CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is related to International Application Nos. PCT/US2017/042275, PCT/US2017/042276, PCT/US2017/042418, PCT/US2017/042452, PCT/US2017/042462, PCT/US2017/042466, PCT/US2017/042467, PCT/US2017/042468, PCT/US2017/042469, PCT/US2017/042470, and PCT/US2017/042679, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present disclosure relates to a gaming environment, and more specifically relates to light field displays implemented within a gaming environment, such as a casino.

[0003] Traditionally, gaming environments, such as casinos, have fixed themes or attractions to draw in casino patrons. A casino’s theme and/or attractions are designed to attract patrons and set them apart from other casinos. Therefore, casino’s theme and/or attractions are their specific and unique draw to attracting people into their establishment and a lot of time and money is spent creating on an illusion consistent with these themes and attractions. However, these themes and/or attractions do not appeal to everyone and casino patrons typically have an affinity for a particular theme or attraction. For this reason, a traditional casino is limited to a subset of all casino patrons that are attracted to their specific and unique draw while often alienating other potential patrons that are not interested in a particular casino’s theme or attraction.

SUMMARY

[0004] A light field (LF) display system for displaying holographic content within a gaming environment is disclosed. The LF display system includes a plurality of LF displays that, in one embodiment, are tiled to form an array of LF displays within the gaming environment and the LF display system may customize a viewer’s experience using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models that track and record each viewers movement through the gaming environment, their gaming progress (e.g., wins, losses, points, monetary winnings, etc.), and their behaviors (e.g., body language, facial expressions, tone of voice, etc.) through various sensors (e.g., cameras, microphones, etc.). Accordingly, the result is a gaming environment customized for each viewer including AI holographic characters that engages viewers based on their observed behavior within the gaming environment. For example, if a viewer is on a roll winning multiple hands of a card game or making many successful throws of the dice at a single turn while playing craps, the holographic characters may cheer them on with clapping and comments of cheer. In other examples, if the viewer is losing or appears emotionally distraught, holographic characters may provide consoling words of sympathy and encouragement.

[0005] Accordingly, the system, in one embodiment, may generate holographic characters as a spectator or casino staff that encourage the viewer as they play various casino games throughout the gaming environment. In order to encourage viewers via the holographic characters, a tracking system of the LF display system obtains image data and/or voice data corresponding to interactions from a viewer with holographic characters. These interactions can be overt interactions, such as a verbal greeting to a holographic character from the viewer, as well as how the viewer responds to a greeting, such as if the viewer ignores the holographic character. Accordingly, the system identifies a sentiment or intent associated with the interactions and generates an appropriate response using an AI and/or ML model. Depending on the interaction and viewer, the response from the holographic character could be a spoken remark of encouragement, a spoken remark of excitement, a spoken remark of condolence, a smile, a hand clapping motion, general small talk, and so forth.

Accordingly, LF display system tracks the viewers across different games, their emotional responses to wins, losses, and AI holographic character interactions and can and develop user profiles for individuals over time to develop a database of existing, and continually updated, social information that continually evolves the AI model to test and refine the emotional responses from the AI characters and other holographic objects within the gaming environment to match those of the casino’s patrons.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a light field display module presenting a holographic object, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0007] FIG. 2A is a cross section of a portion of a light field display module, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0008] FIG. 2B is a cross section of a portion of a light field display module, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0009] FIG. 3 A is a perspective view of a light field display module, in accordance with one or more embodiments. [0010] FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of a light field display module which includes interleaved energy relay devices, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0011] FIG. 4A is a perspective view of portion of a light field display system that is tiled in two dimensions to form a single-sided seamless surface environment, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0012] FIG. 4B is a perspective view of a portion of light field display system in a multi-sided seamless surface environment, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0013] FIG. 4C is a top-down view of a light field display system with an aggregate surface in a winged configuration, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0014] FIG. 4D is a side view of a light field display system with an aggregate surface in a sloped configuration, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 4E is a top-down view of a light field display system with an aggregate surface on a front wall of a room, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0016] FIG. 4F is a side view of a side view of a LF display system with an aggregate surface on the front wall of the room, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0017] FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a light field display system, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0018] FIG. 5B illustrates an example LF film network, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0019] FIG. 6 is an illustration of a LF display system in a gaming environment presenting holographic content to viewers, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 7 is an illustration of a LF display system in a gaming environment that includes a number of gaming machines that present holographic game content to a viewer, in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for displaying holographic content of a gaming environment within a LF gaming network.

[0022] The figures depict various embodiments of the present invention for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles of the invention described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Overview

[0023] A light field (LF) display system is implemented in a gaming environment, such as a casino, to present users with holographic content, such as game tables and/or consoles with holographic content or holographic characters (e.g., dealers, teammates, opponents, fellow players at the same table that are either artificial computer-generated characters or real people playing in a different physical location, etc.). The LF display system comprises a LF display assembly configured to present holographic content including one or more holographic objects that would be visible to one or more viewers in a viewing volume of the gaming environment. A holographic object may also be augmented with other sensory stimuli (e.g., tactile, audio, or smell). For example, ultrasonic emitters in the LF display system may emit ultrasonic pressure waves that provide a tactile surface for some or all of the holographic object. Holographic content may include additional visual content (i.e., 2D or 3D visual content). The coordination of emitters to ensure that a cohesive experience is enabled is part of the system in multi-emitter implementations (i.e., holographic objects providing the correct haptic feel and sensory stimuli at any given point in time.) The LF display assembly may include one or more LF display modules for generating the holographic content.

[0024] The LF display system may be constructed to provide different experiences in many embodiments of the gaming environment with the holographic objects generated. For example, the LF display system may be implemented as an entire ecosystem of holographic games (or games augmented with holographic content) that encourage, assist, and enhance a user’s gaming experience as they play games, gamble, and/or move through the gaming environment. The LF display system may achieve this by leveraging sensor fusion, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to track and record users gaming performance, movements, gestures (e.g., body language, facial expression, vocalization analysis, etc.), and/or other behaviors with or through the holographic display surfaces. Moreover, the holographic objects generated by the LF display may include interactive characters that speak to users to keep them engaged and encouraging them to playing following wins and losses.

[0025] The LF display assembly may form a single-sided or a multi-sided seamless surface environment. For example, the LF display assembly may form a multi-sided seamless surface environment that encapsulates an enclosure of the gaming environment. Viewers of the LF display system may enter the enclosure which may be partially or completely transformed with holographic content generated by the LF display system. Holographic content may augment or enhance physical objects (e.g., chairs or benches) present in the enclosure. Moreover, viewers can freely gaze around the enclosure to view the holographic content without need of eyewear devices and/or headsets. Moreover, the gaming environment enclosure may have surfaces that are covered by LF display modules of the LF display assembly. For example, in some instances some or all of the walls, the ceiling, and the floor are covered with the LF display modules.

[0026] The LF display system may receive input through a tracking system and/or a sensory feedback assembly. Based on the input, the LF display system can adjust the holographic content as well as provide feedback to related components. Additionally, the LF display system may incorporate a viewer profiling system for identifying each viewer so as to provide personalized content to each viewer. The viewer profiling system may further record other information on the viewer’s visit to the gaming environment which can be used on a subsequent visit for personalizing holographic content.

[0027] In some embodiments, the LF display system may include elements that enable the system to simultaneously emit at least one type of energy, and, simultaneously, absorb at least one type of energy for the purpose of responding to the viewers and creating an interactive experience. For example, a LF display system can emit both holographic objects for viewing as well as ultrasonic waves for haptic perception, and simultaneously absorb imaging information for tracking of viewers and other scene analysis, while also absorbing ultrasonic waves to detect touch response by the viewers. As an example, such a system may project a holographic character, which when virtually “touched” by a viewer, modifies its “behavior” in accordance with the touch stimuli. The display system components that perform energy sensing of the environment may be integrated into the display surface via bidirectional energy elements that both emit and absorb energy, or they may be dedicated sensors that are separate from the display surface, such as ultrasonic speakers and imaging capture devices such as cameras.

[0028] The LF display system may also incorporate a system for tracking movement of viewers at least within the viewing volume of the LF display system. The tracked movement of the viewers can be used to enhance the immersive gaming experience. For example, the LF display system can use the tracking information to facilitate viewer interactions with the holographic content (e.g., pushing a holographic button). The LF display system can use the tracked information to monitor finger location relative to a holographic object. For example, the holographic object may be a button that can be “pushed” by a viewer. The LF display system can project ultrasonic energy to generate a tactile surface that corresponds to the button and occupies substantially the same space as the button. The LF display system can use the tracking information to dynamically move the location of the tactile surface along with dynamically moving the button as it is “pushed” by the viewer. The LF display system may use the tracking information to render a holographic object that looks at and/or make eye contact, or interacts in other ways with the viewers. The LF display system may use the tracking information to render a holographic object that “touches” a viewer, where ultrasonic speakers create a tactile surface by which the holographic object can interact, via touch, with a viewer.

Light Field Display System Overview

[0029] FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 of a light field (LF) display module 110 presenting a holographic object 120, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The LF display module 110 is part of a light field (LF) display system. The LF display system presents holographic content including at least one holographic object using one or more LF display modules. The LF display system can present holographic content to one or multiple viewers. In some embodiments, the LF display system may also augment the holographic content with other sensory content (e.g., touch, audio, smell, temperature, etc.). For example, as discussed below, the projection of focused ultrasonic sound waves may generate a mid-air tactile sensation that can simulate a surface of some or all of a holographic object. The LF display system includes one or more LF display modules 110, and is discussed in detail below with regard to FIGs. 2-5.

[0030] The LF display module 110 is a holographic display that presents holographic objects (e.g., the holographic object 120) to one or more viewers (e.g., viewer 140). The LF display module 110 includes an energy device layer (e.g., an emissive electronic display or acoustic projection device) and an energy waveguide layer (e.g., optical lens array). Additionally, the LF display module 110 may include an energy relay layer for the purpose of combining multiple energy sources or detectors together to form a single surface. At a high-level, the energy device layer generates energy (e.g., holographic content) that is then directed using the energy waveguide layer to a region in space in accordance with one or more four-dimensional (4D) light field functions. The LF display module 110 may also project and/or sense one or more types of energy simultaneously. For example, LF display module 110 may be able to project a holographic image as well as an ultrasonic tactile surface in a viewing volume, while simultaneously detecting imaging data from the viewing volume. The operation of the LF display module 110 is discussed in more detail below with regard to FIGs. 2-3. [0031] The LF display module 110 generates holographic objects within a holographic object volume 160 using one or more 4D light field functions (e.g., derived from a plenoptic function).

The holographic objects can be three-dimensional (3D), two-dimensional (2D), or some combination thereof. Moreover, the holographic objects may be polychromatic (e.g., full color).

The holographic objects may be projected in front of the screen plane, behind the screen plane, or split by the screen plane. A holographic object 120 can be presented such that it is perceived anywhere within the holographic object volume 160. A holographic object within the holographic object volume 160 may appear to a viewer 140 to be floating in space.

[0032] A holographic object volume 160 represents a volume in which holographic objects may be perceived by a viewer 140. The holographic object volume 160 can extend in front of the surface of the display area 150 (i.e., towards the viewer 140) such that holographic objects can be presented in front of the plane of the display area 150. Additionally, the holographic object volume 160 can extend behind the surface of the display area 150 (i.e., away from the viewer 140), allowing for holographic objects to be presented as if they are behind the plane of the display area 150. In other words, the holographic object volume 160 may include all the rays of light that originate (e.g., are projected) from a display area 150 and can converge to create a holographic object. Herein, light rays may converge at a point that is in front of the display surface, at the display surface, or behind the display surface. More simply, the holographic object volume 160 encompasses all of the volume from which a holographic object may be perceived by a viewer.

[0033] A viewing volume 130 is a volume of space from which holographic objects (e.g., holographic object 120) presented within a holographic object volume 160 by the LF display system are fully viewable. The holographic objects may be presented within the holographic object volume 160, and viewed within a viewing volume 130, such that they are indistinguishable from actual objects. A holographic object is formed by projecting the same light rays that would be generated from the surface of the object were it physically present.

[0034] In some cases, the holographic object volume 160 and the corresponding viewing volume 130 may be relatively small - such that it is designed for a single viewer. In other embodiments, as discussed in detail below with regard to, e.g., FIGs. 4 and 6 the LF display modules may be enlarged and/or tiled to create larger holographic object volumes and corresponding viewing volumes that can accommodate a large range of viewers (e.g., 1 to thousands). The LF display modules presented in this disclosure may be built so that the full surface of the LF display contains holographic imaging optics, with no inactive or dead space, and without any need for bezels. In these embodiments, the LF display modules may be tiled so that the imaging area is continuous across the seam between LF display modules, and the bond line between the tiled modules is virtually undetectable using the visual acuity of the eye. Notably, in some configurations, some portion of the display surface may not include holographic imaging optics, although they are not described in detail herein.

[0035] The flexible size and/or shape of a viewing volume 130 allows for viewers to be unconstrained within the viewing volume 130. For example, a viewer 140 can move to a different position within a viewing volume 130 and see a different view of the holographic object 120 from the corresponding perspective. To illustrate, referring to FIG. 1, the viewer 140 is at a first position relative to the holographic object 120 such that the holographic object 120 appears to be a head-on view of a dolphin. The viewer 140 may move to other locations relative to the holographic object 120 to see different views of the dolphin. For example, the viewer 140 may move such that he/she sees a left side of the dolphin, a right side of the dolphin, etc., much like if the viewer 140 was looking at an actual dolphin and changed his/her relative position to the actual dolphin to see different aspects of the dolphin. In some embodiments, the holographic object 120 is visible to all viewers within the viewing volume 130 that have an unobstructed line (i.e., not blocked by an object/person) of sight to the holographic object 120. These viewers may be unconstrained such that they can move around within the viewing volume to see different perspectives of the holographic object 120. Accordingly, the LF display system may present holographic objects such that a plurality of unconstrained viewers may simultaneously see different perspectives of the holographic objects in real-world space as if the holographic objects were physically present.

