MATERIALS FOR LOW DIELECTRIC, LOW LOSS RADOMES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/125,199 filed December 14, 2020. The entire disclosure of each the above application is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to low dielectric, low loss radomes and materials for low dielectric, low loss radomes.

BACKGROUND

[0003] This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.

[0004] A radome is an electromagnetically transparent environmental protection enclosure for an antenna. A radome design typically must satisfy structural requirements for an outdoor environment as well as minimizing electromagnetic energy loss.

DRAWING

[0005] The drawing described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0006] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a radome including first and second comingled, homogeneous, and/or integrated layers and an interior layer between the first and second comingled, homogeneous.

[0007] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a radome having a single unity structure.

[0008] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a radome including first and second layers and an interior layer or core between the first and second layers. [0009] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a radome including first and second layers and an interior layer or core between the first and second layers.

[0010] FIG. 5 shows flat panels or sheets made from a material comprising polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and microspheres (e.g., PC/PET blend and glass microspheres, etc.), which may be used for radomes according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0011] Corresponding reference numerals may indicate corresponding (though not necessarily identical) parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0013] Conventional radomes have been made from composite materials that are able to satisfy structural requirements for outdoor use. But as recognized herein, conventional radome composite materials tend to have a rather high dielectric constant (e.g., a dielectric constant of 2.8, etc.) and dielectric loss tangent especially at high frequencies.

[0014] Accordingly, disclosed herein are exemplary embodiments of low dielectric, low loss radomes configured to have an overall low dielectric constant and an overall low loss tangent or dissipation factor (Df) at relatively high frequencies. For example, disclosed herein are exemplary embodiments of radomes configured to have an overall low dielectric constant (e.g., from about 1.3 to about 1.8, about 1.67, about 1.19, about 1.5, about 1.59, about 1.76, about 1.45, from about 1.3 to about 1.6, less than about 1.3, less than 1.9, etc.) and an overall low loss tangent or dissipation factor (Df) (e.g., from about .002 to about .01, about .002, about .0047, about .0024, about .0028, about .0055, about .005, less than about .006, less than 0.01, etc.) at millimeter wave frequencies and/or relatively high frequencies (e.g., from about 20 Gigahertz (GHz) to 90 GHz, from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz, from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz, etc.).

[0015] In exemplary embodiments a radome may be configured to have a dielectric constant of about 2 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz and/or from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz and/or from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz. For example, the radome may be configured to have a dielectric constant of about 1.85 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz. Or, for example, the radome may be configured to have a dielectric constant of about 1.7 or less at frequencies from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz.

[0016] In some exemplary embodiments, a honeycomb type of low dielectric and low loss material (e.g., polycarbonate honeycomb, etc.) is used for a radome core between low loss composite skins or layers (broadly, portions). The skins or layers may be configured to withstand high impacts and provide outdoor environmental protection. The skins or layers may comprise a thermoplastic and/or thermoset material, a composite thermoset with microspheres (e.g., hollow glass, plastic, and/or ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles, etc.), polycarbonate, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), prepreg fiberglass or prepreg composite thermoset with micro spheres.

[0017] In some exemplary embodiments, flame retardant is applied to and/or integrated into a honeycomb core or other porous core of a radome such that the radome core has a UL94 flame rating of V0. The flame retardant preferably forms a sufficiently thin coating or layer along surfaces defining the open cells or pores of the radome core so as to not completely block or occlude the open cells or pores of the radome core. By maintaining a relatively open structure for the radome, a relatively low dielectric constant may thus be achieved for the radome. In some exemplary embodiments, flame retardant may also or alternatively be applied to and/or integrated into one or more other portions of a radome, such as along either or both of the radome’s outer skin or layer and/or inner skin or layer.

[0018] The flame retardant may comprise a phosphorous-based flame retardant (e.g., ammonium phosphate salt, etc.) that is halogen free in some exemplary embodiments. By way of example, the flame retardant may include no more than a maximum of 900 parts per million chlorine, no more than a maximum of 900 parts per million bromine, and no more than a maximum of 1,500 parts per million total halogens in some exemplary embodiments.

[0019] In some exemplary embodiments, the radome includes a core having an open cellular or porous structure with a low dielectric constant (e.g., about 1.05 or less, about 1.03, etc.) and a low loss tangent or dissipation factor (Df) (e.g., about .0009 or less, etc.). In such exemplary embodiments, the radome may have an overall dielectric constant of about 1.4 and a loss tangent or dissipation factor Df of about .002 with the composite skins having a thickness of about 2.5 millimeters (mm). The overall thickness may be as thin as about 1 mm in some exemplary embodiments. [0020] Descriptions will now be provided for different radome samples according to exemplary embodiments. A first radome sample had a thickness of about 3 millimeters, an overall dielectric constant of about 1.68, and a loss tangent of about .0047. The first radome sample included a thermoset composite comprising hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles within a thermoset matrix. The thermoset composite had a dielectric constant of about 1.7. The first radome sample also included composite fiber reinforced resin inner and outer skins, layers, or portions respectively along inner and outer portions of the thermoset composite. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions each had a dielectric constant of about 2.6. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions included high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (e.g., SPECTRA manufactured fiber made from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, etc.). Additionally, or alternatively, the inner and outer skins, layers, or portions may include high density plastic fibers with a low dielectric constant (e.g., INNEGRA high density polypropylene fibers, etc.).

[0021] A second radome sample had a thickness of about 3 millimeters, an overall dielectric constant of about 1.19, and a loss tangent of about .0024. The second radome sample included a honeycomb core (e.g., polycarbonate honeycomb, thermoplastic honeycomb, etc.) having a dielectric constant of about 1.03. The second radome sample also included composite fiber reinforced resin inner and outer skins, layers, or portions respectively along inner and outer portions of the honeycomb core. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions each had a dielectric constant of about 2.6. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions included high- density polyethylene (HDPE) (e.g., SPECTRA manufactured fiber made from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, etc.). Additionally, or alternatively, the inner and outer skins, layers, or portions may include high density plastic fibers with a low dielectric constant (e.g., INNEGRA high density polypropylene fibers, etc.).

