BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

One or more embodiments relate generally to relay networks, and in particular, a lattice coding system for a two-way multi-relay network.

2. Description of the Related Art

A relay network is a type of computer network that is used to send information between two devices, such as a server and a user device (e.g., a mobile phone, a computer, etc.). The two devices represent terminal nodes that cannot communicate directly with each other because the distance between the terminal nodes is greater than the transmission range of both of the terminal nodes. Intermediate relay nodes and hops are used to facilitate communication between the terminal nodes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment provides a method for a relay node. The method comprises receiving a first message combination comprising at least one encoded message from a first neighboring node and at least one encoded message from a second neighboring node. The first message combination is decoded based on one or more decoding constraints. Each decoding constraint is based on a transmission power of a neighboring node. A transform is applied to the decoded first message combination to generate a second message combination for broadcast. The second message combination is scaled based on a transmission power of the relay node and a transmission power of a neighboring node. The scaled second message combination is simultaneously broadcast to the first neighboring node and the second neighboring node at a symmetric rate.

Another embodiment provides a system comprising a first terminal node and a second terminal node, wherein the terminal nodes are non-neighboring nodes. The system further comprises at least one relay node interconnecting the terminal nodes. Each relay node is configured for decoding a first message combination comprising encoded messages from neighboring nodes based on one or more decoding constraints, applying a transform to the decoded first message combination to generate a second message combination for broadcast, scaling the second message combination based on a transmission power of the relay node and a transmission power of a neighboring node, and simultaneously broadcasting the scaled second message combination to each neighboring node at a symmetric rate. Each decoding constraint is based on a transmission power of a neighboring node.

Another embodiment provides a data relaying apparatus comprising a decoding module configured for decoding a first message combination based on one or more decoding constraints. The first message combination comprises at least one encoded message from a first neighboring node and at least one encoded message from a second neighboring node. The relaying apparatus further comprises a transform module configured for applying a transform to the decoded first message combination to generate a second message combination for broadcast. The relaying apparatus further comprises a scaling module configured for scaling the second message combination based on a transmission power of the relay node and a transmission power of a neighboring node. The scaled second message combination is simultaneously broadcast to the first neighboring node and the second neighboring node at a symmetric rate. Each decoding constraint is based on a transmission power of a neighboring node.

Another embodiment provides a non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions which when executed on a computer perform a method for a relay node. The method comprises receiving a first message combination comprising at least one encoded message from a first neighboring node and at least one encoded message from a second neighboring node, and decoding the first message combination based on one or more decoding constraints. Each decoding constraint is based on a transmission power of a neighboring node. The method further comprises applying a transform to the decoded first message combination to generate a second message combination for broadcast, scaling the second message combination based on a transmission power of the relay node and a transmission power of a neighboring node, and simultaneously broadcasting the scaled second message combination to the first neighboring node and the second neighboring node at a symmetric rate.

These and other aspects and advantages of one or more embodiments will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken in conjunction with the drawings, illustrate by way of example the principles of one or more embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of one or more embodiments, as well as a preferred mode of use, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example two-way multi-relay network, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a two-way multi-relay network, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an example two-way two-relay channel network, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGs. 4A and 4B illustrate an example lattice coding system for integrating two half-duplex two-way single-relay channels, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example lattice coding system for integrating two full- duplex two-way single-relay channels, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example terminal node, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example relay node, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example flow chart for re-encoding a decoded message in a relay node using a redistribution transform, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a high-level block diagram showing an information processing system comprising a computing system implementing an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The following description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of one or more embodiments and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. Further, particular features described herein can be used in combination with other described features in each of the various possible combinations and permutations. Unless otherwise specifically defined herein, all terms are to be given their broadest possible interpretation including meanings implied from the specification as well as meanings understood by those skilled in the art and/or as defined in dictionaries, treatises, etc.

One embodiment provides a method for a relay node. The method comprises receiving a first message combination comprising at least one encoded message from a first neighboring node and at least one encoded message from a second neighboring node. The first message combination is decoded based on one or more decoding constraints. Each decoding constraint is based on a transmission power of a neighboring node. A transform is applied to the decoded first message combination to generate a second message combination for broadcast. The second message combination is scaled based on a transmission power of the relay node and a transmission power of a neighboring node. The scaled second message combination is simultaneously broadcast to the first neighboring node and the second neighboring node at a symmetric rate.

In one embodiment, the relay node simultaneously broadcasts the scaled second message combination to the first neighboring node and the second neighboring node at the same transmission rate, thereby efficiently utilizing the transmission power of the relay node.

In one embodiment, each encoded message from each neighboring node comprises a lattice codeword encoded by the neighboring node. Each lattice codeword is encoded based on a pair of nested lattices.

In one embodiment, the transform applied to the decoded first message combination comprises multiplying the decoded first message combination by an integer value, and applying a modulo operation over a scaled lattice to the decoded first message combination. The scaled lattice comprises a lattice scaled based on a transmission power of a neighboring node.

In one embodiment, each decoding constraint restricts a decoding rate of the relay node based on a transmission power of a neighboring node and a noise variance value. The first message combination is decoded by applying a modulo operation over a scaled lattice to the first message combination, and decoding the first message combination based on one or more decoding constraints to remove noise from the first message combination. The scaled lattice comprises a lattice scaled based on a transmission power of a neighboring node.

In one embodiment, the second message combination is scaled based on a ratio of the transmission power of the relay node to a transmission power of a neighboring node.

Another embodiment provides a system comprising a first terminal node and a second terminal node, wherein the terminal nodes are non-neighboring nodes. The system further comprises at least one relay node interconnecting the terminal nodes. Each relay node is configured for decoding a first message combination comprising encoded messages from neighboring nodes based on one or more decoding constraints, applying a transform to the decoded first message combination to generate a second message combination for broadcast, scaling the second message combination based on a transmission power of the relay node and a transmission power of a neighboring node, and simultaneously broadcasting the scaled second message combination to each neighboring node at a symmetric rate. Each decoding constraint is based on a transmission power of a neighboring node.

Another embodiment provides a data relaying apparatus comprising a decoding module configured for decoding a first message combination based on one or more decoding constraints. The first message combination comprises at least one encoded message from a first neighboring node and at least one encoded message from a second neighboring node. The relaying apparatus further comprises a transform module configured for applying a transform to the decoded first message combination to generate a second message combination for broadcast. The relaying apparatus further comprises a scaling module configured for scaling the second message combination based on a transmission power of the relay node and a transmission power of a neighboring node. The scaled second message combination is simultaneously broadcast to the first neighboring node and the second neighboring node at a symmetric rate. Each decoding constraint is based on a transmission power of a neighboring node.

Another embodiment provides a non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions which when executed on a computer perform a method for a relay node. The method comprises receiving a first message combination comprising at least one encoded message from a first neighboring node and at least one encoded message from a second neighboring node, and decoding the first message combination based on one or more decoding constraints. Each decoding constraint is based on a transmission power of a neighboring node. The method further comprises applying a transform to the decoded first message combination to generate a second message combination for broadcast, scaling the second message combination based on a transmission power of the relay node and a transmission power of a neighboring node, and simultaneously broadcasting the scaled second message combination to the first neighboring node and the second neighboring node at a symmetric rate.

