USING CONTINUOUS LIQUID MIXING

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to the continuous controlled progression of an composite within pre-defined coagulum production zones during production of an elastomeric masterbatch composition. A residence time of the composite in each coagulum production zone is controlled to effect progressive coagulation prior to transport of the composite to a subsequent coagulum production zone.

BACKGROUND

A masterbatch (or masterbatch composition) is an elastomeric composite in which a charge has been introduced along with other optional additives.

Masterbatches are often destined for the production of rubber compositions, for example, in the manufacture of tires or semi- finished products for tires (including but not limited to profiled products such as treads). Various methods exist for producing masterbatches, examples of which are disclosed by US Patent Nos. 6,048,923 and 6,075,084 and also by Japanese Patent No. JP5139610.

In the realization of rubber mixtures in a liquid phase (aqueous or solvent), there is a phase during which a masterbatch is derived from an elastomer in a liquid phase (e.g., emulsion or latex, solution). During this phase, the elastomer desirably exhibits a nano-distribution of charge particles (organic or inorganic) in the elastomer matrix. This nano-distribution is often created by a coagulum reactor, a mixer or an equivalent means that combines the elastomer in a liquid phase with a mixture of liquid and charges (hereinafter a "slurry"). Fixation of the charge in the elastomer matrix follows, and this phase corresponds to a state of "coagulation" between the two liquids.

Some masterbatch production processes rely upon principles of homo- coagulation, wherein aggregation occurs in a suspension composed of similar mono-dispersed colloidal particles. For such processes, a nano-distribution of the charge is not guaranteed, even when the charge is already finely fragmented (e.g., size <100nm). The charge is often trapped by the coagulation of the matrix, and the free charge exhibits a consequent tendency to re-flocculate. Hetero-coagulation occurs upon aggregation in a suspension composed of dissimilar colloidal particles. Hetero-coagulation is a process of coagulation between particles with different characteristics (e.g., size, chemical composition, charges, etc.) that leads to cluster aggregation followed by a solid or gel-like structure. Hetero-coagulation may be driven by interaction between oppositely charged particles and/or induced by shear.

In order to sustain both rapid coagulation and a continuous process, the disclosed invention provides equipment that adapts itself to utilizing a principle of hetero-coagulation. Being that multiple types of masterbatch compositions are contemplated during tire production, the invention adapts the structure of established coagulum production zones according to the progress of the coagulation reaction.

SUMMARY

The invention provides a system for continuous controlled progression of a composite within pre-defined coagulum production zones during a coagulation preparation cycle. The system includes an emulsion storage installation having an emulsion reservoir equipped with an agitator, the emulsion reservoir storing an elastomer emulsion. The system also includes a slurry storage installation having a slurry reservoir equipped with an agitator, the slurry reservoir storing a slurry comprising an aqueous solution of charge particles. A mixing installation is provided in the system that has a mixer in fluid communication with each of emulsion reservoir and slurry reservoir, with the mixer putting in contact, in a mixing zone thereof, a flow of the elastomer emulsion and a flow of the slurry, with one of the flows leading into the other flow and both flows being brought to low pressure before their contact with one another. A continuous kneading installation receives the composite from the mixing installation and transports the composite through each coagulum production zone such that a residence time of the composite in each coagulum production zone is controlled prior to transport of the composite to a subsequent coagulum production zone.

The coagulum production zones include a homogenizing zone having a homogenizer with a helical homogenizing agitator of predetermined length. The helical homogenizing agitator is rotatably disposed within a homogenizing chamber having an ingress extent that establishes fluid communication between the mixer and the homogenizer and an opposed egress extent that establishes fluid communication between the homogenizer and a kneading zone.

The coagulum production zones also include a kneading zone having a kneading and transporting agitator of predetermined length. The kneading and transporting agitator is rotatably disposed within a kneading chamber having an ingress extent disposed adjacent the egress extent of the of homogenizing chamber and an opposed egress extent proximate an ingress of a wringing zone. The kneading and transporting agitator has a transporting section and a kneading section that facilitate complementary processes in the kneading zone.

The coagulum production zones further include a wringing zone including a wringing agitator of pre-determined length. The wringing agitator is rotatably disposed within a wringing chamber having an ingress extent disposed proximate the egress extent of the kneading chamber and an opposed egress extent from which the composite is discharged as a coagulum. The wringing agitator includes each of a texturing section and a wringing section that facilitate complementary processes in the wringing zone.

