CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 16/701,829, filed December 3, 2019, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Field

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to catalyst compositions and, more specifically, to isomerization catalysts, methods of making the isomerization catalysts, and methods of using the isomerization catalyst.

Technical Background

[0003] In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the demand for 1 -butene due to applications in the production of polyethylenes, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE), and polybutenes. Currently, a majority of the 1 -butene produced worldwide is produced by the dimerization of high-value feedstocks, such as ethylene, the dehydrogenation of butane, or separation from low- value C4 feedstocks. These low-value C4 feedstocks may be by-products or effluent streams from steam cracking units, which primarily produce ethylene, Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) units, which primarily produce gasoline, or methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) extraction units. However, these processes cannot respond adequately to the rapid increase in 1 -butene demand. As a result, alternative methods to directly produce 1 -butene have been developed and, in particular, methods of producing 1 -butene from 2- butene-containing feedstocks.

[0004] The production of 1 -butene from 2-butene-containing feedstocks can be accomplished through the isomerization of the 2-butene to 1 -butene. Isomerization of 2-butene to produce 1 -butene can better meet the growing demand for 1 -butene. Isomerization can be accomplished by contacting 2-butene in the 2-butene-containing feedstock with an isomerization catalyst. However, conventional isomerization catalysts and, as a result, conventional 1 -butene production processes are inefficient, often failing to convert a significant portion of 2-butenes and only resulting in a comparatively small 1 -butene yield.

SUMMARY

[0005] Accordingly, there is an ongoing need for improved isomerization catalysts with increase catalytic activity that, as a result, increase the conversion rate of 2-butene and the yield of 1 -butene from a 2-butene isomerization processes. The present disclosure is directed to methods of producing an isomerization catalyst through the hydrothermal synthesis of magnesium oxide. The present disclosure is also directed to methods of producing 1 -butene from a 2-butene- containing feedstock through isomerization with the isomerization catalyst of the present disclosure. The isomerization catalyst produced by the methods of the present disclosure may have increased thermal stability, which may result in a reduced deactivation rate of the isomerization catalyst when utilized at temperatures sufficient to produce 1 -butene from the isomerization of 2- butenes. Accordingly, the methods of the producing 1 -butene of the present disclosure may have increased efficiency, an increased conversion rate of 2-butene and greater selectivity to and yield of 1 -butene.

[0006] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of producing an isomerization catalyst may comprise preparing a catalyst precursor solution comprising at least a magnesium precursor, a hydrolyzing agent, and cetrimonium bromide. Additionally, the method may further comprise hydrothermally treating the catalyst precursor solution to produce a magnesium oxide precipitant. The method may further comprise calcining the magnesium oxide precipitant to produce the isomerization catalyst.

[0007] According to one or more other embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of producing 1 -butene from a 2-butene-containing feedstock may comprise contacting the 2- butene-containing feedstock with an isomerization catalyst to produce an isomerization reaction effluent comprising 1 -butene. The isomerization catalyst may be prepared by a method comprising preparing a catalyst precursor solution comprising at least a magnesium precursor, a hydrolyzing agent, and cetrimonium bromide, treating the catalyst precursor solution to produce a magnesium oxide precipitant, and calcining the magnesium oxide precipitant to produce the isomerization catalyst. [0008] Additional features and advantages of the technology described in the present disclosure will be set forth in the detailed description that follows and, in part, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognized by practicing the technology as described in this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The following detailed description of specific embodiments of the present disclosure can be best understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings, where like structure is indicated with like reference numerals and in which:

[0010] FIG. 1 schematically depicts a fixed bed continuous flow reactor including an isomerization reaction zone, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0011] FIG. 2 schematically depicts another fixed bed continuous flow reactor including an isomerization reaction zone, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0012] FIG. 3 graphically depicts the X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles of isomerization catalysts, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0013] FIG. 4 graphically depicts the 1 -butene yield (y-axis) as a function of time-on- stream (x-axis) obtained from a reactor for isomerizing a 2-butene-containing feedstock, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0014] FIG. 5 graphically depicts the 1 -butene yield (y-axis) as a function of time-on- stream (x-axis) obtained from a reactor for isomerizing a butene-containing feedstock, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0015] For the purpose of describing the simplified schematic illustrations and descriptions of FIGS. 1 and 2, the numerous valves, temperature sensors, electronic controllers, and the like that may be employed and well-known to a person of ordinary skill in the art are not included. Further, accompanying components that are often included in typical chemical processing operations, carrier gas supply systems, pumps, compressors, furnaces, or other subsystems are not depicted. It should be understood that these components are within the spirit and scope of the present embodiments disclosed. However, operational components, such as those described in the present disclosure, may be added to the embodiments described in the present disclosure.

[0016] Arrows in the drawings refer to process streams. However, the arrows may equivalently refer to transfer lines, which may serve to transfer process streams between two or more system components. Additionally, arrows that connect to system components may define inlets or outlets in each given system component. The arrow direction corresponds generally with the major direction of movement of the materials of the stream contained within the physical transfer line signified by the arrow. Furthermore, arrows that do not connect two or more system components may signify a product stream that exits the depicted system or a system inlet stream that enters the depicted system. Product streams may be further processed in accompanying chemical processing systems or may be commercialized as end products.

[0017] Additionally, arrows in the drawings may schematically depict process steps of transporting a stream from one system component to another system component. For example, an arrow from one system component pointing to another system component may represent “passing” a system component effluent to another system component, which may include the contents of a process stream “exiting” or being “removed” from one system component and “introducing” the contents of that product stream to another system component.

[0018] Reference will now be made in greater detail to various embodiments, some embodiments of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] The present disclosure is directed to an isomerization catalyst and methods of producing the isomerization catalyst. In particular, the present disclosure is directed to methods of producing an isomerization catalyst through the hydrothermal synthesis of magnesium oxide. The present disclosure is also directed to methods of producing 1 -butene from a 2-butene- containing feedstock through isomerization with the isomerization catalyst of the present disclosure. In particular, the present disclosure is directed to methods of producing 1 -butene from a 2-butene-containing feedstock that include contacting the 2-butene-containing feedstock with the isomerization catalyst made by the synthesis methods of the present disclosure to produce an isomerization reaction effluent that includes at least 1 -butene. The isomerization catalyst produced by the methods of the present disclosure may have increased thermal stability, which may result in a reduced deactivation rate of the isomerization catalyst at temperatures sufficient to produce 1 -butene from the isomerization of 2-butene. Accordingly, systems incorporating the isomerization catalyst produced by the present disclosure may have increased efficiency, an increased conversion rate of 2-butene, and a greater yield of 1 -butene.

[0020] As used throughout the present disclosure, the term “butene” or “butenes” may refer to compositions comprising one or more than one of 1 -butene, trans- 2-butene, cA-2-butene, isobutene, or mixtures of these isomers. As used throughout the present disclosure, the term “normal butenes” may refer to compositions comprising one or more than one of 1 -butene, tr ans i-butene, cA-2-butene, or mixtures of these isomers, and are substantially free of isobutene. As used in the present disclosure, the term “2-butene” may refer to trans- 2-butene, cA-2-butene, or a mixture of these two isomers. As used in the present disclosure, the term “substantially free” of a component means less than 1 wt.% of that component in a particular portion of a catalyst, stream, or reaction zone. For example, a composition, which may be substantially free of isobutene, may comprise less than 1 wt.% of isobutene.