A lattice codeword is a linear code in Euclidean space. A sum of two lattice codewords is itself a lattice codeword. Lattice coding techniques may be used in multi-source relay networks, such as a two-way two-relay channel. Embodiments provide a lattice coding system for a two-way two-relay channel system. The lattice coding system of one embodiment enables a relay node to remove noise (e.g., Gaussian noise) while decoding a combination of lattice codewords representing multiple messages (i.e., signals). The relay node applies a redistribution transform to the decoded combination to re-encode the decoded combination into a new combination of lattice codewords for broadcast. The redistribution transform applied ensures that messages traveling in either direction fully realize the transmitting power (transmission power) of the relay node even under asymmetric channel conditions.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example two-way multi-relay network 200, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The network 200 comprises two terminal nodes (i.e., source nodes) 50 and at least one relay node (a data relaying apparatus) 60. Each terminal node 50 may represent a device, such as a server or a user device like a computer, a laptop, a mobile phone, etc. The two terminal nodes 50 communicate with each other via the relay nodes 60. As shown in FIG. 1, a relay node 60 may be an access point (AP), a base station (BS) or a device.

The network 200 operates in two phases: (1) a Multiple-Access Channel (MAC) phase, and (2) a Broadcast Channel (BC) phase. In the MAC phase, each terminal node 50 transmits (i.e., sends) a message to a neighboring relay node 60. Each relay node 60 receives a message combination that includes messages received from neighboring nodes. In the BC phase, each relay node 60 broadcasts the messages received to a neighboring node.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a two-way multi-relay network 250, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The network 250 comprises two terminal nodes 50 and multiple relay nodes 60. The two terminal nodes 50 communicate with each other via the relay nodes 60. The two terminal nodes 50 are identified in FIG. 2 as Node 1 and Node N. The relay nodes 60 are identified in FIG. 2 as Node 2, Node 3, ..., and Node N-l .

Each node may only communicate directly with a neighboring node. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, terminal node Node 1 may only communicate directly with relay node Node 2. As another example, relay node Node 2 may only communicate directly with terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 3. Let Yj denote a signal received by Node i. Let X; denote a signal transmitted by Node i. Let Pj denote a transmitting power (transmission power) of Node i. A transmitting power Pj of Node i may be constrained by equation (1) provided below:

Let Z, represent noise (e.g., white Gaussian noise) with corresponding variance Nj. A signal received by terminal node Node 1 may be represented by equation (2) provided below:

Y _l = X ₂ + Z _l (2).

A signal received by terminal node Node N may be represented by equation (3) provided below:

A signal received by relay node Node i may be represented by equation (4) provided below:

Yi = ¾.! + ¾! + ¾ (4), wherein i = [2, 3, ..., N-l] (i.e., Node i is a relay node 60).

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an example two-way two-relay channel network 350, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The network 350 comprises two terminal nodes 50 and two relay nodes 60. As shown in FIG. 3, the two terminal nodes 50 are identified as Node 1 and Node 4, and the two relay nodes 60 are identified as Node 2 and Node 3. Terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 3 are interconnected via relay node Node 2, and relay node Node 2 and terminal node Node 4 are interconnected via relay node Node 3.

Based on equations (2)-(4) provided above, a signal Y _! received by terminal node Node 1 is equal to a sum of X ₂ and Z _l5 a signal Y ₂ received by relay node Node 2 is equal to a sum of Xj, X ₃ and Z , a signal Y ₃ received by relay node Node 3 is equal to a sum of X ₂ , X ₄ and Z ₃ , and a signal Y ₄ received by terminal node Node 4 is equal to a sum of X ₃ and Z ₄ .

The network 350 may be divided into two two-way single-relay channels 360 to facilitate lattice coding. For example, the system 350 may be divided into a first two-way single-relay channel 360 that includes terminal node Node 1, relay node Node 2 and relay node Node 3, and a second two-way single-relay channel 360 that includes relay node Node 2, relay node Node 3 and terminal node Node 4. As described in detail later herein, the first and the second two-way single-relay channels 360 are integrated so that both two-way single-relay channels 360 can operate simultaneously.

Assume all channel gains in a two-way single relay channel 360 are 1, and the transmitting power F _\ of Node 1 is greater than the transmitting power P3 of Node 3 (i.e., J*\ > P ₃ ). In the MAC phase, relay node Node 2 decodes a lattice codeword combination (ti + t ₃ ) mod Ai, wherein Aj is a lattice associated with the transmitting power Pi, wherein t _! represents a lattice codeword from terminal node Node 1, and wherein t ₃ represents a lattice codeword from terminal node Node 3. The lattice codeword ti is distributed over the entire space V(Ai). By comparison, t ₃ is only concentrated in V(A ₂ ), wherein V(A ₂ ) is in the middle of V(A _! ). To satisfy one or more constraints on the transmitting power P ₂ of relay node Node 2, the relay node Node 2 scales the lattice codeword combination (ti + t ₃ ) mod A] by ratio VP ₂ /VP _l5 and broadcasts the scaled lattice codeword combination. The transmitting power P ₂ of relay node Node 2 in a first direction towards terminal node Node 1 and a second direction towards relay node Node 3 is P ₂ and P ₂ *(P ₃ /P}), respectively.

In order to utilize the transmitting power P ₂ of relay node Node 2 more efficiently in both directions, the lattice codeword combination ( + t ₃ ) mod A _t must be re-distributed such that both t _t and t ₃ are distributed over the entire space of V(A _! ). Embodiments provide a lattice coding system in the BC phase.

In one embodiment, a redistribution transform is applied to the lattice codeword combination (ti + t ₃ ) mod A] to ensure that both t _t and t ₃ are distributed over the entire space of V(Ai). Assume that the transmitting power P ₃ of relay node Node 3 is multiple times that of the transmitting power Pi of Node 1. For example, if Pi = p, then P ₃ = Np, wherein p is a real value, and wherein N is an integer value. Both terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 3 transmit lattice codewords mod ρΛ and t ₃ mod ΝρΛ, respectively, to relay node Node 2. Relay node Node 2 receives and decodes a lattice codeword combination (ti + t ₃ ) mod ΝρΛ. Relay node Node 2 applies a redistribution transform to the lattice codeword combination (t _\ + t ₃ ) mod ΝρΛ to generate another lattice codeword combination. The redistribution transform comprises multiplying the lattice codeword combination (t _t + t ₃ ) mod ΝρΛ by N, and performing a modulo operation over ΝρΛ to generate the lattice codeword combination represented by equation (5) provided below:

(N*(t _! + 1 ₃ ) mod ΝρΛ) mod ΝρΛ) =

To satisfy one or more constraints on the transmitting power P ₂ of relay node Node 2, relay node Node 2 scales the lattice codeword combination provided by equation (5) by ratio P ₂ A/P ₃ , and simultaneously broadcasts the scaled lattice codeword combination (VP ₂ A/P ₃ )*(Nt _! + Nt ₃ ) mod ΝρΛ to terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 3. Using one-to-one mappings Nt] mod ΝρΛ <-> ti mod ΝρΛ and Nt ₃ mod ΝρΛ <-> t ₃ mod ΝρΛ, terminal node Node 1 determines t ₃ based on tj, and relay node Node 3 determines t _\ based on t ₃ . Both Nt _t mod ΝρΛ and Nt ₃ mod ΝρΛ are distributed over the entire space of V(NpA), thereby enabling the transmitting power P ₂ of relay node Node 2 to be used efficiently in both directions.

