The present invention relates to a digital-based system for avatar measurements based on evolving real-world measuring parameters. In particular, it relates †o a digital system operating based on versatile digital avatars providing exact replicas or digital twins of physical objects and processes. Such systems are used †o operate complex products and processes as cyber-physical manufacturing systems or therapeutic systems in the field of precise personalized and predictive medicine. More particular, the invention relates †o digital systems proliferafingly using avatar measurements in the context of the Interne† of Things (loT) and machine learning technologies.

Background of the Invention

In all fields of technology, it is often a requirement †o make assessment and/or predictions regarding the evolving operation or status of real world physical systems, assets or living objects, such as electro-mechanical systems, product processing systems, time characteristics and temporal behavior of buildings and constructions, or human beings or animals based on measured parameters and sensory data, for example for cyber-physical manufacturing, precise personalized and predictive medicine (e.g. telematics based), floating short or long scale risk assessment and measurements of physical real-world assets, or augmented or mixed reality technologies. For example, it may be desirable †o automatically predict a remaining useful life of a technical system operatable within an acceptable failure risk, such as an aircraft engine, †o help plan when the system should be replaced. Further, an operator of a system or physical asset may wan† †o monitor a condition or a portion of the system or physical asset, †o allow for conducting proper technical maintenance, etc. However, despite the improvements in sensor and computer technologies, accurately making such risk assessments and/or predictions is still a difficult technical task. For example, an even† †ha† occurs while a system or physical asset is no† operating may also impact the remaining useful life and/or condition of the system or asset bu† are no† taken into account by typical approaches in the prior ar†.

A real world physical system can be associated with asset's or system's components, such as sensors and actuators. Example of these are smart homes or Advance Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) of cars. The monitored systems and assets can be spatially distributed and, thus, these systems and assets include components and subsystems †ha† are also spatially distributed. As a consequence, there may be a need †o provide an appropriate information transportation and distribution †ha† serves †o sense and transmit measuring parameter values and data, and control the spatially distributed components and subsystems in order for the system or asset †o function efficiently and safely. In the state of the art, despite the fact †ha† loT provides a new dimension of connectivity, there is still a great need for systems and technologies †ha† provides connectivity and computational intelligence for the system's components †ha† are connected †o the loT. I† is therefore a demand †o provide technical systems and methods †o allow technical assessments and/or automated predictions and forecasts for physical systems e.g. associated with the loT in an automatic and technically precise manner relying on measured physical parameters.

Another technical problem †o provide such systems is, †ha† the number of factors and parameters †o monitor, assess and/or monitor e.g. for securing maintenance and/or †o operate real world physical or intangible assets or objects as e.g. large, complex industrial systems and their associated apparatuses such as engines or product processing devices etc., or †o continuously monitor physical medical condition parameters of living objects such as human beings or animals, in particular for interventions and optimization based on such factors (for example for asset utilization, consumption reduction, preventive measures, physical inspections, physical damage state assessment work-scope, and operation capacity etc.) is often †ha† large †ha† it has †o be performed in nature and in loco and is time-consuming and technically complex. Thus, it is another requirement †o provide technical systems and methods †o allow technical assessments and/or automated predictions and forecasts for the evolution of physical systems. Finally, the machine-based prediction or forecast of occurrence probabilities for events causing impacts, i.e. occurring risks, is technically difficult to be realized because of their long-fail nature and their susceptibility †o measuring and parametrizing quantitative impact factors and †o capturing temporal time developments and parameter fluctuations. Automation of prediction and modeling of catastrophes and risk accumulation is especially challenging as there is limited historic loss data available, and new risk events with new characteristics keep emerging. In addition †o finding, triggering and/or mitigating valuable loss and exposure data where existing, if is therefore important †o reduce the reliance on historic data by using novel modelling techniques going beyond traditional data analysis and predictive modeling approaches and techniques by monitoring a controllable cause-effect chain. Risk driven systems have been developed and used triggered and signaled by automated forecast systems. Such systems are able †o predicfively and quantitatively generate expected occurrence probability of physical events and their impact such as losses †o physical assets and objects typically starting from a set of modelling scenarios, which heavily depend in their timely development on the modelling technique. So there is a further requirement, †o provide a new technical system †o overcome these problems.

Digital representations (avatars) of twinned physical real-world assets and objects are herein referred as digital twins, i.e. an evolving digital data representation of a historical and current behavior of the twinned physical real-world asset and object or process. Thus, a digital representation of twinned physical real-world asset and object is the exact digital replica of the twinned physical real-world asset and object. The resulting digital avatar allows directly linking modelling structures and simulation techniques with sensors and big data. For example, the digital twin of an automobile is a digital, 3D representation of every par† of the vehicle, technically replicating the physical world so accurately †ha† a human could virtually operate the vehicle exactly as she/he would in the physical world and ge† the same responses, digitally simulated. I† is †o be noted, †ha† in this applications, physical assets may also refer †o physical processes, which are digitally twinned. Further, in this application, the sophisticate digital twins may continuously pull real-time sensor and systems data †o provide precise snapshots of the physical twin's current state. These data can then be integrated with historical data and predictive technologies allowing †o provide signals related †o potential issues and/or trigger the indication of solutions. The inventive solution of this application based on the provided digital risk twin technology can profoundly enhance the ability to make or trigger proactive, measuring data-driven decisions, increasing efficiency and avoiding potential issues by reducing the risk measure provided by the inventive system. In fact, the invention enables †o explore possible futures by exploring wha†-if scenarios based on the current measuring state of the asset of object and the evolving state of the digital avatar representation.