[0021] As shown in Reaction 1 (RXN 1), the isomerization of 2-butene to 1 -butene, and the isomerization of 1 -butene to 2-butene, is an equilibrium reaction, as denoted by the bi directional arrows with single heads. The isomerization of 2-butene and 1 -butene may be achieved with an isomerization catalyst. As used in the present disclosure, the term "isomerization catalyst" may refer to a catalyst that promotes isomerization of alkenes, including, for example, isomerization of 2-butenes to 1 -butene. Referring to RXN 1, the isomerization reaction is not limited to these reactants and products; however, RXN 1 provides a simplified illustration of the reaction methodology.

[0022] In operation, a product stream comprising 1 -butene may be produced from a feedstock containing 2-butene through isomerization by contacting the feedstock with an isomerization catalyst. Optionally, the isomerization reaction effluent, may be further processed, such as being contacted with a metathesis catalyst, a cracking catalyst, or both, to further utilize the 1 -butene produced. The feedstock may comprise 1 -butene, trans- 2-butene, c7,v-2-butcnc, or combinations of these. The feedstock may further comprise other C1-C6 components. The presence of isobutene and other inert gases or non-olefmic hydrocarbons, such as n-butane, in the feedstock do not negatively affect the target isomerization reactions, and the amount of any side products formed as a result of their presence in the feedstock do not affect the overall yield of 1 -butene. Although described in the present disclosure in the context of conducting isomerization between 2-butene and 1 -butene, it is understood that the isomerization catalysts of the present disclosure and systems and methods of conducting isomerization using the isomerization catalysts may be useful for conducting other isomerization, such as isomerizations between other olefins, or for conducting other functions, such as removing contaminants from a feed stream, for example.

[0023] Referring now to FIG. 1, a system for producing 1 -butene from a feedstock containing 2-butene is depicted, the system being designated by reference number 100. The system 100 may include an isomerization reaction zone 110 or a plurality of isomerization reaction zones. The one or isomerization reaction zones may be disposed within a single reactor 120 or in multiple reactors, which may be in series or in parallel. As depicted in FIG. 1, a feedstock 130 may be introduced into the reactor 120, and an isomerization reaction effluent 140 may be passed out of the reactor 130. Accordingly, the feedstock 130 may be introduced into the reactor 120, passed through the isomerization reaction zone 110, and passed out of the reactor 120 as the isomerization reaction effluent 140. [0024] As described previously in the present disclosure, the feedstock 130 may comprise

1 -butene, cA-2-butene, /nmv-2-butcnc, or combinations of these. The feedstock 130 may comprise from 10 wt.% to 60 wt.% 1 -butene based on the total weight of the feedstock 130. For example, the feedstock 130 may comprise from 10 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 10 wt.% to 40 wt.%, from 10 wt.% to 30 wt.%, from 10 wt.% to 20 wt.%, from 20 wt.% to 60 wt.%, from 20 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 20 wt.% to 40 wt.%, from 20 wt.% to 30 wt.%, from 30 wt.% to 60 wt.%, from 30 wt.% to 50 wt.%, from 30 wt.% to 40 wt.%, from 40 wt.% to 60 wt.%, from 40 wt.% to 50 wt.%, or from 50 wt.% to 60 wt.% 1-butene based on the total weight of the feedstock 130. The feedstock 130 may comprise from 10 wt.% to 100 wt.% 2-butene (that is, cA-2-butene, /Ams-2-butene, or both) based on the total weight of the feedstock 130. For example, the feedstock 130 may comprise from 10 wt.% to 80 wt.%, from 10 wt.% to 60 wt.%, from 10 wt.% to 40 wt.%, from 10 wt.% to 20 wt.%, from 20 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 20 wt.% to 80 wt.%, from 20 wt.% to 60 wt.%, from 20 wt.% to 40 wt.%, from 40 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 40 wt.% to 80 wt.%, from 40 wt.% to 60 wt.%, from 60 wt.% to 100 wt.%, from 60 wt.% to 80 wt.%, or from 80 wt.% to 100 wt.% 2-butene based on the total weight of the feedstock 130. Additionally, the feedstock 130 may be substantially free of ethylene.

[0025] The feedstock 130 may comprise a raffinate stream. As used in the present disclosure, the term “raffinate” may refer to the residue C4 stream from a naphtha cracking process or from a gas cracking process when components are removed (the C4 stream typically containing, as its primary components, n-butane, 1 -butene, 2-butene, isobutene, and 1,3 -butadiene, and optionally some isobutane and said primary components together forming up to 99% or more of the C4 stream). The feedstock 130 may comprise a raffinate- 1 stream. As used in the present disclosure, the term “raffinate- 1” may refer to the C4 residual obtained after separation of 1 ,3- butadiene from a raffinate stream, and comprises mainly 2-butene, 1 -butene, and isobutene, which may make up greater than or equal to 55 wt.% of the raffinate- 1 stream. For example, the raffinate - 1 stream may comprise from 10 wt.% to 30 wt.% of 2-butene, from 25 wt.% to 50 wt.% of 1- butene, and from 20 wt.% to 50 wt.% isobutene, based on the total weight of the raffinate- 1 stream. The feedstock 130 may comprise a raffinate-2 stream. As used in the present disclosure, the term “raffinate-2” may refer to the C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3 -butadiene and isobutene from a raffinate stream, and comprises mainly 2-butene, 1 -butene, and n-butane, which may make up greater than or equal to 45 wt.% of the raffinate-2 stream. For example, the raffinate-2 stream may comprise from 20 wt.% to 60 wt.% of 2-butene, from 10 wt.% to 60 wt.% of 1 -butene, and from 15 wt.% to 25 wt.% n-butane, based on the total weight of the raffinate-2 stream. The feedstock 130 may comprise a raffinate-3 stream. As sued in the present disclosure, the term “raffinate-3” may refer to the C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3 -butadiene, isobutene, and 1 -butene from the C4 raffinate stream, and comprises mainly 2-butene, n-butane, and unseparated 1 -butene, which may make up greater than or equal to 40 wt.% of the raffinate-3 stream. For example, the raffinate-3 stream may comprise from 30 wt.% to 70 wt.% of 2-butene and from 10 wt.% to 30 wt.% of n-butane, based on the total weight of the raffinate-3 stream.

