Background of the invention The invention relates to a method for producing items of composite materials such as e. g. glass or carbon fibre reinforced epoxy, polyester or thermoplastics, which items constitute partly closed structures containing cavities.

Different methods for making such items are known, which e. g. may be tanks, long pipes, wings for windmills and airfoils for aeroplanes.

Thus it is known that oblong, partly closed structures, e. g. carrier beams for windmill wings, glass fibre masts or the like may be produced by winding roving tape or roving bundles around a mandrel or core. Methods for this purpose are among others de- scribed in US patents 4,242, 160 and 4,381, 960.

Such winding methods have the disadvantage that the wound item after curing nor- mally will appear with the raw composite material as the exterior surface, which is incompatible with many applications, as for example for windmill wings. Therefore, a satisfactory surface quality implies a subsequent treatment, e. g. by the gluing on of separately prepared shells.

Another disadvantage by this method is that the winding normally depends on use of a mandrel with a certain strength, which it is therefore desirable to reuse. In these cases the method can only be used by items, the geometry of which allowing the mandrel to be removed, which means that the dimensions of the internal cross section of the cav- ity at a given distance from the end into which the mandrel is pulled out must not ex- ceed the dimensions of any of the intermediate cross sections from the place in ques- tion and out to the end, and in practice and normally requiring a certain slip in the mould. Such a method cannot thus be used for e. g. tanks or whole windmill wings.

US patent 3,988, 103 mentions a method of winding cylindrical items, where the winding mandrel is provided with a longitudinal hinge, and where removal of a longi- tudinal part of the mandrel makes it possible to rotate the remaining parts of the man- drel partly against each other. Thereby, the mandrel may be pulled out, even though the item does not have a slip. However, the method mentioned can not be used on more complicated items as e. g. windmill wings.

Furthermore, methods are known where e. g. tanks made in composite material are wound about a hollow core which has been produced in a separate process. The core may be made in the same composite material as the item itself, or it may be made in another material. By this method the core remains in the item which may be a disad- vantage. Furthermore, there is also the disadvantage that by this method the wound item will appear with the raw composite material as surface.

Alternatively, the core on which the fibre enforcement of the item is disposed, may be made so that it can expand later in the process. Thereby the fibre reinforcement may be brought into contact with and consolidated to an outer mould, whereby a good sur- face quality can be obtained.

Such a method is mentioned in US patent 5, 137, 071, where the inner mould is made in the thermoplastic material ABS, which is softened by high temperature. After placing the inner mould and the fibre reinforcement in the outer mould, the inner mould is heated and put under pressure whereby the fibre material is consolidated between the inner and outer mould. The process is mostly suited for so-called prepreg materials, that is fibre materials which are initially impregnated with partially cured matrix ma- terial and where the further curing process is initiated and finished under higher tem- perature. Also this method has the disadvantage that the inner mould stays in the item.

In a method for producing of a wing described in US patent 5,547, 629, there is used an inner mould constituted by at least two resilient parts which substantially have a shape corresponding to the cavity in the completed item, but the dimensions of which are slightly greater than this cavity. The item laid up in a prepreg fibre material which

is placed in an outer mould and kept in place by the parts of the inner mould which are slightly compressed when the outer mould is closed. After curing the parts of the inner mould are pulled out by taking advantage of the transverse contraction of the parts under longitudinal tension.

This method has also the disadvantage that pulling out in practise is only possible for an item where the dimensions of the internal cross section of the cavity at a given dis- tance from the end of which the mandrel is pulled out, must not exceed the dimensions of any of the intermediate cross sections from the place in question and on to the end. When performing the method, it furthermore has the disadvantage that the outer mould must be closed against the pressure exerted at the compression of the parts of the inner mould, whereby it may be difficult to maintain the loosely laid, uncured material at the desired location.

Furthermore, there is known a method where e. g. windmill wings and airfoils for aeroplanes are made as shell constructions which are built up of shell elements of composite material. Thus a windmill wing built by this method is usually made of two shell halves which are joined at the front and back edges by glueing. Furthermore, the shell halves are normally supported inside the cavity of the wing by beams which are also joined with shell halves by glueing as the beams are produced in U- or I-shape, where flanges of these beams form abutment surface with the shell halves.

However, it is a problem by this method that it can be difficult to secure a satisfactory quality of the glue joints established in the inner of the structure for joining the shell halves mutually and for joining possible beams with the shell half. Firstly, this is caused by the glue joints being provided at the front and back edge and between beam and shell, thus establishing a glue joint on the unfinished surface of the inner side of the shell lamination.