[0036] In contrast, conventional displays (e.g., stereoscopic, virtual reality, augmented reality, or mixed reality) generally require each viewer to wear some sort of external device (e.g., 3-D glasses, a near-eye display, or a head-mounted display) in order to see content. Additionally and/or alternatively, conventional displays may require that a viewer be constrained to a particular viewing position (e.g., in a chair that has fixed location relative to the display). For example, when viewing an object shown by a stereoscopic display, a viewer always focuses on the display surface, rather than on the object, and the display will always present just two views of an object that will follow a viewer who attempts to move around that perceived object, causing distortions in the perception of that object. With a light field display, however, viewers of a holographic object presented by the LF display system do not need to wear an external device, nor be confined to a particular position, in order to see the holographic object. The LF display system presents the holographic object in a manner that is visible to viewers in much the same way a physical object would be visible to the viewers, with no requirement of special eyewear, glasses, or a head-mounted accessory. Further, the viewer may view holographic content from any location within a viewing volume. [0037] Notably, potential locations for holographic objects within the holographic object volume 160 are limited by the size of the volume. In order to increase the size of the holographic object volume 160, a size of a display area 150 of the LF display module 110 may be increased and/or multiple LF display modules may be tiled together in a manner that forms a seamless display surface. The seamless display surface has an effective display area that is larger than the display areas of the individual LF display modules. Some embodiments relating to tiling LF display modules are discussed below with regard to FIGs. 4 and 6. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the display area 150 is rectangular resulting in a holographic object volume 160 that is a pyramid. In other embodiments, the display area may have some other shape (e.g., hexagonal), which also affects the shape of the corresponding viewing volume.

[0038] Additionally, while the above discussion focuses on presenting the holographic object 120 within a portion of the holographic object volume 160 that is between the LF display module 110 and the viewer 140, the LF display module 110 can additionally present content in the holographic object volume 160 behind the plane of the display area 150. For example, the LF display module 110 may make the display area 150 appear to be a surface of the ocean that the holographic object 120 is jumping out of. And the displayed content may be such that the viewer 140 is able to look through the displayed surface to see marine life that is under the water.

Moreover, the LF display system can generate content that seamlessly moves around the holographic object volume 160, including behind and in front of the plane of the display area 150. [0039] FIG. 2A illustrates a cross section 200 of a portion of a LF display module 210, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The LF display module 210 may be the LF display module 110. In other embodiments, the LF display module 210 may be another LF display module with a different display area shape than display area 150. In the illustrated embodiment, the LF display module 210 includes an energy device layer 220, an energy relay layer 230, and an energy waveguide layer 240. Some embodiments of the LF display module 210 have different components than those described here. For example, in some embodiments, the LF display module 210 does not include the energy relay layer 230. Similarly, the functions can be distributed among the components in a different manner than is described here.

[0040] The display system described here presents an emission of energy that replicates the energy normally surrounding an object in the real world. Here, emitted energy is directed towards a specific direction from every coordinate on the display surface. The directed energy from the display surface enables convergence of many rays of energy, which, thereby, can create holographic objects. For visible light, for example, the LF display will project a very large number of light rays that may converge at any point in the holographic object volume so they will appear to come from the surface of a real-world object located in this region of space from the perspective of a viewer that is located further away than the object being projected. In this way, the LF display is generating the rays of reflected light that would leave such an object’s surface from the perspective of the viewer. The viewer perspective may change on any given holographic object, and the viewer will see a different view of that holographic object.

[0041] The energy device layer 220 includes one or more electronic displays (e.g., an emissive display such as an OLED) and one or more other energy projection and/or energy receiving devices as described herein. The one or more electronic displays are configured to display content in accordance with display instructions (e.g., from a controller of a LF display system). The one or more electronic displays include a plurality of pixels, each with an intensity that is individually controlled. Many types of commercial displays, such as emissive LED and OLED displays, may be used in the LF display.

[0042] The energy device layer 220 may also include one or more acoustic projection devices and/or one or more acoustic receiving devices. An acoustic projection device generates one or more pressure waves that complement the holographic object 250. The generated pressure waves may be, e.g., audible, ultrasonic, or some combination thereof. An array of ultrasonic pressure waves may be used for volumetric tactile sensation (e.g., at a surface of the holographic object 250). An audible pressure wave is used for providing audio content (e.g., immersive audio) that can complement the holographic object 250. For example, assuming the holographic object 250 is a dolphin, one or more acoustic projection devices may be used to (1) generate a tactile surface that is collocated with a surface of the dolphin such that viewers may touch the holographic object 250; and (2) provide audio content corresponding to noises a dolphin makes such as clicks, chirping, or chatter. An acoustic receiving device (e.g., a microphone or microphone array) may be configured to monitor ultrasonic and/or audible pressure waves within a local area of the LF display module 210.

[0043] The energy device layer 220 may also include one or more imaging sensors. An imaging sensor may be sensitive to light in a visible optical band, and in some cases may be sensitive to light in other bands (e.g., infrared). The imaging sensor may be, e.g., a complementary metal oxide semi conductor (CMOS) array, a charged coupled device (CCD), an array of photodetectors, some other sensor that captures light, or some combination thereof. The LF display system may use data captured by the one or more imaging sensor for position location tracking of viewers.

[0044] The energy relay layer 230 relays energy (e.g., electromagnetic energy, mechanical pressure waves, etc.) between the energy device layer 220 and the energy waveguide layer 240. The energy relay layer 230 includes one or more energy relay elements 260. Each energy relay element includes a first surface 265 and a second surface 270, and it relays energy between the two surfaces. The first surface 265 of each energy relay element may be coupled to one or more energy devices (e.g., electronic display or acoustic projection device). An energy relay element may be composed of, e.g., glass, carbon, optical fiber, optical film, plastic, polymer, or some combination thereof. Additionally, in some embodiments, an energy relay element may adjust magnification (increase or decrease) of energy passing between the first surface 265 and the second surface 270. If the relay offers magnification, then the relay may take the form of an array of bonded tapered relays, called tapers, where the area of one end of the taper may be substantially larger than the opposite end. The large end of the tapers can be bonded together to form a seamless energy surface 275. One advantage is that space is created on the multiple small ends of each taper to accommodate the mechanical envelope of multiple energy sources, such as the bezels of multiple displays. This extra room allows the energy sources to be placed side-by-side on the small taper side, with each energy source having their active areas directing energy into the small taper surface and relayed to the large seamless energy surface. Another advantage to using tapered relays is that there is no non-imaging dead space on the combined seamless energy surface formed by the large end of the tapers. No border or bezel exists, and so the seamless energy surfaces can then be tiled together to form a larger surface with virtually no seams according to the visual acuity of the eye.

[0045] The second surfaces of adjacent energy relay elements come together to form an energy surface 275. In some embodiments, a separation between edges of adjacent energy relay elements is less than a minimum perceptible contour as defined by a visual acuity of a human eye having, for example, 20/40 vision, such that the energy surface 275 is effectively seamless from the perspective of a viewer 280 within a viewing volume 285.

[0046] In some embodiments, one or more of the energy relay elements exhibit energy localization, where the energy transport efficiency in the longitudinal direction substantially normal to the surfaces 265 and 270 is much higher than the transport efficiency in the perpendicular transverse plane, and where the energy density is highly localized in this transverse plane as the energy wave propagates between surface 265 and surface 270. This localization of energy allows an energy distribution, such as an image, to be efficiency relayed between these surfaces without any significant loss in resolution.

[0047] The energy waveguide layer 240 directs energy from a location (e.g., a coordinate) on the energy surface 275 into a specific propagation path outward from the display surface into the holographic viewing volume 285 using waveguide elements in the energy waveguide layer 240. As an example, for electromagnetic energy, the waveguide elements in the energy waveguide layer 240 direct light from positions on the seamless energy surface 275 along different propagation directions through the viewing volume 285. In various examples, the light is directed in accordance with a 4D light field function to form the holographic object 250 within the holographic object volume 255. [0048] Each waveguide element in the energy waveguide layer 240 may be, for example, a lenslet composed of one or more elements. In some configurations, the lenslet may be a positive lens. The positive lens may have a surface profile that is spherical, aspherical, or freeform. Additionally, in some embodiments, some or all of the waveguide elements may include one or more additional optical components. An additional optical component may be, e.g., an energy- inhibiting structure such as a baffle, a positive lens, a negative lens, a spherical lens, an aspherical lens, a freeform lens, a liquid crystal lens, a liquid lens, a refractive element, a diffractive element, or some combination thereof. In some embodiments, the lenslet and/or at least one of the additional optical components is able to dynamically adjust its optical power. For example, the lenslet may be a liquid crystal lens or a liquid lens. Dynamic adjustment of a surface profile the lenslet and/or at least one additional optical component may provide additional directional control of light projected from a waveguide element.

[0049] In the illustrated example, the holographic object volume 255 of the LF display has boundaries formed by light ray 256 and light ray 257, but could be formed by other rays. The holographic object volume 255 is a continuous volume that extends both in front (i.e., towards the viewer 280) of the energy waveguide layer 240 and behind it (i.e., away from the viewer 280). In the illustrated example, ray 256 and ray 257 are projected from opposite edges of the LF display module 210 at the highest angle relative to the normal to the display surface 277 that may be perceived by a user, but these could be other projected rays. The rays define the field-of-view of the display, and, thus, define the boundaries for the holographic viewing volume 285. In some cases, the rays define a holographic viewing volume where the full display can be observed without vignetting (e.g., an ideal viewing volume). As the field of view of the display increases, the convergence point of ray 256 and ray 257 will be closer to the display. Thus, a display having a larger field of view allows a viewer 280 to see the full display at a closer viewing distance. Additionally, ray 256 and 257 may form an ideal holographic object volume. Holographic objects presented in an ideal holographic object volume can be seen anywhere in the viewing volume 285. [0050] In some examples, holographic objects may be presented to only a portion of the viewing volume 285. In other words, holographic object volumes may be divided into any number of viewing sub-volumes (e.g., viewing sub-volume 290). Additionally, holographic objects can be projected outside of the holographic object volume 255. For example, holographic object 251 is presented outside of holographic object volume 255. Because the holographic object 251 is presented outside of the holographic object volume 255 it cannot be viewed from every location in the viewing volume 285. For example, holographic object 251 may be visible from a location in viewing sub-volume 290, but not visible from the location of the viewer 280.

[0051] For example, we turn to FIG. 2B to illustrate viewing holographic content from different viewing sub-volumes. FIG. 2B illustrates a cross section 200 of a portion of a LF display module, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The cross-section of FIG. 2B is the same as the cross- section of FIG. 2 A. However, FIG. 2B illustrates a different set of light rays projected from the LF display module 210. Ray 256 and ray 257 still form a holographic object volume 255 and a viewing volume 285. However, as shown, rays projected from the top of the LF display module 210 and the bottom of the LF display module 210 overlap to form various viewing sub-volumes (e.g., view sub volumes 290A, 290B, 290C, and 290D) within the viewing volume 285. A viewer in the first viewing sub-volume (e.g., 290A) may be able to perceive holographic content presented in the holographic object volume 255 that viewers in the other viewing sub-volumes (e.g., 290B, 290C, and 290D) are unable to perceive.

[0052] More simply, as illustrated in FIG. 2A, holographic object volume 255 is a volume in which holographic objects may be presented by LF display system such that they may be perceived by viewers (e.g., viewer 280) in viewing volume 285. In this way, the viewing volume 285 is an example of an ideal viewing volume, while the holographic object volume 255 is an example of an ideal object volume. However, in various configurations, viewers may perceive holographic objects presented by LF display system 200 in other example holographic object volumes such that viewers in other example viewing volumes may perceive the holographic content. More generally, an “eye line guideline” applies when viewing holographic content projected from an LF display module.

The eye-line guideline asserts that the line formed by a viewer’s eye position and a holographic object being viewed must intersect a LF display surface.

[0053] When viewing holographic content presented by the LF display module 210, each eye of the viewer 280 sees a different perspective of the holographic object 250 because the holographic content is presented according to a 4D light field function. Moreover, as the viewer 280 moves within the viewing volume 285 he/she would also see different perspectives of the holographic object 250 as would other viewers within the viewing volume 285. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, a 4D light field function is well known in the art and will not be elaborated further herein. [0054] As described in more detail herein, in some embodiments, the LF display can project more than one type of energy. For example, the LF display may project two types of energy, such as, for example, mechanical energy and electromagnetic energy. In this configuration, energy relay layer 230 includes two separate energy relays which are interleaved together at the energy surface 275, but are separated such that the energy is relayed to two different energy device layers 220.

Here, one relay may be configured to transport electromagnetic energy, while another relay may be configured to transport mechanical energy. In some embodiments, the mechanical energy may be projected from locations between the electromagnetic waveguide elements on the energy waveguide layer 240, helping form structures that inhibit light from being transported from one electromagnetic waveguide element to another. In some embodiments, the energy waveguide layer 240 may also include waveguide elements that transport focused ultrasound along specific propagation paths in accordance with display instructions from a controller.

[0055] Note that in alternate embodiments (not shown), the LF display module 210 does not include the energy relay layer 230. In this case, the energy surface 275 is an emission surface formed using one or more adjacent electronic displays within the energy device layer 220. And in some embodiments, a separation between edges of adjacent electronic displays is less than a minimum perceptible contour as defined by a visual acuity of a human eye having 20/40 vision, such that the energy surface is effectively seamless from the perspective of the viewer 280 within the viewing volume 285.

LF Display Modules

[0056] FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a LF display module 300A, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The LF display module 300A may be the LF display module 110 and/or the LF display module 210. In other embodiments, the LF display module 300A may be some other LF display module. In the illustrated embodiment, the LF display module 300A includes an energy device layer 310, and energy relay layer 320, and an energy waveguide layer 330. The LF display module 300A is configured to present holographic content from a display surface 365 as described herein. For convenience, the display surface 365 is illustrated as a dashed outline on the frame 390 of the LF display module 300A, but is, more accurately, the surface directly in front of waveguide elements bounded by the inner rim of the frame 390. Some embodiments of the LF display module 300 A have different components than those described here. For example, in some embodiments, the LF display module 300A does not include the energy relay layer 320. Similarly, the functions can be distributed among the components in a different manner than is described here. [0057] The energy device layer 310 is an embodiment of the energy device layer 220. The energy device layer 310 includes four energy devices 340 (three are visible in the figure). The energy devices 340 may all be the same type (e.g., all electronic displays), or may include one or more different types (e.g., includes electronic displays and at least one acoustic energy device). [0058] The energy relay layer 320 is an embodiment of the energy relay layer 230. The energy relay layer 320 includes four energy relay devices 350 (three are visible in the figure). The energy relay devices 350 may all relay the same type of energy (e.g., light), or may relay one or more different types (e.g., light and sound). Each of the relay devices 350 includes a first surface and a second surface, the second surface of the energy relay devices 350 being arranged to form a singular seamless energy surface 360. In the illustrated embodiment, each of the energy relay devices 350 are tapered such that the first surface has a smaller surface area than the second surface, which allows accommodation for the mechanical envelopes of the energy devices 340 on the small end of the tapers. This also allows the seamless energy surface to be borderless, since the entire area can project energy. This means that this seamless energy surface can be tiled by placing multiple instances of LF display module 300A together, without dead space or bezels, so that the entire combined surface is seamless. In other embodiments, the first surface and the second surface have the same surface area.