[0026] The isomerization reaction zone 110 may be maintained at an isomerization reaction temperature sufficient to promote the isomerization reactions between 2-butene and 1- butene in the feedstock 130. The isomerization reaction temperature may be from 300 degrees Celsius (°C) to 600 °C. For example, the isomerization reaction temperature may be from 300 °C to 550 °C, from 300 °C to 500 °C, from 300 °C to 450 °C, from 300 °C to 400 °C, from 300 °C to 350 °C, from 350 °C to 600 °C, from 350 °C to 550 °C, from 350 °C to 500 °C, from 350 °C to 450 °C, from 350 °C to 400 °C, from 400 °C to 600 °C, from 400 °C to 550 °C, from 400 °C to 500 °C, from 400 °C to 450 °C, from 450 °C to 600 °C, from 450 °C to 550 °C, from 450 °C to 500 °C, from 500 °C to 600 °C, from 500 °C to 550 °C, or from 550 °C to 600 °C. These temperature ranges may be sufficient to promote the isomerization reactions and, in particular, may be sufficient to promote the isomerization of 2-butene to 1 -butene. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that these temperature ranges may shift the equilibrium of the isomerization reactions between 2-butene and 1 -butene, such that the production of 1 -butene is favored. Conversely, temperatures less than these temperature ranges may shift the equilibrium of the isomerization reactions between 2-butene and 1 -butene, such that the production of 2-butene is favored. Accordingly, these temperature ranges may increase the yield of 1 -butene by system 100.

[0027] Referring still to FIG. 1, the isomerization reaction zone 110 of the system 100 may include an isomerization catalyst 112. The isomerization catalyst 112 may be a magnesium oxide (MgO) catalyst. The isomerization catalyst 112 may promote equilibration of the isomerization reactions bewteen the 2-butene and 1 -butene in the feedstock 130. When the feedstock 130 has a concentration of 2-butene greater than the equilibration concentration of 2- butene, the isomerization catalyst 112 may isomerize at least a portion of the 2-butene to 1 -butene. Conversely, when the feedstock 130 has a concentration of 1 -butene greater than the equilibrium concentration of 1 -butene, the isomerization catalyst 112 may isomerize at least a portion of the 1 -butene to 2-butene. As described previously, the isomerization catalyst 112 may also shift the equilibrium of the isomerization reactions between 2-butene and 1 -butene, such that the production of 1 -butene is favored at equilibrium, or such that the production of 2-butene is favored at equilibrium, based on the operating conditions of the system 100. For example, at temperatures greater than 300 °C, the isomerization catalyst 112 may shift the equilibrium of the isomerization reactions between 2-butene and 1 -butene, such that the production of 1 -butene is favored at equilibrium. Conversely, at temperatures less than 300 °C, the isomerization catalyst 112 may shift the equilibrium of the isomerization reactions between 2-butene and 1 -butene, such that the production of 2-butene is favored at equilibrium. The isomerization reaction zone 110 may produce an isomerization effluent that may comprise 1 -butene, cA-2-butene, /nmv-2-butcnc, or combinations of these.

[0028] As described previously in the present disclosure, commercially-available magnesium oxide catalysts may have poor catalytic activity, inferior thermal stability, or both, which may result in a decreased yield of 1 -butene. Accordingly, the isomerization catalyst 112 of the present disclosure may be prepared using a hydrothermal synthesis method. The resulting isomerization catalyst 112 may have increased thermal stability and catalytic activity compared to commercially-available magnesium oxide catalysts. During hydrothermal synthesis, the isomerization catalyst may be synthesized from the reaction of a magnesium precursor, such as but not limited to magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, and a hydrolyzing agent, such as but not limited to urea, in an aqueous solution. The aqueous solution may then be hydrothermally treated in order to produce a magnesium oxide precipitant. The magnesium oxide resulting from the reaction taking place during the hydrothermal treatment may precipitate out of the aqueous solution as a white solid, which may then be separated, washed, dried, and calcined. The isomerization catalyst 112 may also be prepared using a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method, in which the aqueous solution further comprises a surfactant, such as cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), in an aqueous solution. The inclusion of a surfactant may increase the surface area and cumulative volume of pores and reduce the average particle size of the resulting magnesium oxide. [0029] As described previously in the present disclosure, the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may comprise a magnesium precursor and a hydrolyzing agent. The magnesium precursor may be selected from one or more of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, and magnesium chloride tetrahydrate. The hydrolyzing agent may be selected from one or more of urea, a diamine, such as ethylene diamine, and ammonium hydroxide. The aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may comprise the magnesium precursor and the hydrolyzing agent in a molar ratio of from 1 : 10 to 1 : 1. For example, the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may comprise the magnesium precursor and the hydrolyzing agent in a molar ratio of from 1:10 to 1:2, from 1:10 to 1:3, from 1:10 to 1:4, from 1:10 to 1:5, from 1:10 to 1:6, from 1:10 to 1:7, from 1:10 to 1:8, from 1:10 to 1:9, from 1:9 to 1:1, from 1 :9 to 1 :2, from 1 :9 to 1 :3, from 1 :9 to 1 :4, from 1 :9 to 1 :5, from 1 :9 to 1 :6, from 1 :9 to 1 :7, from 1:9 to 1:8, from 1:8 to 1:1, from 1:8 to 1:2, from 1:8 to 1:3, from 1:8 to 1:4, from 1:8 to 1:5, from 1:8 to 1:6, from 1:8 to 1:7, from 1:7 to 1:1, from 1:7 to 1:2, from 1:7 to 1:3, from 1:7 to 1:4, from 1:7 to 1:5, from 1:7 to 1:6, from 1:6 to 1:1, 1:6 to 1:2, from 1:6 to 1:3, from 1:6 to 1:4, from

1:6 to 1:5, from 1:5 to 1:1, from 1:5 to 1:2, from 1:5 to 1:3, from 1:5 to 1:4, from 1:4 to 1:1, from 1:4 to 1:2, from 1:4 to 1 :3, from 1:3 to 1:1, from 1:3 to 1:2, or from 1:2 to 1:1. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the hydrolyzing agent may increase the yield of magnesium oxide during the hydrothermal synthesis by improving the seeding effect and crystallization of magnesium oxide during precipitation. For example, when the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis comprises the magnesium precursor and the hydrolyzing agent in a molar ratio less than 1:10, the yield of the magnesium oxide, and the isomerization catalyst, may be reduced. This reduced yield may render the process unsuitable for the production of the isomerization catalyst on an industrial scale.