For example, assume terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 3 send lattice codewords and t ₃ , respectively, to Node 2 simultaneously, wherein ti€ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, and wherein t ₃ C {0,1/2, 1, 3/2, 2} . Relay node Node 2 decodes the lattice codeword combination (ΐ + t ₃ ) mod 5, and broadcasts 2*^ + t ₃ mod 5) mod 5 (i.e., (2ti + 2t ₃ ) mod 5) to both terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 3. Using one- to-one mappings 2t] mod 5 <-> tj and 2t ₃ mod 5 <-> t ₃ , terminal node Node 1 determines lattice codeword t ₃ based on lattice codeword t _l5 and relay node Node 3 determines lattice codeword ti based on lattice codeword t ₃ . Both 2t] mod 5 and 2t ₃ mod 5 are distributed over the entire space of finite field 5, thereby enabling the transmitting power P ₂ of relay node Node 2 to be used efficiently in both directions. FIGs. 4A and 4B illustrate an example lattice coding system 400 for integrating two half-duplex two-way single-relay channels 360, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, the two-way multi-relay channel 350 in FIG. 3 may be realized by integrating two two-way single-relay channels 360 that are half-duplex.

For example, as shown in FIGs. 4A and 4B, a first two-way single-relay channel 360 includes terminal node Node 1 , relay node Node 2, and relay node Node 3. A second two-way single-relay channel 360 includes relay node Node 2, relay node Node 3 and terminal node Node 4. Each two-way single-relay channel 360 in FIGs. 4A and 4B are a half-duplex communication system that allows for data transmission in both directions but only one direction at a time (i.e., not simultaneously). Each node can only transmit or receive at one time.

Let P denote a large prime number represented by equation (6) provided below:

P = [2°*] (6), wherein R is a lattice coding rate, and wherein [ ] denotes rounding to the nearest prime number.

Let w _a and w _b generally denote a message generated

by terminal node Node 1 and terminal node Node 4, respectively, wherein w _a ,Wb e {0,1,2, P-l }. Each message w _a , w _b is encoded as lattice codeword before transmission.

In one embodiment, each message w _a , w _b is encoded into a lattice codeword based on a nested lattice pair A _c 2 A, wherein A is a coarse lattice, wherein Ac is a fine lattice, and wherein a second moment of A is equal to 1 (i.e., σ ² (Λ) = 1). Let t _a and t _b generally denote a lattice codeword corresponding to message w _a and w _b , respectively, wherein t _a ,t _b e {A _c Π V(A)}, wherein w _a → t _a represents a one-to-one mapping between message w _a and lattice codeword t _a , and wherein w _b <→ t _b represents a one-to-one mapping between message w _b and lattice codeword t _b . Let Pj denote a transmitting power of Node i. The transmitting power Pj of terminal node Node 1 is represented by equation (7) provided below:

Pi = P ² (7), wherein p is a real value. The transmitting power P ₄ of terminal node Node 4 is represented by equation (8) provided below:

P ₄ = q ² (8), wherein q is a real value. The transmitting power P ₂ of relay node Node 2 is represented by equation (9) provided below:

P ₂ = M ² q ² (9), wherein M is an integer, and wherein M≠ P. The transmitting power P ₃ of relay node Node 3 is represented by equation (10) provided below:

P ₃ = N ² p ² (10), wherein N is an integer, and wherein N≠ P.

The transmitting power P _l5 P _2, P ₃ and P ₄ may need to satisfy one or more constraints. For example, in one embodiment, ratios P ₃ /P _! and P ₂ /P ₄ must be integers' square or reciprocals of integers' square. In another embodiment, ratios Ϋχ/Ρτ, and P ₄ /P ₂ must be integers' square or reciprocals of integers' square.

As a result of constraints on the transmitting power P _t of Node 1, Node 1 transmits lattice codewords generally denoted as pt _a , wherein pt _a C {pA _c Π V(pA)}, and wherein pt _a corresponds to message w _a . Similarly, as a result of constraints on the transmitting power P ₄ of Node 4, Node 4 transmits lattice codewords generally denoted as qt , wherein qt _b G {qA _c Π V(qA)}, and wherein qt _b corresponds to message w _b . As shown in FIGs. 4A and 4B, the lattice coding system 400 includes multiple block phases 410, such as Block Phase 1, Block Phase 2, etc. During each block phase 410, at least one terminal node 50 generates a new message and transmits (i.e., sends) the message as a lattice codeword to a neighboring relay node 60.

Specifically, in Block Phase 1, terminal node Node 1 transmits lattice codeword pt _al to neighboring relay node Node 2. Terminal node Node 4 transmits lattice codeword qt _bl to neighboring relay node Node 3. Relay nodes Node 2 and Node 3 have nothing to broadcast in Block Phase 1.

In Block Phase 1, relay node Node 2 decodes the lattice codewords pt _al received from terminal node Node 1. Relay node Node 3 decodes the lattice codewords qt _bl received from terminal node Node 4. Terminal nodes Node 1 and Node 4 have nothing to decode in Block Phase 1.

In Block Phase 1, each relay node 60 decodes based on transmitting power rate constraints (decoding constraints) represented by equation (11) provided below:

R < ½log(P ₁ /N ₂ ), R < ½log(P ₄ /N ₃ ) (11), wherein N ₂ and N ₃ are variances associated with noise.

Therefore, in Block Phase 1, there are two point-to-point channels (i.e., a first point-to-point channel between terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 2, and a second point-to-point channel between relay node Node 3 and terminal node Node 4).

In Block Phase 2, terminal node Node 1 transmits lattice codeword pt^ to neighboring relay node Node 2. Relay node Node 3 broadcasts lattice codeword Npt _bl , wherein the lattice codeword Npt _bl represents a scaled version of the lattice codeword qt _bl that relay node Node 3 received in Block Phase 1. Relay node Node 3 scales the lattice codeword qt _bl based on its transmitting power P ₃ provided by equation (10) above. Relay node Node 2 and terminal node Node 4 have nothing to broadcast/transmit in Block Phase 2. In Block Phase 2, relay node Node 2 receives a lattice codeword combination Y _{2 2} represented by equation (12) provided below:

Ya,2 = Pta2 + Npt _bl + Z ₂ ,2 (12), wherein Z ₂₂ represents noise (e.g., white Gaussian noise). To decode the lattice codeword combination Y _{2 2} , relay node Node 2 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (13) provided below:

Y ₂₂ mod ΝρΛ = (pt _a2 + Npt _bl + Z ₂₂ ) mod ΝρΛ (13).

Relay node Node 2 may then use lattice decoding to decode (pt^ + Npt _bl ) mod ΝρΛ from (pt^ + Npt _bl + Z ₂₂ ) mod ΝρΛ. Terminal node Node 1, terminal node Node 4, and relay node Node 3 have nothing to decode in Block Phase 2.

In Block Phase 2, relay node Node 2 decodes based

on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (14) provided below:

R < ½log(Pi/ ₂ ), R < ½log(P ₃ /N ₂ ) (14).

In Block Phase 3, terminal node Node 4 transmits lattice codeword qt ₂ to neighboring relay node Node 3. Relay node Node 2 broadcasts lattice codeword Mqt _al , wherein the lattice codeword Mqt _al represents a scaled version of the lattice codeword pt _a] that relay node Node 2 received in Block Phase 1. Relay node Node 2 scales the lattice codeword pt _al based on its transmitting power P ₂ provided by equation (9) above. Relay node Node 3 and terminal node Node 1 have nothing to broadcast/transmit in Block Phase 3.