[0022] A third radome sample had a thickness of about 3.8 millimeters, an overall dielectric constant of about 1.5, a loss tangent of about .0028, and a waterproof coating. The third radome sample included a honeycomb core (e.g., polycarbonate honeycomb, thermoplastic honeycomb, etc.) having a dielectric constant of about 1.03. The third radome sample also included composite fiber reinforced resin inner and outer skins, layers, or portions respectively along inner and outer portions of the honeycomb core. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions each had a dielectric constant of 2.2. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions comprise a thermoset composite including hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fibers (e.g., SPECTRA manufactured fiber made from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, etc.). within a thermoset matrix Additionally, or alternatively, the inner and outer skins, layers, or portions may include high density plastic fibers with a low dielectric constant e.g., INNEGRA high density polypropylene fibers, etc.).

[0023] A fourth radome sample had a thickness of about 3.7 millimeters and an overall dielectric constant of about 1.59. The fourth radome sample included a honeycomb core (e.g., polycarbonate honeycomb, thermoplastic honeycomb, etc.) having a dielectric constant of about 1.03. The fourth radome sample also included composite fiber reinforced resin inner and outer skins, layers, or portions along respective inner and outer portions of the honeycomb core. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions each had a dielectric constant of about 3.6. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions included a thermoset and hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles, and fiberglass (e.g., E-glass, etc.).

[0024] A fifth radome sample had a thickness of about 2.8 millimeters, an overall dielectric constant of about 1.76, and a loss tangent of about .0055. The fifth radome sample included a thermoset composite (e.g., urethane matrix, etc.) including hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles and a dielectric constant of about 1.6. The fifth radome sample also included fibers/fabric, such as NOMEX flame-resistant meta-aramid material, DACRON open weave polymeric fabric, other open weave polymeric fabric, other prepreg or reinforcement, etc. The fibers/fabric were integrated into, incorporated, comingled, and/or embedded (e.g., calendered, etc.) within the thermoset composite, such that the fifth radome sample had a single unitary structure. The embedded fibers/fabric provide reinforcement and strength to the thermoset composite for carrying loads, whereas the low dielectric hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles help to reduce the overall dielectric constant. Accordingly, the fifth radome sample did not have a 3-layer laminated A- sandwich structure in which outer and inner skin layers are disposed or laminated on opposite sides of a core. [0025] A sixth radome sample had a thickness within a range from about 1.3 millimeters to about 3 millimeters, an overall dielectric constant of about 1.45, and a loss tangent of about .005. The sixth radome sample included a honeycomb core (e.g., polycarbonate honeycomb, thermoplastic honeycomb, etc.) having a dielectric constant of about 1.03. The sixth radome sample also included thermoplastic inner and outer skins, layers, or portions respectively along inner and outer portions of the honeycomb core. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions each had a dielectric constant of about 2.8. The inner and outer skins, layers, or portions included polycarbonate and thermoplastic acrylic-polyvinyl chloride material (e.g., KYDEX thermoplastic acrylic-polyvinyl chloride material, etc.).

[0026] In some exemplary embodiments, a radome includes one or more comingled, homogeneous, and/or integrated layers. Each layer may include fibers/fabric integrated into, incorporated, comingled, and/or embedded within the layer for reinforcement and strength. Each layer may further include hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles integrated into, incorporated, comingled, and/or embedded within the layer (e.g., syntactic foam, etc.) for reducing the overall dielectric constant.

[0027] In one such exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a radome 100 includes first and second (or upper and lower) comingled, homogeneous, and/or integrated layers 104 and 108. In this exemplary embodiment, the first and second comingled layers 104, 108 include fibers and/or fabric integrated into, incorporated, comingled, and/or embedded therein for reinforcement and strength. Also in this exemplary embodiment, the first and second comingled layers 104, 108 further include hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles integrated into, incorporated, comingled, and/or embedded within the layers for reducing the overall dielectric constant. One or more optional interior layers 112 may be disposed between the first and second comingled, homogeneous, and/or integrated layers 104, 108 to thereby provide an extra layer(s) for mechanical strength. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure allow for a greater degree of freedom by allowing for the addition of optional interior layers for mechanical strength, etc.

[0028] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a radome 200 having a single unity structure. In this exemplary embodiment, the radome 200 comprises a uniform, homogenous, or unified (e.g., calendered, etc.) material 216 that is not disposed between inner and outer skin layers, such that the radome 200 does not have a layered sandwich structure. Stated differently, this exemplary embodiment of the radome 200 does not include separate or distinct outer and inner skin layers laminated or otherwise disposed along opposite sides of a core that cooperatively define a three-layer laminated A-sandwich structure.

[0029] The uniform material 216 of the radome 200 may comprise reinforced fiber and low dielectric constant, low loss filler (e.g., hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, etc.) within (e.g., calendered, etc.) a thermoset matrix (e.g., epoxy, silicone, polyurethane, phenolic, other thermosetting polymers, resins, plastics, etc.). The reinforced fiber may comprise fibers integrated into, incorporated, comingled, and/or embedded (e.g., calendered, etc.) within the thermoset matrix. For example, fibers and microspheres may be calendered into a thermoset matrix to thereby provide a calendered one- piece structure that is thermoformable prior to cure.