[0059] The energy waveguide layer 330 is an embodiment of the energy waveguide layer 240. The energy waveguide layer 330 includes a plurality of waveguide elements 370. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 2, the energy waveguide layer 330 is configured to direct energy from the seamless energy surface 360 along specific propagation paths in accordance with a 4D plenoptic function to form a holographic object. Note that in the illustrated embodiment the energy waveguide layer 330 is bounded by a frame 390. In other embodiments, there is no frame 390 and/or a thickness of the frame 390 is reduced. Removal or reduction of thickness of the frame 390 can facilitate tiling the LF display module 300A with additional LF display modules.

[0060] Note that in the illustrated embodiment, the seamless energy surface 360 and the energy waveguide layer 330 are planar. In alternate embodiments, not shown, the seamless energy surface 360 and the energy waveguide layer 330 may be curved in one or more dimensions.

[0061] The LF display module 300A can be configured with additional energy sources that reside on the surface of the seamless energy surface, and allow the projection of an energy field in additional to the light field. In one embodiment, an acoustic energy field may be projected from electrostatic speakers (not illustrated) mounted at any number of locations on the seamless energy surface 360. Further, the electrostatic speakers of the LF display module 300A are positioned within the light field display module 300A such that the dual-energy surface simultaneously projects sound fields and holographic content. For example, the electrostatic speakers may be formed with one or more diaphragm elements that are transmissive to some wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and driven with conductive elements. The electrostatic speakers may be mounted on to the seamless energy surface 360, so that the diaphragm elements cover some of the waveguide elements. The conductive electrodes of the speakers may be co-located with structures designed to inhibit light transmission between electromagnetic waveguides, and/or located at positions between electromagnetic waveguide elements (e.g., frame 390). In various configurations, the speakers can project an audible sound and/or many sources of focused ultrasonic energy that produces a haptic surface.

[0062] In some configurations an energy device 340 may sense energy. For example, an energy device may be a microphone, a light sensor, an acoustic transducer, etc. As such, the energy relay devices may also relay energy from the seamless energy surface 360 to the energy device layer 310. That is, the seamless energy surface 360 of the LF display module forms a bidirectional energy surface when the energy devices and energy relay devices 340 are configured to simultaneously emit and sense energy (e.g., emit light fields and sense sound).

[0063] More broadly, an energy device 340 of a LF display module 340 can be either an energy source or an energy sensor. The LF display module 300A can include various types of energy devices that act as energy sources and/or energy sensors to facilitate the projection of high quality holographic content to a user. Other sources and/or sensors may include thermal sensors or sources, infrared sensors or sources, image sensors or sources, mechanical energy transducers that generate acoustic energy, feedback sources, etc. Many other sensors or sources are possible. Further, the LF display modules can be tiled such that the LF display module can form an assembly that projects and senses multiple types of energy from a large aggregate seamless energy surface.

[0064] In various embodiments of LF display module 300 A, the seamless energy surface 360 can have various surface portions where each surface portion is configured to project and/or emit specific types of energy. For example, when the seamless energy surface is a dual-energy surface, the seamless energy surface 360 includes one or more surface portions that project electromagnetic energy, and one or more other surface portions that project ultrasonic energy. The surface portions that project ultrasonic energy may be located on the seamless energy surface 360 between waveguide elements, and/or co-located with structures designed to inhibit light transmission between waveguide elements. In an example where the seamless energy surface is a bidirectional energy surface, the energy relay layer 320 may include two types of energy relay devices interleaved at the seamless energy surface 360. In various embodiments, the seamless energy surface 360 may be configured such that portions of the surface under particular waveguide elements 370 are all energy sources, all energy sensors, or a mix of energy sources and energy sensors.

[0065] FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of a LF display module 300B which includes interleaved energy relay devices, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The LF display module 300B may be configured as either a dual energy projection device for projecting more than one type of energy, or as a bidirectional energy device for simultaneously projecting one type of energy and sensing another type of energy. The LF display module 300B may be the LF display module 110 and/or the LF display module 210. In other embodiments, the LF display module 302 may be some other LF display module.

[0066] The LF display module 300B includes many components similarly configured to those of LF display module 300A in FIG. 3A. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the LF display module 300B includes an energy device layer 310, energy relay layer 320, a seamless energy surface 360, and an energy waveguide layer 330 including at least the same functionality of those described in regards to FIG. 3A. Additionally, the LF display module 300B presents and/or receives energy from the display surface 365. Notably, the components of the LF display module 300B are alternatively connected and/or oriented than those of the LF display module 300A in FIG 3A. Some embodiments of the LF display module 300B have different components than those described here. Similarly, the functions can be distributed among the components in a different manner than is described here. FIG. 3B illustrates the design of a single LF display module 302 that may be tiled to produce a dual energy projection surface or a bidirectional energy surface with a larger area.

[0067] In an embodiment, the LF display module 300B is a LF display module of a bidirectional LF display system. A bidirectional LF display system may simultaneously project energy and sense energy from the display surface 365. The seamless energy surface 360 contains both energy projecting and energy sensing locations that are closely interleaved on the seamless energy surface 360. Therefore, in the example of FIG. 3B, the energy relay layer 320 is configured in a different manner than the energy relay layer of FIG. 3A. For convenience, the energy relay layer of LF display module 300B will be referred to herein as the “interleaved energy relay layer.”

[0068] The interleaved energy relay layer 320 includes two legs: a first energy relay device 350A and a second energy relay device 350B. Each of the legs are illustrated as a lightly shaded area. Each of the legs may be made of a flexible relay material, and formed with a sufficient length to use with energy devices of various sizes and shapes. In some regions of the interleaved energy relay layer, the two legs are tightly interleaved together as they approach the seamless energy surface 360. In the illustrated example, the interleaved energy relay devices 352 are illustrated as a darkly shaded area.

[0069] While interleaved at the seamless energy surface 360, the energy relay devices are configured to relay energy to/from different energy devices. The energy devices are at energy device layer 310. As illustrated, energy device 340A is connected to energy relay device 350A and energy device 340B is connected to energy relay device 350B. In various embodiments, each energy device may be an energy source or energy sensor.

[0070] An energy waveguide layer 330 includes waveguide elements 370 to steer energy waves from the seamless energy surface 360 along projected paths towards a series of convergence points. In this example, a holographic object 380 is formed at the series of convergence points. Notably, as illustrated, the convergence of energy at the holographic object 380 occurs on the viewer side of the display surface 365. However, in other examples, the convergence of energy may be anywhere in the holographic object volume, which extends both in front of the display surface 365 and behind the display surface 365. The waveguide elements 370 can simultaneously steer incoming energy to an energy device (e.g., an energy sensor), as described below.

[0071] In one example embodiment of LF display module 300B, an emissive display is used as an energy source and an imaging sensor is used as an energy sensor. In this manner, the LF display module 300B can simultaneously project holographic content and detect light from the volume in front of the display surface 365.

[0072] In an embodiment, the LF display module 300B is configured to simultaneously project a light field in front of the display surface 365 and capture a light field from the front of the display surface 365. In this embodiment, the energy relay device 350A connects a first set of locations at the seamless energy surface 360 positioned under the waveguide elements 370 to an energy device 340A. In an example, energy device 340A is an emissive display having an array of source pixels. The energy relay device 340B connects a second set of locations at the seamless energy surface 360 positioned under waveguide elements 370 to an energy device 340B. In an example, the energy device 340B is an imaging sensor having an array of sensor pixels. The LF display module 302 may be configured such that the locations at the seamless energy surface 365 that are under a particular waveguide element 370 are all emissive display locations, all imaging sensor locations, or some combination of locations. In other embodiments, the bidirectional energy surface can project and receive various other forms of energy.

[0073] In another example embodiment of the LF display module 300B, the LF display module is configured to project two different types of energy. For example, energy device 340A is an emissive display configured to emit electromagnetic energy and energy device 340B is an ultrasonic transducer configured to emit mechanical energy. As such, both light and sound can be projected from various locations at the seamless energy surface 360. In this configuration, energy relay device 350A connects the energy device 340A to the seamless energy surface 360 and relays the electromagnetic energy. The energy relay device is configured to have properties (e.g. varying refractive index) which make it efficient for transporting electromagnetic energy. Energy relay device 350B connects the energy device 340B to the seamless energy surface 360 and relays mechanical energy. Energy relay device 350B is configured to have properties for efficient transport of ultrasound energy (e.g. distribution of materials with different acoustic impedance). In some embodiments, the mechanical energy may be projected from locations between the waveguide elements 370 on the energy waveguide layer 330. The locations that project mechanical energy may form structures that serve to inhibit light from being transported from one electromagnetic waveguide element to another. In one example, a spatially separated array of locations that project ultrasonic mechanical energy can be configured to create three-dimensional haptic shapes and surfaces in mid-air. The surfaces may coincide with projected holographic objects (e.g., holographic object 380). In some examples, phase delays and amplitude variations across the array can assist in creating the haptic shapes.

[0074] In various embodiments, the bidirectional LF display module 302 may include multiple energy device layers with each energy device layer including a specific type of energy device. In these examples, the energy relay layers are configured to relay the appropriate type of energy between the seamless energy surface 360 and the energy device layer 330.

Tiled LF Display Modules

[0075] FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a portion of LF display system 400 that is tiled in two dimensions to form a single-sided seamless surface environment, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The LF display system 400 includes a plurality of LF display modules that are tiled to form an array 410. More explicitly, each of the small squares in the array 410 represents a tiled LF display module 412. The array 410 may cover, for example, some or all of a surface (e.g., a wall) of a room. The LF array may cover other surfaces, such as, for example, a gaming table top, a billboard, a rotunda, etc.

[0076] The array 410 may project one or more holographic objects. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the array 410 projects a holographic object 420 and a holographic object 430. Tiling of the LF display modules 412 allows for a much larger viewing volume as well as allows for objects to be projected out farther distances from the array 410. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the viewing volume is, approximately, the entire area in front of and behind the array 410 rather than a localized volume in front of (and behind) a LF display module 412.

[0077] In some embodiments, the LF display system 400 presents the holographic object 420 to a viewer 430 and a viewer 434. The viewer 430 and the viewer 434 receive different perspectives of the holographic object 420. For example, the viewer 430 is presented with a direct view of the holographic object 420, whereas the viewer 434 is presented with a more oblique view of the holographic object 420. As the viewer 430 and/or the viewer 434 move, they are presented with different perspectives of the holographic object 420. This allows a viewer to visually interact with a holographic object by moving relative to the holographic object. For example, as the viewer 430 walks around a holographic object 420, the viewer 430 sees different sides of the holographic object 420 as long as the holographic object 420 remains in the holographic object volume of the array 410. Accordingly, the viewer 430 and the viewer 434 may simultaneously see the holographic object 420 in real-world space as if it is truly there. Additionally, the viewer 430 and the viewer 434 do not need to wear an external device in order to see the holographic object 420, as the holographic object 420 is visible to viewers in much the same way a physical object would be visible. Additionally, here, the holographic object 422 is illustrated behind the array because the viewing volume of the array extends behind the surface of the array. In this manner, the holographic object 422 may be presented to the viewer 430 and/or viewer 434 as if it is further away from the viewers than the surface of the array 410.

[0078] In some embodiments, the LF display system 400 may include a tracking system that tracks positions of the viewer 430 and the viewer 434. In some embodiments, the tracked position is the position of a viewer. In other embodiments, the tracked position is that of the eyes of a viewer. The position tracking of the eye is different from gaze tracking which tracks where an eye is looking (e.g., uses orientation to determine gaze location). The eyes of the viewer 430 and the eyes of the viewer 434 are in different locations.

[0079] In various configurations, the LF display system 400 may include one or more tracking systems. For example, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 4A, LF display system includes a tracking system 440 that is external to the array 410. Here, the tracking system may be a camera system coupled to the array 410. External tracking systems are described in more detail in regards to FIG. 5A. In other example embodiments, the tracking system may be incorporated into the array 410 as described herein. For example, an energy device (e.g., energy device 340) of a LF display module 412 included in the array 410 may be configured to capture images of viewers in front of the array 440. In whichever case, the tracking system(s) of the LF display system 400 determines tracking information about the viewers (e.g., viewer 430 and/or viewer 434) viewing holographic content presented by the array 410.

[0080] Tracking information describes a position in space (e.g., relative to the tracking system) for the position of a viewer, or a position of a portion of a viewer (e.g. one or both eyes of a viewer, or the extremities of a viewer). A tracking system may use any number of depth determination techniques to determine tracking information. The depth determination techniques may include, e.g., structured light, time of flight, stereo imaging, some other depth determination technique, or some combination thereof. The tracking system may include various systems configured to determine tracking information. For example, the tracking system may include one or more infrared sources (e.g., structured light sources), one or more imaging sensors that can capture images in the infrared (e.g., red-blue-green-infrared camera), and a processor executing tracking algorithms. The tracking system may use the depth estimation techniques to determine positions of viewers. In some embodiments, the LF display system 400 generates holographic objects based on tracked positions, motions, or gestures of the viewer 430 and/or the viewer 434 as described herein. For example, the LF display system 400 may generate a holographic object responsive to a viewer coming within a threshold distance of the array 410 and/or a particular position.

[0081] The LF display system 400 may present one or more holographic objects that are customized to each viewer based in part on the tracking information. For example, the viewer 430 may be presented with the holographic object 420, but not the holographic object 422. Similarly, the viewer 434 may be presented with the holographic object 422, but not the holographic object 420. For example, the LF display system 400 tracks a position of each of the viewer 430 and the viewer 434. The LF display system 400 determines a perspective of a holographic object that should be visible to a viewer based on their relative position to where the holographic object is to be presented. The LF display system 400 selectively projects light from specific pixels that correspond to the determined perspective. Accordingly, the viewer 434 and the viewer 430 can simultaneously have experiences that are, potentially, completely different. In other words, the LF display system 400 may present holographic content to viewing sub-volumes of the viewing volume. For example, as illustrated, the viewing volume is represented by all the space in front of and behind the array. In this example, because the LF display system 400 can track the position of the viewer 430, the LF display system 400 may present space content (e.g., holographic object 420) to a viewing sub volume surrounding the viewer 430 and safari content (e.g., holographic object 422) to a viewing sub-volume surrounding the viewer 434. In contrast, conventional systems would have to use individual headsets to provide a similar experience.