Summary of the Invention

If is an object of the invention †o allow for systematic capturing, measuring, quantifying, and forward-looking generating of appropriate risk and risk accumulation measures of physical real-world assets and objects based on physical measuring parameter values and data. Further, the system should be able †o connect directly †o the core flow of data of the present digital society e.g. using wearables, quanfified-self, Interne† of Things, smart cities, and industry 4.0 technologies, etc.) by providing a new technology for automated digital risk assessment and forecasting platforms. I† is a further object of the invention †o allow ensuring the accumulation of quality data which is critical for understanding, identifying, and developing more precise technical instruments and systems †o monitor and assess occurrence probabilities and events risks in the age of big data, industry 4.0 and broad mobile interne† connectivity e.g. 5G data networks, where the increased bandwidth enables machines, robots and other assets or objects with a high sensory environment, as smart homes and smart cities †o collect and transfer more data than ever. The invention should thus be scalable, and the used simulation technics should be easily accessible †o the physical assets' analytics. The invention should in particular allow for a normalization of the used risk factors and measuring values. Further, the invention should be easily in†egra†able in other processes, productions chains or risk assessment and measuring systems. Finally, the invention should be enabled †o use data and measuring parameter values from multiple heterogeneous data sources, inter alia from loT sensory. The probability measures and risk forecasts should allow †o capture various device and environmental structures, providing a precise and reproducible measuring of risk factors, and allowing †o optimize associated even† occurrence impacts of the captured risk events. According †o the present invention, these objects are achieved particularly through the features of the independent claims. In addition, further advantageous embodiments follow from the dependent claims and the description.

According †o the present invention, the abovemenfioned objects are particularly achieved by the digital platform for avatar measurements of evolving risk- based real-world measuring parameters, the digital platform comprising a† leas† one input device or measuring sensor associated with a specific physical or intangible real- world asset or living object †o be monitored, in †ha† the digital platform comprises a data store storing modular digital assets/objects elements each representing a plurality of subsystems of the real-world asset or object for the assembly of a digital twin representation of the physical or intangible real-world assets or living objects, wherein the modular digital assets or objects elements are selectable †o be assembled †o said digital twin representation from the data store based on captured structural, operational and/or environmental parameters by means of the digital platform, in †ha† by means of the a† leas† one input device or sensor associated with the twinned physical asset or object, structural, operational and/or environmental status parameters of the real-world asset or object are measurable, and †ransmi††able †o the digital platform, †o be associated †o the digital twin representation, wherein the values of the status parameters associated with the digital twin representation are dynamically monitored and adapted based on the transmitted parameters, and wherein the digital twin representation comprises data structures representing states of each of the plurality of subsystems of the real-world asset or object holding the parameter values as a time series of a time period, in †ha†, by means of the digital platform, data structures representing future states of each of the plurality of subsystems of the real-world asset or object are generatable as value time series over a future time period based on an application of simulations using cumulative damage models, the cumulative damage models generating the effect of the operational and/or environmental asset or object parameters on the twinned real-world asset or object of the future time period, and in †ha†, by means of the digital platform, the digital twin representation is analyzable providing a measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real-world asset or object based on the generated value time series of values over said future time period, the measure being related †o the probability of the occurrence of a predefined even† †o the real-world asset or object. In an embodiment variant, the control of an operation or status of the real world asset or object is optimized or adjusted †o predefined operational and/or status asset or object parameters of the specific real-world asset or object based on the provided measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real-world asset or object and/or based on the generated value time series of values over said future time period, wherein in case of an optimized control of operation, the optimized control of operation is generated †o jointly and severally increase the specific operating performance criteria in time and future of the real-world asset or object or decrease a measure for an occurrence probability associated with the operation or status of the real-world asset or object within a specified probability range.

Further, the decrease of the measure for an occurrence probability associated with the operation or status of the real-world asset or object can be based on a transfer of risk †o an automated risk-transfer system controlled by the digital platform, wherein values of parameters characterizing the transfer of risk are optimized based on said measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real-world asset or object and/or based on the generated value time series of values over said future time period. In order †o optimize the status of the real-world asset or object or the probability of an occurrence of a predefined risk even†, an optimizing adjustment of a† leas† a subsystem of the real-world asset of object can be triggered by means of the digital platform. The triggering by means of the digital platform can e.g. be performed by electronic signal transfer. Based on the measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real-world asset or object, a forecasted measure of an occurrence probability of one or more predefined risk events impacting the real-world asset or object can be generated by propagating the parameters of the digital twin representation in controlled time series.

As a further embodiment variant, the operational and/or environmental parameters can e.g. comprise endogen parameters, whose values are determined by the real-world asset or object, and/or exogen parameters, whose values origin from and are determined outside the real-world asset or object and are imposed on the real-world asset or object. The digital platform can e.g. comprise associated exteroceptive sensors or measuring devices for sensing exogen environmental parameters physically impacting the real-world asset or object and proprioceptive sensors or measuring devices for sensing endogen operating or status parameters of the real-world asset or object. The sensors or measuring devices can e.g. comprise interfaces for setting one or more wireless or wired connections between the digital platform and the sensors or measuring devices, wherein data links are settable by means of the wireless or wired connections between the digital platform and the sensors or measuring devices associated with the real-world asset or object transmitting the exogen and endogen parameters measured and/or captured by the sensors or measuring devices †o the digital platform.

As another embodiment variant, the digital platform can e.g. comprise and trigger an automated expert system of the digital platform by means of electronic signal transfer, wherein the digital platform triggers the transmission of a digital recommendation †o a user interface generated by the expert system of the digital platform based on the measured value of the measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real-world asset or object and/or the measured probability of the occurrence of a predefined physical even† †o the real-world asset or object, and wherein the digital recommendation comprises indications for an optimization of the real-world asset or object or adaption of the structural, operational and/or environmental parameters.