[0030] The uniform material 216 of the radome 200 preferably has a consistent ultra low dielectric constant (e.g., a dielectric constant less than about 2.5, a dielectric constant of 0.7 or less, a dielectric constant of about 1.76 or less at frequencies above 60 GHz, etc.) throughout an entire width or thickness of the uniform material 216. The radome 200 may be configured to provide good or better signal performance at off angles and at incident surface, which, in turn, may provide a better higher frequency bandwidth (e.g., higher than 60 Gigahertz (GHz), etc.) as a result.

[0031] In exemplary embodiments, the radome 200 having the unity structure may have an overall thickness within a range from about 2 millimeters (mm) to about 3 mm (e.g., 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.75 mm, 3 mm, etc.). In alternative embodiments, the radome 200 may have a different overall thickness, e.g., less than 2 mm more than 3 mm, etc.

[0032] In exemplary embodiments, the radome 200 may be configured to have a dielectric strength of at least about 2.6 kilovolt per millimeter, a dielectric constant of about 2 or less, and/or a low loss tangent or dissipation factor (Df) of about .02 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz and/or from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz and/or from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz. For example, the radome 200 may be configured to have a dielectric constant of about 2 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.85 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.7 or less at frequencies from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz. [0033] In exemplary embodiments, the radome (e.g., radome 200 (FIG. 2), etc.) may be configured to have a low dielectric constant, low loss, and low weight. The radome may be configured or suitable for outdoor applications with strong impact resistance, high tensile strength for structural requirements, and rigid. The radome may comprise a homogeneous dielectric constant material providing a uniform dielectric constant through its width. This allows for a low dielectric constant at the initial incident surface for increased signal pass through strength and better signal performance at off angles. The radome may be configured to provide environmental protection of antennas with very low signal interference. The radome may be configured (e.g., optimized, etc.) for performance in 5G antenna applications. The radome’s homogeneous structure increases radome performance with increased signal pass through strength and better signal performance at higher incidence angles. The radome may be environmentally friendly solution meets including RoHS and REACH.

[0034] By way of example, Table 1 below includes example properties that a radome (e.g., radome 200 (FIG. 2), etc.) may have in exemplary embodiments. In other exemplary embodiments, the radome (e.g., radome 300 (FIG. 3), radome 400 (FIG. 4), etc.) may be configured differently, e.g., have one or more different properties, etc.

TABLE 1

[0035] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a radome 300 including first and second thermoformable thermoplastic layers 304, 308 and an interior thermoformable thermoplastic layer or core 312 between the first and second layers 304, 308. In this exemplary embodiment, the radome 300 may comprise ultra low dielectric constant thermoformable materials (e.g., thermoplastic skins or layers along a thermoplastic foam core, etc.) such that the radome 300 is thermoformable or heat formable, e.g., into a curved shape, other non-flat or complex shapes, etc. For example, the radome 300 may be thermoformable or heat formable into a complex shape depending on industrial design needs of indoor applications or domed shapes.

[0036] The core 312 may comprise a thermoplastic having a low dielectric constant. By way of example, the core 312 may comprise thermoplastic foam, urethane foam, airblown foam, thermoplastic honeycomb, etc.

[0037] The first and second layers 304, 308 may comprise a thermoplastic resin material having a low dielectric constant. By way of example, the first and second layers 304, 308 may comprise thermoplastic adhered to the core 312 via adhesive. The first and second layers 304 308 may each have a dielectric constant of about 2.8 or less. The first and second layers 304, 38 may comprise fibers and/or microspheres (e.g., hollow glass, plastic, and/or ceramic microspheres, etc.) within a thermoplastic resin material. The fibers may comprise one or more of one or more of flame-resistant meta-aramid open weave polymeric fabric, high- density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, high density plastic fibers with a low dielectric constant, and/or high density polypropylene fibers.

[0038] The radome 300 may be configured to provide good or best signal performance with a frequency bandwidth from about 18 GHz to about 40 GHz at zero degree incidence angle.

[0039] In exemplary embodiments, the first and second layers 304, 308 may each have a layer thickness within a range from about 0.25 millimeters (mm) to about 0.5 mm (e.g., 0.25 mm, 0.38 mm, 0.43 mm, 0.5 mm, etc.). In other exemplary embodiments, either or both of the first and second layers 304, 308 may have a thickness less than 0.25 mm or more than 0.5 mm, etc. In exemplary embodiments, the first and second layers 304, 308 may each have about the same thickness. In other exemplary embodiments, the first and second layers 304, 308 may have different thicknesses than each other.

[0040] In exemplary embodiments, the radome 300 may be configured to have a dielectric strength of at least about 4 kilovolts per millimeter, an overall dielectric constant of about 2 or less, and/or an overall low loss tangent or dissipation factor (Df) about .01 or less at mmWave 5G frequencies (e.g., 28 GHz, 39 GHz, etc.) and/or frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz and/or from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz and/or from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz. For example, the radome 300 may be configured to have a dielectric constant of about 2 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.85 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.7 or less at frequencies from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz.

[0041] In exemplary embodiments, the radome (e.g., radome 300 (FIG. 3), etc.) may be configured to have a low dielectric constant, low loss, and low weight. The radome may be configured or suitable for outdoor and indoor applications with strong impact resistance, high tensile strength for structural requirements, and rigid. The radome may be thermoplastic and capable of being thermoformed into complex curves to fit device application and aesthetic needs. The radome may be painted to meet customer required color needs. The radome may configured for use with 5G indoor antennas, routers (e.g., 5G to WiFi6 routers, etc.), repeaters (e.g., indoor 5G repeaters, etc.), etc. The radome may be configured for use as an in-building wireless radome, 5G small cell indoor radome, etc.

[0042] The radome may be used to provide environmental protection of antennas with very low signal interference. The radome may be configured (e.g., optimized, etc.) for performance in 5G antenna applications. The radome may comprise an all-thermoplastic system and/or have thermoplastic properties that allow the radome material to be thermoformed and integrated into a 5G device’s exterior design. The radome may be environmentally friendly solution meets including RoHS and REACH.