[0082] In some embodiments the LF display system 400 may include one or more sensory feedback systems. The sensory feedback systems provide other sensory stimuli (e.g., tactile, audio, or smell) that augment the holographic objects 420 and 422. For example, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 4A, the LF display system 400 includes a sensory feedback system 442 external to the array 410. In one example, the sensory feedback system 442 may be an electrostatic speaker coupled to the array 410. External sensory feedback systems are described in more detail in regards to FIG. 5A. In other example embodiments, the sensory feedback system may be incorporated into the array 410 as described herein. For example, an energy device (e.g., energy device 340A in FIG. 3B) of a LF display module 412 included in the array 410 may be configured to project ultrasonic energy to viewers in front of the array and/or receive imaging information from viewers in front of the array. In whichever case, the sensory feedback system presents and/or receives sensory content to/from the viewers (e.g., viewer 430 and/or viewer 434) viewing holographic content (e.g., holographic object 420 and/or holographic objected 422) presented by the array 410.

[0083] The LF display system 400 may include a sensory feedback system that includes one or more acoustic projection devices external to the array. Alternatively or additionally, the LF display system 400 may include one or more acoustic projection devices integrated into the array 410 as described herein. The acoustic projection devices may project an ultrasonic pressure wave that generates volumetric tactile sensation (e.g., at a surface of the holographic object 420) for one or more surfaces of a holographic object if a portion of a viewer gets within a threshold distance of the one or more surfaces. The volumetric tactile sensation allows the user to touch and feel surfaces of the holographic object. The plurality of acoustic projection devices may also project an audible pressure wave that provides audio content (e.g., immersive audio) to viewers. Accordingly, the ultrasonic pressure waves and/or the audible pressure waves can act to complement a holographic object.

[0084] In various embodiments, the LF display system 400 may provide other sensory stimuli based in part on a tracked position of a viewer. For example, the holographic object 422 illustrated in FIG. 4A is a lion, and the LF display system 400 may have the holographic object 422 roar both visually (i.e., the holographic object 430 appears to roar) and audibly (i.e., one or more acoustic projection devices project a pressure wave that the viewer 430 perceives as a lion’s roar emanating from the holographic object 422. [0085] Note that, in the illustrated configuration, the holographic viewing volume may be limited in a manner similar to the viewing volume 285 of the LF display system 200 in FIG. 2. This can limit the amount of perceived immersion that a viewer will experience with a single wall display unit. One way to address this is to use multiple LF display modules that are tiled along multiple sides as described below with respect to FIG. 4B-4F.

[0086] FIG. 4B is a perspective view of a portion of a LF display system 402 in a multi-sided seamless surface environment, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The LF display system 402 is substantially similar to the LF display system 400 except that the plurality of LF display modules are tiled to create a multi-sided seamless surface environment. More specifically, the LF display modules are tiled to form an array that is a six-sided aggregated seamless surface environment. Each square in In FIG. 4B, the plurality of LF display modules cover all the walls, the ceiling, and the floor of a room. In other embodiments, the plurality of LF display modules may cover some, but not all of a wall, a floor, a ceiling, or some combination thereof. In other embodiments, a plurality of LF display modules are tiled to form some other aggregated seamless surface. For example, the walls may be curved such that a cylindrical aggregated energy environment is formed. Moreover, as described below with regard to FIGs. 6, in some embodiments, the LF display modules may be tiled to form a surface in a gaming environment (e.g., walls, etc.).

[0087] The LF display system 402 may project one or more holographic objects. For example, in the illustrated embodiment the LF display system 402 projects the holographic object 420 into an area enclosed by the six-sided aggregated seamless surface environment. Thus, the viewing volume of the LF display system is also contained within the six-sided aggregated seamless surface environment. Note that, in the illustrated configuration, the viewer 432 may be positioned between the holographic object 420 and a LF display module 414 that is projecting energy (e.g., light and/or pressure waves) that is used to form the holographic object 420. Accordingly, the positioning of the viewer 434 may prevent the viewer 430 from perceiving the holographic object 420 formed from energy from the LF display module 414. However, in the illustrated configuration there is at least one other LF display module, e.g., a LF display module 416, that is unobstructed (e.g., by the viewer 434) and can project energy to form the holographic object 420. In this manner, occlusion by viewers in the space can cause some portion of the holographic projections to disappear, but the effect is much less than if only one side of the volume was populated with holographic display panels. Holographic object 422 is illustrated “outside” the walls of the six-sided aggregated seamless surface environment because the holographic object volume extends behind the aggregated surface. Thus, the viewer 430 and/or the viewer 434 can perceive the holographic object 422 as “outside” of a six-sided environment which they can move throughout.

[0088] As described above in reference to FIG. 4A, in some embodiments, the LF display system 402 actively tracks positions of viewers and may dynamically instruct different LF display modules to present holographic content based on the tracked positions. Accordingly, a multi-sided configuration can provide a more robust environment (e.g., relative to FIG. 4A) for providing holographic objects where unconstrained viewers are free to move throughout the area enclosed by the multi-sided seamless surface environment.

[0089] Notably, various LF display systems may have different configurations. Further, each configuration may have a particular orientation of surfaces that, in aggregate, form a seamless display surface (“aggregate surface”). That is, the LF display modules of a LF display system can be tiled to form a variety of aggregate surfaces. For example, in FIG. 4B, the LF display system 402 includes LF display modules tiled to form a six-sided aggregate surface that approximates the walls of a room. In some other examples, an aggregate surface may only occur on a portion of a surface (e.g., half of a wall) rather than a whole surface (e.g., an entire wall). Some examples are described herein.

[0090] In some configurations, the aggregate surface of a LF display system may include an aggregate surface configured to project energy towards a localized viewing volume. Projecting energy to a localized viewing volume allows for a higher quality viewing experience by, for example, increasing the density of projected energy in a specific viewing volume, increasing the FOV for the viewers in that volume, and bringing the viewing volume closer to the display surface. [0091] For example, FIG. 4C illustrates top down view of a LF display system 450A with an aggregate surface in a “winged” configuration. In this example, the LF display system 450A is located in a room with a front wall 452, a rear wall 454, a first sidewall 456, a second sidewall 458, a ceiling (not shown), and a floor (not shown). The first sidewall 456, the second sidewall 458, the rear wall 454, floor, and the ceiling are all orthogonal. The LF display system 450A includes LF display modules tiled to form an aggregate surface 460 covering the front wall. The front wall 452, and thus the aggregate surface 460, includes three portions: (i)a first portion 462 approximately parallel with the rear wall 454 (i.e., a central surface), (ii) a second portion 464 connecting the first portion 462 to the first sidewall 456 and placed at an angle to project energy towards the center of the room (i.e., a first side surface), and (iii) a third portion 466 connecting the first portion 462 to the second sidewall 458 and placed at an angle to project energy towards the center of the room (i.e., a second side surface). The first portion is a vertical plane in the room and has a horizontal and a vertical axis. The second and third portions are angled towards the center of the room along the horizontal axis.

[0092] In this example, the viewing volume 468A of the LF display system 450A is in the center of the room and partially surrounded by the three portions of the aggregate surface 460. An aggregate surface that at least partially surrounds a viewer (“surrounding surface”) increases the immersive experience of the viewers.

[0093] To illustrate, consider, for example, an aggregate surface with only a central surface. Referring to FIG. 2A, the rays that are projected from either end of the display surface create an ideal holographic volume and ideal viewing volumes as described above. Now consider, for example, if the central surface included two side surfaces angled towards the viewer. In this case, ray 256 and ray 257 would be projected at a greater angle from a normal of the central surface.

Thus, the field of view of the viewing volume would increase. Similarly, the holographic viewing volume would be nearer the display surface. Additionally, because the two second and third portions tilted nearer the viewing volume, the holographic objects that are projected at a fixed distance from the display surface are closer to that viewing volume.

[0094] To simplify, a display surface with only a central surface has a planar field of view, a planar threshold separation between the (central) display surface and the viewing volume, and a planar proximity between a holographic object and the viewing volume. Adding one or more side surfaces angled towards the viewer increases the field of view relative to the planar field of view, decreases the separation between the display surface and the viewing volume relative to the planar separation, and increases the proximity between the display surface and a holographic object relative to the planar proximity. Further angling the side surfaces towards the viewer further increases the field of view, decreases the separation, and increases the proximity. In other words, the angled placement of the side surfaces increases the immersive experience for viewers.

[0095] Additionally, as described below in regards to FIG. 6, deflection optics may be used to optimize the size and position of the viewing volume for LF display parameters (e.g., dimensions and FOV).

[0096] Returning to FIG. 4D, in a similar example, FIG. 4D illustrates a side view of a LF display system 450B with an aggregate surface in a “sloped” configuration. In this example, the LF display system 450B is located in a room with a front wall 452, a rear wall 454, a first sidewall (not shown), a second sidewall (not shown), a ceiling 472, and a floor 474. The first sidewall, the second sidewall, the rear wall 454, floor 474, and the ceiling 472 are all orthogonal. The LF display system 450B includes LF display modules tiled to form an aggregate surface 460 covering the front wall. The front wall 452, and thus the aggregate surface 460, includes three portions: (i) a first portion 462 approximately parallel with the rear wall 454 (i.e., a central surface), (ii) a second portion 464 connecting the first portion 462 to the ceiling 472 and angled to project energy towards the center of the room (i.e., a first side surface), and (iii) a third portion 464 connecting the first portion 462 to the floor 474 and angled to project energy towards the center of the room (i.e., a second side surface). The first portion is a vertical plane in the room and has a horizontal and a vertical axis. The second and third portions are angled towards the center of the room along the vertical axis.

[0097] In this example, the viewing volume 468B of the LF display system 450B is in the center of the room and partially surrounded by the three portions of the aggregate surface 460. Similar to the configuration shown in FIG. 4C, the two side portions (e.g., second portion 464, and third portion 466) are angled to surround the viewer and form a surrounding surface. The surrounding surface increases the viewing FOV from the perspective of any viewer in the holographic viewing volume 468B. Additionally, the surrounding surface allows the viewing volume 468B to be closer to the surface of the displays such that projected objects appear closer. In other words, the angled placement of the side surfaces increases the field of view, decreases the separation, and increases the proximity of the aggregate surface, thereby increasing the immersive experience for viewers.

Further, as will be discussed below, deflection optics may be used to optimize the size and position of the viewing volume 468B.

[0098] The sloped configuration of the side portions of the aggregate surface 460 enables holographic content to be presented closer to the viewing volume 468B than if the third portion 466 was not sloped. For example, the lower extremities (e.g., legs) of a character presented form a LF display system in a sloped configuration may seem closer and more realistic than if a LF display system with a flat front wall were used.

[0099] Additionally, the configuration of the LF display system and the environment which it is located may inform the shape and locations of the viewing volumes and viewing sub-volumes. [00100] FIG. 4E, for example, illustrates a top down view of a LF display system 450C with an aggregate surface 460 on a front wall 452 of a room, such a floor of a casino. In this example, the LF display system 450D is located in a room with a front wall 452, a rear wall 454, a first sidewall 456, a second sidewall 458, a ceiling (not shown), and a floor (not shown).

[00101] LF display system 450C projects various rays from the aggregate surface 460. The rays projected from the left side of the aggregate surface 460 have horizontal angular range 481, rays projected from the right side of the aggregate surface have horizontal angular range 482, and rays projected from the center of the aggregate surface 460 have horizontal angular range 483. In between these points, the projected rays may take on intermediate values of angle ranges. Having a gradient deflection angle in the projected rays across the display surface in this manner creates a viewing volume 468C. Further, this configuration avoids wasting resolution of the display on projecting rays into the side walls 456 and 458.

[00102] FIG. 4F illustrates a side view of a LF display system 450D with an aggregate surface 460 on a front wall 452 of a room that could also be the floor of a casino. In this example, the LF display system 450E includes a front wall 452, a rear wall 454, a first sidewall (not shown), a second sidewall (not shown), a ceiling 472, and a floor 474. In this example, the casino or room includes a first floor and a second floor. Here, each floor includes a viewing sub-volume (e.g., viewing sub volume 470A and 470B). A floor allows for viewing sub-volumes that do not overlap. That is, each viewing sub-volume has a line of sight from the viewing sub-volume to the aggregate surface 460 that does not pass through another viewing sub-volume. In other words, this orientation produces multiple floors, stadium seating, or balconies in which the vertical offset between floors allows each floor to “see over” the viewing sub-volumes of other floors. LF display systems including viewing sub-volumes that do not overlap may provide a higher quality viewing experience than LF display systems that have viewing volumes that do overlap. For example, in the configuration shown in FIG. 4F, different holographic content may be projected to the audiences in viewing sub-volumes 470 A and 470B.

Control of a LF Display System

[00103] FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a LF display system 500, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The LF display system 500 comprises a LF display assembly 510 and a controller 520. The LF display assembly 510 includes one or more LF display modules 512 which project a light field. A LF display module 512 may include a source/sensor system 514 that includes an integrated energy source(s) and/or energy sensor(s) which project and/or sense other types of energy. The controller 520 includes a datastore 522, a network interface 524, and a LF processing engine 530. The controller 520 may also include a tracking module 526, and a viewer profiling module 528. In some embodiments, the LF display system 500 also includes a sensory feedback system 570 and a tracking system 580. The LF display systems described in the context of FIGs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are embodiments of the LF display system 500. In other embodiments, the LF display system 500 comprises additional or fewer modules than those described herein. Similarly, the functions can be distributed among the modules and/or different entities in a different manner than is described here. An application of the LF display system 500 within a gaming environment is also discussed in detail below with regard to FIG. 6.

[00104] The LF display assembly 510 provides holographic content in a holographic object volume that may be visible to viewers located within a viewing volume. The LF display assembly 510 may provide holographic content by executing display instructions received from the controller 520. The holographic content may include one or more holographic objects that are projected in front of an aggregate surface the LF display assembly 510, behind the aggregate surface of the LF display assembly 510, or some combination thereof. Generating display instructions with the controller 520 is described in more detail below.

[00105] The LF display assembly 510 provides holographic content using one or more LF display modules (e.g., any of the LF display module 110, the LF display system 200, and LF display module 300) included in an LF display assembly 510. For convenience, the one or more LF display modules may be described herein as LF display module 512. The LF display module 512 can be tiled to form a LF display assembly 510. The LF display modules 512 may be structured as various seamless surface environments (e.g., single sided, multi-sided, a wall of a cinema, a curved surface, etc.). That is, the tiled LF display modules form an aggregate surface. As previously described, a LF display module 512 includes an energy device layer (e.g., energy device layer 220) and an energy waveguide layer (e.g., energy waveguide layer 240) that present holographic content. The LF display module 512 may also include an energy relay layer (e.g., energy relay layer 230) that transfers energy between the energy device layer and the energy waveguide layer when presenting holographic content.