In Block Phase 3, relay node Node 3 receives a lattice codeword combination Y _{3 2} represented by equation (15) provided below:

Ys,2 = q¾2 + Mqt _al + Z _3;2 (15), wherein Z _{3 2} represents noise (e.g., white Gaussian noise). To decode the lattice codeword combination Y _3;2 , relay node Node 3 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (16) provided below: mod MqA = (qt _b2 + Mqt _al + Z _{3 2} ) mod MqA (16).

Relay node Node 3 may then use lattice decoding to decode (qt _b2 + Mqt _al ) mod MqA from (qt ₂ + Mqt _al + Z ₃₂ ) mod MqA. Terminal node Node 1, terminal node Node 4, and relay node Node 2 have nothing to decode in Block Phase 3.

In Block Phase 3, relay node Node 3 decodes based

on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (17) provided below:

R < ½log(P ₂ /N ₃ ), R < ½log(P ₄ /N ₃ ) (17).

In Block Phase 4, terminal node Node 1 transmits lattice codeword pt _a3 to neighboring relay node Node 2. Relay node Node 3 applies a redistribution transform on the decoded lattice codeword combination (qt _b2 + Mqt _al )mod MqA to generate a new lattice codeword combination. Specifically, relay node Node 3 multiplies the decoded lattice codeword combination (qt _b2 + Mqt _al ) mod MqA by M, and performs a modulo operation to generate a new lattice codeword combination represented by equation (18) provided below:

(M*(qt ₂ + Mqt _al ) mod MqA)mod MqA =

(Mqt _b2 + M ² qt _al ) mod M ² qA mod MqA =

(Mqt _b2 + M ² qt _al ) mod MqA (18).

Relay node Node 3 scales the lattice codeword combination (Mqt _b2 + M qt _al ) mod MqA by Np/Mq, and broadcasts, in Block Phase 4, the resulting scaled lattice codeword combination represented by equation (19) provided below:

(Np/Mq)*(Mqt _b2 + M ² qt _al ) mod MqA =

(Npt _b2 + MN t _a mod NpA ( 19). Relay node Node 2 and terminal node Node 4 have nothing to broadcast/transmit in Block Phase 4.

In Block Phase 4, relay node Node 2 receives a lattice codeword combination Y _2> 3 represented by equation (20) provided below:

Y ₂ ,3 = pta3 + (Npt _b2 + MNpt _al ) mod ΝρΛ + Z ₂ , ₃ (20), wherein Z _2>3 represents noise (e.g., white Gaussian noise). To decode the lattice codeword combination Y ₂₃ , relay node Node 2 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (21) provided below:

Y _{2 3} mod ΝρΛ =

(pt _a3 + (Npt _b2 + MNptai) mod ΝρΛ + Z ₂₃ ) mod ΝρΛ = (pt _a3 + Npt _b2 + MNpt _al + Z ₂₃ ) mod ΝρΛ (21).

Relay node Node 2 may then use lattice decoding to decode (pt _a3 + Npt _b2 + MNpt _al ) mod ΝρΛ from (pt _a3 + Npt _b2 + MNpt _al + Z ₂₃ ) mod ΝρΛ.

In Block Phase 4, terminal node Node 4 receives the lattice codeword combination (Npt _b2 + MNpt _al ) mod ΝρΛ. The terminal node Node 4 decodes the lattice codeword combination (Npt _b2 + MNpt _al ) mod ΝρΛ, and maps the decoded lattice codeword combination to N w _b2 © M (g) N ® w _al , wherein ® and © denote addition and multiplication over the finite field P. Using message w _b2 generated by terminal node Node 4, terminal node Node 4 performs an operation represented by equation (22) provided below:

N (g) w _b2 © M ® N <g) ai Θ <g) w _b2 =

M ® N ® w _a i (22), wherein 0 denote subtraction over the finite field P. Terminal node Node 4 uses M ® N ® w _al to determine message w _al generated by terminal node Node 1. Terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 3 have nothing to decode in Block Phase 4.

In Block Phase 4, relay node Node 2 decodes based on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (14) above. Relay node Node 4 decodes based

on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (23) provided below:

R < ½log(P ₃ /N ₄ ) (23), wherein N ₄ is a variance associated with noise.

In Block Phase 5, terminal node Node 4 transmits lattice codeword qt _b3 to neighboring relay node Node 3. Relay node Node 2 applies a redistribution transform on the decoded lattice codeword combination (pt^ + Npt _bl ) mod ΝρΛ to generate a new lattice codeword combination. Specifically, relay node Node 2 multiplies the decoded lattice codeword combination (pt^+Npt _b mod ΝρΛ by N and performs a modulo operation to generate a new lattice codeword combination represented by equation (24) provided below:

(N*(pta2 + Npt _b mod ΝρΛ) mod ΝρΛ =

(Npta2+N ² ptbi) ^mod Ν ² ρΛ mod ΝρΛ =

(Npta2+N ² pt _bl ) mod ΝρΛ ( (24).

Relay Node 2 scales the lattice codeword combination (Npt^ + N ² pt _bl ) mod ΝρΛ by Mq Np, and broadcasts, in Block Phase 5, the resulting scaled lattice codeword combination represented by equation (25) provided below:

(Mq/Np)*(Npta2 + N ² pt _b i) mod ΝρΛ =

(Mqt^ + NMqt _b mod MqA (25).

Relay node Node 3 and terminal node Node 1 have nothing to broadcast/transmit in Block Phase 5.

In Block Phase 5, relay node Node 3 receives a lattice codeword combination Y _{3 3} represented by equation (26) provided below:

Y3,3 = qt _b3 + (Mqt^ + NMqt _bl ) mod MqA + Z _3;3 (26), wherein Z ₃₃ represents noise (e.g., Gaussian noise). To decode the lattice codeword combination Y _3>3 , relay node Node 3 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (27) provided below:

Y _{3 3} mod MqA =

(qt _b3 + (Mqt^ + NMqt _b mod MqA + Z _{3 3} ) mod MqA = (qt _b3 + Mqt^ + NMqt _bl + Z ₃₃ ) mod MqA (27).

Relay node Node 3 may then use lattice decoding to decode (qt _b3 + Mqt^ + NMqt _bl ) mod MqA from (qt _b3 + Mqt^ + NMqt _bl + Z ₃₃ ) mod MqA.

In Block Phase 5, terminal node Node 1 receives the lattice codeword combination (Mqta2 + NMqt _l ) mod MqA. The terminal node Node 1 decodes the lattice codeword combination (Mqt^ + NMqt _l ) mod MqA, and maps the decoded lattice codeword combination to M (g) w^ © N (g) M (g) w _l , wherein (g) and © denote addition and multiplication over the finite field P. Using message w _a2 generated by terminal node Node 1, terminal node Node 1 performs an operation represented by equation (28) provided below:

M (g) w^ © N ® M ® w _bl © M (g) w _a2 =

N (g) M (g) w _bl (28), wherein © denote subtraction over the finite field P. Terminal node Node 4 uses N (g) M (g) w _bl to determine message w _bl generated by terminal node Node 4. Terminal node Node 4 and relay node Node 2 have nothing to decode in Block Phase 5.

In Block Phase 5, relay node Node 3 decodes based

on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (17) above. Terminal node Node 1 decodes based

on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (29) provided below:

R < ½log(P ₂ N ₁ ) (29), wherein Ni is a variance associated with noise. Let i represent an odd number. In Block Phase 2i, terminal node Node 1 transmits lattice codeword pt _ai to neighboring relay node Node 2. Relay node Node 3 applies a redistribution transform on a decoded lattice codeword combination to generate a new lattice codeword combination, scales the new lattice codeword combination by Np/Mq, and broadcasts, in Block Phase 2i, the resulting scaled lattice codeword combination represented by equation (30) provided below:

(Nptb(i-i) + MNpt _a(l-2) + MN ² ptb(i-3) + - + M ⁽ⁱ - ^1)/2 N ^(l - ^1)/2 pt _a i) mod NpA (30).