[0043] By way of example, Table 2 below includes example properties that a radome (e.g., radome 300 (FIG. 3), etc.) may have in exemplary embodiments. In other exemplary embodiments, the radome (e.g., radome 200 (FIG. 2), radome 400 (FIG. 4), etc.) may be configured differently, e.g., have one or more different properties, etc.

TABLE 2 and second layers 404, 408 and an interior layer or core 412 between the first and second layers 404, 408. By way of example, the core 412 may comprise a honeycomb type of low dielectric and low loss material (e.g., polycarbonate honeycomb, etc.) is used for a radome core between low loss composite skins or layers (broadly, portions). Or, for example, the core 412 may comprise a thermoformable material, foam (e.g., thermoplastic foam, thermosetting foam, urethane foam, etc.), open cellular or porous structure with a low dielectric constant, other materials having a low dielectric constant, etc.

[0045] In an exemplary embodiment, the core 412 comprises a thermoset core such that the radome 400 is thermoformed and cured. In another exemplary embodiment, the core 412 comprises a thermoplastic foam core such that the radome 400 is thermoformable.

[0046] The first and second layers 404, 408 may comprise reinforced fiber and low dielectric constant, low loss filler (e.g., hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, etc.) within a thermoset (e.g., epoxy, silicone, polyurethane, phenolic, other thermosetting polymers, resins, plastics, etc.). The reinforced fiber may comprise fibers integrated into, incorporated, comingled, and/or embedded (e.g., calendered, etc.) within the thermoset. The first and second layers 404, 408 may be configured to withstand high impacts and provide outdoor environmental protection. The first and second layers 404, 408 may comprise a thermoplastic, thermoset, microspheres (e.g., hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles, etc.), polycarbonate, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), prepreg fiberglass or prepreg composite thermoset with microspheres, other ultra low dielectric constant skins, etc.

[0047] By way of example, the first and second layers 404, 408 may have a relatively low dielectric constant (e.g., lower than the dielectric constant of the first and second layers 304, 308 of radome 300, etc.) for a better high frequency bandwidth and good overall performance from about 18 GHz to about 90 GHz. The radome 400 may be configured to have lower loss as a signal enters the material. The radome 400 may be configured to provide better and/or allow for more constant off angle performance.

[0048] In exemplary embodiments, the first and second layers 404, 408 may each have a layer thickness within a range from about 0.25 millimeters (mm) to about 1 mm (e.g., 0.25 mm, 0.38 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, etc.). In other exemplary embodiments, either or both of the first and second layers 404, 408 may have a thickness less than 0.25 mm or more than 1 mm, etc. In exemplary embodiments, the first and second layers 404, 308 may each have about the same thickness. In other exemplary embodiments, the first and second layers 404, 408 may have different thicknesses than each other.

[0049] In exemplary embodiments, the radome 400 may be configured to have a dielectric strength of at least about 3.56 kilovolts per millimeter, an overall dielectric constant of about 2 or less, and/or an overall low loss tangent or dissipation factor (Df) about .05 or less at mmWave 5G frequencies (e.g., 28 GHz, 39 GHz, etc.) and/or frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz and/or from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz and/or from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz. For example, the radome 400 may be configured to have a dielectric constant of about 2 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.85 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.7 or less at frequencies from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz.

[0050] In exemplary embodiments, the radome 400 may comprise a partially cured B-stage material configured to be formed or shaped in three dimensions and fully cured; and/or a B-staged epoxy resin including fabric and/or fibers embedded therein.

[0051] In exemplary embodiments, the radome (e.g., radome 400 (FIG. 4), etc.) may be configured to have a low dielectric constant, low loss, and low weight. The radome may be configured or suitable for outdoor applications with strong impact resistance, high tensile strength for structural requirements, and rigid. The radome has an ultra low dielectric constant outer surface to enhance antenna signal performance and provide better impact resistance. The low dielectric constant outer incident surface allows for less signal strength loss as the signal enters the material compared to an overall low dK material with a higher dielectric constant outer surface. The radome may be used to provide environmental protection of antennas with very low signal interference. The radome may be configured (e.g., optimized, etc.) for performance in 5G antenna applications. The radome may have a low dielectric surface increasing radome performance with increased signal pass through strength. The radome may be environmentally friendly solution meets including RoHS and REACH.

[0052] By way of example, Table 3 below includes example properties that a radome (e.g., radome 400 (FIG. 4), etc.) may have in exemplary embodiments. In other exemplary embodiments, the radome e.g., radome 200 (FIG. 2), radome 300 (FIG. 3), etc.) may be configured differently, e.g., have one or more different properties, etc.

TABLE 3

[0053] FIG. 5 shows flat panels or sheets 520 made from materials comprising polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and microspheres (e.g., PC/PET blend and glass microspheres, etc.), which may be used for radomes according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0054] By way of example, a panel or sheet (e.g., panel or sheet 520 in FIG. 5, etc.) made from a PC/PET composite may have in exemplary embodiments may have the following example properties: dielectric constant between 1 and 1.9 up to 90 GHz (e.g., 1.80 up to 90 GHz, etc.), loss tangent <0.01 (e.g., 0.0044, etc.), UL-94 V0 flame rating, dielectric strength/breakdown voltage greater than 2.3Kvac/mm, operating temperature from -40 °C to 125 °C, achievable minimum thickness post injection molding of 1.5 mm or 2 mm, tensile strength of 4400 psi or a minimum tensile strength of 50 MPa at 125 °C, Izod impact strength of 3.5 J/cm or 2.12 (ft-lbs/in), impact test survival at a 6.8Nm impact at -40 °C or 110 g at 1.5 m, water absorption (immersion) less than 0.1% by weight or 0.5% by weight, water absorption (ambient) of 0.2% or less by weight, RoHS compliant, REACH compliant, UV stability greater than 70% of original mechanical strength per ASTM G152, and/or indoor suitability UL 746C Fl. In other exemplary embodiments, the panel, sheet, or radome made from a PC/PET composite may be configured differently, e.g., have one or more properties different than the example properties disclosed in this paragraph, etc.