The problem with this joint is that the glue surface is only defined within a certain greater range of tolerance. To that comes that for the part of the back and front edge glueing the shell lamination must be graduated towards the edge of the shells when,

e. g. by windmill wings, speaking of shell halves, where the edges meet sloping to- wards each other, so that the glue joint can get a fairly uniform thickness. This graduation can not always be provided with the necessary tolerances, why an actual adaptation will need a working of the joining surfaces which again will lead to a large rise in expenses. Secondly, the deformations occurring in the wing shells in connec- tion with the small variations in the process of production will result in a varying gap in the cavity of the item, so that it may be difficult to ensure a complete filling up with glue of the space between beam and shell. Finally, glue joints are usually difficult to control visually as they also are difficult to control by NDT-methods (non-destructive testing) because of the graduated lamination and the irregular geometry of the item.

General description of the invention The purpose of the invention is to provide a method for producing of partly closed items in composite materials, such as e. g. tanks, pipes, windmill wings and airfoils for aeroplanes where these can be produced substantially in one piece without glueing and without use of a mandrel or core that has to remain inside the item.

This is obtained by a method of the kind mentioned in the introduction, which is char- acterised in that fibre reinforcement and, depending of the type of composite material, possibly also all or part of the matrix material, are placed around at least a moulding core consisting of an outer part of a flexible material, in which outer part there is a mouldable and extractable filling material, that the fibre reinforcement and the matrix material are brought into the relevant junction in relation to the chosen composite material, and that at least the extractable filling material of the moulding core hereafter is taken out through at least an opening in the outer part of the moulding core and through at least one opening in the produced item.

Thus, it is obtained that items constituting partly and even almost completely closed structures may be produced in substantially one piece by means of an extractable core, as the filling material of the moulding core after finishing is taken out through at least one opening in the item.

Furthermore, as mentioned in claim 2 the flexible outer part of the moulding core can also suitably be taken out through an opening in the item, after the filling material has been taken out.

In a suitable embodiment of the invention appearing in claim 3, an outer mould is additionally used for producing the item, so that the item may be given a more exact external surface. In this connection, as indicated in claim 4, the moulding core or cores, when several are used, may be adapted before the outer mould is closed, by rearranging the filling material, in that templates or the like, for example, are used to determine the desired shape.

Furthermore, as indicated in claim 5, an outer mould may be used having connection to vacuum and thus is intended for closed moulding processes such as vacuum injec- tion or RTM (resin-transfer moulding), pre-preg etc. Hereby the flexible outer part of the moulding core, when after closing the outer mould there is supplied vacuum to this, will expand and consolidate the fibre and matrix material out toward the outer mould so that the finished item is perfectly adapted to the outer mould.

Correspondingly, such as mentioned in claim 6, the flexible outer part of the moulding core may be subjected to pressure after closing of the outer mould whereby the con- solidation of the fibre and matrix material is further enhanced.

As indicated in claim 7 the flexible outer part of the moulding core may be made in plastic, rubber or the like.

The filling material in the moulding core may, as mentioned in claim 8, be constituted of a material consisting of considerably lesser parts as compared to the extension of the moulding core, which are thus readily and easily taken out of the item after finish- ing, as the filling material may suitably be removed by sucking it out as indicated in claim 9.

As characterised in claim 10, the filling material may further be constituted by mate- rial parts, which are connected to a skeleton substantially constituting the shape of the cavity or cavities. As the shape of the moulding core or moulding cores normally can be made hereby only with difficulty so that it corresponds exactly to the desired inter- nal shape of the cavity or cavities, this embodiment is especially suitable in connec- tion with an outer mould connected to vacuum as the moulding core then will expand and press fibre, matrix and moulding material against the outer mould, so that the ex- ternal shape of the finished item will correspond exactly to the wanted shape. As indi- cated in claim 11, by this embodiment the filling material can be taken out by first cutting or the like of the filling material into smaller parts which subsequently are taken out through the opening or openings in the item.

At last the filling material, as characterised in claim 12, may be constituted by a mate- rial, which is compressible under vacuum, e. g. foam rubber with open cells. The fill- ing material may be worked into a shape which in one or more pieces substantially constitute the shape of the cavity or cavities. After working, the filling material may be placed in one or more closed bags of an airtight elastic material, the inner pressure of which may be controlled from the outside by a tube connection or in another way.

This embodiment is especially suitable in connection with an outer mould connected to vacuum because the bag (s) of the moulding core may be brought in connection with the surrounding air with greater or lesser pressure and will then expand and press the fibre, matrix and moulding material against the outer mould, so that the outer shape of the finished item will correspond exactly to the wanted shape. After terminating the use of the inner mould, low pressure may be supplied to the bag (s) of the filling mate- rial, whereby they will be compressed and may easily be taken out of the opening or openings in the item.

In the following the invention will be explained further with reference to the drawings, where Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal section of the item produced by the method according to the invention,

Fig. 2 shows a crosswise section of a moulding apparatus for performing the method according to the invention, Fig. 3 shows a crosswise section of the moulding apparatus with a first type of fill- ing material for performing the method according to the invention, and Fig. 4 shows a crosswise section of moulding apparatus with another type of filing material for performing of the method according to the invention.

Detailed description of the invention On Fig. 1 there is shown an item in a longitudinal section which e. g. may be produced by the method according to the invention. The item consists of a shell 1 constituted by a composite material, such as glass or carbon fibre reinforced epoxy, polyester or thermoplastic. Inside the shell there is a cavity 2, and the shell has an opening 3 into the cavity. The opening has a width b which is smaller than a width B of the cavity in the shell. The opening in the item shown is thus smaller than the internal dimensions of the cavity why such an item cannot be moulded in one piece with an internal man- drel or core unless the mandrel or core stays in the item after finishing. By the method according to the invention the item can be made in one piece as explained further with reference to Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 shows a crosswise section of a moulding apparatus, which e. g. can be used for producing the item shown in Fig. 1. The moulding apparatus shown in Fig. 2 com- prises an outer mould 4 consisting of a first outer mould part 5 and a further outer mould part 6 together with a moulding core consisting of an outer part 7 containing a filling material 8. Between the outer mould 4 and the outer part 6 of the moulding core a interspace 9 is formed, determining the shape of the shell of the finished item. The shape of the finished item produced in a moulding apparatus shown in Fig. 2 will be a bit different, from the shell shown in Fig. 1 constituting a finished item. The shell will always, however, be produced with an opening, either during moulding or after curing by creating access from the outer side of the shell and into the cavity in the shell.

Fig. 3 shows a section crosswise of a moulding apparatus containing a first type of mould filling material. The moulding apparatus shown in Fig. 3 also comprises an

outer mould 4 consisting of a first outer mould part 5 and a further outer mould part 6 together with a moulding core consisting of an outer part 7 containing the filling ma- terial 8. The filling material 8 consists of granulate 10 of a material suited for produc- ing a shell corresponding to the one shown in Fig. 1. The filling material 8 has a di- ameter d, which is less than the width b of an opening in the shell desired to be made (see e. g. Fig. 1). Thereby it is possible immediately to get the filling material 8 out of the shell when this has been made, e. g. by sucking the filling material out through the opening. Between the outer mould 4 and the outer part 6 of the moulding core a inter- space 9 is formed, determining the shape of the shell of the finished item.

Fig. 4 shows a crosswise section of a moulding apparatus containing another type of mould filling material. The moulding apparatus shown in Fig. 4 also comprises an outer mould 4 consisting of a first outer mould part 5 and a further outer mould part 6 together with a moulding core consisting of an outer part 7 containing the filling ma- terial 8. Between the outer mould 4 and the outer part 6 of the moulding core a inter- space 9 is formed, determining the shape of the shell of the finished item. The filling material 8 consists of larger parts 11 of a material suited for producing a shell corre- sponding to the one shown in Fig. 1. The filling material 8 is produced of a deform- able material such as a compressible material and has a diameter D, which is greater than the width b of an opening in the shell desired to be produced (see e. g. Fig. 1).

Thereby it is impossible to get the filling material 8 out of the shell immediately when this has been made.

The single parts 11 of the filling material 8 are individually connected by a string, a rope, a wire 12 or the like. When the filling material 8 should be out of the shell, it is possible to pull in e. g. the string 12 and in this way get the single parts 11 of the filling material 8 out by simultaneous deformation and/or compression of the filling material, when this passes through the opening in the shell (see Fig. 1). In the shown embodi- ment, the string 12 extends out through the moulding parts 5,6. Alternatively, the string 12 may be kept inside the cavity during moulding and only subsequently be passed out through the opening being formed in the shell.

The making of the shell constituting the finished item is normally made in the follow- ing way. Firstly, fibre material is laid in the first (the lowest) outer mould part 5 in the required number of layers, which fibre material may be mats or roving. The fibre ma- terial may possibly be pre-impregnated with moulding material, such as polyester or epoxy, which is in a not completely cured condition. Normally, the fibre material will not be adapted in surface size to the first outer mould part, but will be greater so that the excess part hangs outside the mould. Matrix material is hereafter possibly placed upon the layers of fibre material.

The outer part 7 of the moulding core is then placed upon the fibre and possibly matrix material in the first outer mould part 5. This outer part is bag-shaped and made of a flexible material, such as for example plastic or rubber. The outer part 7 is filled with filling material so that it gets the desired shape. This filling material may be a mate- rial, which may be readily shaped, as for example grainshaped material, sand, granu- late or material pieces of e. g. foam material. The filling material may also be a mate- rial with more rigid structure, as for example boards, sticks, plate pieces or pieces of wood or other materials, which are assembled in the outer part into a skeleton ap- proximately having the desired shape.