[00106] The LF display module 512 may also include other integrated systems configured for energy projection and/or energy sensing as previously described. For example, a light field display module 512 may include any number of energy devices (e.g., energy device 340) configured to project and/or sense energy. For convenience, the integrated energy projection systems and integrated energy sensing systems of the LF display module 512 may be described herein, in aggregate, as the source/sensor system 514. The source/sensor system 514 is integrated within the LF display module 512, such that the source/sensor system 514 shares the same seamless energy surface with LF display module 512. In other words, the aggregate surface of an LF display assembly 510 includes the functionality of both the LF display module 512 and the source/sensor module 514. That is, an LF assembly 510 including a LF display module 512 with a source/sensor system 514 may project energy and/or sense energy while simultaneously projecting a light field.

For example, the LF display assembly 510 may include a LF display module 512 and source/sensor system 514 configured as a dual-energy surface or bidirectional energy surface as previously described.

[00107] In some embodiments, the LF display system 500 augments the generated holographic content with other sensory content (e.g., coordinated touch, audio, or smell) using a sensory feedback system 570. The sensory feedback system 570 may augment the projection of holographic content by executing display instructions received from the controller 520. Generally, the sensory feedback system 570 includes any number of sensory feedback devices external to the LF display assembly 510 (e.g., sensory feedback system 442). Some example sensory feedback devices may include coordinated acoustic projecting and receiving devices, aroma projecting devices, temperature adjustment devices, force actuation devices, pressure sensors, transducers, etc. In some cases, the sensory feedback system 570 may have similar functionality to the light field display assembly 510 and vice versa. For example, both a sensory feedback system 570 and a light field display assembly 510 may be configured to generate a sound field. As another example, the sensory feedback system 570 may be configured to generate haptic surfaces while the light field display 510 assembly is not.

[00108] To illustrate, in an example embodiment of a light field display system 500, a sensory feedback system 570 may include acoustic projection devices. The acoustic projection devices are configured to generate one or more pressure waves that complement the holographic content when executing display instructions received from the controller 520. The generated pressure waves may be, e.g., audible (for sound), ultrasonic (for touch), or some combination thereof. Similarly, the sensory feedback system 570 may include an aroma projecting device. The aroma projecting device may be configured to provide scents to some, or all, of the target area when executing display instructions received from the controller. The aroma devices may be tied into an air circulation system (e.g., ducting, fans, or vents) to coordinate air flow within the target area. Further, the sensory feedback system 570 may include a temperature adjustment device. The temperature adjustment device is configured to increase or decrease temperature in some, or all, of the target area when executing display instructions received from the controller 520.

[00109] In some embodiments, the sensory feedback system 570 is configured to receive input from viewers of the LF display system 500. In this case, the sensory feedback system 570 includes various sensory feedback devices for receiving input from viewers. The sensor feedback devices may include devices such as acoustic receiving devices (e.g., a microphone), pressure sensors, joysticks, motion detectors, transducers, etc. The sensory feedback system may transmit the detected input to the controller 520 to coordinate generating holographic content and/or sensory feedback.

[00110] To illustrate, in an example embodiment of a light field display assembly, a sensory feedback system 570 includes a microphone. The microphone is configured to record audio produced by one or more viewers (e.g., content of their conversation, gasps, laughter, etc.). The sensory feedback system 570 provides the recorded audio to the controller 520 as viewer input. The controller 520 may use the viewer input to generate holographic content. Similarly, the sensory feedback system 570 may include a pressure sensor. The pressure sensor is configured to measure forces applied by viewers to the pressure sensor. The sensory feedback system 570 may provide the measured forces to the controller 520 as viewer input.

[00111] In some embodiments, the LF display system 500 includes a tracking system 580. The tracking system 580 includes any number of tracking devices configured to determine the position, movement and/or characteristics of viewers in the target area. Generally, the tracking devices are external to the LF display assembly 510. Some example tracking devices include a camera assembly (“camera”), a depth sensor, structured light, a LIDAR system, a card scanning system, or any other tracking device that can track viewers within a target area.

[00112] The tracking system 580 may include one or more energy sources that illuminate some or all of the target area with light. However, in some cases, the target area is illuminated with natural light and/or ambient light from the LF display assembly 510 when presenting holographic content. The energy source projects light when executing instructions received from the controller 520. The light may be, e.g., a structured light pattern, a pulse of light (e.g., an IR flash), or some combination thereof. The tracking system may project light in the visible band (-380 nm to 750 nm), in the infrared (IR) band (-750 nm to 1700 nm), in the ultraviolet band (10 nm to 380 nm), some other portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof. A source may include, e.g., a light emitted diode (LED), a micro LED, a laser diode, a TOF depth sensor, a tunable laser, etc. [00113] The tracking system 580 may adjust one or more emission parameter when executing instructions received from the controller 520. An emission parameter is a parameter that affects how light is projected from a source of the tracking system 580. An emission parameter may include, e.g., brightness, pulse rate (to include continuous illumination), wavelength, pulse length, some other parameter that affects how light is projected from the source assembly, or some combination thereof. In one embodiment, a source projects pulses of light in a time-of- flight operation. [00114] The camera of the tracking system 580 captures images of the light (e.g., structured light pattern) reflected from the target area. The camera captures images when executing tracking instructions received from the controller 520. As previously described, the light may be projected by a source of the tracking system 580. The camera may include one or more cameras. That is, a camera may be, e.g., an array (ID or 2D) of photodiodes, a CCD sensor, a CMOS sensor, some other device that detects some or all of the light project by the tracking system 580, or some combination thereof. In an embodiment, the tracking system 580 may contain a light field camera external to the LF display assembly 510. In other embodiments, the cameras are included as part of the LF display module included in the LF display assembly 510. For example, as previously described, if the energy relay element of a light field module 512 is a bidirectional energy layer which interleaves both emissive displays and imaging sensors at the energy device layer 220, the LF display assembly 510 can be configured to simultaneously project light fields and record imaging information from the viewing area in front of the display. In one embodiment, the captured images from the bidirectional energy surface form a light field camera. The camera provides captured images to the controller 520.

[00115] The camera of the tracking system 580 may adjust one or more imaging parameters when executing tracking instructions received from the controller 520. An imaging parameter is a parameter that affects how the camera captures images. An imaging parameter may include, e.g., frame rate, aperture, gain, exposure length, frame timing, rolling shutter or global shutter capture modes, some other parameter that affects how the camera captures images, or some combination thereof.

[00116] The controller 520 controls the LF display assembly 510 and any other components of the LF display system 500. The controller 520 comprises a data store 522, a network interface 524, a tracking module 526, a viewer profiling module 528, and a light field processing engine 530. In other embodiments, the controller 520 comprises additional or fewer modules than those described herein. Similarly, the functions can be distributed among the modules and/or different entities in a different manner than is described here. For example, the tracking module 526 may be part of the LF display assembly 510 or the tracking system 580.

[00117] The data store 522 is a memory that stores information for the LF display system 500.

The stored information may include display instructions, tracking instructions, emission parameters, imaging parameters, a virtual model of a target area, tracking information, images captured by the camera, one or more viewer profiles, calibration data for the light field display assembly 510, configuration data for the LF display system 510 including resolution and orientation of LF modules 512, desired viewing volume geometry, content for graphics creation including 3D models, scenes and environments, materials and textures, other information that may be used by the LF display system 500, or some combination thereof. The data store 522 is a memory, such as a read only memory (ROM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), or some combination thereof.

[00118] The network interface 524 allows the light field display system to communicate with other systems or environments via a network. In one example, the LF display system 500 receives holographic content from a remote light field display system via the network interface 524. In another example, the LF display system 500 transmits holographic content to a remote data store using the network interface 524.

[00119] The tracking module 526 tracks viewers viewing content presented by the LF display system 500. To do so, the tracking module 526 generates tracking instructions that control operation of the source(s) and/or the camera(s) of the tracking system 580, and provides the tracking instructions to the tracking system 580. The tracking system 580 executes the tracking instructions and provides tracking input to the tracking module 526.

[00120] The tracking module 526 may determine a position of one or more viewers within the target area (e.g., sitting or standing at a gaming station, walking through the casino floor, etc.). The determined position may be relative to, e.g., some reference point (e.g., a display surface). In other embodiments, the determined position may be within the virtual model of the target area. The tracked position may be, e.g., the tracked position of a viewer and/or a tracked position of a portion of a viewer (e.g., eye location, hand location, etc.). The tracking module 526 determines the position using one or more captured images from the cameras of the tracking system 580. The cameras of the tracking system 580 may be distributed about the LF display system 500, and can capture images in stereo, allowing for the tracking module 526 to passively track viewers. In other embodiments, the tracking module 526 actively tracks viewers. That is, the tracking system 580 illuminates some portion of the target area, images the target area, and the tracking module 526 uses time of flight and/or structured light depth determination techniques to determine position. The tracking module 526 generates tracking information using the determined positions.

[00121] The tracking module 526 may also receive tracking information as inputs from viewers of the LF display system 500. The tracking information may include body movements that correspond to various input options that the viewer is provided by the LF display system 500. For example, the tracking module 526 may track a viewer’s body movement and assign any various movement as an input to the LF processing engine 530. The tracking module 526 may provide the tracking information to the data store 522, the LF processing engine 530, the viewer profiling module 528, any other component of the LF display system 500, or some combination thereof. [00122] To provide context for the tracking module 526, consider an example embodiment of an LF display system 500 that responds to a user playing a card game upon winning an important hand or hitting their numbers in roulette. For example, in response to a viewer fist pumping the air to show their excitement, the tracking system 580 may record the movement of the viewer’s hands and transmit the recording to the tracking module 526. The tracking module 526 tracks the motion of the viewer’s hands in the recording and sends the input to LF processing engine 530. The viewer profiling module 528, as described below, determines that information in the image indicates that motion of the viewer’s hands is associated with a positive response, which in this context can be interpreted as the viewer winning. Accordingly, the LF processing engine 530 generates appropriate holographic content to celebrate the hand, numbers, and so forth. For example, the LF processing engine 530 may project confetti in the scene, generate a cheering or congratulatory response for an AI holographic character, and so forth.

[00123] The LF display system 500 includes a viewer profiling module 528 configured to identify and profile viewers. The viewer profiling module 528 generates a profile of a viewer (or viewers) that views holographic content displayed by a LF display system 500. The viewer profiling module 528 generates a viewer profile based, in part, on viewer input and monitored viewer behavior, actions, and reactions. The viewer profiling module 528 can access information obtained from tracking system 580 (e.g., recorded images, videos, sound, etc.) and process that information to determine various information. In various examples, viewer profiling module 528 can use any number of machine vision or machine hearing algorithms to determine viewer behavior, actions, and reactions. Monitored viewer behavior can include, for example, smiles, cheering, clapping, laughing, fright, screams, excitement levels, recoiling, other changes in gestures, or movement by the viewers, etc.

[00124] More generally, a viewer profile may include any information received and/or determined about a viewer viewing holographic content from the LF display system. For example, each viewer profile may log actions or responses of that viewer to the content displayed by the LF display system 500. Some example information that can be included in a viewer profile are provided below.

[00125] In some embodiments, a viewer profile may describe a response of a viewer with respect to a displayed holographic character, an actor, a scene, a game scenario, etc. For example, a viewer in a cinema is wearing a sweatshirt displaying a university logo. In this case, the viewer profile can indicate that the viewer is wearing a sweatshirt and may prefer holographic content associated with the university whose logo is on the sweatshirt. More broadly, viewer characteristics that can be indicated in a viewer profile may include, for example, age, sex, ethnicity, clothing, viewing location in the venue, etc.

[00126] In some embodiments, the viewer profiling module 528 may receive characteristics from the viewer and/or infer characteristics based on monitored behavior. Monitored behavior may include a number of times a viewer plays certain games, how long the viewer plays those games, how the viewer responds to wins, losses, encouragement from holographic characters, or some combination thereof. In some embodiments, the viewer profile may directly updated based on actions and/or responses of a viewer to holographic content displayed by the LF display system 500. [00127] In some embodiments, a viewer profile can indicate preferences for a viewer in regard to desirable content characteristics. For example, a viewer profile may indicate that a viewer prefers only to view holographic content that is age appropriate for everyone in their family. In another example, a viewer profile may indicate holographic object volumes to display holographic content (e.g., on a wall) and holographic object volumes to not display holographic content (e.g., above their head). The viewer profile may also indicate that the viewer prefers to have haptic interfaces presented near them, or prefers to avoid them.

[00128] In another example, a viewer profile indicates a history of games played and their interactions with holographic content for a particular viewer. For instance viewer profiling module 528 determines that a viewer has previously played a particular game. As such the LF display system 500 may display holographic content that is different than the previous time the viewers played the game.

[00129] The viewer profiling module 528 may also access a profile associated with a particular viewer (or viewers) from a third-party system or systems to build a viewer profile. For example, a viewer could make purchases using a third-party vendor that is linked to that viewer’s social media account. When the viewer enters the gaming environment, the viewer profiling module 528 can access information from his social media account to build (or augment) a viewer profile.

[00130] In some embodiments, the data store 522 includes a viewer profile store that stores viewer profiles generated, updated, and/or maintained by the viewer profiling module 528. The viewer profile can be updated in the data store at any time by the viewer profiling module 528. For example, in an embodiment, the viewer profile store receives and stores information regarding a particular viewer in their viewer profile when the particular viewer views holographic content provided by the LF display system 500. In this example, the viewer profiling module 528 includes a facial recognition algorithm that may recognize viewers and positively identify as they view presented holographic content. To illustrate, as a viewer enters the target area of the LF display system 500, the tracking system 580 obtains an image of the viewer. The viewer profiling module 528 inputs the captured image and identifies the viewer’s face using the facial recognition algorithm. The identified face is associated with a viewer profile in the profile store and, as such, all input information obtained about that viewer may be stored in their profile. The viewer profiling module may also utilize card identification scanners, voice identifiers, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) chip scanners, barcode scanners, etc. to positively identify a viewer.