[0055] In exemplary embodiments, a material comprises microspheres and/or fibers within a resin matrix. The material may also comprise one or more impact modifiers within the resin matrix; and/or the resin matrix may comprise one or more of: polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate; liquid crystal polymer; polycarbonate and polyester; polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; polyether ether ketone; and/or polyetherimide. The material may be suitable for making low dielectric, low loss radomes. The material may be injection moldable. The material may have a dielectric constant less than 2 at frequencies up to 90 gigahertz and a UL94 flame rating of V0.

[0056] In exemplary embodiments, the resin matrix comprises a PC/PET blend of polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). And, the material includes the microspheres within the PC/PET blend. For example, the material may include about 40 volume percent to about 60 volume percent of the PC/PET blend; and about 40 volume percent to about 60 volume percent of the microspheres.

[0057] In exemplary embodiments, the resin matrix comprises a blend of polycarbonate and polyester. And, the material includes the microspheres within the blend of polycarbonate and polyester.

[0058] In exemplary embodiments, the resin matrix comprises a blend of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. And, the material includes the microspheres within the blend of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.

[0059] In exemplary embodiments, the resin matrix comprises liquid crystal polymer. And, the material includes the microspheres within the liquid crystal polymer.

[0060] In exemplary embodiments, the resin matrix comprises polyether ether ketone. And, the material includes the microspheres within the polyether ether ketone.

[0061] In exemplary embodiments, the resin matrix comprises the resin matrix comprises poly etherimide. And, the material includes the microspheres within the poly etherimide. [0062] In exemplary embodiments, the material includes the one or more impact modifiers within the resin matrix. And, the one or more impact modifiers within the resin matrix may comprise one or more of acrylic styrene acrylonitrile, methacrylate butadiene styrene terpolymer, acrylate polymethacrylate copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer, and/or polyacrylate.

[0063] In exemplary embodiments, the material includes the microspheres within the resin matrix that comprise hollow glass, plastic, and/or ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles. For example, the material may include glass microspheres within the resin matrix.

[0064] In exemplary embodiments, the material includes the fibers within the resin matrix that comprise one or more of flame -resistant meta-aramid material, open weave polymeric fabric, high-density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, high density plastic fibers with a low dielectric constant, and/or high density polypropylene fibers.

[0065] In exemplary embodiments, the material comprises flame retardant within the resin matrix.

[0066] In exemplary embodiments, the material has a dielectric constant less than 2 at frequencies up to 90 gigahertz and a UL94 flame rating of V0.

[0067] In exemplary embodiments, the material is compliant with ROHS Directive 2011/65/EU and (EU) 2015/863; and/or the material is compliant with REACH as containing less than 0.1% by weight of substances on the REACH/SVHC candidate list (June 25, 2020).

[0068] In exemplary embodiments, the resin matrix comprises a PC/PET blend of polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). And, the PCT/PET blend includes no more than a regulated threshold of 0.01% by weight of Cadmium, no more than a regulated threshold of 0.1% by weight of Lead, no more than a regulated threshold of 0.1% by weight of Mercury, no more than a regulated threshold of 0.1% by weight of Hexavalent chromium, no more than a regulated threshold of 0.1% by weight of flame retardants PBBs (polybrominated biphenyls) and PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) including pentabromodiphenyl ether (CAS-No. 32534-81-9), octabromodiphenyl ether (CAS-No. 32536-52-0) and decabromodiphenyl ether (CAS-No. 1163-19-5), no more than a regulated threshold of 0.1% by weight of Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (CAS-No. 117-81-7), no more than a regulated threshold of 0.1% by weight of Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) (CAS-No. 85-68-7), no more than a regulated threshold of 0.1% by weight of Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (CAS-No. 84-74-2), and no more than a regulated threshold of 0.1% by weight Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) (CAS-No. 84- 69-5).

[0069] In exemplary embodiments, the material is configured to have a dielectric constant less than 1.9 for frequencies up to 90 gigahertz and a loss tangent less than 0.01 for frequencies up to 90 gigahertz.

[0070] In exemplary embodiments, the resin matrix comprises a PC/PET blend of polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). And, the material includes hollow glass microspheres within the PC/PET blend such that the material includes about 40 volume percent to about 60 volume percent of the PC/PET blend, and about 40 volume percent to about 60 volume percent of the hollow glass microspheres. The material has a dielectric constant less than 2 at frequencies up to 90 GHz. The material has a loss tangent less than 0.01 at frequencies up to 90 GHz. The material has a UL94 flame rating of V0. The material is injection moldable.

[0071] In exemplary embodiments, the material comprises thermoplastic injection moldable pellets.

[0072] In exemplary embodiments, a radome comprises at least a portion injection molded from a material as disclosed herein. For example, the entire radome may be injection molded from the material. The radome may have a dielectric constant less than 2 for frequencies up to 90 gigahertz. The radome may have a loss tangent less than 0.01 at frequencies up to 90 GHz. The radome may have a UL94 flame rating of V0. The radome may be configured for use with a mmWave 5G antenna, a 5G repeater, and/or a 5G to WiFi6 router.

[0073] In exemplary embodiments, the microspheres and/or the fibers are integrated into the resin matrix such that the radome does not have outer and inner skin layers disposed on opposite sides of a core that define a three-layer A-sandwich structure and/or such that the microspheres and/or fibers are integrated into the resin matrix such that the radome has a homogenous and/or unitary structure that is thermoformable prior to cure and/or that has a substantially uniform low dielectric constant less than 2 through a thickness of the radome.