Relay node Node 2 and terminal node Node 4 have nothing to broadcast/transmit in Block Phase 2i.

In Block Phase 2i, relay node Node 2 receives a lattice codeword combination Y _2;i represented by equation (31) provided below:

Y¾i =

¾ + (Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... +

M(i-i)/2 _N (i-i)/2 _{ptai) mod ΝρΛ + z} ^ (3l) _; wherein Z ₂ j represents noise (e.g., Gaussian noise). To decode the lattice codeword combination Y _{2 i} , relay node Node 2 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (32) provided below:

Y _{2 i} mod ΝρΛ =

(pt _ai + (Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i .3) + . . . +

_M (i-l)/2 _N (i-l)/2 _{ptai ) + ¾} ^ _{ΝρΛ =}

(pt _ai + Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... +

_M (i-l)/2 _N (i-l) 2 _{ptai + ¾} ^ _mo£ j _{ΝρΛ (32)} _

Relay node Node 2 may then use lattice decoding to decode (pt _ai + Npt _b (i _-1) + MNpt _a(l-2) + MN ² pt _b(i . ₃₎ + ... + M ^{(M) 2} N ⁽ⁱ - ¹⁾ ptai) mod ΝρΛ from (pt _ai + (Npt _b(M) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ⁽ⁱ - ^1)/2 N ^(i'1)/2 ptai+Z _2)I ) mod ΝρΛ. Relay node Node 2 will apply a redistribution transform on the decoded lattice codeword combination (pt _ai + Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ^{( ) 2} N ^{( )/2} ptai) mod NpA to generate a new lattice codeword combination. Specifically, relay node Node 2 multiplies the decoded lattice codeword combination (pt _ai + Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _(i-3) + ... + M ^(l'1)/2 N ^(l~1)/2 pt _al ) _mo( j by ]sj _{5 an(} j performs a modulo operation to generate a new lattice codeword combination represented by equation (33) provided below:

(N*(pt _ai + Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² ptb ₍ i-3) + · · · +

M ^(i'1)/2 N ⁽ⁱ - ^1)/2 ptai) mod NpA) mod pA =

( ρ¾ + N ² pt _b(l-1) + MN ² pt _a(i-2) + MN ³ pt _b(i-3) + ... +

_M (i-l)/2 _N ((i-l)/2) ₊ l _{ptai) mod NpA (33)} _

Relay node Node 2 scales the lattice codeword combination (Npt _ai + N ² pt _(i-1) + MN ² pt _a(l-2) + MN ³ pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ⁽ⁱ - ^I)/2 N ⁽⁽ⁱ - ^1)/2)+1 pt _al ) mod ΝρΛ by Mq/Np, and broadcasts, in Block Phase 2i+2, the resulting scaled lattice codeword combination represented by equation (34) provided below:

(Mq Np)*(Npt _ai + N ² pt _b(i-1) + MN ² pt _a(i-2) + MN ³ pt _b(i-3) + ... +

(Mqt _ai + NMqt _b(i-1) + NM ² qt _a(l-2) + N M ² qt _b(i-3) + ... + N ^{(i"1) 2} M ^((l - ^I)/2)+1 pt _al ) mod ΝρΛ (34).

In Block Phase 2i, terminal node Node 4 receives

the lattice codeword combination (Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ^{(i"1) 2} N ^{(i" 1) 2} ptai) mod ΝρΛ from relay node Node 3. The terminal node Node 4 decodes the lattice codeword combination (Npt _(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ^(l"1)/2 N ^{(l" 1) 2} ptai) mod ΝρΛ to N ® w _b(i-1) © M (g) N <g) w _a(i-2) + M (g) N ² ® w _b(i-3) + ... + M ^(i_

^{1) 2} ® N ^(l"1)/2 ® w _al . Using messages that the terminal node Node 4 generated or decoded in previous block phases 410, terminal node Node 4 obtains w _a( j.

2 , and determines message w _a(i . ₂₎ based on M ® N (¾ w _a(i-2) . Terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 3 have nothing to decode in Block Phase 4.

In Block Phase 2i, relay node Node 2 decodes

based on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (14) above.

Relay node Node 4 decodes based

on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (23) above. In Block Phase 2i+l, terminal node Node 4 transmits lattice codeword qt _bi to neighboring relay node Node 3. Relay node Node 2 applies a redistribution transform on a decoded lattice codeword combination to generate a new lattice codeword combination, scales the new lattice codeword combination by Mq/Np, and broadcasts, in Block Phase 2i+l, the resulting scaled lattice codeword combination represented by equation (35) provided below:

(Mqt _a(i-1) + NMqt _b(l-2) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ⁽ⁱ - ^{1) 2} M ⁽ⁱ - ^1)/2 qt _bl ) mod MqA (35).

Relay node Node 3 and terminal node Node 1 have nothing to broadcast/transmit in Block Phase 2i+l.

In Block Phase 2i+l, relay node Node 3 receives a lattice codeword combination Y ₃ j represented by equation (36) provided below:

Y ₃ ,i =

qt _bi + (Mqt _a(l-1) + NMqt _b(i-2) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... +

N(i-i)/2 _M (i-i)/2 _{qtbj ) mod MqA + ¾} _ _(36)j wherein Z _{3 ;i} represents noise (e.g., Gaussian noise). To decode the lattice codeword combination Y ₃ i, relay node Node 3 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (37) provided below:

Y _3>i mod MqA =

(qt _bi + (Mqt _a(i-1) + NMqt _b(i-2) + NM ² qt _a(l-3) + ... +

_N (i-l)/2 _M (i-l)/2 _{qtbi) m()d + ¾} ^ _{m()d MqA =}

(qt _b i + qt _a(i-1) + NMqt _b(l-2) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... +

N(i-i)/2 _M (i-i)/2 _{qtbi + ¾} ^ _{mod MqA (3?)>}

Relay node Node 3 may then use lattice decoding to decode (qt _bi + Mqt _a(i-1) + NMqt _b(i-2) + NM qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ^(i"1)/2 M ^{(i"1) 2} qt _bl ) mod MqA from (qt _bi + Mqt _a(i- i) + NMqt _b(i-2) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ⁽ⁱ - ^{1) 2} M ⁽ⁱ - ^1)/2 qt _b i + Z _3;i ) mod MqA. In Block Phase 2i+l, terminal node Node 1 receives the lattice codeword combination (Mqt _a(i-1) + NMqt _b(i-2) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... + ^^M ^0"1 ^^) mod MqA from relay node Node 2. The terminal node Node 1 decodes the lattice codeword combination (Mqt _a(i-1) + NMqt _b(i-2) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ^(i"1)/2 M ^(i"1)/2 qt _bl ) mod MqA to M ® w _a(i-1) 0 N ® M ® w _b(i-2) + N <g) M ² ® w _a(i-3) + ... + N ^(M)/2 (x> M ^{( )/} (g) w _bl . Using the messages that terminal node Node 1 generated or decoded in previous block phases 410, terminal node Node 1 obtains N ® M ® w _b( i _-2) , and determines message w _(i , ₂₎ based on N ® M ® w _b(i-2) . Terminal node Node 4 and relay node Node 2 have nothing to decode in Block Phase 2i+l .

In Block Phase 2i+l, relay node Node 3 decodes

based on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (17) above. Relay node Node 4 decodes based

on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (23) above.

The transmitting power rate constraints for decoding in the lattice coding system 400 are summarized in equation (38) provided below:

R

min O/zlogOP _! /Nz), ½log(P ₂ /N ₃ ), ½log(P ₃ /N ₄ ), ½log(P ₄ /N ₃ ), ½log(P ₃ /N ₂ ), ½log(P ₂ /N ₁ )) (38).

Let RFIN _A L denote a final achievable symmetric rate for a lattice coding system. The final achievable symmetric rate R _F IN _AL for the lattice coding system 400 is represented by equation (39) provided below:

R _FINAL = ((2I-2)/(2I+l))*(l/2)*R (39), wherein 21+1 denotes the total number of block phases 410 in the system 400. When I approaches infinity, the final achievable symmetric rate RF _I NA _L for the lattice coding system 400 is represented by equation (40) provided below: RFINAL = (1/2)*R (40).

FIG. 5 illustrates an example lattice coding system 500 for integrating two full-duplex two-way single-relay channels 360, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In another embodiment, the two-way multi -relay channel 350 in FIGs. 4A and 4B may be realized by integrating two two-way single-relay channels 360 that are full-duplex.

For example, as shown in FIG. 5, a first two-way single-relay channel 360 includes terminal node Node 1, relay node Node 2, and relay node Node 3. A second two-way single-relay channel 360 includes relay node Node 2, relay node Node 3 and terminal node Node 4. Each two-way single-relay channel 360 in FIG. 5 is a full-duplex communication system that allows for data transmission in both directions at the same time (i.e., not simultaneously). Each node can transmit and receive at the same time.

In lattice coding system 600, each message w _a and

w _b generated by terminal node Node 1 and terminal node Node 4, respectively, is encoded before transmission. Like in the lattice coding system 400, each message w _a and each message w _b is encoded into a lattice codeword t _a and a lattice codeword t _b , respectively, based on the nested lattice pair A _c ≡> Λ.

The transmitting power Pj of terminal node Node 1 and the transmitting power P ₄ of terminal node Node 4 is represented by equation (7) provided above and equation (8) provided above, respectively. The transmitting power P ₂ of relay node Node 2 and the transmitting power P ₃ of relay node Node 3 is represented by equation (9) provided above and equation (10) provided above. As a result of constraints on the transmitting power J* i of terminal node Node 1 and the transmitting power P ₄ of terminal node Node 4, terminal node Node 1 and terminal node Node 4 transmit lattice codewords generally denoted as pt _a and pt _b , respectively.

As shown in FIG. 5, the lattice coding system 600 includes multiple block phases 610, such as Block Phase 1, Block Phase 2, etc. During each block phase 610 of the lattice coding system 600, each terminal node 50 generates a new message and transmits (i.e., sends) the message as a lattice codeword to a neighboring relay node 60.

For example, in Block Phase 1 of the lattice coding system 600, terminal node Node 1 transmits lattice codeword pt _al to neighboring relay node Node 2. Terminal node Node 4 also transmits lattice codeword qt _bl to neighboring relay node Node 3. Relay nodes Node 2 and Node 3 have nothing to broadcast (i.e., transmit) in Block Phase 1 of the lattice coding system 600.

Further, in Block Phase 1 of the lattice coding system 600, relay node Node 2 decodes the lattice codeword pt _al received from terminal node Node 1. Relay node Node 3 also decodes the lattice codeword qt _bl received from terminal node Node 4. Terminal nodes Node 1 and Node 4 have nothing to decode in Block Phase 1 of the lattice coding system 600. Each relay node 60 in Block Phase 1 of the lattice coding system 600 decodes based on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (11) provided above.

Therefore, like in the lattice coding system 400, there are two point-to-point channels (i.e., a first point-to-point channel between terminal node Node 1 and relay node Node 2, and a second point-to-point channel between relay node Node 3 and terminal node Node 4) in Block Phase 1 of the lattice coding system 600.

In Block Phase 2 of the lattice coding system 600, terminal node Node 1 transmits lattice codeword pt^ to neighboring relay node Node 2. Terminal node Node 4 also transmits lattice codeword qt ₂ to neighboring relay node Node 3.

Further, in Block Phase 2 of the lattice coding system 600, relay node Node 3 broadcasts lattice codeword Npt _bl . Relay node Node 2 also broadcasts lattice codeword Mqt _al . The lattice codeword Npt _bl represents a scaled version of the lattice codeword qt _bl that relay node Node 3 received from terminal node Node 4 in Block Phase 1 of the lattice coding system 600. Relay node Node 3 scales the lattice codeword qt _bl based on its transmitting power P ₃ represented by equation (10) provided above. The lattice codeword Mqt _al represents a scaled version of the lattice codeword pt _al that relay node Node 2 received from terminal node Node 1 in Block Phase 1 of the lattice coding system 600. Relay node Node 2 scales the lattice codeword pt _al based on its transmitting power P ₂ represented by equation (9) provided above.

Further, in Block Phase 2 of the lattice coding system 600, relay node Node 2 receives and decodes the lattice codeword combination Y _2>2 represented by equation (12) provided above. Relay node Node 3 also receives and decodes the lattice codeword combination Y _3>2 represented by equation (15) provided above. Terminal nodes Node 1 and Node 4 have nothing to decode in Block Phase 2 of the lattice coding system 600.

To decode the lattice codeword combination Y ₂₂ , relay node Node 2 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (13) provided above to obtain (pta2 + Npt _bl + Z ₂₂ ) mod ΝρΛ. Relay node Node 2 may then use lattice decoding to decode (pt _a2 + Npt _bl ) mod ΝρΛ from (ρί _ώ + Npt _bl + Z ₂₂ ) mod ΝρΛ. To decode the lattice codeword combination Y _3;2 , relay node Node 3 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (16) provided above to obtain (qt _b2 + Mqt _al + Z _{3 2} ) mod MqA. Relay node Node 3 may then use lattice decoding to decode (qt _b2 + Mqt _al ) mod MqA from (qt _b2 + Mqt _al + Z _{3 2} ) mod MqA.

In Block Phase 2 of the lattice coding system 600,

relay nodes Node 2 and Node 3 decode based on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (14) provided above and by equation (17) provided above, respectively.

In Block Phase 3 of the lattice coding system 600, terminal node Node 1 transmits lattice codeword pt^ to neighboring relay node Node 2. Terminal node Node 4 also transmits lattice codeword qt _b3 to neighboring relay node Node 3.

Further, in Block Phase 3 of the lattice coding system 600, relay node Node 3 broadcasts lattice codeword combination (Npt _b2 + MNpt _al ) mod NpA. Relay node Node 2 also broadcasts lattice codeword combination (Mqt _!a + NMqt _bl ) mod MqA.

To generate the lattice codeword combination (Npt _b2 + MNpt _al ) mod NpA for broadcast, relay node Node 3 applies a redistribution transform on the decoded lattice codeword combination (qt _b2 + Mqt _al ) mod MqA, and scales a resulting lattice codeword combination for broadcast. The redistribution transform and scaling operation applied by relay node Node 3 are represented by equations (18) and (19) provided above.

To generate the lattice codeword combination (Mqt _a2 + NMqt _l ) mod MqA for broadcast, relay node Node 2 applies a redistribution transform on the decoded lattice codeword combination (pt^ + Npt _bl ) mod ΝρΛ, and scales a resulting lattice codeword combination for broadcast. The redistribution transform and scaling operation applied by relay node Node 2 are represented by equations (24) and (25) provided above.