[00131] Because the viewer profiling module 528 can positively identify viewers, the viewer profiling module 528 can determine each visit of each viewer to the LF display system 500. The viewer profiling module 528 may then store the time and date of each visit in the viewer profile for each viewer. Similarly, the viewer profiling module 528 may store received inputs from a viewer from any combination of the sensory feedback system 570, the tracking system 580, and/or the LF display assembly 510 each time they occur. The viewer profile system 528 may additionally receive further information about a viewer from other modules or components of the controller 520 which can then be stored with the viewer profile. Other components of the controller 520 may then also access the stored viewer profiles for determining subsequent content to be provided to that viewer. [00132] The LF processing engine 530 generates 4D coordinates in a rasterized format (“rasterized data”) that, when executed by the LF display assembly 510, cause the LF display assembly 510 to present holographic content. The LF processing engine 530 may access the rasterized data from the data store 522. Additionally, the LF processing engine 530 may construct rasterized data from a vectorized data set. Vectorized data is described below. The LF processing engine 530 can also generate sensory instructions required to provide sensory content that augments the holographic objects. As described above, sensory instructions may generate, when executed by the LF display system 500, haptic surfaces, sound fields, and other forms of sensory energy supported by the LF display system 500. The LF processing engine 530 may access sensory instructions from the data store 522, or construct the sensory instructions form a vectorized data set. In aggregate, the 4D coordinates and sensory data represent display instructions executable by a LF display system to generate holographic and sensory content.

[00133] The amount of rasterized data describing the flow of energy through the various energy sources in a LF display system 500 is incredibly large. While it is possible to display the rasterized data on a LF display system 500 when accessed from a data store 522, it is untenable to efficiently transmit, receive (e.g., via a network interface 524), and subsequently display the rasterized data on a LF display system 500. Take, for example, rasterized data representing a short film for holographic projection by a LF display system 500. In this example, the LF display system 500 includes a display containing several gigapixels and the rasterized data contains information for each pixel location on the display. The corresponding size of the rasterized data is vast (e.g., many gigabytes per second of film display time), and unmanageable for efficient transfer over commercial networks via a network interface 524. The efficient transfer problem may be amplified for applications including live streaming of holographic content. An additional problem with merely storing rasterized data on data store 522 arises when an interactive experience is desired using inputs from the sensory feedback system 570 or the tracking module 526. To enable an interactive experience, the light field content generated by the LF processing engine 530 can be modified in real-time in response to sensory or tracking inputs. In other words, in some cases, LF content cannot simply be read from the data store 522.

[00134] Therefore, in some configurations, data representing holographic content for display by a LF display system 500 may be transferred to the LF processing engine 530 in a vectorized data format (“vectorized data”). Vectorized data may be orders of magnitude smaller than rasterized data. Further, vectorized data provides high image quality while having a data set size that enables efficient sharing of the data. For example, vectorized data may be a sparse data set derived from a denser data set. Thus, vectorized data may have an adjustable balance between image quality and data transmission size based on how sparse vectorized data is sampled from dense rasterized data. Tunable sampling to generate vectorized data enables optimization of image quality for a given network speed. Consequently, vectorized data enables efficient transmission of holographic content via a network interface 524. Vectorized data also enables holographic content to be live-streamed over a commercial network.

[00135] In summary, the LF processing engine 530 may generate holographic content derived from rasterized data accessed from the data store 522, vectorized data accessed from the data store 522, or vectorized data received via the network interface 524. In various configurations, vectorized data may be encoded before data transmission and decoded after reception by the LF controller 520. In some examples, the vectorized data is encoded for added data security and performance improvements related to data compression. For example, vectorized data received by the network interface may be encoded vectorized data received from a holographic streaming application. In some examples, vectorized data may require a decoder, the LF processing engine 530, or both of these to access information content encoded in vectorized data. The encoder and/or decoder systems may be available to customers or licensed to third-party vendors. [00136] Vectorized data contains all the information for each of the sensory domains supported by a LF display system 500 in way that supports an interactive experience. For example, vectorized data for an interactive holographic experience includes any vectorized properties that can provide accurate physics for each of the sensory domains supported by a LF display system 500. Vectorized properties may include any properties that can be synthetically programmed, captured, computationally assessed, etc. A LF processing engine 530 may be configured to translate vectorized properties in vectorized data to rasterized data. The LF processing engine 530 may then project holographic content translated from the vectorized data from a LF display assembly 510. In various configurations, the vectorized properties may include one or more red/green/blue/alpha channel (RGB A) + depth images, multi view images with or without depth information at varying resolutions that may include one high-resolution center image and other views at a lower resolution, material properties such as albedo and reflectance, surface normals, other optical effects, surface identification, geometrical object coordinates, virtual camera coordinates, display plane locations, lighting coordinates, tactile stiffness for surfaces, tactile ductility, tactile strength, amplitude and coordinates of sound fields, environmental conditions, somatosensory energy vectors related to the mechanoreceptors for textures or temperature, audio, and any other sensory domain property. Many other vectorized properties are also possible.

[00137] The LF display system 500 can also generate an interactive viewing experience. That is, holographic content may be responsive to input stimuli containing information about viewer locations, gestures, interactions, interactions with holographic content, or other information derived from the viewer profiling module 528, and/or tracking module 526. For example, in an embodiment, a LF processing system 500 creates an interactive viewing experience using vectorized data of a real-time performance received via a network interface 524. In another example, if a holographic object needs to move in a certain direction immediately in response to a viewer interaction, the LF processing engine 530 may update the render of the scene so the holographic object moves in that required direction. This may require the LF processing engine 530 to use a vectorized data set to render light fields real time based a 3D graphical scene with the proper object placement and movement, collision detection, occlusion, color, shading, lighting, etc., correctly responding to the viewer interaction. The LF processing engine 530 converts the vectorized data into rasterized data for presentation by the LF display assembly 510.

[00138] The rasterized data includes holographic content instructions and sensory instructions (display instructions) representing the real-time performance. The LF display assembly 510 simultaneously projects holographic and sensory content of the real-time performance by executing the display instructions. The LF display system 500 monitors viewer interactions (e.g., vocal response, touching, etc.) with the presented real-time performance with the tracking module 526 and viewer profiling module 528. In response to the viewer interactions, the LF processing engine creates an interactive experience by generating additional holographic and/or sensory content for display to the viewers.

[00139] To illustrate, consider an example embodiment of an LF display system 500 including a LF processing engine 530 that generates a plurality of holographic objects representing balloons falling from the ceiling of the gaming environment upon one viewer winning a jackpot. A viewer may move to touch the holographic object representing the balloon. Correspondingly, the tracking system 580 tracks movement of the viewer’s hands relative to the holographic object. The movement of the viewer is recorded by the tracking system 580 and sent to the controller 520. The tracking module 526 continuously determines the motion of the viewer’s hand and sends the determined motions to the LF processing engine 530. The LF processing engine 530 determines the placement of the viewer’s hand in the scene, adjusts the real-time rendering of the graphics to include any required change in the holographic object (such as position, color, or occlusion). The LF processing engine 530instructs the LF display assembly 510 (and/or sensory feedback system 570) to generate a tactile surface using the volumetric haptic projection system (e.g., using ultrasonic speakers). The generated tactile surface corresponds to at least a portion of the holographic object and occupies substantially the same space as some or all of an exterior surface of the holographic object. The LF processing engine 530 uses the tracking information to dynamically instruct the LF display assembly 510 to move the location of the tactile surface along with a location of the rendered holographic object such that the viewer is given both a visual and tactile perception of touching the balloon. More simply, when a viewer views his hand touching a holographic balloon, the viewer simultaneously feels haptic feedback indicating their hand touches the holographic balloon, and the balloon changes position or motion in response to the touch. In some examples, the interactive balloon may be received as part of holographic content received from a live-streaming application via a network interface 524.

[00140] The LF processing engine 530 may also create holographic content for display by the LF display system 500. Importantly, here, creating holographic content for display is different from accessing, or receiving, holographic content for display. That is, when creating content, the LF processing engine 530 generates entirely new content for display rather than accessing previously generated and/or received content. The LF processing engine 530 can use information from the tracking system 580, the sensory feedback system 570, the viewer profiling module 528, the tracking module 528, or some combination thereof, to create holographic content for display. In some examples, LF processing engine 530 may access information from elements of the LF display system 500 (e.g., tracking information and/or a viewer profile), create holographic content based on that information, and display the created holographic content using the LF display system 500 in response. The created holographic content may be augmented with other sensory content (e.g., touch, audio, or smell) when displayed by the LF display system 500. Further, the LF display system 500 may store created holographic content such that it may be displayed in the future. For example, a response from holographic character can be created specifically for a particular viewer based on the viewer’s reactions and/or responses to other holographic content. Thus, LF processing engine 530 may generate content personalized to a viewer according to learned preferences, as discussed further below.

Dynamic Content Generation for a LF Display System

[00141] In some embodiments, the LF processing engine 530 incorporates an artificial intelligence (AI) model to create holographic content for display by the LF display system 500. The AI model may include supervised or unsupervised learning algorithms including but not limited to regression models, neural networks, classifiers, or any other AI algorithm. The AI model may be used to determine viewer preferences based on viewer information recorded by the LF display system 500 (e.g., by tracking system 580) which may include information on a viewer’s behavior. [00142] The AI model may access information from the data store 522 to create holographic content. For example, the AI model may access viewer information from a viewer profile or profiles in the data store 522 or may receive viewer information from the various components of the LF display system 500. The AI model may determine the preference based on a viewer’s positive reactions or responses to previously viewed holographic content. That is, the AI model may create holographic content personalized to a viewer according to the learned preferences of the viewer.

The AI model may also store the learned preferences of each viewer in the viewer profile store of the data store 522.

[00143] One example of an AI model that can be used to identify characteristics of viewers, identify reactions, and/or generate holographic content based on the identified information is a convolutional neural network model with layers of nodes, in which values at nodes of a current layer are a transformation of values at nodes of a previous layer. A transformation in the model is determined through a set of weights and parameters connecting the current layer and the previous layer. For example, and AI model may include five layers of nodes: layers A, B, C, D, and E. The transformation from layer A to layer B is given by a function Wi, the transformation from layer B to layer C is given by W2, the transformation from layer C to layer D is given by W3, and the transformation from layer D to layer E is given by W4. In some examples, the transformation can also be determined through a set of weights and parameters used to transform between previous layers in the model. For example, the transformation W4 from layer D to layer E can be based on parameters used to accomplish the transformation Wi from layer A to B.

[00144] The input to the model can be an image taken by tracking system 580 encoded onto the convolutional layer A and the output of the model is holographic content decoded from the output layer E. Alternatively or additionally, the output may be a determined characteristic of a viewer in the image. In this example, the AI model identifies latent information in the image representing viewer characteristics in the identification layer C. The AI model reduces the dimensionality of the convolutional layer A to that of the identification layer C to identify any characteristics, actions, responses, etc. in the image. In some examples, the AI model then increases the dimensionality of the identification layer C to generate holographic content.

[00145] The image from the tracking system 580 is encoded to a convolutional layer A. Images input in the convolutional layer A can be related to various characteristics and/or reaction information, etc. in the identification layer C. Relevance information between these elements can be retrieved by applying a set of transformations between the corresponding layers. That is, a convolutional layer A of an AI model represents an encoded image, and identification layer C of the model represents a smiling viewer. Smiling viewers in a given image may be identified by applying the transformations Wi and W2 to the pixel values of the image in the space of convolutional layer A. The weights and parameters for the transformations may indicate relationships between information contained in the image and the identification of a smiling viewer. For example, the weights and parameters can be a quantization of shapes, colors, sizes, etc. included in information representing a smiling viewer in an image. The weights and parameters may be based on historical data (e.g., previously tracked viewers).

[00146] Smiling viewers in the image are identified in the identification layer C. The identification layer C represents identified smiling viewers based on the latent information about smiling viewers in the image.

[00147] Identified smiling viewers in an image can be used to generate holographic content. To generate holographic content, the AI model starts at the identification layer C and applies the transformations W2 and W3 to the value of the given identified smiling viewers in the identification layer C. The transformations result in a set of nodes in the output layer E. The weights and parameters for the transformations may indicate relationships between an identified smiling viewers and specific holographic content and/or preferences. In some cases, the holographic content is directly output from the nodes of the output layer E, while in other cases the content generation system decodes the nodes of the output layer E into a holographic content. For example, if the output is a set of identified characteristics, the LF processing engine can use the characteristics to generate holographic content.

[00148] Additionally, the AI model can include layers known as intermediate layers.

Intermediate layers are those that do not correspond to an image, identifying characteristics/reactions, etc., or generating holographic content. For example, in the given example, layer B is an intermediate layer between the convolutional layer A and the identification layer C. Layer D is an intermediate layer between the identification layer C and the output layer E. Hidden layers are latent representations of different aspects of identification that are not observed in the data, but may govern the relationships between the elements of an image when identifying characteristics and generating holographic content. For example, a node in the hidden layer may have strong connections (e.g., large weight values) to input values and identification values that share the commonality of “laughing people smile.” As another example, another node in the hidden layer may have strong connections to input values and identification values that share the commonality of “scared people scream.” Of course, any number of linkages are present in a neural network. Additionally, each intermediate layer is a combination of functions such as, for example, residual blocks, convolutional layers, pooling operations, skip connections, concatenations, etc.

Any number of intermediate layers B can function to reduce the convolutional layer to the identification layer and any number of intermediate layers D can function to increase the identification layer to the output layer.

[00149] In one embodiment, the AI model includes deterministic methods that have been trained with reinforcement learning (thereby creating a reinforcement learning model). The model is trained to increase the quality of the performance using measurements from tracking system 580 as inputs, and changes to the created holographic content as outputs.

[00150] Reinforcement learning is a machine learning system in which a machine learns ‘what to do’— how to map situations to actions— so as to maximize a numerical reward signal. The learner (e.g. LF processing engine 530) is not told which actions to take (e.g., generating prescribed holographic content), but instead discovers which actions yield the most reward (e.g., increasing the quality of holographic content by making more people cheer) by trying them. In some cases, actions may affect not only the immediate reward but also the next situation and, through that, all subsequent rewards. These two characteristics— trial -and-error search and delayed reward— are two distinguishing features of reinforcement learning.

[00151] Reinforcement learning is defined not by characterizing learning methods, but by characterizing a learning problem. Basically, a reinforcement learning system captures those important aspects of the problem facing a learning agent interacting with its environment to achieve a goal. That is, in the example of generating a song for a performer, the reinforcement learning system captures information about viewers in the venue (e.g., age, disposition, etc.). Such an agent senses the state of the environment and takes actions that affect the state to achieve a goal or goals (e.g., creating a pop song for which the viewers will cheer). In its most basic form, the formulation of reinforcement learning includes three aspects for the learner: sensation, action, and goal. Continuing with the song example, the LF processing engine 530 senses the state of the environment with sensors of the tracking system 580, displays holographic content to the viewers in the environment, and achieves a goal that is a measure of the viewer’s reception of that song.