[0074] In exemplary embodiments, a device may comprise a radome as disclosed herein. The device may be a mmWave 5G antenna, a 5G repeater, and/or a 5G to WiFi6 router.

[0075] Also disclosed are exemplary methods of making low dielectric, low loss radomes. In exemplary embodiments, a method comprises injection molding a material to thereby provide at least a portion of the radome that is injection molded. The material comprises microspheres and/or fibers within a resin matrix. The material may also comprise one or more impact modifiers within the resin matrix; and/or the resin matrix may comprise one or more of: polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate; liquid crystal polymer; polycarbonate and polyester; polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; polyether ether ketone; and/or poly etherimide.

[0076] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the resin matrix comprises a PC/PET blend of polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). And, the material includes the microspheres within the PC/PET blend. For example, the material may include about 40 volume percent to about 60 volume percent of the PC/PET blend and about 40 volume percent to about 60 volume percent of the microspheres.

[0077] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the resin matrix comprises a blend of polycarbonate and polyester. And, the material includes the microspheres within the blend of polycarbonate and polyester.

[0078] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the resin matrix comprises a blend of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. And, the material includes the microspheres within the blend of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.

[0079] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the resin matrix comprises liquid crystal polymer. And, the material includes the microspheres within the liquid crystal polymer.

[0080] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the resin matrix comprises polyether ether ketone. And, the material includes the microspheres within the polyether ether ketone.

[0081] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the resin matrix comprises a poly etherimide. And, the material includes the microspheres within the polyetherimide.

[0082] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the material includes the one or more impact modifiers within the resin matrix. And, the one or more impact modifiers within the resin matrix may comprise one or more of acrylic styrene acrylonitrile, methacrylate butadiene styrene terpolymer, acrylate polymethacrylate copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer, and/or polyacrylate.

[0083] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the material includes the microspheres within the resin matrix that comprise hollow glass, plastic, and/or ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles; and/or the material includes the fibers within the resin matrix that comprise one or more of flame -resistant meta-aramid material, open weave polymeric fabric, high-density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, high density plastic fibers with a low dielectric constant, and/or high density polypropylene fibers.

[0084] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the material further comprises flame retardant within the resin matrix.

[0085] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the radome has a dielectric constant less than 2 at frequencies up to 90 gigahertz and a UL94 flame rating of V0.

[0086] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the radome is compliant with ROHS Directive 2011/65/EU and (EU) 2015/863; and/or the radome is compliant with REACH as containing less than 0.1% by weight of substances on the REACH/SVHC candidate list (June 25, 2020).

[0087] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the radome is configured to have a dielectric constant less than 1.9 for frequencies up to 90 gigahertz and a loss tangent less than 0.01 for frequencies up to 90 gigahertz.

[0088] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the resin matrix comprises a PC/PET blend of polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The material includes hollow glass microspheres within the PC/PET blend such that the material includes about 40 volume percent to about 60 volume percent of the PC/PET blend and about 40 volume percent to about 60 volume percent of the hollow glass microspheres. The radome has a dielectric constant less than 2 at frequencies up to 90 GHz. The radome has a loss tangent less than 0.01 at frequencies up to 90 GHz. The radome has a UL94 flame rating of V0.

[0089] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the method includes injection molding the entire radome from the material. The radome may have a dielectric constant less than 2 for frequencies up to 90 gigahertz, a loss tangent less than 0.01 at frequencies up to 90 GHz, and/or a UL94 flame rating of V0. The may be configured for use with a mmWave 5G antenna, a 5G repeater, and/or a 5G to WiFi6 router.

[0090] In exemplary embodiments of the method, the microspheres and/or the fibers are integrated into the resin matrix such that the radome does not have outer and inner skin layers disposed on opposite sides of a core that define a three-layer A-sandwich structure and/or such that the microspheres and/or fibers are integrated into the resin matrix such that the radome has a homogenous and/or unitary structure that is thermoformable prior to cure and/or that has a substantially uniform low dielectric constant less than 2 through a thickness of the radome.

[0091] In an exemplary embodiment, an injection molded low dielectric, low loss radome may comprise fibers and/or microspheres within an injection moldable resin matrix. The radome may be configured to have an overall dielectric constant within a range from about 1.5 to about 2.5 and an overall low loss tangent or dissipation factor (Df) less than about .01 at mmWave 5G frequencies (e.g., 28 GHz, 39 GHz, etc.) and/or frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz and/or from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz and/or from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz.

[0092] The injection moldable resin may comprise polypropylene (PP) and/or polycarbonate/polybutylene terephthalate (PC/PBT) blend. The fibers may comprise one or more of high-density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, high density plastic fibers with a low dielectric constant, and/or high density polypropylene fibers. The microspheres may comprise one or more of hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, and/or hollow ceramic microspheres.

[0093] In exemplary embodiments, the injection molded low dielectric, low loss radome may be configured to have a dielectric constant of about 2 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.85 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.7 or less at frequencies from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz.

[0094] Also disclosed are exemplary methods of making low dielectric, low loss radomes having a dielectric constant of about 2.5 or less. For example, the radome may be configured to have a dielectric constant of about 2 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.85 or less at frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz; and/or a dielectric constant of about 1.7 or less at frequencies from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz.

[0095] In an exemplary embodiment, a method of making a low dielectric, low loss radome comprises integrating fibers and microspheres into a matrix to thereby provide a radome having a homogenous and/or unitary structure with a substantially uniform low dielectric constant through a thickness of the radome. The fibers and microspheres may be integrated into the matrix by calendering the fibers and microspheres into the matrix, to thereby provide a calendered one-piece structure that is thermoformable prior cure.