[0030] As described previously in the present disclosure, the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may further comprise cetrimonium bromide. The aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may comprise the magnesium precursor and cetrimonium bromide in a molar ratio of from 1:0.1 to 1:0.01. For example, the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may comprise the magnesium precursor and cetrimonium bromide in a molar ratio of from 1 :0.1 to 1 :0.02, from 1 :0.1 to 1 :0.03, from 1 :0.1 to 1 :0.04, from 1 :0.1 to 1 :0.05, from 1:0.1 to 1:0.06, from 1:0.1 to 1:0.07, from 1 :0.1 to 1:0.08, from 1:0. 1 to 1:0.09, from 1:0.09 to 1:0.01, from 1:0.09 to 1:0.02, from 1:0.09 to 1:0.03, from 1:0.09 to 1:0.04, from 1:0.09 to 1:0.05, from 1:0.09 to 1:0.06, from 1:0.09 to 1:0.07, from 1:0.09 to 1:0.08, from 1:0.08 to 1:0.01, from 1:0.08 to 1:0.02, from 1:0.08 to 1:0.03, from 1:0.08 to 1:0.04, from 1:0.08 to 1:0.05, from 1:0.08 to 1:0.06, from 1:0.08 to 1:0.07, from 1:0.07 to 1:0.01, from 1:0.07 to 1:0.02, from 1:0.07 to 1:0.03, from 1:0.07 to 1:0.04, from 1:0.07 to 1:0.05, from 1:0.07 to 1:0.06, from 1:0.06 to 1:0.01, 1:0.06 to 1:0.02, from 1:0.06 to 1:0.03, from 1:0.06 to 1:0.04, from 1:0.06 to 1:0.05, from 1:0.05 to 1:0.01, from 1:0.05 to 1:0.02, from 1:0.05 to 1:0.03, from 1:0.05 to 1:0.04, from 1:0.04 to 1:0.01, from 1:0.04 to 1:0.02, from 1:0.04 to 1:0.03, from 1:0.03 to 1:0.01, from 1:0.03 to 1 :0.02, or from 1 :0.02 to 1 :0.01. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that cetrimonium bromide may act as a surface directing agent during hydrothermal synthesis, affecting the mesoporosity of the resulting magnesium oxide and, as a result, the surface area and pore volume of the isomerization catalyst. For example, when the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis comprises the magnesium precursor and cetrimonium bromide in a molar ratio less than 1:0.1, the surface area and pore volume of the resulting isomerization catalyst may be reduced, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity.

[0031] The pH of the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may be adjusted such that the aqueous solution is more acidic or more basic. The pH of the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may be adjusted such that the pH of the aqueous solution is from 3 to 7. For example, the pH of the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may be adjusted such that the pH of the aqueous solution is from 3 to 6, from 3 to 5, from 3 to 4, from 4 to 7, from 4 to 6, from 4 to 5, from 5 to 7, from 5 to 6, or from 6 to 7. In embodiments, the pH of the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may be adjusted such that the pH of the aqueous solution is from 8 to 12. For example, the pH of the aqueous solution used in the hydrothermal synthesis may be adjusted such that the pH of the aqueous solution is from 8 to 11, from 8 to 10, from 8 to 9, from 9 to 12, from 9 to 11, from 9 to 10, from 10 to 12, from 10 to 11, or from 11 to 12. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the pH of the aqueous solution may affect the yield of the isomerization catalyst, the morphology of the isomerization catalyst, or both. For example, acidic or basic aqueous solutions may result in the increased precipitation of magnesium oxide during hydrothermal synthesis and, as a result, increase the yield of the isomerization catalysts. Additionally, the morphology of the isomerization catalyst, which may increase or decrease the catalytic activity, may be determined by the presence of anionic and cationic species within the aqueous solution. In particular, the anionic and cationic species, the concentration of which increases with the acidity or basicity of the aqueous solution, may be responsible for stearic hindrance during hydrothermal synthesis. Such stearic hindrace may affect the morphology of the resulting magnesium oxide and, as a result, increase the catalytic activity of the isomerization catalyst.

[0032] As described previously in the present disclosure, the aqueous solution may be hydrothermally treated in order to produce a magnesium oxide precipitant. The hydrothermal treatment may comprise the heating of the aqueous solution. The heating of the aqueous solution may be conducted in a pressure vessel, such as an autoclave. The hydrothermal treatment of the aqueous solution may comprise heating the aqueous solution to a temperature sufficient to cause the reaction of the magnesium precursor and the hydrolyzing agent, resulting in the precipitation of magnesium oxide from the aqueous solution. The hydrothermal treatment of the aqueous solution may comprise heating the aqueous solution to a temperature of from 100 °C to 140 °C. For example, the hydrothermal treatment of the aqueous solution may comprise heating the aqueous solution to a temperature of from 100 °C to 135 °C, from 100 °C to 130 °C, from 100 °C to 125 °C, from 100 °C to 120 °C, from 100 °C to 115 °C, from 100 °C to 110 °C, from 100 °C to 105 °C, from 105 °C to 140 °C, from 105 °C to 135 °C, from 105 °C to 130 °C, from 105 °C to 125 °C, from 105 °C to 120 °C, from 105 °C to 115 °C, from 105 °C to 110 °C, from 110 °C to 140 °C, from 110 °C to 135 °C, from 110 °C to 130 °C, from 110 °C to 125 °C, from 110 °C to 120 °C, from 110 °C to 115 °C, from 115 °C to 140 °C, from 115 °C to 135 °C, from 115 °C to 130 °C, from 115 °C to 125 °C, from 115 °C to 120 °C, from 120 °C to 140 °C, from 120 °C to 135 °C, from 120 °C to 130 °C, from 120 °C to 125 °C, from 125 °C to 140 °C, from 125 °C to 135 °C, from 125 °C to 130 °C, from 130 °C to 140 °C, from 130 °C to 135 °C, or from 135 °C to 140 °C.

[0033] The hydrothermal treatment of the aqueous solution may comprise heating the aqueous solution for an amount of time sufficient to cause the reaction of the magnesium precursor and the hydrolyzing agent, resulting in the precipitation of magnesium oxide from the aqueous solution. In embodiments, the hydrothermal treatment of the aqueous solution may comprise heating the aqueous solution for a duration of from 48 hours to 96 hours. For example, the hydrothermal treatment of the aqueous solution may comprise heating the aqueous solution for a duration of from 48 hours to 84 hours, from 48 hours to 72 hours, from 48 hours to 60 hours, from 60 hours to 96 hours, from 60 hours to 84 hours, from 60 hours to 72 hours, from 72 hours to 96 hours, from 72 hours to 84 hours, or from 84 hours to 96 hours.

[0034] As described previously in the present disclosure, after hydrothermal treatment the precipitated magnesium oxide may be separated, washed, dried, and calcined to produce the isomerization catalyst 112. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the calcination of the magnesium oxide to produce the isomerization catalyst 112 may activate the reaction sites for butene isomerization. Magnesium oxide is generally basic in nature and the basicity of the magnesium oxide may be influenced by the calcination temperature and process. Calcination conditions may influence the strength and quantity of basic reaction sites in the isomerization catalyst 112. Selection of the appropriate calcination temperature may enhance the number and strength of the basic sites in the magnesium oxide, thus, enhancing the isomerization performance of the isomerization catalyst 112. The "calcination temperature" is a target average temperature to which the magnesium oxide is heated and at which the magnesium oxide is calcined over a period of time during the calcination process. The "ramping rate," as used in the present disclosure, is a rate at which the temperature of the magnesium oxide is increased from a starting temperature to the calcination temperature. The magnesium oxide may be placed in the calcination oven and the temperature of the calcination oven may be increased at the ramping rate to the calcination temperature. Then, the magnesium oxide may be maintained at the calcination temperature for a predetermined period of time. At the end of the predetermined period of time, the calcined magnesium oxide may be allowed to slowly cool down to ambient temperature. Optionally, the isomerization catalyst may be calcined a second time. The calcination temperature, ramping rate, and duration of the second calcination process may each be the same or different from the calcination temperature, ramping rate, and duration of the first calcination process.

[0035] The magnesium oxide may be calcined in a calcination oven at a calcination temperature of from 450 °C to 650 °C. For example, the magnesium oxide may be calcined in a calcination oven at a calcination temperature of from 450 °C to 600 °C, from 450 °C to 550 °C, from 450 °C to 500 °C, from 500 °C to 650 °C, from 500 °C to 600 °C, from 500 °C to 550 °C, from 550 °C to 650 °C, from 550 °C to 600 °C, or from 600 °C to 650 °C. The ramping rate of the calcination process may be from 1 degree Celsius per minute (°C/min) to 4 °C/min. For example, the ramping rate of the calcination process may be from 1 °C/min to 3 °C/min, from 1 °C/min to 2.5 °C/min, from 1 °C/min to 2 °C/min, from 1.5 °C/min to 2 °C/min, from 1.5 °C/min to 4 °C/min, from 1.5 °C/min to 3 °C/min, from 1.5 °C/min to 2.5 °C/min, from 1.5 °C/min to 2 °C/min, from 2 °C/min to 4 °C/min, from 2 °C/min to 3 °C/min, from 2 °C/min to 2.5 °C/min, from 2.5 °C/min to 4 °C/min, from 2.5 °C/min to 3 °C/min, or from 3 °C/min to 4 °C/min. The magnesium oxide may be calcined in the calcination oven for a duration of from 1 hour to 10 hours. For example, the magnesium oxide may be calcined in the calcination oven for a duration of from 1 hour to 8 hours, from 1 hour to 6 hours, from 1 hour to 4 hours, from 1 hour to 2 hours, from 2 hours to 10 hours, from 2 hours to 8 hours, from 2 hours to 6 hours, from 2 hours to 4 hours, from 4 hours to 10 hours, from 4 hours to 8 hours, from 4 hours to 6 hours, from 6 hours to 10 hours, from 6 hours to 8 hours, or from 8 hours.

[0036] The isomerization catalyst 112 resulting from the process of the present disclosure may have a surface area of from 100 square meters per gram (m ² /g) to 300 m ² /g, as determined by the Brunauer Emmett-Teller (BET) method. For example, the isomerization catalyst 112 may have a surface area of from 100 m ² /g to 275 m ² /g, from 100 m ² /g to 250 m ² /g, from 100 m ² /g to 225 m ² /g, from 100 m ² /g to 200 m ² /g, from 100 m ² /g to 175 m ² /g, from 100 m ² /g to 150 m ² /g, from 100 m ² /g to 125 m ² /g, from 125 m ² /g to 300 m ² /g, from 125 m ² /g to 275 m ² /g, from 125 m ² /g to 250 m ² /g, from 125 m ² /g to 225 m ² /g, from 125 m ² /g to 200 m ² /g, from 125 m ² /g to 175 m ² /g, from 125 m ² /g to 150 m ² /g, from 150 m ² /g to 300 m ² /g, from 150 m ² /g to 275 m ² /g, from 150 m ² /g to 250 m ² /g, from 150 m ² /g to 225 m ² /g, from 150 m ² /g to 200 m ² /g, from 150 m ² /g to 175 m ² /g, from 175 m ² /g to 300 m ² /g, from 175 m ² /g to 275 m ² /g, from 175 m ² /g to 250 m ² /g, from 175 m ² /g to 225 m ² /g, from 175 m ² /g to 200 m ² /g, from 200 m ² /g to 300 m ² /g, from 200 m ² /g to 275 m ² /g, from 200 m ² /g to 250 m ² /g, from 200 m ² /g to 225 m ² /g, from 225 m ² /g to 300 m ² /g, from 225 m ² /g to 275 m ² /g, from 225 m ² /g to 250 m ² /g, from 250 m ² /g to 300 m ² /g, from 250 m ² /g to 275 m ² /g, or from 275 m ² /g to 300 m ² /g, as determined by the BET method.

[0037] The isomerization catalyst 12 resulting from the process of the present disclosure may have a cumulative pore volume of from 0.10 cubic centimeters per gram (cm ³ /g) to 0.30 cm ³ /g, as determined by the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) method. For example, the isomerization catalyst 112 may have a cumulative pore volume of from 0.10 cm ³ /g to 0.26 cm ³ /g, from 0.10 cm ³ /g to 0.22 cm ³ /g, from 0.10 cm ³ /g to 0.18 cm ³ /g, from 0.10 cm ³ /g to 0.14 cm ³ /g, from 0.14 cm ³ /g to 0.30 cm ³ /g, from 0.14 cm ³ /g to 0.26 cm ³ /g, from 0.14 cm ³ /g to 0.22 cm ³ /g, from 0.14 cm ³ /g to 0.18 cm ³ /g, from 0.18 cm ³ /g to 0.30 cm ³ /g, from 0.18 cm ³ /g to 0.26 cm ³ /g, from 0.18 cm ³ /g to 0.22 cm ³ /g, from 0.22 cm ³ /g to 0.30 cm ³ /g, from 0.22 cm ³ /g to 0.26 cm ³ /g, or from 0.26 cm ³ /g to 0.30 cm ³ /g, as determined by the BJH method.

[0038] The isomerization catalyst 112 resulting from the process of the present disclosure may have an average pore width of from 5 nanometers (nm) to 10 nm, as determined by the BJH method. For example, the isomerization catalyst 112 may have an average pore width of from 5 nm to 9 nm, from 5 nm to 8 nm, from 5 nm to 7 nm from 5 nm to 6 nm, from 6 nm to 10 nm, from 6 nm to 9 nm, from 6 nm to 8 nm, from 6 nm to 7 nm, from 7 nm to 10 nm, from 7 nm to 9 nm, from 7 nm to 8 nm, from 8 nm to 10 nm, from 8 nm to 9 nm, or from 9 nm to 10 nm, as determined by the BJH method.

[0039] The isomerization catalyst 112 resulting from the process of the present disclosure may have an average particle size of from 20 nm to 50 nm, as calculated by the Scherrer equation. For example, the isomerization catalyst 112 may have an average particle size of from 20 nm to 45 nm, from 20 nm to 40 nm, from 20 nm to 35 nm, from 20 nm to 30 nm, from 20 nm to 25 nm, from 25 nm to 50 nm, from 25 nm to 45 nm, from 25 nm to 40 nm, from 25 nm to 35 nm, from 25 nm to 30 nm, from 30 nm to 50 nm, from 30 nm to 45 nm, from 30 nm to 40 nm, from 30 nm to 35 nm, from 35 nm to 50 nm, from 35 nm to 45 nm, from 35 nm to 40 nm, from 40 nm to 50 nm, from 40 nm to 45 nm, or from 45 nm to 50 nm, as calculated by the Scherrer equation.

[0040] The isomerization catalyst 112 having these properties (that is, the previously described surface area, cumulative pore volume, average pore width, and average particle size) may have increased catalytic activity and thermal stability compared to commercially-available magnesium oxide catalysts. As a result, the system 100 comprising the isomerization catalyst 112 may have an increased 1 -butene yield compared to a system utilizing a conventional magnesium oxide catalysts.

[0041] Referring now to FIG. 2, in embodiments, a fluid/solid separator 150 may be disposed downstream of the isomerization reaction zone 110, upstream of the isomerization reaction zone 110, or both. As used in the present disclosure, the term “flui d/solid separator” may refer to a fluid permeable barrier between catalyst beds that reduces or prevents solid catalyst particles in one catalyst bed from migrating from the reaction zone, while allowing for reactants and products to move through the separator. The fluid/solid separator 150 may be chemically inert and generally makes no contribution to the reaction chemistry. Inserting the fluid/solid separator 150 upstream or downstream of the isomerization reaction zone 110 may maintain the isomerization catalyst 112 in the isomerization reaction zone 110, and improve the isothermal stability of the isomerization reactions, which may lead to the decreased production of undesired by-products and increased yield of 1 -butene.

[0042] Referring again to FIG. 1, various operating conditions are contemplated for contacting the feedstock 130 with the isomerization catalyst 112 in the isomerization zone 110. In embodiments, the feedstock 130 may contact the isomerization catalyst 112 in the isomerization zone 110 at a space hour velocity of from 10 per hour (h ¹ ) to 10,000 h ¹ . For example, the feedstock 130 may contact the isomerization catalyst 112 in the isomerization zone 110 at a space hour velocity of from 10 h ¹ to 5000 h ¹ , from 10 h ¹ to 2500 h ¹ , from 10 h ¹ to 1200 h ¹ , from 100 h ¹ to 10,000 h ¹ , from 100 h ¹ to 5000 h ¹ , from 100 h ¹ to 2500 h ¹ , from 100 h ¹ to 1200 h ¹ , from 300 h ¹ to 10,000 h ¹ , from 300 h ¹ to 5000 h ¹ , from 300 h ¹ to 2500 h ¹ , from 300 h ¹ to 1200 h ¹ , from 500 h ¹ to 10,000 h ¹ , from 500 h ¹ to 5000 h ¹ , from 500 h ¹ to 2500 h ¹ _, or from 500 h ¹ to 1200 h ¹ . Furthermore, the feedstock 130 may contact the isomerization catalyst 112 in the isomerization zone 110 at a pressure of from 1 bar to 30 bars. For example, the feedstock 130 may contact the isomerization catalyst 112 in the isomerization zone 110 at a pressure of from 1 bar to 20 bars, from 1 bar to 10 bars, from 2 bars to 30 bars, from 2 bars to 20 bars, or from 2 bars to 10 bars. The feedstock 130 may also contact the isomerization catalyst 112 in the isomerization zone 110 at atmospheric pressure.

[0043] Optionally, prior to the introduction of the feedstock 130 to the system 100, the isomerization catalyst 112 may be pretreated. For example, the isomerization catalyst 112 in the system 100 may be pretreated by passing a heated gas stream through the isomerization catalyst 112 for a pretreatment period. The gas stream may include one or more of an oxygen-containing gas, nitrogen gas (N2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen gas (Fh), a hydrocarbon gas, air, other inert gas, or combinations of these gases. The temperature of the heated gas stream may be from 250 °C to 700 °C, from 250 °C to 650 °C, from 250 °C to 600 °C, from 250 °C to 500 °C, from 300 °C to 700 °C, from 300 °C to 650 °C, from 300 °C to 600 °C, from 300 °C to 500 °C, from 400 °C to 700 °C, from 400 °C to 650 °C, from 400 °C to 600 °C, or from 400 °C to 500 °C. The pretreatment period may be from 1 minute to 30 hours, from 1 minute to 20 hours, from 1 minute to 10 hours, from 1 minute to 5 hours, from 0.5 hours to 30 hours, from 0.5 hours to 20 hours, from 0.5 hours to 10 hours, from 0.5 hours to 5 hours, from 1 hours to 30 hours, from 1 hour to 20 hours, from 1 hour to 10 hours, from 1 hour to 5 hours, from 5 hours to 30 hours, from 5 hours to 20 hours, or from 5 hours to 10 hours. For example, the isomerization catalyst 112 in the system 100 may be pretreated with nitrogen gas at a temperature of 550 °C for a pretreatment period of from 1 hour to 5 hours before introducing the feedstock 130.

Examples

[0044] The various embodiments of isomerization catalysts, methods of making the isomerization catalysts, and methods of using the isomerization catalyst in the production of 1- butene will be further clarified by the following examples. The examples are illustrative in nature, and should not be understood to limit the subject matter of the present disclosure.

Example 1 - Hydrothermal Synthesis of Isomerization Catalyst

[0045] An isomerization catalyst was prepared using hydrothermal synthesis. In particular, 18.02 grams (g) of urea and 15.39 g of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(N03)2 6H20) were dissolved in 100 milliliters (mL) of deionized water (DI water) and stirred vigorously at room temperature for 1 hour to form a catalyst precursor solution. The catalyst precursor solution was then transferred to an autoclave and placed in an oven at 120 °C for 72 hours at a ramp rate of 1 degree Celsius per minute (°C/min). The resulting magnesium oxide precipitants were then filtered from the solution via vacuum filtration, dried overnight at room temperature, and them dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for 24 hours to form an isomerization catalyst. The isomerization catalyst was then calcined in a calcination oven under air at a ramping rate of 1 °C/min until the isomerization catalyst attained a temperature of 550 °C. The isomerization catalyst was then maintained in the calcination oven at a temperature of 550 °C for 5 hours. Following calcination, the isomerization catalyst was maintained in the calcination oven and allowed to slowly cool to room temperature. The isomerization catalyst prepared according to the above-described method is referred to subsequently as the catalyst of Example 1. Example 2 - Surfactant-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Isomerization Catalyst

[0046] An isomerization catalyst was prepared using surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. In particular, 18.02 g of urea and 15.39 g of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate were dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water and rapidly stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to form a first solution. Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) was then added to the first solution such that the molar ratio of magnesium to cetrimonium bromide in the first solution was 1:0.03, and the first solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours to form a catalyst precursor solution. The catalyst precursor solution was then then processed according to the same procedure previously described in Example 1 to form an isomerization catalyst. The isomerization catalyst prepared according to the above-described method is referred to subsequently as the catalyst of Example 2.

Example 3 - Surfactant-Assisted Hydrothermal Fabrication of Isomerization Catalyst with pH Adjustment

[0047] An isomerization catalyst was prepared using surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. In particular, 18.02 g of urea and 15.39 g of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate were dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water and rapidly stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to form a first solution. Next, 0.984 g of cetrimonium bromide was added to the first solution, which was then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours to form a catalyst precursor solution. The pH of the catalyst precursor solution was then adjusted to a pH of 5 by the dropwise addition of acetic acid. The catalyst precursor solution was then then processed according to the same procedure previously described in Example 1 to form an isomerization catalyst. The isomerization catalyst prepared according to the above-described method is referred to subsequently as the catalyst of Example 3.

Example 4 - Surfactant-Assisted Hydrothermal Fabrication of Isomerization Catalyst with pH Adjustment

[0048] An isomerization catalyst was prepared using surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. In particular, 18.02 g of urea and 15.39 g of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate were dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water and rapidly stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to form a first solution. Next, 0.984 g of cetrimonium bromide was added to the first solution, which was then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours to form a catalyst precursor solution. The pH of the catalyst precursor solution was then adjusted to a pH of 9 by the dropwise addition of concentrated ammonium. The catalyst precursor solution was then then processed according to the same procedure previously described in Example 1 to form an isomerization catalyst. The isomerization catalyst prepared according to the above-described method is referred to subsequently as the catalyst of Example 4.

Example 5 - Surfactant-Assisted Hydrothermal Fabrication of Isomerization Catalyst with pH Adjustment

[0049] An isomerization catalyst was prepared using surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. In particular, 18.02 g of urea and 15.39 g of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate were dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water and rapidly stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to form a first solution. Next, 0.984 g of cetrimonium bromide was added to the first solution, which was then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours to form a catalyst precursor solution. The pH of the catalyst precursor solution was then adjusted to a pH of 11 by the dropwise addition of concentrated ammonium. The catalyst precursor solution was then then processed according to the same procedure previously described in Example 1 to form an isomerization catalyst. The isomerization catalyst prepared according to the above-described method is referred to subsequently as the catalyst of Example 5.

Comparative Example 6 - Commercially-Available Magnesium Oxide Catalyst

[0050] An isomerization catalysts was prepared from a magnesium oxide base material, commercially available from Sigma Aldrich. The commercially-available magnesium oxide was dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 90 °C to form an isomerization catalyst. The isomerization catalyst was then calcined in a calcination oven under air at a ramping rate of 1 °C/min until the isomerization catalyst attained a temperature of 550 °C. The isomerization catalyst was then maintained in the calcination oven at a temperature of 550 °C for 5 hours. Following calcination, the isomerization catalyst was maintained in the calcination oven and allowed to slowly cool to room temperature. The isomerization catalyst prepared according to the above-described method is referred to subsequently as the catalyst of Comparative Example 6. Example 7 - Evaluation of Isomerization Catalyst Structures

[0051] The crystallographic structures of the catalysts of Examples 1-5 were obtained from the measured XRD profiles of the catalysts. The XRD profiles of the catalyst of Example 1 (360), the catalyst of Example 2 (350), the catalyst of Example 3 (340), the catalyst of Example 4 (330), the catalyst of Example 5 (320), and the catalyst of Comparative Example 6 (310) are depicted in FIG. 3. The diffraction peaks corresponding to the cubic structure of magnesium oxide in a single phase may be observed in FIG. 3 at 2 Theta (20) = 36 degrees (°), 42°, 62°, 74°, and 78° for all examples. A comparison of the XRD profile of the commercially-available magnesium oxide catalyst with the XRD profiles of the catalysts of Examples 1-5 also indicates that the average particle size of the catalysts of Examples 1-5, as estimated by the Scherrer equation, are much smaller than the average particle size of the catalyst of Comparative Example 6. Additionally, a comparison of the XRD profiles of the catalysts of Examples 2-5 also indicates that the pH of the catalyst precursor solution has a negligible effect, if any, on the average particle size of the catalysts.

Example 8 - Evaluation of Catalyst Properties

[0052] The mechanical properties of the catalysts of Examples 1-5, as well as the catalyst of Comparative Example 6, were determined and provided in Table 1. In particular, the surface areas of the catalysts were determined by the Brunauer Emmett-Teller (BET) method, the cumulative volume of pores and the average pore width were determined by the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) method, and the average particle sizes were calculated by the Scherrer equation. The properties of the catalysts of Examples 1 -5 and the catalyst of Comparative Example 6 are provided in Table 1.

Table 1 - Catalyst Properties [0053] As shown by Table 1, the catalysts of Examples 1-5 had a significantly larger surface area compared to the catalyst of Comparative Example 6. Moreover, the catalyst of Example 3, which was synthesized by surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis with a pH adjustment to a pH of 5, had the largest surface area of all the catalysts. As shown by the results of Examples 9 and 10, the catalyst of Example 5 also resulted in one of the greatest 1 -butene yields. This may suggest that the surface area of the catalysts may directly contribute to isomerization catalytic activity. Similarly, the catalysts of Examples 1-5 had a significantly smaller average particle compared to the catalyst of Comparative Example 6. Moreover, the catalyst of Example 3 had the smallest average particle size of all the catalysts. This may suggest that the average particle size of the catalysts may directly contribute to isomerization catalytic activity.

Example 9 - Evaluation of Catalyst Performances at 300 °C

[0054] The catalysts of Examples 1-5, as well as the catalyst of Comparative Example 6, were tested for activity and selectivity for isomerizing a butene-containing feed to 1 -butene in a fixed-bed continuous flow reactor, such as the reactor depicted in FIG. 2, at atmospheric pressure. A fixed amount of 0.2 g of each catalyst was pressed and sieved to a desired particle size in the range of 212-300 microns (pm), and was packed into a reactor tube. Layers of silicon carbide were positioned both upstream and downstream of the catalysts in order to ensure that the catalysts remained within the desired isothermal range.

[0055] Each reactor was first heated to 120 °C under nitrogen at a flow rate of 120 milliliters per minute (mL/min) and argon at a flow rate of 6 mL/min for 24 hours in order to ensure slow moisture desorption from the catalysts and identify any potential gas leaks from the reactors. The catalysts were then activated under nitrogen at 550 °C and a flow rate of 120 mL/min for 12 hours. The reactors were then cooled to 300 °C under nitrogen before a feedstock of cis-2- butene was passed through the reactors at a flow rate of 0.008 grams per minute (g/min) and a weight hourly space velocity (WHSY) of 2.4 per hour (h ¹ ) for 18 hours. Quantitative analysis of the products for each reactor was performed using a gas chromatograph (commercially available as Agilent GC-7890B) with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and two flame ionization detectors (FID).

[0056] The 1 -butene yield (wt.%) as a function of time-on-stream (TOS) for reactors comprising the catalyst of Example 1 (420), the catalyst of Example 2 (430), the catalyst of Example 3 (440), the catalyst of Example 4 (450), the catalyst of Example 5 (460), and the catalyst of Comparative Example 6 (410) are depicted in FIG. 4. As shown by FIG. 4, there was a dramatic decrease in the isomerization catalytic activity in the catalyst of Comparative Example 6 and the catalyst of Example 1 within 10 hours. There was a similar decrease in isomerization catalytic activity in the catalyst of Example 2 and the catalyst of Example 4, but both catalysts were able to maintain a 1 -butene yield of nearly 5 wt.%. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that this may be caused by the adsorption of water and oxygenates present in the feedstock. Additionally, despite having the greatest surface area, the catalyst of Example 1 appears to have the lowest isomerization catalytic activity. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that this may be due to the formation of active surface sites having reduced catalytic activity. Moreover, FIG. 4 shows that the catalysts of Examples 3 and 5 maintain a significantly improved 1 -butene yield compared to the other catalysts. This may indicate that adjusting the pH of the catalyst precursor solution to be weakly acidic (pH 5) or strongly basic (pH 11) may improve the thermal stability of the resulting isomerization catalyst.