Brief Description of the Drawings The present invention will be explained in more detail below relying on examples and with reference †o these drawings in which:

Figures 1 and 2 show block diagrams, schematically illustrating the basic structure comprising three main parts: the predicting digital risk twin structure, the properties indicator retrieval and the impact experience processing. The virtual risk twin structure allows †o forecast quantitative risk measures and expected impact/loss measures from the digital risk twins using characteristic technical main elements, namely the digital risk twin structure with the simulation and synchronization means and the loT sensory providing the constant real-world streaming linkage and connection (c.f. figures 3 and 4). Figures 3 and 4 show block diagrams illustrating schematically an exemplary digital risk twin, which can be made available throughout the entire lifecycle of the real-world asset 31 /32 or object 33 and/or digital platform 1 through its structure, as shown in Fig. 3 and 4. Figure 3 shows the digital assef/objecf replica 48, the digital twin 47, the digital ecosystem replica 46, the digital risk robot 46 and the digital twin 4 with its optional artificial intelligence 45 of a physical entity 3 in the inventive digital platform 1 . In the digital platform 1 and digital twin 47, respectively, each physical assef/objecf 3 comprise its digital modelling structures 481 , 482, 483. 48i and data. These modelling structures 481 , 482, 483. 48i and data combined form a digital assef/objecf replica 48 of an assef/objecf 3. The digital assef/objecf replica 48 is then equipped with the three characteristics (1 ) simulation 471 , (2) synchronization 472 with the physical assef/objecf 3, (3) active data acquisition 473, to form the digital twin 47. The digital risk twin 4 consist of all characteristics of the digital twin 47 as well as a digital risk robot 45 layer and optionally the artificial intelligence layer 41 †o realize an autonomous digital platform 1 . The digital risk robot 45 layer consists of its own digital modelling structures 461 , 462,

463. 46i and data, where these modelling structures 461 , 462, 483. 46i and data combined form a digital ecosystem replica 48 of the ecosystem 5 comprising the environmental interacting facfors/enfifies and the interaction †o other real-world assefs/objecfs 3. The digital risk twin 4, realized as an intelligent digital risk twin, can therefore implement machine learning algorithms on available models and data of the digital twin 47 and the digital risk robot 45 to optimize operation as well as continuously test wha†-if-scenarios, used for predictive maintenance and an overall more flexible and efficient production through plug and produce scenarios. Having an intelligent digital risk twin 4 expands the digital risk robot 45 with self-x capabilities such as self- learning or self-healing, facilitating its inner data management as well as its autonomous communication with other digital risk twins 4.

Figure 5 shows a block diagram illustrating schematically an exemplary value data chain connecting directly †o the core flow of data of the digital society (wearables, quanfified-self, Interne† of things, smart cities, industry 4.0, etc.). The process simplifies risk-transfer technology and extend it with the inventive digital risk twin structure integrated in the digital platform †o help the ecosystem understand, measure, prevent and mitigate risks end †o end. The digital risk twin structure (indicators, analytics) can be embedded into digital platforms or provided directly through API. Figure 6 shows a block diagram illustrating schematically an exemplary realization of the inventive digital risk twin based platform. According †o the invention, the digital representation of the risks related †o a specific real world asset or object. The invention provides a quantification of risks by appropriate risk measures. This includes risk assessment and risk scoring capabilities. If can also include risk impact measures on a much larger scale (i.e. engine > plan† > supply chain) . The inventive solution is scalable and can be digitally created/managed. I† allows †o extend prior technologies for risk based data services and †o create easy access †o asset related insights/analytics. Further, it provides a normalized use of risk factors and values. Finally, it can be easily integrated in other processes/value chains.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments

Figures 1-4 schematically illustrate an architecture for a possible implementation of an embodiment of the inventive digital platform 1 for avatar measurements of temporally evolving risk-based real-world measuring parameters. The digital platform 1, a† leas† partially realized as an automated, autonomous operating, electronic, digital cyber-physical production system, comprises a† leas† one da†a- capturing device or measuring sensor 2 associated with a specific physical or intangible real-world asset 3,31/32 or living object 3,33 to be monitored. The da†a-cap†uring devices and/or measuring sensors 2, in particular, can comprise loT sensory and digital sensory networks with appropriate controls, sensors and other devices †ha† make up the digital sensory network. Such sensory network allow seamlessly collecting and communicating data †o enable the inventive digital platform 1. Thus, the physical real- world asset 31/32 or living object 33 that is †o be twinned is fitted with sensors †ha† measures the desired parameters and forwards them †o the connected digital platform 1. Sensory and tracking technology may create real-time streams of measuring data with a predictive potential. The appropriate wearables, trackers, smart home devices and other sensors can so create a constant stream of evolving data †ha† allow †o track the evolution of the twinned asset or object 3. Granular streams of data from the used sensory and tracking technology can e.g. be molded into a single digital twin representation 4 by using analytical capabilities of artificial intelligence and machine learning. The digital twin representation 4 and the digital platform 1 , respectively, is based on three technical core characteristics, namely (i) synchronization means for synchronization with the real world asset or object 3, (ii) active data measuring and acquisition from the real environment and/or the real world asset or object 3 and forecast and simulation means giving or forecasting the infernal and/or external development of the measuring parameters associated with the twinned system 3 and/or providing the status and/or emerging risk measures associated with the twinned system 3. In addition and a† leas† as an embodiment variant, the digital twin is realized as an intelligent digital twin, wherein the digital platform 1 and/or the digital twin representation include the characteristics of artificial intelligence or other machine learning structures. To realize the proposed architecture for the digital platform 1 , several techniques, e.g. Anchor-Point method, methods for heterogeneous data acquisition and data integration or agent-based method for the development of a co simulation between different digital twin representation, especially for the digital risk twin part, can be implemented. As mentioned above, the digital platform is realized a† leas† partially, as a cyber-physical system, i.e. as an integration of sensor and measuring technology, digital data and cyber methods with physical processes. Embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, usually with feedback loops, where physical processes affect computations and vice versa. According †o the present invention, the digital twin 4 is a victual representation of a physical asset of object 3 in the digital platform 1 , i.e. in the cyber physical production system, enabled of mirroring its static and dynamic characteristics within certain environmental conditions, i.e. condition parameter settings. The digital platform contains and maps various digital modules †o each physical assets or objects 3, of which some are executable, as e.g. simulation or forecast modules. However, no† all module are executable, which technically, inter alia, means †ha† the digital twin representation according the present invention is more than jus† a simulation of a physical asset or object 3. According †o the invention, an asset or object 3 can be an entity †ha† already exists in the real world or can be a representation of a future entity †ha† will be constructed or still have †o be born. I† is important †o understand, †ha† the digital twin representation 4 of the present invention can be realized a composite of many individual digital twin representations 4. These digital twin representations 4 communicate with each other by means of the digital platform 1 and are enabled exchange data and information. A digital twin representation 4 of the digital platform 1 can simulate and test various scenarios for reconfiguration of the digital platform 1, such as reliability, energy consumption, process consistency, ergonomics, logistics, virtual commissioning, etc. The different simulation modules interacting with each other, form a co-simulafion of the entire system and show the characteristics of the digital platform 1 e. g„ the behavior, function, etc. By reconfiguration is mean† a modification of parts of an already existing and operating digital platform 1 †o meet new requirements, typically arising or emerging from the stream of sensory data measured in the real-world of the physical twin 3 in order †o achieve convergence in the parallel development. I† is important †o understand, †ha† the digital platform 1 as a cyber- physical production system is neither a purely physical object nor a purely virtual object, since its virtual digital core, i.e. the digital twin structure 4 only exist in its dependency †o the real-world, physical object 3 and its constant link and sensory data streaming connection †o the real-world physical object 3, connecting the digital twin 4 †o the twinned real-world object 3 like an unborn child †o its mother through the live-spending umbilical cord.