[0096] In another exemplary embodiment, a method of making a low dielectric, low loss radome comprises thermoforming a thermoplastic core between first and second thermoplastic layers to thereby provide a thermoformed radome. For example, the method may include thermoforming the thermoplastic core between the first and second thermoplastic layers to thereby provide the thermoformed radome having a complex and/or curved shape. The thermoplastic core may comprise a thermoplastic foam or a thermoplastic honeycomb. The first and second thermoplastic layers may comprise a thermoplastic resin material.

[0097] In a further exemplary embodiment, a method of making a low dielectric, low loss radome comprises injection molding a composite material including a thermoplastic resin including microspheres and/or fibers to thereby provide an injection molded radome. The thermoplastic resin may comprise polypropylene (PP) and/or polycarbonate/polybutylene terephthalate (PC/PBT) blend.

[0098] Any one of the radome 100 (FIG. 1), radome 200 (FIG. 2), radome 300 (FIG. 3), radome 400 (FIG. 4), first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth radome samples described above, and other radomes disclosed herein may be provided with flame retardant in exemplary embodiments. For example, flame retardant may be applied along, integrated into, and/or embedded within at least a portion (e.g., the core and/or the outer and/or inner skins, layer, or portions, etc.) of a radome made according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth radome samples. For example, flame retardant may be applied to and/or integrated into the honeycomb core of the second, third, fourth, and/or sixth radome samples, such that the radome’s core has a UL94 flame rating of V0. The flame retardant may be applied as a sufficiently thin coating or layer along surfaces defining the open cells or pores of the honeycomb core so as to not completely block or occlude the open cells or pores of the honeycomb core. By maintaining a relatively open structure for the radome core, a relatively low dielectric constant may thus be achieved for the radome.

[0099] Also disclosed herein are exemplary methods of making low dielectric, low loss radomes, which may include calendering, thermal forming, compression molding with sheet molding compound (SMC) (e.g., polycarbonate, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), other sheet molding compound that is a ready to mold glass-fiber reinforced polyester material suitable for use with compression molding, etc.), etc.

[00100] In an exemplary embodiment, a method generally includes cutting and preparation of the fabrics, stacking and pre-forming of the fabrics, laying-up the fabrics, molding and curing the fabrics under heat and pressure, and demolding of the cured part. Continuing with this example, cutting and preparation of the fabrics (broadly, materials) may including cutting and preparation of prepreg and sheet molding compound. The prepreg (e.g., multiple sheets of prepreg, etc.) may be stacked between the upper and lower sheets of the sheet molding compound and preformed to have a curvature or other suitable shape. The stacked/pre-formed prepreg and sheet molding compound may be positioned within a mold cavity, and then molded and cured under heat and pressure. The resulting cured part may then be demolded and removed from the mold cavity.

[00101] In exemplary embodiments, a radome may be made by a method or process (e.g., calendering, etc.) during which fibers/fabric are embedded, integrated, incorporated, comingled, and/or mixed within a thermoset or epoxy having microspheres (e.g., hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles, etc.). The embedded fibers/fabric preferably provide reinforcement and strength to the composite thermoset for carrying loads, whereas the low dielectric microspheres preferably help to reduce the overall dielectric constant. The embedded fibers/fabric may comprise NOMEX flame-resistant meta-aramid material, DACRON open weave polymeric fabric, other open weave polymeric fabric, other prepreg or reinforcement, etc. The radome material may be drawn or otherwise shaped in three dimensions. In such exemplary embodiments, the radome has a single unitary structure, e.g., does not have a 3-layer laminated A-sandwich structure, does not have separate outer and inner skin layers, etc.

[00102] In exemplary embodiments, a radome may be made by a B-staging method or process. For example, a radome may be made from a B-stage material (e.g., B-staged epoxy resin including fabric/fibers embedded therein, etc.) that is partially cured. The partially cured B-stage material may then later be formed (e.g., drawn or otherwise shaped in three dimensions of the radome, etc.) and fully cured. In such exemplary embodiment, the B-staging method or process may allow for better handeability and/or processability. [00103] In exemplary embodiments, the radome construction is anisotropic and/or configured to provide a performance enhancement by minimizing or reduce cross polarization differences between horizontal and vertical polarizations. The radome may be configured to steer, direct, focus, reflect, or diffuse overlapping signals or beams having different polarizations for less divergence. The radome may be configured to be anisotropic by embedding fibers when calendering or mixing microspheres such that the fibers have a predetermined orientation (e.g., oriented vertically and/or oriented horizontally, etc.). By orienting the fibers in a predetermined orientation(s), the radome may be configured to be anisotropic and have property(ies) that differ in different directions.

[00104] In exemplary embodiments, a relatively thin flame retardant coating or layer may be applied to and/or integrated into at least a portion of the radome such that the radome has a UL94 flame rating. The flame retardant coating or layer may be sufficiently thin (e.g., a thickness within a range from about .002 microns to about .005 microns, etc.) so as to not completely occlude or block open cells of a core of the radome. In addition, exemplary embodiments, the radome is not sealed with a resin in order to also maintain an open cellular or porous structure for the radome. By maintaining the open cellular or porous structure for the radome, the relatively low dielectric constant of the radome may be maintained. The flame retardant may comprise a phosphorous-based flame retardant (e.g., ammonium phosphate salt, etc.) that is halogen free. By way of example, the flame retardant may include no more than a maximum of 900 parts per million chlorine, no more than a maximum of 900 parts per million bromine, and no more than a maximum of 1,500 parts per million total halogens.