Further, in Block Phase 3 of the lattice coding system 600, relay node Node 2 receives and decodes the lattice codeword combination Y ₂₃ represented by equation (20) provided above. Relay node Node 3 also receives and decodes a lattice codeword combination Y _3>3 represented by equation (26) provided above.

To decode the lattice codeword combination Y _{2 3} , relay node Node 2 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (21) provided above to obtain (ptj _tf + Npt ₂ + MNpt _al + Z ₂₃ ) mod ΝρΛ. Relay node Node 2 may then use lattice decoding to decode (pt^ + Npt _b2 + MNpt _al ) mod ΝρΛ from (pt^ + Npt _b2 + MNpt _al + Z ₂₃ ) mod ΝρΛ.

To decode the lattice codeword combination Y _{3 3} , relay node Node 3 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (27) provided above to obtain (qt _b3 + Mqtj _tf + NMqt i + Z ₃₃ ) mod MqA. Relay node Node 3 may then use lattice decoding to decode (qt _b3 + Mqt^ + NMqt _bl ) mod MqA from (qt _b3 + Mqt^ + NMqt _bl + Z ₃₃ ) mod MqA.

In Block Phase 3 of the lattice coding system 600,

relay nodes Node 2 and Node 3 decode based on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (14) provided above and by equation (17) provided above, respectively.

Further, in Block Phase 3 of the lattice coding system 600, terminal node Node 4 decodes the lattice codeword combination (Npt _b2 + MNpt _a] )mod NpA received from relay node Node 3. Terminal node Node 1 also decodes the lattice codeword combination (Mqt^ + NMqt ^m °d MqA received from relay node Node 2.

Terminal node Node 4 decodes the lattice codeword combination (Npt _b2 + MNpt _al ) mod ΝρΛ, and maps the decoded lattice codeword combination to N (g) Wb ₂ © M (g) N (g) w _a i. Using message W ₂ generated by terminal node Node 4, terminal node Node 4 performs an operation represented by equation (22) provided above to obtain M (g) N (g) w _al . Terminal node Node 4 uses M (g) N (g) w _al to determine message w _al generated by terminal node Node 1.

Terminal node Node 1 decodes the lattice codeword combination (Mqt^ + NMqt _bl ) mod MqA, and maps the decoded lattice codeword combination to M (g) w _a2 © N (g) M (g) w _bl . Using message \ν _ώ generated by terminal node Node 1, terminal node Node 1 performs an operation represented by equation (28) provided above to obtain N (g) M (g) w _bl . Terminal node Node 4 uses N (g) M (g) w _bl to determine message w _bl generated by terminal node Node 4.

In Block Phase 3 of the lattice coding system 600,

terminal nodes Node 1 and Node 4 decode based on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (30) provided above and by equation (23) provided above, respectively.

Let i represent an odd number. In Block Phase i of the lattice coding system 600, terminal node Node 1 transmits lattice codeword pt _a ; to neighboring relay node Node 2. Terminal node Node 4 also transmits lattice codeword qt _b i to neighboring relay node Node 3.

Further, in Block Phase i of the lattice coding system 600, relay node Node 3 broadcasts lattice codeword combination (Νρ¾(Μ) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ^(l"1)/2 N ^(l'1)/2 pt _a i) mod NpA. Relay node Node 2 also broadcasts lattice codeword combination (Mqt _a(i-1) + NMqt _b( i _-2 ) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ^(i"1)/2 M ^(M)/2 qt _bl ) mod MqA.

To generate the lattice codeword combination (Νρ¾ ) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ^(i"1)/2 N ^(i"1)/2 pt _al ) mod NpA for broadcast, relay node Node 3 applies the redistribution transform on a decoded lattice codeword combination, and scales a resulting lattice codeword combination by Np/Mq for broadcast.

To generate the lattice codeword combination + NMqt _b(i-2) + NM qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ^{(i"1) 2} M ^{(i"1) 2} qt _bl ) mod MqA for broadcast, relay node Node 2 applies the redistribution transform on a decoded lattice codeword combination, and scales the resulting lattice codeword combination Mq/Np for broadcast.

Further, in Block Phase i of the lattice coding system 600, relay node Node 2 receives and decodes the lattice codeword combination Y _{2 ;i} represented by equation (31) provided above. Relay node Node 3 also receives and decodes a lattice codeword combination Y _{3 i} represented by equation (36) provided above.

To decode the lattice codeword combination Y ₂ „ relay node Node 2 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (32) provided above to obtain (pt _ai + Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ^(i"1)/2 N ^(i"1)/2 pt _al +Z _2>i ) mod ΝρΛ. Relay node Node 2 may then use lattice decoding to decode (pt _ai + Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + N ² pt _b (i- ₃ ) + · · · + mod ΝρΛ from (pt _ai + (Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ^{( )/} N ^{(i"1) 2} ptai+¾) mod ΝρΛ.

To decode the lattice codeword combination Y _3; i, relay node Node 3 performs a modulo operation represented by equation (37) provided above to obtain (qt _b ; + Mqt _a(i-1) + NMqt _b(i-2) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ^{( ) 2} M ^(M)/2 qt _bl + Z _3;i ) mod MqA. Relay node Node 3 may then use lattice decoding to decode (qt _bi + Mqt _a(i-1) + NMqt _b(i-2) + NM qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ^{( )/2} M ^(i"1)/ qt _bl ) mod MqA from (qt _b j + Mqt _a(M) + NMqt _b(i-2) + M ² qt _a(i-3) + ... + + Z _3;i ) mod MqA.

In Block Phase i of the lattice coding system 600,

relay nodes Node 2 and Node 3 decode based on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (14) provided above and by equation (17) provided above, respectively.

Further, in Block Phase i of the lattice coding system 600, terminal node Node 4 decodes the lattice codeword combination (Npt _b (i _-1 ) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _(i-3) + ... + M ^{(l"I) 2} N ^{(l"1) 2} pt _a i) mod NpA received from relay node Node 3. Terminal node Node 1 also decodes the lattice codeword combination (Mqt _a( j.i ₎ + NMqt _(i-2) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ^(i'1)/2 M ^(i"1)/2 qt _bl ) mod MqA received from relay node Node 2.

Terminal node Node 4 decodes the lattice codeword combination (Npt _b(i-1) + MNpt _a(i-2) + MN ² pt _b(i-3) + ... + M ^(i"1)/2 N ^(i"1)/2 pt _al ) mod ΝρΛ, and maps the decoded lattice codeword combination to N (g) w _b(i-1) © M (g) N (g) w _a(i-2) + M (g) N ² ® w _b(i-3) + ... + Μ ^(ί"1)/2 <g) N^ ² <g) w _al . Using messages that terminal node Node 4 generated or decoded in previous block phases 610, terminal node Node 4 obtains M (g) N (g) ^w a(i-2 and determines message w _a(i-2) based on M (g) N ® w _a(i-2) .

Terminal node Node 1 decodes the lattice codeword combination + Mqt _b(i-2) + NM ² qt _a(i-3) + ... + N ^{(i"1) 2} M ^{(i"1) 2} qt _bl ) mod MqA, and maps the decoded lattice codeword combination to M (g) w _a(i-1) © N <g) M (g) w _b(i-2) + N (g) M ² (g) w _a(i . ₃₎ + ... + N ^(l"1)/2 (g) M ^(l"1)/2 (g) w _bl . Using messages that terminal node Node 1 generated or decoded in previous block phases 610, terminal node Node 1 obtains N (g) M (g) w _b(i-2) , and determines message w _b(i-2) based on N (g) M (g) w _b(i-2) .