The digital platform 1 comprises a data store 10 with stored modular digital assets/objects elements 101.105 each representing a plurality of subsystems 41 of the real-world asset or object 3 for the assembly of a digital twin representation 4 of the physical or intangible real-world assets or living objects 3. The data store 10 can be realized as an electronic repository for persistently storing and managing collections of data which include no† jus† repositories like databases, bu† also simpler store types such as simple files, etc. The data store can accommodate data in any known formats and data structures and in various formats and data structures a† the same time. Thus, the data store is more than a library, since it can technically represent a "data lake" or a "data ocean". Under databases, it is understood herein a series of bytes †ha† is managed by a database management system (DBMS), while a file is understood as a series of bytes †ha† is managed by a file system. Thus, any database or file is a series of bytes †ha†, once stored, can constitute a data store 10, as referred herein. As such, the data store 10 technically provides the basis †o hold and abstract and collections of constructive data inside the respective digital platform 1 †o build up the digital twin representation 4. The data store 10 can also comprise data lake repositories or data ocean repositories of data holding data in its na†ural/raw forma†, e.g. object BLOBs (Binary Large OBjec†) or files, where a BLOB is understood herein as a collection of binary data stored as a single entity in a database management system. BLOBs can comprise images, audio or other any multimedia objects, or even binary executable code stored as a blob. The modular digital assets or objects elements 101.105 are selected and assembled to said digital twin representation 4 from the data store 10 based on captured structural 421 , operational 422 and/or environmental 423 property parameters 42 by means of the digital platform 1 .

The invention provides the technical structure for making assessments and/or predictions regarding the operation or status of a real world physical system 3, such as industrial plants, e.g. comprising electro-mechanical system, or living objects 3, e.g. human being with health condition. The predicted measures may, infer alia, be based on aging process modelling. For example, if may be helpful †o predict the remaining life of a technical system, such as an aircraft engine or a mill plan†, †o help plan when the system should be replaced or when a certain risk measure for a possible loss exceeds a certain threshold value. An expected life-time or risk measure of a system may be estimated by a prediction or forecast process involving the probabilities of failure of the system's individual components, the individual components having their own reliability measures and distributions, or the probability of an impact of an occurring risk even†.

Digital models and modelling executalbes contain a digital representation of dynamic processes affecting the asset or object or elements of the asse†/objec†, thereby providing its development †o future time-frames. I† can be distinguished between digital knowledge models (representing the current understanding about rela- onship of things in the real world. They are often described as digital knowledge graphs, digital risk models (hazard models, rating models, pricing and price development models, etc.) and machine learning model modules †ha† can help †o detect non-linear patterns in data †o extrapolate the ability †o predict outcomes. Having involved a plurality of measuring devices and sensors, the present system is able †o constantly or periodically monitor and trigger multiple components of a system, real-world asset or living object 3, each having its own micro-characteristics and no† jus† average measures of a plurality of components, e.g. associated with a production run or slot. Moreover, it may be possible †o very accurately monitor and continually assess the health of individual technical components of the physical real-world asset 31 /32 or parts of the body of the living object 33, predict their error-proneness, vulnerability, health-status or remaining live-time, and consequently assess and forecast health measures, health risk measures and remaining life-time. Thus, the system provides a significant advance for example for applied prognostics and risk measuring. If further provides the technical basis for discovering and monitor real-world assets and objects 3 in an accurate and efficient manner allowing, infer alia, †o precisely trigger risk measures, or in the context of production systems †o reduce unplanned, losses, break downs or a† leas† the associated down time for complex systems. The inventive system 1 also allows †o achieve a nearly optimal control of a twined physical system if the relevant sensory data can by measures and assessed, if the life of the parts and degradation of the key components can be accurately determined or, in case of living objects 33, if the health status and condition of the relevant organs can be correctly measured. According †o the present invention, these forecast measures are provided by a digital twin 4, in particular a digital risk twin, of a twinned physical system 3.

By means of the a† leas† one input device or sensor 2 associated with the twinned physical asset or object 3, structural 431 , operational 432 and/or environmental 433 status parameters 43 of the real-world asset or object 3 are measured and transmitted †o the digital platform 1 . The status parameters 43 are assigned †o the digital twin representation 4, wherein the values of the status parameters 43 associated with the digital twin representation 4 are dynamically monitored and adapted based on the transmitted parameters 43, and wherein the digital twin representation 4 comprises data structures 44 representing states 441 of each of the plurality of subsystems 41 of the real-world asset or object 3 holding the parameter values as a time series of a time period.

Some embodiments are directed †o an Interne† of Things associate †o facilitate implementation of a digital twin of a twinned physical system. For these variants, the loT associate may include a communication port †o communicate with a† leas† one component, the a† leas† one component comprising a sensor 2 or an actuator associated with the twinned physical system 3, and a gateway †o exchange information via the loT. The digital platform 1 and local data storage, coupled †o the communication port and gateway, may receive the digital twin 4 from the data store via the loT. The digital platform 1 may be programmed to, for a† leas† a selected portion or subsystem 34 of the twinned physical system 3, execute the digital twin 4 in connection with the a† leas† one component and operation of the twinned physical system 3. The structural and/or operational and/or environmental status parameters 43 can e.g. comprise endogen parameters, whose values are determined by the real- world asset or object, and/or exogen parameters, whose values origin from and are determined outside the real-world asset or object and are imposed on the real-world asset or object. The digital platform 1 can e.g. comprise associated exteroceptive sensors or measuring devices for sensing exogen environmental parameters physically impacting the real-world asset or object and proprioceptive sensors or measuring devices for sensing endogen operating or status parameters of the real-world asset or object. The sensors or measuring devices can e.g. comprise interfaces for setting one or more wireless or wired connections between the digital platform 1 and the sensors or measuring devices 2, wherein data links are settable by means of the wireless or wired connections between the digital platform 1 and the sensors or measuring devices 2associa†ed with the real-world asset or object 3 transmitting the exogen and endogen parameters measured and/or captured by the sensors or measuring devices 2 †o the digital platform 1 .

By means of the digital platform 1 , data structures 44 for the digital twin representation 4 representing future states 441 of each of the plurality of subsystems 41 of the real-world asset or object 3 are generated as value time series over a future time period based on an application of simulations using cumulative damage models, the cumulative damage models generating the effect of the operational and/or environmental asset or object parameters on the twinned real-world asset or object 3 of the future time period. Models, as understood herein, technically contain a digitized, formalized representation of the known fime-relafed influences and damage mechanisms. Concerning the digital engineering, the cumulative damage models can comprise digital knowledge models for the knowledge engineering, time-dependent risk models and machine learning models that are able †o defect non-linear patterns in data †o extrapolate the ability †o predict outcomes, where the digital knowledge models represent and capture the relationship of the objects in the real world, e.g. described as knowledge graphs. Knowledge graphs are structured knowledge in a graphical representation, which can be used for a variety of information processing and management tasks such as: (i) enhanced (semantic) processing such as search, browsing, personalization, recommendation, advertisement, and summarization, 2) improving integration of data, including data of diverse modalities and from diverse sources, 3) empowering ML and NLP techniques, and 4) improve automation and support intelligent human-like behavior and activities that may involve robots. For example, for a micromechanical device, a micromechanics modelling can be used that includes the internal and external effects on the device can be used in a cumulative damage scheme to predict the time-dependent fatigue behavior. Parameters can be used to model the degradation of the device under fatigue loading. A rate equation that describes the changes in efficiency as a function of time cycles can be provided using experimentally determined reduction data. The influence of efficiency parameters on the strength can be assessed using a micromechanics model. The effect of damage probability measures on the device can be provided by solving a boundary value problem associated with the particular damage mode (e.g. transverse matrix cracking). Predictions from such technical modelling can be back- checked and compared with experimental data, e.g. if the predicted fatigue life and failure modes of the device agree very well with the experimental data. The modelling of the present invention (especially machine learning and risk modelling, i.e. modelling of probability measures of future occurring events) leverage time-series data in order to build a view from the past that can be projected towards the future.

All mentioned prediction and modelling modules (especially risk-based and/or machine learning) leverage timeseries data in order to build a view from the past that can be projected towards the future. This also applies to establish frequency and severity measures of events that can be used for risk-based purposes. A risk measure or risk-exposure measure is understood herein as the physically measurable probability measure for the occurrence of a predefined event or development. As mentioned, historical measuring data are also fundamentals to establish frequency and severity of events that can be used for risk measures. Historical data can be used in all areas, like general dimensions (e.g. measuring weather, GDPs (Gross Domestic

Products), risk events) as well as more risk-transfer related (e.g. measuring economic losses, insured losses). In the above example of the micromechanical device, the historical data can, inter alia, be also be weighted by experimental step-stress test data to verify the cumulative exposure/damage modelling structure. By means of the digital platform 1 , the digital twin representation 4 is analyzed providing a measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real-world asset or object 3 based on the generated value time series of values over said future time period, the measure being related to the probability of the occurrence of a predefined even† †o the real-world asset or object 3. The digital twin 4 of twinned physical system 3 can, according to some embodiments, access the data store, and utilize a probabilistic model creation unit to automatically create a predictive model that may be used by digital twin modeling processing to create the predictive risk measure.

As used herein, the term "automatically" may refer to, for example, actions that can be performed with little or no human intervention. As further used herein, devices, including those associated with the digital platform 1 may exchange information via any communication network which may be one or more of a Local Area Network ("LAN"), a Metropolitan Area Network ("MAN"), a Wide Area Network ("WAN"), a proprietary network, a Public Switched Telephone Network ("PSTN"), a Wireless Application Protocol ("WAP") network, a Bluetooth network a wireless LAN network, and/or an Internet Protocol ("IP") network such as the Internet, an intranet, or an extranet. Note that any devices described herein may communicate via one or more such communication networks. The digital risk twin 4 of the twinned physical system 3 can e.g. store information into and/or retrieve information from various data sources, such as the sensors 2, the data store etc.. The various data sources may be locally stored or reside remote from the digital twin 4 of the twinned physical system 3.

By means of the digital platform 1 , the control of an operation or status of the real world asset or object 3 can be optimized or adjusted to predefined operational and/or status asset or object parameters of the specific real-world asset or object 3 based on the provided measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real- world asset or object 3 and/or based on the generated value time series of values over said future time period. In case of an optimized control of operation, the optimized control of operation is generated to jointly and severally increase the specific operating performance criteria in time and future of the real-world asset or object or decrease a measure for an occurrence probability associated with the operation or status of the real-world asset or object within a specified probability range. The decrease of the measure for an occurrence probability associated with the operation or status of the real-world asset or object 3 can e.g. be based on a transfer of risk to an automated risk- transfer system controlled by the digital platform, wherein values of parameters characterizing the transfer of risk are optimized based on said measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real-world asset or object 3 and/or based on the generated value time series of values over said future time period. In order †o optimize the status of the real-world asset or object 3 or the probability of an occurrence of a predefined risk even†, an optimizing adjustment of a† leas† a subsystem 34 of the real- world asset of object 3 can e.g. be triggered by means of the digital platform 1 . The triggering by means of the digital platform 1 can e.g. be performed by electronic signal transfer.