[00105] In exemplary embodiments, a radome includes a thermoplastic honeycomb core with or without flame retardant applied to and/or integrated into the core. The core may be disposed between thermoplastic, thermoset, and/or fiber reinforced resin skin layers with or without flame retardant applied to and/or integrated into the skin layers. The skin layers may comprise a thermoset or epoxy material with microspheres (e.g., hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles, etc.). The microspheres may help to reduce the overall dielectric constant. The skin layers may also include fibers/fabric integrated into, incorporated, comingled, and/or embedded therein. The embedded fibers/fabric may help to provide reinforcement and strength for carrying loads. The embedded fibers/ fabric may comprise NOMEX flame-resistant meta-aramid material, DACRON open weave polymeric fabric, other open weave polymeric fabric, other prepreg or reinforcement, etc.

[00106] In other exemplary embodiments, a radome includes skin layers with or without flame retardant applied to or integrated into the skin layers. The skin layers may comprise a thermoset material with microspheres (e.g., hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles, etc.) and fibers/fabric prepreg (e.g., NOMEX flame-resistant meta-aramid material, DACRON open weave polymeric fabric, other open weave polymeric fabric, other prepreg or reinforcement, etc.). The radome may include low loss dielectric thermoset material with or without flame retardant (e.g., applied thereto and/or integrated therein, etc.) and that includes microspheres (e.g., hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles, etc.).

[00107] Exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may include or provide one or more (but not necessarily any or all) of the following advantages or features, such as:

• an overall low dielectric constant and an overall low loss tangent or dissipation factor (Df) at millimeter wave frequencies and/or at relatively high frequencies; and/or

• a relatively strong core structure (e.g., thermoset composite or epoxy with microspheres (e.g., hollow glass microspheres, hollow plastic microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres, microballoons, or bubbles, etc.), thermoplastic honeycomb structure, etc.) that minimizes or at least reduces electromagnetic energy loss; and/or

• outer portions (e.g., outer surfaces, skins, etc.) that provide environmental protection and are capable of withstanding high impact; and/or

• relatively low cost; and/or

• allow for complexly shaped radomes to be made using a compression molding process; and/or

• flame retardant (e.g. , UL94 flammability certification of V0, etc.)', and/or

• suitable for outdoor use (e.g., UL756C Fl ultraviolet (UV) and water immersion certification, etc.)', and/or

• fitness for long-term ambient heat (e.g., UL 746B RTI certification, etc.).

[00108] In exemplary embodiments, a radome may be configured to provide outdoor environmental protection for 5G/mmWave antennas. In exemplary embodiments, a radome may be configured for use with indoor antennas, repeaters (e.g., indoor 5G repeaters, etc.), routers (e.g., 5G to WiFi6 indoor routers, etc.), devices that convert 5G signals to WiFi for in-building use, e.g., commercial building installations, etc. In exemplary embdiments, a radome may be configured for use as an in-building wireless radome, 5G small cell indoor radome, etc.

[00109] Exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may include or provide one or more (but not necessarily any or all) of the usage benefits, such as very low signal loss for high frequencies, ultra low dielectric constant material, rigid, impact resistant, good tensile strength for structural requirements, and/or lightweight. Exemplary embodiments may accommodate for mmWave 5G frequencies (e.g., 28 GHz, 39 GHz, etc.) and/or frequencies from about 20 GHz to about 90 GHz and/or from about 20 GHz to about 50 GHz and/or from about 24 GHz to about 40 GHz. Exemplary embodiments of the low dielectric constant radomes disclosed herein may allow power to be boosted (e.g., by about twenty-five percent or more, etc.) at 5G frequencies as compared to some conventional radomes, which power boost may be advantageous as 5G signals tend to have problems with penetration into buildings and homes.

[00110] Example embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms, and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some example embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well- known technologies are not described in detail. In addition, advantages and improvements that may be achieved with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are provided for purpose of illustration only and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure, as exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may provide all or none of the above mentioned advantages and improvements and still fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[00111] Specific numerical dimensions and values, specific materials, and/or specific shapes disclosed herein are example in nature and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure. The disclosure herein of particular values and particular ranges of values for given parameters are not exclusive of other values and ranges of values that may be useful in one or more of the examples disclosed herein. Moreover, it is envisioned that any two particular values for a specific parameter stated herein may define the endpoints of a range of values that may be suitable for the given parameter (the disclosure of a first value and a second value for a given parameter may be interpreted as disclosing that any value between the first and second values could also be employed for the given parameter). For example, if Parameter X is exemplified herein to have value A and also exemplified to have value Z, it is envisioned that parameter X may have a range of values from about A to about Z. Similarly, it is envisioned that disclosure of two or more ranges of values for a parameter (whether such ranges are nested, overlapping or distinct) subsume all possible combination of ranges for the value that might be claimed using endpoints of the disclosed ranges. For example, if parameter X is exemplified herein to have values in the range of 1 - 10, or 2 - 9, or 3 - 8, it is also envisioned that Parameter X may have other ranges of values including 1 - 9, 1 - 8, 1 - 3, 1 - 2, 2 - 10, 2 - 8, 2 - 3, 3 - 10, and 3 - 9.

[00112] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. For example, when permissive phrases, such as “may comprise”, “may include”, and the like, are used herein, at least one system comprises or includes the feature(s) in at least one exemplary embodiment. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “have,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.

[00113] When an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “engaged to”, “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to”, “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[00114] The term “about” when applied to values indicates that the calculation or the measurement allows some slight imprecision in the value (with some approach to exactness in the value; approximately or reasonably close to the value; nearly). If, for some reason, the imprecision provided by “about” is not otherwise understood in the art with this ordinary meaning, then “about” as used herein indicates at least variations that may arise from ordinary methods of measuring or using such parameters. For example, the terms “generally”, “about”, and “substantially” may be used herein to mean within manufacturing tolerances.

[00115] Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.

[00116] Spatially relative terms, such as “inner,” “outer,” “beneath”, “below”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, “top”, “bottom”, and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature’s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s). Spatially relative terms may be intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation. For example, if the device is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example term “below” may encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

[00117] The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements, intended or stated uses, or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and may be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure.