2.80 (m, 4H), 2.75-2.60 (m, 8H), 2.03-1.97 (m, 4H).

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl 3-[([4-[amino([[(l,2,3, 5,6,7- hexahydro-5-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl]imino])oxo- 6 -sulfanyl]phenyl]methyl)(methyl)- carbamoyl]propanoate (80 mg, 0.16 mmol) in THF (3.0 mL) and H2O (3.0 mL), to the stirred solution was added KOH (17.5 mg, 0.31 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 120 min at RT. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column, XBridge Shield RP18 OBD, 19*250 mm, 10 urn; mobile phase, water (10 mM H4HCO3) and ACN (15% to 75% gradient in 7 min); Detector, UV250 nm. This resulted in 39 mg (50%) of Example 252 as a white solid. MS-ESI: 499 (M+1). 1 H- MR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD-d ) δ: 8.10-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.30 (m, 2H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.90-2.60 (m, 12H), 2.10-1.80 (m, 4H).

Example 253 (Compound 408)

(E)-N-(4-(N f -((L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro- -indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)sulfamidimidoyl)benzyl)-N- methyloct-4-en-7-ynamide (Scheme 35)

Example 253 was prepared using similar conditions as described in Example 251 and Scheme 35 from 3-(3-(but-3-ynyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)propanoic acid and Intermediate 67. MS-ESI: 519 (M+1) Table 26. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar conditions as described in Example 4 - route 1 and Scheme 2 from appropriate starting materials.

methylacetamide

ylcarbamoyl)pyridine-3-sulfonimidamide

Table 27. Examples in the following table were prepared using similar conditions as described in Example 4 - route 2 and Scheme 3 from appropriate starting materials.

2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'- ((l-methyl-1,2,3, 5,6,7-

291 317 hexahydro-s-indacen-4- 435 yl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5-

sulfonimidamide

2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'- ((3 -methyl- 1,2,3, 5,6,7-

292 319 hexahydro-s-indacen-4- 435 yl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5-

sulfonimidamide

2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'- ((l-oxo-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-

293 320 s-indacen-4- 435 yl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5- sulfonimidamide

2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'- ((3 -oxo- 1,2,3,5 , 6,7-hexahy dro-

294 336 s-indacen-4- 435 yl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5-

sulfonimidamide

N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-

295 330 r n | K indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-2-(2-

435 methoxypropan-2-yl)thiazole- 5-sulfonimidamide

Table 28. Examples in the following table were obtained from chiral HPLC resolutions of racemic examples described above. The chiral column and eluents are listed in the table. As a convention, the faster-eluting enantiomer is always listed first in the table followed by the slower-eluting enantiomer of the pair. The symbol * at a chiral center denotes that this chiral center has been resolved and the absolute stereochemistry at that center has not been determined. For mixtures contained two chiral centers and if two columns are used for separating the four diastereomers, the individual isomers are listed in the order of faster column 1/faster column 2; faster column 1/slower column 2; slower column 1/faster column 2; followed by slower column 1/slower column 2.

from example 123

-2-( 1 ,2-dihydroxypropan-2- cm, 5 um

yl)thiazole-5- sulfonimidamide

(S) or (R)-N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7- CHIRAL

hexahydro-y-indacen-4- ART EtOH in

319 137a yl)carbamoyl)-6-(2- Cellulose- Hex 415 hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridine- SB, 2*25 (0.1 %F A) 3 -sulfonimidamide cm, 5 um

(R) or (S)-N'-((l,2,3,5,6,7- CHIRAL

hexahydro-s-indacen-4- ART EtOH in

320 137b yl)carbamoyl)-6-(2- Cellulose- Hex (0.1% 415 hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridine- SB, 2*25 FA)

θ 3 -sulfonimidamide cm, 5 um

(S, S) or (S, R)-2-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-((l- l sl and 2 nd peak (two

methyl-1,2,3, 5,6,7- isomers) Faster-eluting

321 317ab hexahydro-s-indacen-4- on column 1 : CHIRAL 435

HO N— ¾ ( k yl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5- ART Cellulose-SB,

sulfonimidamide (from 2*25 cm, 5 um, IPA in

Example 291) Hex (0.1% FA).

(S, R) or (S, S)-2-(2- Separated further on hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-((l- column 2:

methyl-1,2,3, 5,6,7- CHIRALPAK IE,

322 317aa hexahydro-s-indacen-4- EtOH in MTBE (0.1% 435

HO N— ' ¾ ( yl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5- FA) to obtain single

sulfonimidamide (from isomers.

Example 291)

(R, R) or (R, S) -2-(2- hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N'-((l- CHIRAL

methyl-1,2,3, 5,6,7- ART IPA in Hex

323 317bb hexahydro-s-indacen-4- Cellulose- (0.1% FA) 435 yl)carbamoyl)thiazole-5- SB, 2*25 3 nd peak

sulfonimidamide (from cm, 5 um

Example 291)

example 335)

sulfonimidamide

sulfonimidamide um

sulfonimidamide

sulfonimidamide

midamide

5 -sulfonimidamide cm, 5 um

sulfonimidamide

sulfonimidamide

adjusted by adding 2 M H3 in methanol to the desired H3 concentration. In this the resulting concentration of H3 in methanol is 8 mM.

Example 425 (Compound 318) l-{Amino[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol-2-ylloxo- 6 -sulfanylidene|-3-(8-bromo-

1,2,3,5 , 6,7-hexahy dro- -indacen-4-yl)urea

Step 1: 4-Bromo-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-8-isocyanato-s-indacene

To a solution of 8-bromo-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydros-indacen-4-amine (1.5 g, 5.94 mmol) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) was added triethylamine (1.07 mL, 7.73 mmol) and triphosgene (882 mg, 2.97 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was then stirred at 60 °C for 4h. Reaction mixture was then brought to room temperature and used directly in the next step.

Step 2: l-{Amino[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol-2-yl]oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene}-3-(8- bromo-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)urea To a solution of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thi azole-2- sulfonoimidamide (400 mg, 1.2 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added NaH (60% wt. oil dispersioin, 96 mg, 2.4 mmol) at room temperature. After 5 min, a solution of 4-bromo-l,2,3, 5,6,7- hexahydro-8-isocyanato-s-indacene (2 mL, 2 mmol, from Step 1) was added drop wise. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min before quenching carefully with 4 M HC1 solution in dioxane (3 mL). Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride was added and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (15 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the titled compound (280 mg, 47%). LCMS: [M+H] + = 499.3. Example 426 (Compound 313) l-{Amino[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-L3-thiazol-2-ylloxo- 6 -sulfanylidene|-3-[7-(3,4- dimethylphenyl)-2 -dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl " |urea

Step 1: N-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)acetamide

To a solution of 2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-amine (3.4 g, 26 mmol) in ethanol (45 mL) was added a solution of acetic anhydride (4.9 mL, 52 mmol) in ethanol (15 mL) dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was gradually warmed up to RT and stirred for 15 h. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was triturated with diethyl ether to afford titled compound as off white solid (3 g, 66%). LCMS [M+H] + = 176.3.

Step 2: N-(4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-7-yl)acetamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was added N-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)acetamide (3 g, 17.1 mmol) and acetic acid (45 mL). The resulting solution was cooled to 0 °C and then a solution of bromine (5.4 g, 34.2 mmol) in acetic acid (12 mL) was added dropwise with stirring over 10 min. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for lh. Water was added and the resulting precipitates of product were collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to afford titled compound as off white solid (3.9 g, 90%). LCMS [M+H] + = 254.4.

Step 3: N-(2,3-dihydro-4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-lH-inden-7-yl)acetamid e A mixture of N-(4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-7-yl)acetamide (1 g, 3.9 mmol), 3,4- dimethylphenylboronic acid (700 mg, 4.68 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl2.DCM (160 mg, 0.19 mmol), sodium carbonate (900 mg, 8.58 mmol as 2 M aqueous solution) in dioxane (12 mL) was stirred at 100 °C in an oil bath for 72 h. The reaction mixture was brought to RT, water (20 mL) was added and extracted with EtOAc (15 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 0- 30% gradient of EtOAc in hexanes to afford titled compound (880 mg, 81%). LCMS [M+H] + = 280.6.

Step 4: 2,3-Dihydro-7-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-lH-inden-4-amine

A solution of N-(2,3-dihydro-4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-lH-inden-7-yl)acetamid e (880 mg, 3.15 mmol) in 6 N HC1 (20 mL) was stirred at 100 °C for 40 h. After consumption of the starting material, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C and adjusted to pH = 8 with 10 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The precipitates formed were collected, washed with water and dried under vacuum to afford the titled compound (81 mg, 67%) as tan colored powder. LCMS [M+H] + = 238.3. Step 5: l-{Amino[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol-2-yl]oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene}-3-[7-(3,4- dimethylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl]urea

To a solution of N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thi azole-2- sulfonoimidamide (42 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added Et 3 N (35 uL, 0.25 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min, followed by the addition of CDI (41 mg, 0.25 mmol). The reaction mixture was further stirred at RT for 1 h, and then 2,3-dihydro- 7-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-lH-inden-4-amine (30 mg, 0.13 mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The presence of desired product was then confirmed by LC-MS. The reaction mixture was quenched with 4 M HC1 in dioxane (1 mL) and stirred for 30 min to de-protect the TBS group which indicated the formation of desired product on LCMS. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC to provide titled compound (16.4 mg, 27%). LCMS [M+H] + = 485.49.

Example 427 (Compound 314)

l-{Aminor5-(2-hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-L3-thiazol-2-yl1oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene|-3-r8-(3,4- dimethylphenyl)-L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl1urea

Step 1 : l,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydro-8-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-s-indacen-4-ami ne

8-Bromo-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-amine (105 mg, 0.42 mmol), 3,4-dimethylphenyl- boronic acid (187 mg, 1.25 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl2 (30.4 mg, 0.04 mmol) and dioxane (1.5 mL) were added to a reaction vial. Cesium carbonate (1.24 mL, 1 M in H2O) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 16 h. Reaction mixture was brought to RT and filtered through a small bed of Celite and rinsed with dioxane (5 mL). Water (5 mL) was added to the filtrates and extracted with diethyl ether (5 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgS0 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide titled compound which was used in the next step without any purification. LCMS [M+H] + = 278.4.

Step 2: l-{Amino[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l,3-thiazol-2-yl]oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene}-3-[8-(3,4- dimethylphenyl)-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl]urea

The title product was obtained using similar procedure as in Step 5 Example 426. LCMS: [M+H] + = 525.42.

Example 428 (Compound 309)

3-rAmino(dimethyl-L3-thiazol-5-yl)oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene1-l-r4-fluoro-2,6-bis(propan-2- vD henyllurea

Step 1: N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2,4-dimethyl-l,3-thiazole-5-sulf onamide

Dimethyl- 1, 3 -thiazole-5-sulfonamide (41.4 mg, 0.22 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH2CI2 (2 mL). Triethylamine (0.090 mL, 0.65 mmol) and TBSC1 (38 mg, 0.25 mol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 18 h. Reaction mixture was brought to RT and used directly in the next step. LCMS: [M+H] + = 307.2.

Step 2: N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2,4-dimethyl-l,3-thiazole-5-sulf onoimidamide

Polymer bound dichlorotriphenylphosphorane reaction mixture (described for Reagent 2) was cooled in an ice/water bath under nitrogen. Triethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.72 mmol, 2.25 equiv.) was added slowly via syringe. Resulting mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 10 min and then the reaction mixture from Step 1 above was added dropwise via syringe. This reaction mixture was further stirred at 0 °C for 30 min and then a steady stream of anhydrous ammonia was bubbled into the reaction mixture for 3 min. Reaction vial was screw capped and stirred in ice/water bath for 2h. Reaction mixture was warmed up to room temperature, carefully opened and filtered to remove resin. The cloudy filtrate was centrifuged to remove any solids. Supernatant was concentrated in vacuo and dried under high vacuum for 1 h and used directly in the next step. LCMS: [M+H] + = 306.8.

Step 3: 3-{[(Tert-butyldimethylsilyl)amino](dimethyl-l,3-thiazol-5-y l)oxo^ 6 -sulfanylidene}- 1- [4-fluoro-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl] urea

To the crude reaction mixture from Step 2 was added anhydrous THF (1.5 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred in an ice/water bath for 5 min. NaH (17 mg, 0.44 mmol) was added and after 2 min of stirring a solution of isocyanate (0.165 mmol) in THF (3 ml) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was brought to RT and stirred for 15 min to give a mixture of crude products. LCMS: [M+H] + = 527.5; for de-protected product, [M+H] + = 413.5.

Step 4: 3-[amino(dimethyl-l,3-thiazol-5-yl)oxo- 6 -sulfanylidene]-l-[4-fluoro-2,6- bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl]urea

To the reaction from Step 3 was carefully added 4N HC1 in dioxane (0.3 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at RT for 30 min or till the completion of reaction as determined by the LCMS analysis ([M+H] + = 413.5). Reaction mix was then concentrated in vacuo. DMSO (0.8 mL) was added to the residue and purified by prep-HPLC to afford titled compound (10 mg). Examples in the following table were prepared using similar procedures described in Example 428.

Table 29.

The following protocol is suitable for testing the activity of the compounds disclosed herein.

Procedure 1: IL-Ιβ production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells stimulated with

Gramicidin.

THP-1 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and sub- cultured according to instructions from the supplier. Cells were cultured in complete RPMI 1640 (containing 10% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml)), and maintained in log phase prior to experimental setup. Prior to the experiment, compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to generate a 30mM stock. The compound stock was first pre-diluted in DMSO to 3, 0.34, 0.042 and 0.0083 mM intermediate concentrations and subsequently spotted using Echo550 liquid handler into an empty 384-well assay plate to achieve desired final concentration (e.g. 100, 33, 11, 3.7, 1.2, 0.41, 0.14, 0.046, 0.015, 0.0051, 0.0017 μΜ). DMSO was backfilled in the plate to achieve a final DMSO assay concentration of 0.37%. The plate was then sealed and stored at room temperature until required.

THP-1 cells were treated with PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (20 ng/ml) for 16- 18 hours. On the day of the experiment the media was removed and adherent cells were detached with trypsin for 5 minutes. Cells were then harvested, washed with complete RPMI 1640, spun down, and resuspended in RPMI 1640 (containing 2% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) . The cells were plated in the 384-well assay plate containing the spotted compounds at a density of 50,000 cells/well (final assay volume 50 μΐ). Cells were incubated with compounds for 1 hour and then stimulated with gramicidin (5μΜ) (Enzo) for 2 hours. Plates were then centrifuged at 340g for 5 min. Cell free supernatant (40μΙ.) was collected using a 96-channel PlateMaster (Gilson) and the production of IL-Ιβ was evaluated by HTRF (cisbio). The plates were incubated for 18 h at 4°C and read using the preset HTRF program (donor emission at 620 nm, acceptor emission at 668 nm) of the SpectraMax i3x spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices, software SoftMax 6). A vehicle only control and a dose titration of CRJD3 (100 - 0.0017 μΜ) were run concurrently with each experiment. Data was normalized to vehicle-treated samples (equivalent to 0% inhibition) and CRJD3 at 100 μΜ (equivalent to 100% inhibition). Compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-Ιβ production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells.

Procedure 2: IL-Ιβ production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells stimulated with

Gramicidin.

THP-1 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and sub- cultured according to instructions from the supplier. Prior to experiments, cells were cultured in complete RPMI 1640 (containing 10% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml)), and maintained in log phase prior to experimental setup. Prior to the experiment THP-1 were treated with PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (20 ng/ml) for 16- 18 hours. Compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to generate a 30mM stock. On the day of the experiment the media was removed and adherent cells were detached with trypsin for 5 minutes. Cells were then harvested, washed with complete RPMI 1640, spun down, resuspended in RPMI 1640 (containing 2% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) . The cells were plated in a 384-well plate at a density of 50,000 cells/well (final assay volume 50 μΐ). Compounds were first dissolved in assay medium to obtain a 5x top concentration of 500μΜ. 10 step dilutions (1 :3) were then undertaken in assay medium containing 1.67% DMSO. 5x compound solutions were added to the culture medium to achieve desired final concentration (e.g. 100, 33, 1 1, 3.7, 1.2, 0.41, 0.14, 0.046, 0.015, 0.0051, 0.0017 μΜ). Final DMSO concentration was at 0.37%. Cells were incubated with compounds for 1 hour and then stimulated with gramicidin (5μΜ) (Enzo) for 2 hours. Plates were then centrifuged at 340g for 5 min. Cell free supernatant (40μΙ.) was collected using a 96-channel PlateMaster (Gilson) and the production of IL-Ιβ was evaluated by HTRF (cisbio). A vehicle only control and a dose titration of CRID3 (100 - 0.0017 μΜ) were run concurrently with each experiment. Data was normalized to vehicle-treated samples (equivalent to 0% inhibition) and CRID3 at 100 μΜ (equivalent to 100% inhibition). Compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-Ιβ production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells.

Procedure 3

1. Experimental procedure

1.1 Cell Culture

1) Culture THP-1 cells in the complete RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS at 37 ° C, 5% C0 2 .

2) Passage the cells every 3 days by inoculating 3xl0 5 cells per ml.

1.2 Compound Preparation

Prepare the 3 -fold serial dilution of the compounds with DMSO in a 384-well LDV Microplate using TEC AN EVO system to generate the compound source plate with 10 concentrations. Top concentration is 30 mM. FIG. 3 depicts the layout of the microplate.

1.3 Cell preparation

1) Centrifuge THP-1 cells at 350g for 5 min.

2) Re-suspend cells with complete RMPI-1640 medium, and count cells.

3) Seed cells in T225 flask, about 2.5xl0 7 per flask, treat cells with 20ng/ml PMA (final DMSO concentration< 1%).

4) Incubate overnight.

1.4 THP-1 Stimulation

1) Wash adherent THP-1 cells with PBS, and detach cells with 4ml trypsin for T225 flask.

2) Centrifuge cells at 350g for 5 min, re-suspend cells with RPMI-1640 containing 2% FBS and count cells with trypan blue.

3) Transfer 50 nl/well the serial dilution of test compound to 384-well plate by Echo; For the high control and first point of CRID3 (MCC950), transfer 165 nl, then backfill to make the DMSO concentration is consistent in all wells, the plate layout is as below.

4) Seed 50k cells in 40ul RPMI-1640 with 2% FBS per well in 384-well plate. 5) Incubate for lh at 37 ° C, 5% C0 2 .

6) , add 10 μΐ per well, the final concentration is 5 μΜ, incubate for

7) Centrifuge at 350 g for 1 min.

8) Pipet 16μ1 supernatant by apricot, and transfer into white 384 proxiplate. FIG. 3 depicts the layout of the plates: HC: 100 μΜ CRID3 (MCC950) + 5 μΜ gramicidin LC : 5 μΜ Gramicidin.

1.5 IL-Ιβ detection

1) Homogenize the 5x diluent #5 with a vortex and add 1 volume of stock solution in 4 volumes of distilled water.

2) Thaw 20x stock solution of anti-ILip-Cryptate-antibody and anti-ILip XL-antibody. Dilute these two antibodies to lx with detection buffer #3.

3) Pre-mix the two ready-to-use antibody solutions just prior to use.

4) Dispense 4ul of pre-mixed Anti-ILip antibodies working solution into all wells.

5) Seal the plate and incubate overnight at 4 °C.

6) Read the cell plate using EnVison and plot Readout vs. the test compound concentration to calculate the IC50.

2. Data Analysis:

1. IC50 of compounds can be calculated using the following formulas

Formula for IC50

% inhibition =100-100 x [HCave-Readout / (HCave - LCave)]

2. Fit the normalized data in a dose-response manner using XLfit, and calculate the compound concentration.

Table 30 shows the biological activity of compounds in hTHP-1 assay containing 2% fetal bovine serum: <0.008 μΜ = "++++++"; >0.008 and <0.04 μΜ = "+++++"; >0.04 and <0.2 μΜ = "++++"; >0.2 and <1 μΜ = "+++"; >1 and <5 μΜ = "++"; >5 and <30 μΜ = "+". Table 30. Average IC50 of compounds in hTHP-1 assay

30 213 +++++

31 207 ++++

32 195 +++++

33 179 ++++

34 105 ++

35 121 +++

36 145 ++

37 131 ++

38 132 ++++

39 144 +++

40 149 ++++

41 152 ++++

42 150 +

43 167 ++++

44 106 +++++

45 107 ++++++

46 110 ++

47 151 +++

48 154 ++++

49 148 +++

50 153 ++

51 109 ++

52 135 +++

53 134 +++++

54 130 ++

55 212 +++

56 205 +++

57 143 +++

58 206 ++

59 108 +++++

60 202 ++ 61 208 +++++

62 197 ++++

63 196 ++

64 124 ++++

65 173 ++++

66 172 +

67 174 +++

68 158 ++

69 220 ++

70 157 ++

71 161 ++

72 159 +++

73 165 ++

74 183 +++++

75 176 +++++

76 136 +++++

77 209 ++++

78 203 >30 μΜ

79 180b or 180a +++++

80 180a or 180b +++

81 179b +++++

82 179a +++

83 190a or 190b ++

84 190b or 190a >30 μΜ

85 182a or 182b +++++

86 182b or 182a +++

87 191b or 191a ++++

88 191a or 191b ++

89 177b or 177a +++++

90 177a or 177b +++

91 185b or 185a ++++ 92 185a or 185b ++

93 186a or 186b ++++

94 186b or 186a ++

95 187a or 187b ++++++

96 187b or 187a +++

97 188b or 188a ++++

98 188a or 188b +

99 192b or 192a +++

100 192a or 192b +

101 189b or 189a ++++

102 189a or 189b ++

103 178b or 178a ++++

104 178a or 178b ++

105 193b or 193a +++

106 193a or 193b +

107 170b or 170a +

108 170a or 170b ++++

109 168b or 168a +++

110 168a or 168b >30 μΜ

111 171b or 171a ++++

112 171a or 171b +

113 122b or 122a +++++

114 122a or 122b ++

115 120b or 120a ++

116 120a or 120b ++++

117 125b or 125a ++++

118 125a or 125b ++

119 129b or 129a +

120 129a or 129b >30 μΜ

121 112b or 112a +++++

122 112a or 112b +++ 123 207c ++++

124 207aa ++

125 207b ++++

126 195a or 195e ++

127 195e or 195a ++++

128 105b or 105a +++

129 105a or 105b +

130 121b or 121a ++++

131 121a or 121b ++

132 145b or 145a ++

133 145a or 145b >30 μΜ

134 131b or 131a >30 μΜ

++

135 131a or 131b

136 225b or 225a ++

137 225a or 225b ++++

138 144b or 144a ++

139 144a or 144b ++++

140 149b or 149a +++++

141 149a or 149b ++

142 152b or 152a ++++

143 152a or 152b +

144 151b' or 151a' >30 μΜ

145 151a' or 151b' +

146 167b or 167a ++

147 167a or 167b +++

148 107b or 107a ++++++

149 107a or 107b +++

150 110b or 110a +

151 110a or 110b +++ 152 151b or 151a ++++

153 151a or 151b ++

154 154b or 154a ++++

155 154a or 154b ++

156 148b or 148a +++

157 148a or 148b +

158 153b or 153a ++

159 153a or 153b +

160 109b or 109a +++

161 109a or 109b +

162 135b or 135a +++

163 135a or 135b +

164 134b or 134a +++++

165 134a or 134b ++

166 130b or 130a +++

167 130a or 130b > 11.2150

168 212b or 212a +++

169 212a or 212b > 5.5915

170 205b or 205a ++

171 205a or 205b +++

172 143b or 143a +++

173 143a or 143b ++

174 206b or 206a +++

175 206a or 206b ++

176 108b or 108a +++++

177 108a or 108b ++

178 202b or 202a +

179 202a or 202b ++

180 116b or 116a ++

181 116a or 116b +

182 173a or 173b +++++ 183 173b or 173a +++

184 174b or 174a +++

185 174a or 174b +

186 223b or 223a ++++

187 223a or 223b +

188 158b or 158a ++

189 158a or 158b >30 μΜ

190 220b or 220a +++

191 220a or 220b +

192 157a or 157b +++

193 157b or 157a >30 μΜ

194 161b or 161a ++

195 161a or 161b +

196 165b or 165a +

197 165a or 165b >30 μΜ

198 172b or 172a +

199 172a or 172b >30 μΜ

200 106a or 106b +++++

201 106b or 106a +++

202 136b or 136a ++

203 136a or 136b ++++++

204 183a or 183b +++

205 183b or 183a +++++

206 176b or 176a +++++

207 176a or 176b +++

208 221 +

209 219 >30 μΜ

210 217 >30 μΜ

211 216 +

212 215 >30 μΜ

213 218 >30 μΜ 214 214 >30 μΜ

215 211 +

216 210 >30 μΜ

217 201 +

218 200 ++

219 199 >30 μΜ

220 198 +

221 141 ++++

222 140 +++

223 321 +++++

+++++

224 321b or 321a

++

225 321a or 321b

+++++

226 329

++++

227 375

++++

228 376

++

229 307

++

230 323

++

231 338

++

232 341

++

233 342

++

234 345

++

235 346

++

236 347

++

237 348

++

238 403

++

239 402 ++

240 350

++

241 322

++

242 351

++

243 358

+

244 401

+

245 404

+

246 331

+

247 339

+

248 405

>30 μΜ

249 406

+

250 324

++

251 407

>30 μΜ

252 410

253 408

++

254 308

+

255 311

>30 μΜ

256 312

++++

257 327

++++

258 326

+++

259 139

+++

260 137

++

261 409

+++++

262 303 +++++

263 325

++

264 138

++++

265 332

++++

266 334

++++

267 335

++

268 337

+++++

269 113

++

270 343

++

271 349

+++

272 344

+

273 359

+++

274 352

++

275 354

+++

276 355

>30 μΜ

277 356

+++

278 357

+++++

279 340

+++

280 377

+++++

281 378

+++

282 379

+++

283 380

+

284 353

++++

285 333 ++

287 382

++

288 383

++++

289 315

++

290 316

++++

291 317

++++

292 319

+++

293 320

++++

294 336

++++

295 330

++++++

296 364a

+++

297 364b

++++

298 365a

++

299 365b

+++

300 308a

+

301 308b

+++

302 195ba or 195bb

+++++

303 195bb or 195ba

++++

304 207a or 207bb

+++++

305 207bb or 207a

++++++

306 366a

++++

307 366b

++

308 139a

++++

309 139b +++++

310 367a

+++

311 367b

++

312 409b

++

313 409a

+++

314 369a

+

315 369b

+++

316 159a

++

317 159ab

+++

318 159ba

++

319 137a

++++

320 137b

++

321 317ab

+++

322 317aa

++++

323 317bb

+++++

324 317ba

> 28.4352

325 316a

+

326 316b

>30 μΜ

327 373a

++

328 373b

>30 μΜ

329 374a

>30 μΜ

330 374b

+

331 319ab

+++

332 319aa ++

333 319bb

+++++

334 319ba

++

335 320a

+++

336 320b

++

337 323ab

++

338 323bb

++

339 323aa

++

340 323ba

++++++

341 303a

+++

342 303b

++++

343 315a

++

344 315b

+++

345 138a

+

346 138b

+++++

347 328a

++

348 328b

++

349 326b

++++

350 326a

+++

351 318a

++++

352 318b

++

353 325a

+++++

354 325b

++++++

355 329a +++

356 329b

+

357 404b

>30 μΜ

358 404a

+++++

359 332a

+++

360 332b

++++

361 335a

++

362 335b

++

363 336a

++++

364 336b

>30 μΜ

365 337a

++

366 337b

>30 μΜ

367 371a

++

368 371b

>30 μΜ

369 372a

+++

370 372b

+

371 334a

++++

372 334b

+

373 339a

+++++

374 339b

+

375 334ab

+

376 334aa

++++

377 334bb

+++

378 334ba ++

379 338a

380 338b >30 μΜ

+++++

381 340a

++

382 340b

383 361b >30 μΜ

384 361a >30 μΜ

+++++

385 113a

+++

386 113b

++

387 330a

++++

388 330b

389 341a >30 μΜ

++

390 341b

+++

391 360ba

+++

392 360bb

+++++

393 363b

+++

394 363a

++

395 343a

396 343b >30 μΜ

++

397 359a

398 359b >30 μΜ

+++

399 352a

+

400 352b

401 383a >30 μΜ

++

402 383b

+++

403 382a +

404 382b

405 379a

>30 μΜ

406 379b

+

407 380a

++

408 380b

+++

409 380c

++++

410 380d

++

411 384a

>30 μΜ

412 384b

+++

413 357a

+

414 357b

>30 μΜ

415 354a

+++

416 354b

++

417 387a

++++

418 387b

++++

419 333a

++

420 333b

+++++

421 375a

422 375b

+++++

423 376a

424 376b

+++

425 318

+

426 313

+

427 314

+

428 309 +

430 310

+

431 306

A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.