As variant, the digital twin 4 of the twinned physical system 3, i.e. the digital virtual replicas are constantly updated and analyzed by measuring data from their real counterparts, i.e. the twinned physical system or object 3 and from the physical environment †ha† surrounds them in their real physical world. The digital platform 1 is able †o react on the digital twin 4 and it can run analysis related †o historical data, current data and forecasts. I† is able †o predict what will happen in each case and the associated risk, and thus be able automatically propose actions and provide appropriate signaling. Even the virtual twin itself or the digital platform 1 , respectively, can ac†, when technically realized as such, on the technical means of its real-world twin 3, given †ha† the two are linked by appropriate technical means. For example, by electronically sensing and triggering the occurrence of one or more specified threshold values emerging from or otherwise popping up a† the digital twin 4 by means of a trigger or control module of the digital platform 1 , electronic signaling can be generated by means of a signaling module and a da†a-†ransmission interface of digital platform 1 , which is transmitted over a da†a-†ransmission network †o the corresponding technical means or a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) steering the corresponding technical means of the digital twin 4. In this case, the digital platform 1 is connected via the da†a-†ransmission network, which can include a land-based and/or air-based wired or wireless network; e.g., the Interne†, a GSM network (Global System for Mobile Communication), an UMTS network (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and/or a WLAN (Wireless Local Region Network), and/or dedicated point-to-poin† communication lines. As the measuring sensors a† the real-world asset or object 3, the corresponding technical means can be connected †o the digital platform by telematics devices, allowing a continuous monitoring and control of the real-world twin 3. The corresponding technical means of the real-world twin 3 can e.g. comprise switches (e.g. on/off switches) activating or deactivating the associated technical means or the operation of the real-world asset or object 3 to prevent damage or loss a† the real-world asset or object 3. In case of a living real-world object 3, the corresponding technical means can e.g. comprise electronic alarm means signaling an imminent occurrence of a damage or loss even† †o the living object 3 or emergency systems, as e.g. a heart attack or stroke. The PLCs, as mentioned above, are enabled †o electronically control and steer appropriate technical means of the real-world asset or object 3, and can range from small modular devices with tens of inputs and outputs (I/O), in a housing integral with the processor, †o large rack-mounted modular devices with a count of thousands of I/O, and which are often networked †o other PLC and SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems. The PLCs can be designed for multiple arrangements of digital and analog I/O, extended temperature ranges, immunity †o electrical noise, and resistance †o vibration and impact. Executable program codes †o control a possible machine operation a† the real-world asset 3 can e.g. be stored in ba††ery-backed-up or non-volatile memory.

The present invention has inter alia the advantage, †ha† the digital platform 1 is consolidated in Industry 4.0 technology, especially providing new technical advantages in the automation of risk-transfer and insurance technology, in particular automated risk control and management systems. For example in the case of automated means for risk-transfer in the context of associated vehicles or houses, their nowadays increasing hyper-connection will contribute †o the construction of the digital twins 4 by means the digital platform 1 , so †ha† the platform 1 provides new technical ways †o generate predictive modelling and offer automated personalized services. Especially, if the subject of the risk-transfer is no† a real-world asset 3 bu† a living object 3, that brings a degree of complexity, where trying †o forecast and predict human factors will always involve a considerable margin of error, and the inventive digital platform 1 is able †o solve by means of the digital risk twins challenge in the risk-transfer technology, where prior ar† systems are no† able †o cope with. As an increasing amount of personal data are generated e.g. through smartphones, fit-bits or other devices e.g. in smart homes, for example, prior ar† systems are, despite the availability of more and more data, no† able †o make them coherent and †o translate them into probable behavior (and its associated risk measures). Thus, the inventive system 1 is able †o play a key role †ha† allows a more direct and personalized relationship with the living object 3 (i.e. the risk-transfer client) and is able †o provide a critical technical role as new intermediary between data providers and risk-transfer systems, specialized in interpreting the accumulating big data of risk-transfer customers by linking it †o the generation of appropriate digital twins 4. As an embodiment variant, based on the measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real-world asset or object, a forecasted measure of an occurrence probability of one or more predefined risk events impacting the real-world asset or object 3 can e.g. be generated by propagating the parameters of the digital twin representation 4 in controlled time series. As a further embodiment variant, the digital platform can e.g. comprise and trigger an automated expert system of the digital platform 1 by means of electronic signal transfer, wherein the digital platform 1 triggers the transmission of a digital recommendation †o a user interface generated by the expert system of the digital platform based on the measured value of the measure for a future state or operation of the twinned real-world asset or object and/or the measured probability of the occurrence of a predefined physical even† †o the real- world asset or object 3, The digital recommendation comprises indications for an optimization of the real-world asset or object 3 or adaption of the structural, operational and/or environmental status parameters. Figures 3 and 4 show a more detailed schematic representation of the digital risk twin 4, in particular the digital asse†/objec† replica 48, the digital twin 47, the digital ecosystem replica 46, the digital risk robot 46 and the digital twin 4 with its optional artificial intelligence 45 of a physical entity 3 in the inventive digital platform 1 . In the digital platform 1 and digital risk twin 4, respectively, each physical asse†/objec† 3 consists of its digital modelling structures 481 , 482, 483. 48i and associated data and . its digital modelling structures 461 , 462, 463. 46i and associated data. The digital twin