In some embodiments, the transporting section of the kneading and transporting agitator includes a freely rotating transport screw disposed proximate the egress extent of the kneading zone. The transport screw has transport threads of commensurate pitch that are evenly distributed along a predetermined extent of the kneading and transporting agitator. In some embodiments, the transport screw is an Archimedes screw that maintains a predetermined clearance between an outermost periphery of a transport thread and an inside surface of the kneading chamber.

In some embodiments, the kneading section of the kneading and transporting agitator extends between the ingress extent of the kneading chamber toward the transporting section. The kneading section includes one or more consecutively disposed screw conveyors interrupted by a commensurate number of collinearly disposed transitional transport threads. In some of these embodiments, each screw conveyor has a generally spiral element that maintains a predetermined clearance between itself and an inner wall surface of the kneading chamber. In some embodiments, the transitional transport threads include an introductory transport thread disposed proximate the ingress extent of the kneading chamber at which the composite starts to undergo a kneading production process.

In some embodiments, the texturing section of the wringing agitator includes a freely rotating texturing screw disposed proximate the egress extent of the kneading chamber. The texturing screw has multiple cut-off threads that are evenly distributed along a predetermined extent of the wringing element. For some of these embodiments, the texturing screw is an Archimedes screw that maintains a predetermined clearance between an outermost periphery of a cut-off thread and an inside surface of the wringing chamber.

In some embodiments, at least one transport thread is disposed proximate the egress extent of the kneading chamber to effect a continuous transition between the kneading zone and the wringing zone.

In some embodiments, the wringing section of the wringing agitator extends from an extent of the wringing element proximate the egress extent of the wringing chamber toward the texturing section. For such embodiments, the wringing section includes a conical screw. The conical screw may include helical threads that maintain a predetermined clearance with respect to an inner wall surface of the wringing chamber.

In some embodiments, the wringing section of the wringing agitator further includes one or more transport threads disposed intermediate the conical screw and the texturing section.

Each of the kneading chamber and the wringing chamber has a

predetermined cross-sectional geometry selected from a generally annular configuration, a U-shaped chamfer and a U-shaped corner. For some

embodiments, one or more anti-rotation bars are disposed within at least a portion of at least one of the kneading chamber and the wringing chamber.

The invention also provides a process for continuous controlled

progression of a composite within pre-defined coagulum production zones during production of an elastomeric masterbatch composition. The process includes the following steps: providing each of an emulsion stored in a liquid phase in an emulsion reservoir and a slurry stored in a liquid phase in a slurry reservoir;

delivering simultaneously a predetermined volume of the emulsion and a predetermined volume of the slurry to a mixing installation having a mixer in fluid communication with each of the emulsion reservoir and the slurry reservoir;

preparing the composite from the predetermined volume of the emulsion and the predetermined volume of the slurry; discharging the composite from the mixer as a fine dispersion of elastomeric charge; and transporting the composite through each coagulum production zone of a continuous kneading installation such that a residence time of the composite in each coagulum production zone is controlled prior to transport of the composite to a subsequent coagulum production zone.

Some process embodiments also include the step of putting in contact, in a mixing zone of the mixer, a flow of the elastomer emulsion and a flow of the slurry, with one of the flows leading into the other flow and both flows being brought to low pressure before their contact with one another.

The coagulum production zones include a homogenizing zone with a homogenizer having a helical homogenizing agitator of predetermined length rotatably disposed within a homogenizing chamber; a kneading zone with a kneading and transporting agitator of predetermined length rotatably disposed within a kneading chamber, the kneading and transporting agitator (24a) having a transporting section and a kneading section that facilitate complementary processes in the kneading zone; and a wringing zone including a wringing agitator of pre- determined length rotatably disposed within a wringing chamber, the wringing agitator including each of a texturing section and a wringing section that facilitate complementary processes in wringing zone.

In some embodiments, the process also includes the steps of discharging the composite from the mixer to the homogenizing zone and, with the homogenizing agitator, agitating the composite at a minimum shearing rate of 1000 s ^"1 while simultaneously effecting a controlled progression of the composite toward the kneading zone.

In some embodiments, the process also includes the steps of discharging the composite from the homogenizing zone to the kneading zone, and, with the kneading and transporting agitator, agitating the composite at a minimum shearing rate of 500 s ^"1 while simultaneously effecting a controlled progression of the composite toward the wringing zone. In some embodiments, the process also includes the steps of discharging the composite from the kneading zone to the wringing zone; delimiting a coagulum size of the composite along the texturing section before introducing the composite to the wringing section; and with the wringing agitator, agitating the composite at a minimum shearing rate of 200 s ^"1 while simultaneously effecting a controlled progression of the composite for discharge from the controlled kneading installation.

In some embodiments, the process also includes the step of discharging the composite from the continuous kneading installation. Some of these embodiments also include the step of delivering simultaneously the emulsion and the slurry to the mixing installation.

Other aspects of the disclosed invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The nature and various advantages of the presently disclosed invention will become more apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a system for producing masterbatches of rubber mixtures.

FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary mixer used with the system of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 3, 3A and 3B show respective perspective, end and sectional views of an exemplary homogenizing tool used with system of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 4, 4A and 4B show respective perspective, end and sectional views of an exemplary transport tool used with the system of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 5, 5A and 5B show respective perspective, end and sectional views of an exemplary kneading tool used with the system of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 6, 6A and 6B show respective perspective, end and sectional views of an exemplary shearing tool used with the system of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 7, 7A and 7B show respective perspective, end and sectional views of a dewatering tool used with the system of FIG. 1. FIGS. 8, 8A, 8B and 8C show end views of different exemplary conduits used with the system of FIG. 1 and the tools of FIGS. 3 to 7B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Now referring further to the figures, in which like numbers identify like elements, FIG. 1 shows an exemplary coagulum preparation system 10 that realizes a continuous flow process for producing an elastomer masterbatch composition (as used herein, the terms "elastomer masterbatch composition" and "masterbatch composition" are interchangeable). System 10 includes equipment in which multiple distinct coagulum production zones are established. The equipment maintains the rhythm of production of a masterbatch composition by controlling the residence time of an intermediate composite in each established production zone prior to transport of the composite to a subsequent production zone. Thus, in a given masterbatch production cycle, a masterbatch composition recipe is selected from among a plurality of masterbatch composition recipes. Control of the masterbatch properties is effected not only by controlling the ingredients selected for a given masterbatch but also by controlling the time during which the ingredients reside in a given production zone during a production cycle in order to master the level of charge in the masterbatch. This control includes controlling the time at which the composite enters and exits each production zone (or "residence time"). The displacement of the composite through system 10 is thus realized at a constant and regulated speed.

Still referring to Figure 1, among the equipment provided with system 10 is an emulsion storage installation 12 having an emulsion reservoir 12a equipped with an agitator 12b. Emulsion reservoir 12a stores an elastomer emulsion (or latex) 13. The elastomer is selected from natural rubber, various synthetic elastomers (e.g., SBR, BR, etc.) and various elastomer blends.

System 10 also includes a slurry storage installation 14 having a slurry reservoir 14a equipped with an agitator 14b. Slurry reservoir 14a stores a slurry 15 in which particles of charge are dispersed in water. The charge is selected from one or more known materials, including but not limited to carbon black, silica, kaolin, chalk, synthesized organic charges, natural organic charges (e.g., wood fibers, cellulose fibers, etc.) and equivalents and combinations thereof. Each agitator 12b, 14b maintains a respective low turbulence level that sufficiently ensures particle dispersion in each of the emulsion and the slurry, although it is understood that equivalent agitation means may be substituted therefor. In order to avoid decantation, it is possible to incorporate a

Microfluidizer ^® that fragments any charge aggregates that remain in the dispersion. The Microfluidizer ^® may be disposed upstream or downstream of slurry reservoir 14 (for example, between the slurry reservoir and a peristaltic pump 14c as described and shown herein).

Referring further to FIG. 1 and also to FIG. 2, system 10 also includes a mixing installation 16 having a mixer 16a in fluid communication with each of emulsion reservoir 12a and slurry reservoir 14a. An emulsion conduit 16aa with a predetermined diameter d, together with a peristaltic pump (or series of pumps) 12c disposed intermediate the emulsion conduit and emulsion reservoir 12a, conveys a precise volume of emulsion 13 from emulsion reservoir 12a to mixer 16a. In a similar manner, a slurry conduit 16ab with a predetermined diameter D, together with a peristaltic pump (or series of pumps) 14c disposed intermediate the slurry conduit and slurry reservoir 14a, conveys a precise volume of slurry 15 from slurry reservoir 14a to mixer 16a. It is understood that peristaltic pump 14c may be substituted by one or more equivalent devices, including but not limited to one or more positive displacement pumps (e.g., eccentric rotor pumps, diaphragm pumps, piston pumps, etc.).

A respective mass flow meter 12d, 14d may be operatively disposed relative to emulsion conduit 16aa and slurry conduit 16ab so as directly measure the mass and density of the conveyed emulsion and slurry. Each mass flow meter 12d, 14d may be a Coriolis flow meter positioned downstream of a corresponding peristaltic pump, although it is understood that an equivalent apparatus may be substituted therefor.

As shown further in FIG. 2, mixer 16a receives emulsion 13 and slurry 15 and effects a continuous process of preparing and discharging a composite as a fine dispersion of charge in the elastomeric matrix (or "dispersion") therefrom. As used herein, a "continuous" process identifies a process or any portion of a process in which all of the steps can be executed without interruption. Continuous processes eliminate the need for intermediary steps and thereby sustain diverse industrial applications (for example, the production of various rubber mixtures destined for the production of tires). An example of mixer 16a as described and shown herein is disclosed by Applicant's published application WO2017/021219.

Mixer 16a includes a supply section 16b, a parallel effluent section 16c disposed downstream thereof and a mixing section 16d disposed further

downstream of both the supply section and the effluent section. During a coagulation preparation cycle, emulsion 13 and slurry 15 are simultaneously fed to mixing section 16d. The feed rate for each of the emulsion and the slurry can be precisely metered so as to preserve a continuous flow process and obviate the presence of free latex and uncoagulated filler upon discharge from system 10.

Referring further to FIG. 2, mixer 16a receives the incoming flows from emulsion conduit 16aa and slurry conduit 16ab in supply section 16b thereof.

Along a convergence portion 16b' of supply section 16b, emulsion conduit 16aa conveys the emulsion from emulsion reservoir 12a toward mixer 16a (see arrow A). In this convergence portion, emulsion conduit 16aa penetrates the delivery path of slurry conduit 16ab leading from slurry reservoir 14a toward mixer 16a (see arrow B). Emulsion conduit 16aa and slurry conduit 16ab remain coaxial until effluent section 16c, having a predetermined length H, terminates at a discharge extent 16aa' of emulsion conduit 16aa.

The incoming flows from emulsion conduit 16aa and slurry conduit 16ab maintain low pressure upon mutual contact in mixing section 16d. Discharge extent 16aa' of emulsion conduit 16aa and a discharge extent 16ab' of slurry conduit 16ab delineate together the boundaries of mixing section 16d having a predetermined length L.

It is understood that conduits 16aa and 16ab establish a relationship among supply section 16b, effluent section 16c and mixing section 16d that preserves stable and efficient coagulation. The length and the diameter of each conduit are adjustable as a function of the selected masterbatch composition so long as the established relationship is respected among the sections of mixer 16a. For example, this example shows slurry conduit 16ab having a greater interior diameter D than the interior diameter d of emulsion conduit 16aa. A person of ordinary skill would understand that the inverse configuration could also be employed (i.e., emulsion conduit 16aa having the greater diameter) while maintaining the functional relationship among supply section 16b, effluent section 16c and mixing section 16d.

Discharge extent 16ab' of slurry conduit 16ab also provides an egress for unimpeded discharge of the composite from mixer 16a to a continuous kneading installation 18 that transports the composite for further processing. In order to realize the propagation of nano-coagulation at the macro level, continuous kneading installation 18 must transport the composite without disturbing instantaneous flow. Functional structure is therefore realized that delineates multiple distinct coagulum production zones (or "production zones") while ensuring continuous controlled progression of the composite within each production zone.

Referring further to FIG. 1 and also to FIGS. 3, 3 A and 3B, mixer 16a discharges the composite into a homogenizing zone 20 of continuous kneading installation 18, wherein the charge particles (e.g., charges of silica) are more finely dispersed. In homogenizing zone 20, an exemplary homogenizer 22 is provided that includes a helical homogenizing agitator 22a of predetermined length rotatably disposed within a generally annular homogenizing chamber 22b. It is understood that homogenizing chamber 22b may assume any cross-sectional geometry that is amenable to practice of the invention.

Homogenizing chamber 22b has an ingress extent 22b' disposed proximate a discharge end of mixer 16a (and more particularly adjacent discharge extent 16ab' of slurry conduit 16ab) and an opposed egress extent 22b" proximate an ingress of a kneading zone 24 of continuous kneading installation 18 (further described herein with reference to FIGS. 4 to 5B). The fluid communication established between discharge end of mixer 16a and ingress extent 22b' of homogenizing chamber 22b sustains uninterrupted discharge of the composite, generally at or near atmospheric pressure and typically by the effect of gravity. Homogenizer 22 may be selected from a variety of commercially available devices.

In the initial seconds following the discharge of the composite by mixer

16a, the composite has not yet reacted at the macro level. During homogenization, homogenizing agitator 22a rotates in a given direction (see arrow C of FIG. 3) so as to generate sufficient friction between the composite conveyed thereby and an inner wall surface 22b' " of homogenizing chamber 22b. The geometry of helical agitator 22a relative to that of homogenizing chamber 22b controllably propels the composite toward a subsequent production zone (i.e., kneading zone 24)(see arrow D of FIG. 3). The agitator's rotational speed, governed by a motor M ₂ o, establishes the conveyance rate of the composite and the resultant shearing efficiency (e.g., in some embodiments, shearing rates greater than 1000 s ^"1 are realized). The maintenance of a given rotational speed controls the composite's residence time in homogenization zone 22 and thus the level of coagulation efficiency realized by the composite upon egress therefrom.

Still referring to FIG. 1 and referring also to FIGS. 4 to 5B, mixer 16a discharges the composite into a kneading zone 24 of continuous kneading installation 18, wherein the nano-coagulums must be agglomerated in order to realize an eventual macrostructure in the composite. Thus, the enhanced coagulation efficiency realized within homogenization zone 20 enables effective nano-distribution of the charge in the elastomeric matrix within kneading zone 24.

In kneading zone 24, an exemplary kneading and transporting element includes a kneading agitator 24a of predetermined length rotatably disposed within a kneading chamber 24b. Kneading chamber 24b has an ingress extent 24b' disposed proximate a discharge end of homogenizing zone 20 (and more particularly adjacent egress extent 22b" of homogenizing chamber 22b) and an opposed egress extent 24b" proximate an ingress of a wringing zone 28 of continuous kneading installation 18 (further described herein with reference to FIGS. 6 to 7B). It understood that kneading chamber 24b may assume any cross- sectional geometry that is amenable to practice of the invention.

Kneading and transporting agitator 24a includes a transporting section 25 and a kneading section 27 that facilitate complementary processes in kneading zone 24. Referring to FIGS. 4, 4A and 4B, transporting section 25 includes a freely rotating transport screw 25a disposed proximate egress extent 24b" of kneading zone 24. Transport screw 25 a is preferably an Archimedes screw that maintains a predetermined clearance Ϊ25 between an outermost periphery of a transport thread 25a' and an inside surface 24b" ' of kneading chamber 24b.

Transport screw 25a includes multiple transport threads 25a' of commensurate pitch that are evenly distributed along a predetermined extent of kneading and transporting agitator 24a. Although FIGS. 4 to 4B show transport screw 25a having four threads 25a', it is understood that the exact number of threads can be determined as a function of the selected masterbatch composition.

Referring further to FIGS. 5, 5 A and 5B, mashing section 27 extends between an ingress extent 24b' of kneading chamber 24b toward transporting section 25. Kneading section 27 includes one or more consecutively disposed screw conveyors 27a interrupted by a commensurate number of collinearly disposed transitional transport threads 27b (see FIG. 1). Each screw conveyor 27a includes a generally spiral element that maintains a predetermined clearance t ₂₇ between itself and inner wall surface 24b' " of kneading chamber 24b. Selection of a spiral element promulgates a low axial flow and a limited tangential drive, thereby extending the residence time of the composite in kneading zone 24 (i.e., the coagulation time).

To effect continuous feeding of the composite between homogenization zone 20 and kneading zone 24, transitional transport threads 27b include an introductory transport thread 27b' disposed proximate ingress extent 24b' of kneading chamber 24b. Each transitional transport thread may be commensurate in structure with threads 25a' of transport screw 25a. Although FIGS. 5 to 5B show kneading section 27 having an assembly of four screw conveyors 27a and four transitional transport threads 27b (including introductory transport thread 27b'), it is understood that the exact number of screw conveyors and transport threads can be determined as a function of the selected masterbatch composition.

In order to facilitate kneading (that is, the mechanical action that propagates the nano-coagulations) while simultaneously effecting a controlled progression of the composite toward a subsequent production step, kneading and transport agitator 24a rotates in a given direction (see arrow E of FIG. 4 and FIG. 5) so as to generate sufficient friction between the composite conveyed thereby and an inner wall surface 24b' " of kneading chamber 24b. The geometry of kneading and transport agitator 24a relative to that of kneading chamber 24b controllably propels the composite toward a subsequent production zone (i.e., wringing zone 28)(see arrow F of FIG. 5). The kneading and transport agitator's rotational speed, governed by a motor M ₂₄ , establishes the conveyance rate of the composite and the resultant shearing efficiency (e.g., in some embodiments, shearing rates greater than 500 s ^"1 are realized).

Thus, as soon as the composite contacts initial transitional transport thread 27b', the composite starts to undergo a kneading production process. Dead time during the transition between production steps (i.e., homogenizing and kneading) is thereby obviated. Different volumes of composite, including lower volumes, thus realize the benefit of maintaining a given rotational speed so as to control the composite's residence time in kneading zone 24.

Still referring to FIG. 1 and referring also to FIGS. 6 to 7B, kneading and transport agitator 24a meters the composite from kneading zone 24 toward wringing zone 28 of continuous kneading installation 20, wherein the macro- coagulations derived from the kneading production process are mechanically worked into a suitable form prior to dewatering. In wringing zone 28, an exemplary wringing element includes a wringing agitator 28a of pre-determined length rotatably disposed within a wringing chamber 28b. Wringing chamber 28b has an ingress extent 28b' disposed proximate a discharge end of kneading chamber 24b and an opposed egress extent 28b" from which the composite is discharged as a coagulum. It understood that wringing chamber 28 may assume any cross-sectional geometry that is amenable to practice of the invention.

Wringing element 28a includes each of a texturing section 29 and a wringing section 31 that facilitate complementary processes in wringing zone 28. Referring further to FIGS. 6, 6A and 6B, texturing section 29 includes a freely rotating texturing screw 29a disposed proximate egress extent 24b" of kneading chamber 24b. Texturing screw 29a is preferably an Archimedes screw that maintains a predetermined clearance t _¾ between an outermost periphery of a cutoff thread 29a' and an inside surface 28b' " of wringing chamber 28b. Texturing screw 29a includes multiple cut-off threads 29a' that are evenly distributed along a predetermined extent of wringing element 28a. It is understood that the exact number of cut-off threads 29a' can be determined as a function of the selected masterbatch composition.

At least one optional transport thread 29b may be included to effect a continuous transition between kneading zone 24 and wringing zone 28 via egress extent 24b" of kneading chamber 24b. For such embodiments, each transport thread 29b may be commensurate in structure with transitional transport threads 27b (including introductory transport thread 27b') described herein with respect to kneading and transport agitator 24a.

Referring further to FIGS. 7, 7A and 7B, wringing section 31 extends from an extent of wringing element 28a proximate egress extent 28b" of wringing chamber 28b toward texturing section 29. Wringing section 31 includes a conical screw 31a having optional transport threads 31b intermediate the conical screw and texturing section 29 (see FIG. 1). Optional transport threads 31b may be commensurate in structure with transitional transport threads 27b (including introductory transport thread 27b') described herein with respect to kneading and transport agitator 24a. Conical screw 31a includes helical threads 31a' that maintain a predetermined clearance tn with respect to inner wall surface 28b" ' of wringing chamber 28b.