As aid in placing the filling material so that the outer part 7 gets the desired shape, templates, for example, or the like defining the desired shape may be used, or the shape may be ascertained by means of measuring apparatus of different kinds.

When the outer part 7 of the moulding core has got the desired shape or approximately the desired shape, possible matrix material is placed at first upon the uppermost part of the moulding core. Then fibre material, possibly pre-impregnated, is placed on top again in that the fibre material used in the layers in the first outer mould part 5 and hanging outside of this, is now bent up and laid upon the moulding core.

When the desired layers of fibre material are laid upon the moulding core, the further outer mould part 6 is laid on top again, as this together with the first part 5 of the outer mould form a closed moulding shell. In the interspace 9 between the moulding core

and the outer mould the fibre material now is placed, possibly in a pre-impregnated shape, and possibly matrix material.

Vacuum is now connected to the outer mould 4 whereby the outer part 7 of the moulding core, which is airtight, will expand inside the outer mould and press fibre material, matrix material etc. out against the inner side of the outer mould. Before connecting vacuum an airtight closure of the outer part 7 of the moulding core and of the outer mould 4 is established. If pre-impregnated fibre material is used, the mould- ing material with which it is impregnated will now flow outwards so that a compact laminate is formed and subsequently cured. If pre-impregnated fibre material is not used, moulding material is supplied to the interspace 9 via inlet openings (not shown on the drawing), so that the low pressure in the interspace ensures that fibre material and possible matrix material is impregnated.

Because of the outer part 7 of the moulding core is expanding, it is not necessary to give the moulding core the shape exactly desired when the filling material is arranged in the outer part. The outer part will under all circumstances, when vacuum is added to the outer mould, expand and thereby cause the outer part of the item to corresponding to the shape of the inner side of the outer mould. The bag-shaped outer part of the moulding core can therefore also be smaller than the desired shape if it only can ex- pand sufficiently without breaking, as it also may be greater when only the excessive material then can be folded together around the filling material.

After curing the outer part 7 of the moulding core is emptied from filling material 8 through the opening or openings 3 present in the finished item. If the filling material is grainshaped material, sand, granulate or material pieces of e. g. foam material this may readily be taken out through the opening 3, e. g. by sucking it out. When speaking of sufficiently big items, like e. g. wings for windmills, with a sufficiently large opening 3, a person may possibly even crawl into the moulding core and remove the filling material in a suitable way. If the material is with a more rigid structure, as for example boards, sticks, plate pieces or pieces of wood or other materials assembled in the

moulding core into a skeleton, this is removed by taking the skeleton apart, e. g. by cutting up or the like, and removing the bits through the opening 3.

Also here, if the item is sufficiently big, you can let a person crawl into the moulding core through the opening to ease the taking out of the filling material of the moulding core. If the material is of a type that may be compressed, e. g. foam rubber with open cells, the material is compressed by evacuation, and thereby easily removable, e. g. by pulling the bags in which the material is placed out of the mould with a string after evacuation.

Finally, one can also remove the outer part 7 of the moulding core through the open- ing, if the outer part is to be reused, or if it is undesirable to let it stay inside the cavity. If the outer part is made of a suitably cheap material, such as for example plastic film one can let it stay in the item as well.

The described method can also be used for items in which there are more cavities.

Only one moulding core corresponding to each cavity has to be used then. As an ex- ample one may imagine that in the example shown in Fig. 2 a further moulding core is placed upon the layers of fibre material and possible matrix material, which is laid upon the first moulding core, whereafter the further moulding core is formed by filling with filling material. Hereafter, further fibre material and possibly matrix material is laid on the presently free surfaces of the further moulding core, whereafter the further outer mould part 6 is placed on the top so that the outer mould is closed.

Furthermore, more than one further outer mould part of the may be used as the outer mould can be assembled from more than two outer mould parts. As the first outer mould part one will usually choose the one where it is best to start the laying of fibre material and where one may place the moulding cores in the best way under consid- eration of handling, accessibility and stability during production.

Furthermore, production of items may be performed without necessarily having a closed outer mould as fibre material etc. only may be laid around one or more mould-

ing cores, possibly during use of a first outer mould part. By the method there may hereby be manufactured items with an internal shape corresponding to the moulding core or the moulding cores.

Finally, it is to be noted that the method of course may also be used to make items, which also can be produced by means of an extractable mandrel, i. e. items having at least one opening through which the mandrel or the core may be taken out.