In Block Phase i of the lattice coding system 600,

terminal nodes Node 1 and Node 4 decode based on transmitting power rate constraints represented by equation (30) provided above and by equation (23) provided above, respectively.

The transmitting power rate constraints for decoding in the lattice coding system 600 are summarized in equation (40) provided above.

The final achievable symmetric rate RF _INAL for the lattice coding system 600 is represented by equation (41) provided below:

RF _I N _AL = ((I-2)/I)*R (41), wherein I denotes the total number of block phases 610 in the system 600.

When I approaches infinity, the final achievable symmetric rate RFI _N AL for the lattice coding system 600 is represented by equation (42) provided below: RFI AL ^~~ R (42).

In one embodiment, ratios P ₃ /Pi and Ρ ₂ /Ρ ₄ are neither integers' square nor reciprocals of integers' square. The transmitting powers P _1? P ₂ P ₃ and P ₄ may be

2 2 2 2

truncated such that E[X ₃ ]/E[X _t ] and E[X ₂ ]/E[X ₄ ] are integers' square or reciprocals of integers' square. For example, if P ₃ = 3.6 and Pj = 1, E[X ² ₃ ] and E[X ² i] may be set to 3.6 and 0.9, respectively, such that E[X ² ₃ ]/E[X ² }] = 2 ² .

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example terminal node 50, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The terminal node 50 includes a memory module 51, an encoding module 52, and a decoding module 53. The memory module 51 maintains messages previously generated and transmitted by the terminal node 50. The memory module 51 also maintains decoded information, such as decoded messages from another terminal node 50.

The encoding module 52 encodes each message generated by the terminal node 50, and transmits the encoded message to a neighboring relay node 60. In one embodiment, the encoding module 52 encodes each message generated by the terminal node 50 into a lattice codeword.

The decoding module 53 receives encoded messages from a neighboring relay node 60, and decodes each encoded message received. In one embodiment, each encoded message is a lattice codeword or a lattice codeword combination. The decoding module 53 decodes each encoded message based on information maintained in the memory module 51.

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example relay node 60, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The relay node 60 includes a memory module 61, an encoding module 62, and a decoding module 63. The memory module 61 maintains messages previously broadcast by the relay node 60. The memory module 61 also maintains decoded information, such as decoded messages from neighboring nodes.

The decoding module 63 receives encoded messages from neighboring nodes, and decodes each encoded message received. In one embodiment, each encoded message is a lattice codeword or a lattice codeword combination. The decoding module 53 decodes each encoded message based on information maintained in the memory module 51.

The encoding module 62 encodes each decoded message into a new encoded message, and broadcasts the new encoded message to neighboring nodes. In one embodiment, the encoding module 62 comprises a redistribution transform unit 64 and a scaling unit 65. For each decoded message, the redistribution transform unit 64 applies a re-distribution transform to the decoded message to generate an encoded message (e.g., a new lattice codeword combination). The scaling unit 65 then scales the encoded message. The encoding module 62 broadcasts the scaled encoded message to neighboring nodes.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example flow chart 700 for re-encoding a decoded message in a relay node using a redistribution transform, in accordance with an embodiment. In process block 701, receive a first lattice codeword combination comprising lattice codewords from neighboring nodes. In process block 702, decode the first lattice codeword combination. In process block 703, apply a redistribution transform on the decoded first lattice codeword combination to generate a second lattice codeword combination. In process block 704, scale the second lattice codeword combination. In process block 705, broadcast the scaled second lattice codeword combination to neighboring nodes.

FIG. 9 is a high-level block diagram showing an information processing system comprising a computing system 500 implementing an embodiment. The system 500 includes one or more processors 511 (e.g., ASIC, CPU, etc.), and can further include an electronic display device 512 (for displaying graphics, text, and other data), a main memory 513 (e.g., random access memory (RAM)), storage device 514 (e.g., hard disk drive), removable storage device 515 (e.g., removable storage drive, removable memory module, a magnetic tape drive, optical disk drive, computer-readable medium having stored therein computer software and/or data), user interface device 516 (e.g., keyboard, touch screen, keypad, pointing device), and a communication interface 517 (e.g., modem, wireless transceiver (such as WiFi, Cellular), a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, or a PCMCIA slot and card). The communication interface 517 allows software and data to be transferred between the computer system and external devices and/or networks, such as the Internet 550, a mobile electronic device 551, a server 552, and a network 553. The system 500 further includes a communications infrastructure 518 (e.g., a communications bus, cross-over bar, or network) to which the aforementioned devices/modules 511 through 517 are connected.

The information transferred via communications interface 517 may be in the form of signals such as electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 517, via a communication link that carries signals and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an radio frequency (RF) link, and/or other communication channels.

The system 500 may further include application modules as MMS module 521, SMS module 522, email module 523, social network interface (SNI) module 524, audio/video (AV) player 525, web browser 526, image capture module 527, etc.

The system 500 further includes a lattice encoding/decoding system 530 as described herein, according to an embodiment. In one embodiment, the automated security policy generation system 530 along with an operating system 529 may be implemented as executable code residing in a memory of the system 500. In another embodiment, the automated security policy generation system 530 along with the operating system 529 may be implemented in firmware.

As is known to those skilled in the art, the aforementioned example architectures described above, according to said architectures, can be implemented in many ways, such as program instructions for execution by a processor, as software modules, microcode, as computer program product on computer readable media, as analog/logic circuits, as application specific integrated circuits, as firmware, as consumer electronic devices, AV devices, wireless/wired transmitters, wireless/ wired receivers, networks, multi-media devices, etc. Further, embodiments of said architecture can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. One or more embodiments have been described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to one or more embodiments. Each block of such illustrations/diagrams, or combinations thereof, can be implemented by computer program instructions. The computer program instructions when provided to a processor produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor create means for implementing the functions/operations specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram. Each block in the flowchart/block diagrams may represent a hardware and/or software module or logic, implementing one or more embodiments. In alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures, concurrently, etc.

The terms "computer program medium," "computer usable medium," "computer readable medium", and "computer program product," are used to generally refer to media such as main memory, secondary memory, removable storage drive, a hard disk installed in hard disk drive. These computer program products are means for providing software to the computer system. The computer readable medium allows the computer system to read data, instructions, messages or message packets, and other computer readable information from the computer readable medium. The computer readable medium, for example, may include nonvolatile memory, such as a floppy disk, ROM, flash memory, disk drive memory, a CD-ROM, and other permanent storage. It is useful, for example, for transporting information, such as data and computer instructions, between computer systems. Computer program instructions may be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

Computer program instructions representing the block diagram and/or flowcharts herein may be loaded onto a computer, programmable data processing apparatus, or processing devices to cause a series of operations performed thereon to produce a computer implemented process. Computer programs (i.e., computer control logic) are stored in main memory and/or secondary memory. Computer programs may also be received via a communications interface. Such computer programs, when executed, enable the computer system to perform the features of one or more embodiments as discussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable the processor and/or multi-core processor to perform the features of the computer system. Such computer programs represent controllers of the computer system. A computer program product comprises a tangible storage medium readable by a computer system and storing instructions for execution by the computer system for performing a method of one or more embodiments.

Though the one or more embodiments have been described with reference to certain versions thereof; however, other versions are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.