[00152] One of the challenges that arises in reinforcement learning is the trade-off between exploration and exploitation. To increase the reward in the system, a reinforcement learning agent prefers actions that it has tried in the past and found to be effective in producing reward. However, to discover actions that produce reward, the learning agent selects actions that it has not selected before. The agent ‘exploits’ information that it already knows in order to obtain a reward, but it also ‘explores’ information in order to make better action selections in the future. The learning agent tries a variety of actions and progressively favors those that appear to be best while still attempting new actions. On a stochastic task, each action is generally tried many times to gain a reliable estimate to its expected reward. For example, if the LF processing engine creates holographic content that the LF processing engine knows leads to a viewer laughing performance after a long period of time, the LF processing engine may change the holographic content such that the time until a viewer laughs decreases.

[00153] Further, reinforcement learning considers the whole problem of a goal-directed agent interacting with an uncertain environment. Reinforcement learning agents have explicit goals, can sense aspects of their environments, and can choose actions to receive high rewards (i.e., a roaring crowd). Moreover, agents generally operate despite significant uncertainty about the environment it faces. When reinforcement learning involves planning, the system addresses the interplay between planning and real-time action selection, as well as the question of how environmental elements are acquired and improved. For reinforcement learning to make progress, important sub problems have to be isolated and studied, the sub problems playing clear roles in complete, interactive, goal seeking agents.

[00154] The reinforcement learning problem is a framing of a machine learning problem where interactions are processed and actions are carried out to achieve a goal. The learner and decision maker is called the agent (e.g., LF processing engine 530). The thing it interacts with, comprising everything outside the agent, is called the environment (e.g., viewers in a venue, etc.). These two interact continually, the agent selecting actions (e.g., creating holographic content) and the environment responding to those actions and presenting new situations to the agent. The environment also gives rise to rewards, special numerical values that the agent tries to maximize over time. In one context, the rewards act to maximize viewer positive reactions to holographic content. A complete specification of an environment defines a task which is one instance of the reinforcement learning problem.

[00155] To provide more context, an agent (e.g., content generation system 350) and environment interact at each of a sequence of discrete time steps, i.e. t = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. At each time step t the agent receives some representation of the environment's state st (e.g., measurements from tracking system 580). The states st are within S, where S is the set of possible states. Based on the state st and the time step t, the agent selects an action at (e.g., making the performer do the splits). The action at is within A(st), where A(st) is the set of possible actions. One time state later, in part as a consequence of its action, the agent receives a numerical reward n+i. The states rt+i are within R, where R is the set of possible rewards. Once the agent receives the reward, the agent selects in a new state st+i.

[00156] At each time step, the agent implements a mapping from states to probabilities of selecting each possible action. This mapping is called the agent's policy and is denoted t where 7tt(s,a) is the probability that at = a if st = s. Reinforcement learning methods can dictate how the agent changes its policy as a result of the states and rewards resulting from agent actions. The agent's goal is to maximize the total amount of reward it receives over time.

[00157] This reinforcement learning framework is flexible and can be applied to many different problems in many different ways (e.g. generating holographic content). The framework proposes that whatever the details of the sensory, memory, and control apparatus, any problem (or objective) of learning goal-directed behavior can be reduced to three signals passing back and forth between an agent and its environment: one signal to represent the choices made by the agent (the actions), one signal to represent the basis on which the choices are made (the states), and one signal to define the agent's goal (the rewards). [00158] Of course, the AI model can include any number of machine learning algorithms. Some other AI models that can be employed are linear and/or logistic regression, classification and regression trees, k-means clustering, vector quantization, etc. Whatever the case, generally, the LF processing engine 530 takes an input from the tracking module 526 and/or viewer profiling module 528 and a machine learning model creates holographic content in response. Similarly, the AI model may direct the rendering of holographic content.

[00159] In an example, the LF processing engine 530 may create holographic content based on previously existing or provided advertisement content. That is, for example, the LF processing engine 530 can request an advertisement from a network system via network interface 524, the network system provides the holographic content in response, and the LF processing engine 530 creates holographic content for display including the advertisement. Some examples of advertisement can include, products, text, videos, etc. Advertisements may be presented to specific viewing volumes based on the viewers in that viewing volume. Similarly, holographic content may augment a film with an advertisement (e.g., a product placement). Most generally, the LF processing engine 530 can create advertisement content based on any of the characteristics and/or reactions of the viewers in the venue as previously described.

[00160] The preceding examples of creating content are not limiting. Most broadly, LF processing engine 530 creates holographic content for display to viewers of a LF display system 500. The holographic content can be created based on any of the information included in the LF display system 500.

Holographic Content Distribution Networks

[00161] FIG. 5B illustrates an example LF gaming network 550, in accordance with one or more embodiments. One or more LF display systems may be included in the LF gaming network 550.

The LF gaming network 550 includes any number of LF display systems (e.g., 500A, 500B, and 500C), a LF game generation system 554, and a networking system 556 that are coupled to each other via a network 552. In other embodiments, the LF gaming network 550 comprises additional or fewer entities than those described herein. Similarly, the functions can be distributed among the different entities in a different manner than is described here.

[00162] In the illustrated embodiment, the LF gaming network 550 includes LF display systems 500A, 500B, and 500C that may receive holographic content via the network 552 and display the holographic content to patrons of a casino or other gaming environment (i.e., viewers). The LF display systems 500A, 500B, and 500C are collectively referred to as LF display systems 500. [00163] The LF game generation system 554 is a system that generates holographic content of for display in a casino (or other gaming environment) including a LF display system. The holographic content may be game content or may be holographic content that augments a casino floor. A LF game generation system 554 includes any number of sensors and/or processors to record information and generate holographic content. For example, the sensors can include cameras for recording images, microphones for recording audio, pressure sensors for recording interactions with objects, etc. The LF game generation system 554 combines the recorded information and encodes the information as holographic and sensory content. The LF game generation system 554 may transmit the encoded holographic content to one or more of the LF display systems 500 for display to viewers. As previously discussed, for efficient transfer speeds, data for the LF display system 500A, 500B, 500C, etc., may be transferred over the network 552 as vectorized data.

[00164] More broadly, the LF game generation system 554 generates holographic content for display in a gaming environment using any recorded sensory data that may be used by a LF display system in a casino or other gaming environment. For example, the sensory data may include recorded audio, recorded images, recorded interactions with objects, recorded images or computer graphics models of gaming elements such as cards or dice, recorded performances to be projected at displays at a casino entrance, etc. Many other types of sensory data may be used. To illustrate, the recorded visual content may include: 3D graphics scenes, 3D models, object placement, textures, color, shading, and lighting; 2D film data which can be converted to a holographic form using an AI model and a large data set of similar conversions; multi view camera data from a camera rig with many cameras with or without a depth channel; plenoptic camera data; CG content; or many other types of content.

[00165] In some configurations, the LF game generation system 554 may use a proprietary encoder to perform the encoding operation that reduces the sensory data recorded for a casino into a vectorized data format as described above. That is, encoding data to vectorized data may include image processing, audio processing, or any other computations that may result in a reduced data set that is easier to transmit over the network 552. The encoder may support formats used by industry professionals.

[00166] Each LF display system (e.g., 500A, 500B, 500C) may receive the encoded data from the network 552 via a network interface 524. In this example, each LF display system includes a decoder to decode the encoded LF display data. More explicitly, a LF processing engine 530 generates rasterized data for the LF display assembly 510 by applying decoding algorithms provided by the decoder to the received encoded data. In some examples, the LF processing engine may additionally generate rasterized data for the LF display assembly using input from the tracking module 526, the viewer profiling module 528, and the sensory feedback system 570 as described herein. Rasterized data generated for the LF display assembly 510 reproduces the holographic content recorded by the LF game generation system 554. Importantly, each LF display system 500A, 500B, and 500C generates rasterized data suitable for the particular configuration of LF display assembly in terms of geometry, resolution, etc. In some configurations, the encoding and decoding process is part of a proprietary encoding/decoding system pair which may be offered to display customers or licensed by third parties. In some instances, the encoding/decoding system pair may be implemented as a proprietary API that may offer content creators a common programming interface.

[00167] In some configurations, various systems in the LF gaming network 550 (e.g., LF display system 500, the LF game generation system 554, etc.) may have different hardware configurations. Hardware configurations can include arrangement of physical systems, energy sources, energy sensors, haptic interfaces, sensory capabilities, resolutions, LF display module configurations, or any other hardware description of a system in the LF gaming network 550. Each hardware configuration may generate, or utilize, sensory data in different data formats. As such, a decoder system may be configured to decode encoded data for the LF display system on which it will be presented. For example, a LF display system (e.g., LF display system 500A) having a first hardware configuration receives encoded data from a LF film generation system (e.g., LF game generation system 554) having a second hardware configuration. The decoding system accesses information describing the first hardware configuration of the LF display system 500A. The decoding system decodes the encoded data using the accessed hardware configuration such that the decoded data can be processed by the LF processing engine 530 of the receiving LF display system 500A. The LF processing engine 530 generates and presents rasterized content for the first hardware configuration despite being recorded in the second hardware configuration. In a similar manner, holographic content recorded by the LF game generation system 554 can be presented by any LF display system (e.g., LF display system 500B, LF display system 500C) whatever the hardware configurations. [00168] The network system 556 is any system configured to manage the transmission of holographic content between systems in a LF gaming network 550. For example, the network system 556 may receive a request for holographic content from a LF display system and facilitate transmission of the holographic content to the LF display system from the LF game generation system 554. The network system 556 may also store holographic content, viewer profiles, holographic content, etc. for transmission to, and/or storage by, other LF display systems 500 in the LF gaming network 550. The network system 556 may also include a LF processing engine 530 that can create holographic content as previously described.

[00169] The network system 556 may include a digital rights management (DRM) module to manage the digital rights of the holographic content. For example, the LF game generation system 554 may transmit the holographic content to the network system 556 and the DRM module may encrypt the holographic content using a digital encryption format. In other examples, the LF game generation system 554 encodes recorded light field data into a holographic content format that can be managed by the DRM module. The network system 556 may provide a key to the digital encryption to a LF display system such that each LF display system 500 can decrypt and, subsequently, display the holographic content to viewers. Most generally, the network system 556 and/or the LF game generation system 554 encodes the holographic content and a LF display system may decode the holographic content.

[00170] The network system 556 may act as a repository for previously recorded and/or created holographic content. Each piece of holographic content may be associated with a transaction fee that, when received, causes the network system 556 to transmit the holographic content to the LF display system 500 that provides the transaction fee. For example, A LF display system 500 may request access to the holographic content via the network 552. The request includes a transaction fee for the holographic content. In response, network system transmits the holographic content to the LF display system for display to viewers. In other examples, the network system 556 can also function as a subscription service for holographic content stored in the network system. In another example, LF recording system 554 is recording light field data of a performance in real-time and generating holographic content representing that performance. A LF display system 500 transmits a request for the holographic content to the LF recording system 554. The request includes a transaction fee for the holographic content. In response, the LF recording system 554 transmits the holographic content for concurrent display on the LF display system 500. The network system 556 may act as a mediator in exchanging transaction fees and/or managing holographic content data flow across the network 552.

[00171] The network 552 represents the communication pathways between systems in a LF gaming network 550. In one embodiment, the network is the Internet, but can also be any network, including but not limited to a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), a mobile, wired or wireless network, a cloud computing network, a private network, or a virtual private network, and any combination thereof. In addition, all or some of links can be encrypted using conventional encryption technologies such as the secure sockets layer (SSL), Secure HTTP and/or virtual private networks (VPNs). In another embodiment, the entities can use custom and/or dedicated data communications technologies instead of, or in addition to, the ones described above.

Light Field Display System for Casinos and other Gaming Environments

[00172] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a portion of LF display system 500 that is tiled to form a multi-sided seamless surface in a gaming environment 600, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The LF display system 600 includes a plurality of LF display modules 610 that are tiled to form an array of LF display modules 610. The array may cover, for example, some or all of a surface (e.g., one or more walls, floor, and/or ceiling) of a room. In this example, the viewer 620 (e.g., casino patron, gambler, etc.) is playing a game (e.g., craps, roulette, blackjack, poker, slots, etc.) at game station 615 (e.g., craps table, roulette table, blackjack table, poker table, slot machine, etc.) in the gaming environment 600 and the array is projecting two holographic characters - holographic character A 630 and holographic character B 640. In one embodiment, the viewer 620 is playing the game with holographic character A 630, while holographic character B 640 is a card dealer. The holographic character A 630 could also be a holographic AI spectator cheering viewer 620 on as they play. In another embodiment, holographic character A 630 could be a holographic representation of another person playing the game with the viewer 620 from a remote location.

Thus, LF display system 500 provides an environment or ecosystem of holographic games and characters that encourage viewers and enhance their gaming experience in gaming establishments, such as casinos and other gaming environments. While only a single viewer 620 is shown in FIG. 6, it should be understood that LF display system 500 may be deployed in a Las Vegas style casino with many viewers 620. Moreover, the appearance of the gaming environment (e.g., decor, theme, etc.) may also be customize or enhanced with holographic content for each individual viewer based on explicit or inferred preferences of each viewer 620.

[00173] As discussed above, the LF display system 500 may customize a viewer’s experience using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models that track and record each viewers movement through the gaming environment 600, their gaming progress (e.g., wins, losses, points, monetary winnings, etc.), and their behaviors (e.g., body language, facial expressions, tone of voice, number of drinks consumed, etc.) through various sensors, such as cameras 612, microphones 614, and so forth. In another embodiment, as discussed above, while the image sensing elements can be dedicated sensors (e.g., cameras 612) that are separate from the display surface, LF display modules 610 may be equipped with bidirectional energy relays which simultaneously project a holographic image and sense the imaging area in front of the LF display surface as part of a source/sensor module 514. In such an embodiment, imaging data can be captured from the front of the aggregated surface of the LF display assembly 510 simultaneously with the projection of holographic content. The imaging data may be light field video data, which may capture a 3D image of users in the gaming environment, and avoid occlusion that may occur with only several cameras. These feature-rich light-field images may offer a more complete data set to be analyzed by the tracking module 526 or the viewer profiling module 528, allowing for a more accurate assessment of the user’s response, mood, or emotion than if only a single 2D camera were used. Whether user data is collected with one or many 2D cameras, or with a light field camera, the data can be analyzed by the controller 520 to establish a customized AI character (e.g., holographic character A 630) that engages viewers based on their observed behavior within the gaming environment 600. For example, if the viewer 620 is on a roll winning multiple hands of a card game or while playing craps, holographic character A 630 may cheer them on with clapping and comments of cheer. Conversely, if the viewer 620 is losing or appears emotionally distraught, as observed via the tracking module 526 and various sensors, holographic character A 630 may provide consoling words of sympathy and encouragement. Thus, unlike in a virtual reality (VR) environment where a viewer is limited to viewing a virtual scene displayed through a headset, the LF display system 500 is able to track and respond to much more subtle cues being made by the viewer, such as their body language, tone of voice, and so forth via a much more immersive sensor system with more real holographic characters.