In order to facilitate wringing (that is, the mechanical action that sustains macrocoagulation) while at the same effecting a controlled progression of the composite toward discharge from system 10, wringing element 28a

rotates in a given direction (see arrow G of FIG. 6 and FIG. 7) so as to generate sufficient friction between the composite conveyed thereby and inner wall surface 28b" ' of wringing chamber 28b. The geometry of wringing element 28a relative to that of wringing chamber 28b controllably propels the composite toward egress extent 28b" of wringing chamber 28b and eventual discharge from system 10 (see arrow H of FIG. 1). The wringing element's rotational speed, governed by a motor M ₂ 8, establishes the conveyance rate of the composite and the resultant shearing efficiency (e.g., in some embodiments, shearing rates greater than 200 s ^"1 are realized).

Thus, within wringing zone 28, texturing section 29 delimits the coagulum size of the composite before introducing the coagulum to wringing section 31. Wringing section 31 expurgates the composite by stressing the coagulum, for example, at 10 bar to 80 bar of pressure. In some embodiments, 30 bar of pressure is realized.

System 10 thus realizes the discharge of coagulum (i.e., the composite) as a generally continuous output simultaneously with the ongoing alimentation of emulsion 13 and slurry 15 into mixer 16a. System 10 is adapted to sustain continuous advancement of the composite at atmospheric pressure through kneading zone 24 and wringing zone 28.

Referring now to FIGS. 8, 8A, 8B and 8C, each of kneading chamber 24b and wringing chamber 28b possesses a predetermined cross-sectional geometry that impedes rotation of the composite therein. In the exemplary embodiments shown, kneading chamber 24b and wringing chamber 28b are provided as generally annular elements having a round, U-shaped configuration (see FIG. 8). It is understood, however, that other geometries may be substituted therefor that impede rotation of the composite as a corresponding agitator rotates. Such selected geometries include a U-shaped chamfer (see FIG. 8A) and a U-shaped corner (see FIG. 8B). It is also understood that any of these variants may be combined with one or more anti-rotation accessories, including one or more anti-rotation bars 40 (see FIG. 8C).

EXAMPLE

The following table shows exemplary conditions in which system 10 operates.

Silica slurry Emulsion

Type Highly dispersible silica Natural Rubber having a specific surface area (NR) latex high

CTAB of ammonia 160 m ² /g (*) doped Mg ²⁺ (**)

Minimum mass 7.4 61 concentration (%)

Debit (kg/h) 160 27

Injection pressure (bar) < 1 < 1

Diameter of conduit in 10 5

mixer 16a (mm)

Homogenizing attributes Long spire homogenizing element

Shearing rate: 1000 s ^"1

Residence time in homogenizing zone: about 5 sec Kneading attributes Spire kneading element for kneading section 27

Shearing rate: 500 s ^"1

Residence time in homogenizing zone: about 180 sec

Wringing attributes Cut-off thread texturing element

Shearing rate: 200 s ^"1

Residence time in homogenizing zone: about 180 sec

(*) Commercially available from Solvay under the mark ZEOSIL® 1165 MP (**) As described in commonly owned Patent Publication WO2013/053733

TABLE 1

Thus, a process for creating a composite as a coagulum may be summarized as including the following steps:

- Homogenizing, that is, performing a level of homogenization necessary to obtain a high yielding hetero-coagulation;

-Kneading, that is, propagating the nano-coagulations that have been generated during homogenization and moving thereby from a liquid to a viscous state; and

-Pre-dewatering, that is, preparing the macro-coagulations by mechanical work and delimiting the size of the coagulums for introduction into a wringing apparatus.

The invention provides a continuous reactor wherein the performance of hetero-coagulation between a charge and an elastomer in an aqueous phase benefits from slow coagulation kinetics. By adapting the geometry of the production zones according to the progress of the coagulation reaction, the invention relies less upon the precise parameters of incoming ingredients to sustain both rapid coagulation and a continuous process.

The composite traverses continuously the requisite production zones for obtaining a masterbatch composition presenting desired properties. These properties are variable and adaptable as a function of the ultimate implementation of the masterbatch composition. For example, for compositions that are destined for the manufacture of tires, the resultant tire should exhibit targeted performance properties (e.g., reduced rolling resistance, etc.).

As used herein, the term "method" or "process" may include one or more steps performed at least by one electronic or computer-based apparatus having a processor for executing instructions that carry out the steps.

Ranges that are described as being "between a and b" are inclusive of the values for "a" and "b."

While particular embodiments of the disclosed apparatus have been illustrated and described, it will be understood that various changes, additions and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, no limitation should be imposed on the scope of the presently disclosed invention, except as set forth in the accompanying claims.