47 with the digital asse†/objec† replica 48 is realized as a continuously updated, digital structure hold by the digital platform 1 †ha† contains a comprehensive physical and functional description of a component or system throughout the life cycle. As such, the digital risk twin 4 provides a realistic equivalent digital representation of a physical asset or object 3, i.e. a technical avatar, which is always in synch with it. I† allows †o run a simulation on the digital representation †o analyze the behavior of the physical asset. Additionally, each digital risk twin 4 of the digital platform 1 can comprise a unique ID †o identify a digital risk twin 4, a version management system †o keep track of changes made on the digital risk twin 4 during its life cycle, as already describe above, interfaces between the digital risk twins 4 for co-simulation and in†er-†win data exchange, interfaces within the digital platform, in which the digital risk twins 4 are executed an/or held, and interface †o other digital risk twin for co-simulation. Further aspects of a digital risk twin 4 relate †o the internal structure and content, possible APIs and usage, integration, and runtime environment. The aspect of APIs and usage relate †o the possible requirements for interfaces of the digital risk twin 4, in particular such as cloud- †o-device communication or access authorization †o information of the digital risk twin 4. For such integration the system 1 comprises an identification mechanism for unambiguous identification of the real assef/objec† 3, a mechanisms for identifying new real assefs/objecfs 3, linking them †o their digital risk twin 4, and synchronizing the digital risk twin 4 respectively its twinned subsystems with the real assef/objec† 3, and finally technical means for combining several digital risk twin subsystems into a digital risk twin 4. The ID provides the technical identification of a unique digital risk twin 4 with an real- world asse†/objec†. With the help of this unique ID, the data and modelling structures of the digital risk twin 4 are stored as a module on a database containing all data and information and can be called any time during engineering or reconfiguration. This obviously supports modularity in the context of modular system engineering. A digital risk twin 4 provides the means †o encapsulate the subsystems of a real-world asse†/objec† 4. For example, CAD models, electrical schematic models, software models, functional models as well as simulation models etc. Each of these models can e.g. be created by specific means during the engineering process of a digital risk twin 4. An important feature are the interfaces between these means and their models. Tool interfaces can be used †o provide interaction between modelling structures. For example, the modelling structures can be updated or reversioned during the entire life cycle or domain-specifically simulated with the aid of different inputs. The digital risk twin 4 of a real-world asse†/objec† 3 should no† only contain current modelling structures, bu† also all generated modelling structures during the entire lifecycle. This, for example, can support efficient engineering during reconfiguration and expandability throughout the lifecycle. Digital risk twin 4 time-series management provides access †o all stored versions of the modelling structures and their relations. This allows the old version †o be called up any time a† the request of an engineer, taking into account the circumstances during engineering or reconfiguration, and †o switch †o the current version. As describe above, in order †o accurately reflect the behavior and current state of the real-world asse†/objec† 3, the digital risk twin 4 must contain current operation data of the asse†/objec† 3. This can be sensor data, which are continuously streamed and recorded, as well as control data, which determines the current status of the real component, also recorded over the entire lifecycle. Finally, as a variant, a co simulation interface for communication with other digital risk twins 4 can be provided †o obtain more precise image of reality. For example, a data exchange can enable multidisciplinary co-simulation in the digital platform 1 . This can be used †o simulate the process flow of the entire system 1 in the real world.

As discussed above, the digital risk twin 4 can comprise an artificial intelligence layer 41. Such an intelligent digital risk twin 4 rises the system 1 †o an complete autonomous level compare †o the digital risk robot 45 in the digital platform 1 . This allows the digital platform 1 and the digital risk twin 4 †o cope with the streaming data amount coming from the measuring devices of the real-world assef/objecf 3, which can comprise, for example telematic devices of smart homes or smart cities or cars, in particular autonomous car system, in case of a real-world asset 31 /32, or in case of a living object, as a human, wearable devices measuring body-related parameters.

If is †o be noted, that the digital platform 1 may comprise different digital risk twins related †o different aspects of a user's life, as e.g. an loT-based smart-home digital risk twin 4, a felemafic-based vehicle digital risk twin 4, and/or a felemafic-based body risk twin 4, enabling the system 1 †o measure and trigger extended and/or combined risk exposure measures of a certain user. In the context of smart-homes, smarf-cifies, interconnected cars and the like, interoperability can be achieved either by adopting universal standards for a communication protocol or by using a specialized device in the network that acts like an interpreter among the different measuring and sensory devices and protocols. The interoperability in the context of loT-based and/or telematics and/or smart wearable devices and big data solutions can so be achieved.

An intelligent digital risk twin 4, using the entire system's actual digital risk twin 45, can be used †o realize processes such as optimization of the process flow, automatic control code generation for newly added real-world devices/assefs/objecfs 3 in the context of plug and produce and predictive maintenance using stored operation data in the digital risk twin 4 throughout the lifecycle. To realize this, additional components are required †o equip the digital risk twin 4 architecture with intelligence.

As shown in fig. 3, for such additional components, being the digital replica layers 46/48 modelling comprehension, intelligent digital risk twin algorithms 41 and e.g. extra interfaces for communicating with the physical assef/objecf 3 are added †o the architecture of the digital risk twin 4 †o make if self-adaptive and intelligent. To dynamically synchronize the digital risk twin 4 with the physical asset/object throughout the entire lifecycle of the twin 4, the digital platform 1 and the digital risk twin 4, respectively, comprise the technical means †o understand and manage all modelling structures and data. Accordingly, the digital risk twin 4 modelling comprehension in the structure of figure 3 fulfills this purpose by storing information of the interdisciplinary modelling structures 46/48 within the digital risk twin 4 and its relations †o other digital risk twins 4. The digital risk twin 4 modelling structure is realized with a standardized semantic description of modelling structures, data and processes for a uniform understanding within the digital risk twin 4 and between digital risk twins 4. Technologies †o implement such a standardization can, for example, be OPC UA (OPC: Open Platform Communications, UA: Unified Architecture) or OWL (Web Ontology Language of the World Wide Web Consortiums (W3C)).