[00174] The LF processing engine 530, in one embodiment, generates holographic character A 630 as a spectator to encourage the viewer 620. The tracking system 580 obtains image data corresponding to one or more interactions of the viewer 620 with holographic character A 630.

These interactions can be overt interactions, such as a verbal greeting to holographic character A 630 from the viewer 620. However, the interactions do not need to be overt interaction, but can also be in how the viewer 620 responds to a greeting, for example, from holographic character A 630.

For example, the viewer 620 ignoring or giving the holographic character A 630 a skeptical look in response to a greeting a from the holographic character A 630 may qualify as an interaction. Additionally, the tracking module 526 may also use a position of the viewer, a movement of the viewer, a gesture of the viewer, an expression of the viewer, a gaze of the viewer, an age of a viewer, a gender of the viewer, an identification of a piece of a garment worn by the viewer, and auditory feedback of the viewer when generating the holographic character A 630 or other holographic content for the viewer. The tracking module 526 and the viewer profile module 528 both work to identify a sentiment, intent, and/or body language associated with the interactions from the viewer 620 and provide this information to the controller 520 to generate an appropriate response.

[00175] Accordingly, the controller 520 generates a response for holographic character A 630 to perform in response to the interaction using an AI and/or ML model. Depending on the interaction and viewer, the response from the holographic character A 630 could be a spoken remark of encouragement, a spoken remark of excitement, a spoken remark of condolence, a smile, a hand clapping motion, general small talk (e.g., “So, where are you from?”), and so forth. Accordingly,

LF display system 500 may track viewers across different games, their emotional responses to wins, losses, and AI holographic character interactions, and can and develop user profiles, as discussed above with respect to viewer profiling module 528, for individuals over time to develop a database of existing, and continually updated, social information that continually evolves the AI model to test and refine the emotional responses from the AI characters and other holographic objects within the gaming environment. This may be done to increase the enjoyment of the gaming patron, to offer a personalized experience, or to keep the patron gaming and spending at the casino or other gaming establishment for a longer period of time.

[00176] As described above, the viewer profile module 528 maintains and builds a profile of each viewer that is continually updated over time. In one instance, the controller 520 may offer rewards (e.g., free meals, drinks, chips, tickets to various attractions, etc.) based on different levels of participation or thresholds. For example, after planning a game a threshold number of hours, the controller 520 may generate a meal offer for the user to take a break and recharge with an incentive of a number of free chips afterward to play more. In another example, the viewer profile module 528 may monitor the number of drinks that a viewer has consumed and correlates the number of drinks to their risk tolerance within one or more games. Accordingly, in response to identifying a user with a higher risk tolerance for a particular game after a certain number of drinks, the controller 520 may offer the viewer a number of drink rewards.

[00177] Moreover, the tracking system 580 can double as a security system to provide the analytics for a viewer’s metal state in addition to helping track down cheaters including identifying characteristics of individuals based on information in their profile before the cheating happens. For example, if the LF display module 512 is equipped with a light field imaging sensor 514, as described above, the light field imaging data obtained for a viewer playing a card game, for example, is comparatively potentially much more thorough and useful than mere image data from a small number of limited camera angles. This light field imaging data can be used to, for example, reconstruct a three-dimensional model of the user and the use’s movements, in addition to obtaining data for their facial expressions, tone or voice, and so forth. The light field data can then be used to train a classifier model that identifies or predicts a probability or likelihood that a player is cheating (e.g., counting cards, making other suspicious or repetitive movements indicative of the user communicating with another player, etc.) or otherwise acting or behaving in a suspicious manner when considering at least a subset of their movements, facial expressions, tone of voice, game performance, and so forth. This likelihood can then be used to alert security to further investigate the player and/or the player’s background. In other embodiments, a tracking system may contain an arbitrary number of sensors and sensor types (e.g. 2D imaging cameras, depth sensors, microphones, pressure sensors, etc.) in order to achieve a desired coverage within an area within a gaming environment for a given number of expected patrons.

[00178] In one embodiment, cards, dice, markers, wheels, and other gaming objects may be projected with a table-top holographic display at game station 615. Holographic character B 640 may be projected so that he/she performs all the functions of a traditional dealer, including appearing to move the holographic cards (or deal), shuffle, spin a roulette wheel, move markers, etc. [00179] In one embodiment, holographic character A 630 is live holographic representation of a second viewer playing the same game with the viewer 620 in a location remote from the gaming environment 600 where the viewer 620 is located. In this embodiment, controller 520 receives image data of the second viewer captured by one or more cameras at the location in which the second viewer is located. Accordingly, LF processing engine 530 obtains this image data and generates a live holographic representation of the second viewer within the gaming environment 600 for presentation to the viewer 620 while the viewer 620 and the second viewer simultaneously plays the game from a different physical location. In this example, a live holographic representation of the viewer 620, and perhaps the gaming environment as well, could be generated and provided for simultaneous presentation to the second viewer at the location of the second viewer. Thus, while the viewer 620 and the second viewer maybe physically located hundreds of miles from each other, they can each play the same game with each other as if they are in the same room together.

[00180] As described above with respect to FIG. 2B and FIG. 4, the LF display system 500 may present one or more holographic objects that are customized to each viewer based in part on the tracking information. This allows the system to selectively provide different holographic content to different viewers, who may reside in different viewing sub-volumes. Accordingly, the LF display system 500 tracks a position of each viewer in the gaming environment 600. The LF display system 500 then determines a perspective of a holographic object or content that should be visible to a particular viewer based on their relative position to where the holographic content is to be presented. The LF display system 500 then selectively emits light from specific pixels that correspond to this determined perspective. In some embodiments, different viewers may reside in different viewing sub-volumes 290A-D of the holographic viewing volume, as shown in FIG. 2B. This allows a first viewer and a second viewer in the same gaming environment 600 to simultaneously have experiences that are potentially completely different by selectively presenting different content themes to each user that includes different decor, holographic character costumes or attire, and so forth. Moreover, the LF processing engine 530 can be configured to select a theme for each viewer based on information stored by the viewer profiling module 528. In one example, the first viewer may be presented with holographic objects, content, and decor that are space related, while the second viewer is simultaneously presented with holographic objects, content, and decor that is safari or jungle related. In other embodiments, customization of the holographic content is projected by a local display in front of the viewer (e.g., a viewer at a slot, etc.) or the holographic content may address an average age or determined interest of a group of gamblers at a table.

[00181] In other embodiments, the gaming environment 600 may include games stations 615 (e.g., slot machines, craps tables, roulette, etc.) that are augmented with holographic content and, therefore, are dynamically configurable to change the appearance of the game to map to a viewer's idealized theme or structure (e.g. the viewers favorite tv show identified or inferred from their social media information becomes the theme). In another embodiment, the game is dynamically reconfigured from a first game station type (e.g., a slot machine) to a second game station type (e.g., roulette) in response to controller 520 determining that the viewer is getting frustrated with the game associated with the first game station type and needs a change of scene. In another embodiment, the game is a holographic version of a game. For example, the game may be similar to a holographic pinball game where the surface is digital and holographic while also being dynamically reconfigurable. In this example, the holographic game is capable of being processed leveraging real-time engines and physics to allow for any theme and to make the gaming experience as real as a real pinball. In another embodiment, the holographic content can be used to simulate a part of the game. For example, in some casinos, there are regulations against playing dice games and many different methods have been devised to simulate the odds of a dice game to circumvent this regulation. In one embodiment, the dice in, for example, a craps game could be replaced with holographic dice to similarly circumvent such regulation or obviate the need to buy/manufacture additional dice, or regulate their size and weight to ensure their fairness and so forth. [00182] Additionally, LF display system 500 can be deployed throughout the gaming environment 600 to include holographic restroom attendants, concierge services, and hotel room attendants or personal assistants. The same information obtained and used to cater the viewer’s gaming experience can be used to enhance the viewer’s stay in other areas of the hotel and casino including dining out, shopping, attending shows, nightlife, and sightseeing.

[00183] FIG. 7 is an illustration of a gaming environment 700 that includes a number of gaming machines 705, 710 that present holographic game content to a viewer 730, in accordance with one or more embodiments. FIG. 7 shows a first game 705 and a second game 710. The first game machine 705 and the second game machine 710 each include one or more LF display modules 720 on front face and one or more LF display modules 720 on an adjacent a top surface. In other embodiments, a game machine consistent with the functionality of the gaming machines 705, 710 could have a single LF display module 720 or only LF display modules 720 on the front or top surfaces. As described above, the LF display modules 720 include an energy device layer (e.g., energy device layer 220) and an energy waveguide layer (e.g., energy waveguide layer 240) that present holographic content, and the gaming machines 705, 710 present gaming content within a game volume 740 of the gaming machines 705, 710. The gaming machines 705, 710, thus, present one or more holographic objects 735 to one or more viewers 730. The gaming machines 705, 710 can be holographic slot machines, video games, electronic games (e.g., Keno), roulette, blackjack, craps, poker and so forth.

[00184] In one embodiment, the gaming machines 705, 710 include one or more ultrasonic speakers configured to generate a haptic surface that coincides with at least a portion of the holographic game content. For example, the holographic game content could include a holographic slot machine lever that the user pulls like they would a traditional slot machine to the play the holographic slot machine game.

[00185] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for displaying holographic content of a gaming environment within a LF gaming network. The method 800 may include additional or fewer steps and the steps may occur in a different order. Further, various steps, or combinations of steps, can be repeated any number of times during execution of the method.

[00186] To begin, a gaming environment, such as a casino, or a game station within a casino that includes a LF display system (e.g., LF display system 500) transmits 810 a request for holographic game content to a network system (e.g., network system 556) system via a network (e.g., network 552). In some embodiments, the request includes a fee (e.g., a transaction fee, bet, wager, etc.) sufficient for payment to play a holographic game or display the holographic gaming content. [00187] A LF generation system (e.g., LF generation system 554) generates or retrieves the LF data of the holographic game and transmits the corresponding holographic gaming content to the network system (e.g network system 556). The network system transmits the holographic gaming content to the LF display system (e.g. LF display system 500).

[00188] The LF display system receives 820 the holographic game content from the network system via the network. The game content may be received encoded in a first data format, and decoded into a second data format by the LF processing engine for display on the LF display assembly. In one embodiment, the first format is a vectorized data format, and the second format is a rasterized data format.

[00189] The LF display system determines 830 a configuration of the LF display system and/or the presentation space in the gaming environment or gaming console. For example, the LF display system may access a configuration file including a number of parameters describing the hardware configuration of the LF display, including the resolution, projected rays per degree, fields-of-view, deflection angles on the display surface, or a dimensionality of the LF display surface. The configuration file may also contain information about the geometrical orientation of the LF display assembly, including the number of LF display panels, relative orientation, width, height, and the layout of the LF display panels. Further, the configuration file may contain configuration parameters of the performance venue, including holographic object volumes, viewing volumes, and a location of the audience relative to the display panels.

[00190] To illustrate through an example, the LF display system determines 830 viewing volumes for displaying the holographic sporting event content. For example, the LF display system 500 may access information in the LF display system describing the layout, geometric configuration, and/or hardware configuration of a presentation space (e.g., gaming environment 600, first game 705, second game 710, etc.). To illustrate, the layout may include the locations, separations, and sizes of viewing locations or viewing volumes in the presentation space. In various other embodiments, a LF display system may determine any number and configuration of viewing volumes at any location within a venue.

[00191] The LF display system generates 840 the holographic content (and other sensory content) for presenting on the LF display system, based on the hardware configuration of the LF display system within the gaming environment, and the particular layout and configuration of the gaming environment. Determining the holographic gaming content for display can include appropriately rendering the holographic game content for the presentation space or viewing volumes. [00192] The LF display system presents 850 the holographic game content in the holographic game volume of the presentation space such that viewers at viewing locations in each viewing volume perceive the appropriate holographic game content.

[00193] The LF display system may determine information about viewers in the viewing volumes while the viewers view the holographic game content at any time. For example, the tracking system may monitor the facial responses of viewers in the viewing volumes and the viewer profiling system may access information regarding characteristics of the viewers in the viewing volumes. The LF display system may create (or modify) holographic game content for display based on the determined information. For example, the LF processing engine may create a light show for concurrent display by the LF display system of a holographic game based on the information that the viewers enjoy electronic music festivals.

Additional Configuration Information

[00194] The foregoing description of the embodiments of the disclosure has been presented for the purpose of illustration; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Persons skilled in the relevant art can appreciate that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure.

[00195] Some portions of this description describe the embodiments of the disclosure in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on information. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are commonly used by those skilled in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work effectively to others skilled in the art. These operations, while described functionally, computationally, or logically, are understood to be implemented by computer programs or equivalent electrical circuits, microcode, or the like. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient at times, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules, without loss of generality. The described operations and their associated modules may be embodied in software, firmware, hardware, or any combinations thereof.

[00196] Any of the steps, operations, or processes described herein may be performed or implemented with one or more hardware or software modules, alone or in combination with other devices. In one embodiment, a software module is implemented with a computer program product comprising a computer-readable medium containing computer program code, which can be executed by a computer processor for performing any or all of the steps, operations, or processes described. [00197] Embodiments of the disclosure may also relate to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, and/or it may comprise a general-purpose computing device selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a non-transitory, tangible computer readable storage medium, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, which may be coupled to a computer system bus. Furthermore, any computing systems referred to in the specification may include a single processor or may be architectures employing multiple processor designs for increased computing capability.

[00198] Embodiments of the disclosure may also relate to a product that is produced by a computing process described herein. Such a product may comprise information resulting from a computing process, where the information is stored on a non-transitory, tangible computer readable storage medium and may include any embodiment of a computer program product or other data combination described herein.

[00199] Finally, the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the disclosure be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of the embodiments is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the disclosure, which is set forth in the following claims.