The autonomous, intelligent digital risk twin 4 comprises two important capabilities regarding the processing of acquired operation data. If applies appropriate algorithms on the data †o conduct data analysis. The algorithms extract new knowledge from the data which can be used †o refine the modelling structure of the digital risk twin 4 e. g„ behavior modelling structures. Thus, the intelligent digital risk twin 4, as embodiment variant, can provide electronic assistance and appropriate signaling e.g. †o a worker a† a plan† †o optimize the production in various concerns. Further, an digital risk twin 4 incrementally improves its behavior and features and thus steadily optimize its behavior, as e.g. the mentioned signaling †o the worker of the plan†. Therefore, dependent on the type of the twinned real-world asse†/objec† 3, the digital risk twin 4 can provide autonomous steering signaling and electronic assistance signaling for different use cases such as process flow, energy consumption, etc. Concerning co-simulation of different digital risk twins 4, in case of industrial assets 31 , an optimized combination and process chain between digital risk twins 4 can e.g. be realized by parameterizing the existing modelling structures in relation †o other digital risk twins 4 in a co-simulation environment. Based on the results of this simulative environment, the intelligent digital risk twin 4 triggers a parame†riza†ion of physical assets 31 . In another example, the time-dependent evolving structure of a digital risk twin 4 is e.g. used †o optimize individual parameters of the real-world asset or object 3, i.e. †o determine optimal real-world asset's or object's 3 parameters. For example, as a consequence, the amount of degraded products can be minimized leading †o an increased qualify of a concerned manufacturing process, as e.g. a milling process.

According to another embodiment variant, other artificial intelligence algorithms 41 deal with automated code generation, for example through service- oriented architecture approaches for real machines based on the new requirements. This allows approaches such as plug and process †o be realized. Other intelligent algorithms 45 can e.g. provide a simulation-based diagnostic and prediction processing through data analysis and knowledge acquisition, for example in the context of desired predictive maintenance. Such machine-based intelligence 45 can e.g. comprise algorithms †o product failure analysis and prediction, algorithms †o optimization and update of process flow, algorithms for generating a new control program for the twinned real-world asset 31 based on new requests, algorithms for energy consumption analysis and forecast etc. As an embodiment example of autonomous analysis of a digital risk twin 4, an example for a production plan† as real- world asset 31 is provided in the context of historical process data of such production plants †o predict future maintenance intervals or †o maximize the availability of the plan† (i.e. predictive maintenance signaling). To extract a model from or find correlations within operation data, unsupervised learning techniques such as k-means clustering or auto encoder networks with LSTM cells can be applied on time series data. In case of k-means clustering with sliding windows, the learned time-sensitive cluster structure is used as model for the system behavior. This circumstance allows for instance the detection of anomalies and the prediction of failures. To do so, a distance metric †ha† considers the current point in time is applied on a †es† data se† of currently acquired data and the cluster centers of the trained model. Anomalies in the †es† data se† are detected by defined time-dependent limit violations †o the cluster centers as well as the emergence of new, previously non-existen† clusters. Thus, the slinking emergence of failure can be predicted based on the frequency of anomaly occurrences and their intensity of deviation.

As a further embodiment example, the digital risk twin 4 can e.g. be applied †o automated risk-transfer and risk exposure measuring systems. Also in this example, the digital representation of the risks related †o a specific real world asset or object 3. The digital platform allows the generation of signaling giving a quantification measure of risks, e.g. with appropriate numbers and graphs. The digital platform 1 thus comprises automated risk assessment and measuring and risk scoring capabilities based on the measured risks, i.e. probability measures for the occurrence of a predefined risk even† with an associated loss. The digital platform 1 is able †o measure the risk impact on a much larger scale (i.e. engine > plan† > supply chain) by means of the digital risk twin 4. The digital risk twin 4 has further the advantage †ha† it can be completely digitally created/managed. I† allows †o extend the risk-transfer technology for risk based data services, and provides an easy access †o asse†/objec† 3 related insights/analytics by means of the digital risk twin 4. Further, it allows †o provide normalization of risk factors and values, as described above, and is easy †o integrate in other processes/value chains.

The twinned real world entity can be a physical or intangible asset 31/32 or a living object 33, e.g. a human being 331 or an animal 332. The complete digital platform 1 can be used on digital twins (loT) and appropriate data feeds. The digital platform 1 can e.g. be realized in the sense of a risk intelligence factory creating the digital risk twin 4 by applying a company's intelligence (risk, actuarial, Machine

Learning, etc.) †o data assets. In contras† †o the digital twin 47, which uses data from loT sensors, physical modelling structures of the real-world device/asse†/objec† 3 providing time-dependent measures for the performance and/or status e†c„ the digital risk twin 45 captures and measures data from multiple sources comprising ecosystem measuring parameters and involves a risk modelling structure of the real-world asse†/objec† 3 and the environment, which allow †o effectively measure and trigger risk-related factors, as e.g. exposure measures or occurrence probabilities of risk-events or impact measures under the occurrence of a certain even† with a certain strength or physical characteristic. Thus, it allows inter alia †o effectively optimize and minimize risk impacts, respectively.

List of reference signs Digital Platform

10 Data Store

101.105 Modular Digital Asse†s/Objec†s Data Elements loT Sensory (input devices and sensors) Real-world Asset or Object

31 Physical Asset

32 Intangible Asset

33 Living Object

331 Human Being

332 Animal

34 Subsystems of the Real-world Asset or Object

341 , 342, 343. 34i Subsystems 1. i

35 Subsystems and Components of the Ecosystem

351, 352, 353. 35i Subsystems 1. i Digital Risk Twin (autonomous)

41 Digital Intelligence Layer

411 Machine Learning

412 Neural Network

42 Property Parameters of Real-World Asset or Object

43 Status Parameters of Real-World Asset or Object

431 Structural Status Parameters

432 Operational Status Parameters

433 Environmental Status Parameters

44 Data Structures Representing States of Each of the Plurality of Subsystems of the Real-World Asset or Object

45 Digital Risk Twin

451 Simulation

452 Synchronization

453 Twin Linking: Sensory/Measuring/Dafa Acquisition

46 Digital Ecosystem Replica Layer

461, 462, 463. 46i Virtual Subsystems of Twinned Ecosystem 47 Digital Twin

471 Simulation

472 Synchronization

473 Twin Linking: Sensory/Measuring/Data Acquisition 48 Digital Asset/Object Replica Layer

481, 482, 483. 48i Virtual Subsystems of Twinned Real-World

Assef/Objec† Ecosystem - Environment - Interaction between Real-world Assets/Objects