Example 10 - Evaluation of Catalyst Performances at 400 °C

[0057] The catalysts of Examples 1-5, as well as the commercially-available magnesium oxide catalyst of Example 6, were tested again, according to the same process as previously described in Example 8, but at a reactor temperature of 400 °C for 70 hours.

[0058] The 1 -butene yield (wt.%) as a function of time-on-stream (TOS) for reactors comprising the catalyst of Example 1 (520), the catalyst of Example 2 (530), the catalyst of Example 3 (540), the catalyst of Example 4 (550), the catalyst of Example 5 (560), and the catalyst of Comparative Example 6 (510) are depicted in FIG. 5. As shown by FIG. 5, the increase in reactor temperature from 300 °C to 400 °C resulted in an overall increase of 1 -butene yield and catalyst thermal stability. However, while the isomerization catalytic activity of neither the catalyst of Comparative Example 6 nor the catalyst of Example 1 appeared to decrease over time, neither catalyst was capable of producing 1 -butene yields similar to those produced initially at 300 °C. Additionally, the catalysts that were produced by surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis (the catalysts of Examples 2-5) each appeared to have greater 1 -butene yields and thermal stability at 400 °C. In particular, the catalysts of Examples 3 and 5 again maintained an improved 1 -butene yield when compared to the other catalysts. This may further indicate that adjusting the pH of the catalyst precursor solution to be weakly acidic (pH 5) or strongly basic (pH 11) may improve the yield and thermal stability of the resulting isomerization catalyst.

[0059] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Since modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and variations of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the disclosure may occur to persons skilled in the art, the scope of the disclosure should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended claims their equivalents.

[0060] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method of producing an isomerization catalyst may comprise preparing a catalyst precursor solution comprising at least a magnesium precursor, a hydrolyzing agent, and cetrimonium bromide; hydrothermally treating the catalyst precursor solution to produce a magnesium oxide precipitant; and calcining the magnesium oxide precipitant to produce the isomerization catalyst.

[0061] A second aspect of the present disclosure may comprise the first aspect where the molar ratio of the magnesium precursor to the hydrolyzing agent in the catalyst precursor solution is from 1 : 10 to 1:1.

[0062] A third aspect of the present disclosure may comprise either of the first or second aspects where the molar ratio of the magnesium precursor to polyethylene glycol in the catalyst precursor solution is from 1:0.01 to 1:0.1.

[0063] A fourth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the first through third aspects further comprising adjusting the pH of the catalyst precursor solution.

[0064] A fifth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise the fourth aspect where the pH of the catalyst precursor solution is adjusted to a pH of from 3 to 7. [0065] A sixth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise the fourth aspect where the pH of the catalyst precursor solution is adjusted to a pH of from 8 to 12.

[0066] A seventh aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the first through sixth aspects where hydrothermally treating the catalyst precursor solution comprises heating the catalyst precursor solution to a temperature of from 100 °C to 140 °C for a duration of from 48 hours to 96 hours.

[0067] An eighth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the first through seventh aspects where calcining the catalyst precipitant comprises heating the catalyst precipitant to a temperature of from 450 °C to 650 °C for a duration of from 1 hour to 10 hours.

[0068] A ninth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise as isomerization catalyst made by the method of any of the first through eighth aspects.

[0069] A tenth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise the ninth aspect where the surface area of the isomerization catalyst is from 100 m ² /g to 300 m ² /g.

[0070] An eleventh aspect of the present disclosure may comprise either of the ninth or tenth aspects where the average particle size of the isomerization catalyst is from 10 nm to 50 nm.

[0071] In a twelfth aspect of the present disclosure, a method of producing 1 -butene from a 2-butene-containing feedstock may comprise contacting the 2-butene-containing feedstock with an isomerization catalyst to produce an isomerization reaction effluent comprising 1 -butene, the isomerization catalyst prepared by a method comprising: preparing a catalyst precursor solution comprising at least a magnesium precursor, a hydrolyzing agent, and cetrimonium bromide; hydrothermally treating the catalyst precursor solution to produce a magnesium oxide precipitant; and calcining the magnesium oxide precipitant to produce the isomerization catalyst.

[0072] A thirteenth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise the twelfth aspect where the isomerization catalyst is disposed in an isomerization reaction zone.

[0073] A fourteenth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise either of the twelfth or thirteenth aspects where contacting the 2-butene-containing feedstock with the isomerization catalyst causes the isomerization of at least a portion of 2-butene in the 2-butene-containing feedstock.

[0074] A fifteenth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the twelfth through fourteenth aspects where the molar ratio of the magnesium precursor to the hydrolyzing agent in the catalyst precursor solution is from 1 : 10 to 1:1.

[0075] A sixteenth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the twelfth through fifteenth aspects where the molar ratio of the magnesium precursor to polyethylene glycol in the catalyst precursor solution is from 1:0.01 to 1:0.1.

[0076] A seventeenth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the twelfth through sixteenth aspects further comprising adjusting the pH of the catalyst precursor solution.

[0077] An eighteenth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise the seventeenth aspect where the pH of the catalyst precursor solution is adjusted to a pH of from 3 to 7.

[0078] A nineteenth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise the seventeenth aspect where the pH of the catalyst precursor solution is adjusted to a pH of from 8 to 12.

[0079] A twentieth aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the twelfth through nineteenth aspects where hydrothermally treating the catalyst precursor solution comprises heating the catalyst precursor solution to a temperature of from 100 °C to 140 °C for a duration of from 48 hours to 96 hours.

[0080] A twenty-first aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the twelfth through twentieth aspects where calcining the catalyst precipitant comprises heating the catalyst precipitant to a temperature of from 450 °C to 650 °C for a duration of from 1 hour to 10 hours.

[0081] A twenty-second aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the twelfth through twenty-first aspects where the surface area of the isomerization catalyst is from 100 m ² /g to 300 m ² /g. [0082] A twenty-third aspect of the present disclosure may comprise any of the twelfth through twenty-second aspects where the average particle size of the isomerization catalyst is from 10 nm to 50 nm.

[0083] It should now be understood that various aspects of the present disclosure are described and such aspects may be utilized in conjunction with various other aspects.

[0084] It is noted that one or more of the following claims utilize the term “where” as a transitional phrase. For the purposes of defining the present disclosure, it is noted that this term is introduced in the claims as an open-ended transitional phrase that is used to introduce a recitation of a series of characteristics of the structure and should be interpreted in like manner as the more commonly used open-ended preamble term “comprising.”

[0085] It should be understood that any two quantitative values assigned to a property may constitute a range of that property, and all combinations of ranges formed from all stated quantitative values of a given property are contemplated in this disclosure. It should be appreciated that compositional ranges of a chemical constituent in a stream or in a reactor should be appreciated as containing, in some embodiments, a mixture of isomers of that constituent. For example, a compositional range specifying butene may include a mixture of various isomers of butene. It should be appreciated that the examples supply compositional ranges for various streams, and that the total amount of isomers of a particular chemical composition can constitute a range.

[0086] Having described the subject matter of the present disclosure in detail and by reference to specific embodiments, it is noted that the various details described in this disclosure should not be taken to imply that these details relate to elements that are essential components of the various embodiments described in this disclosure, even in cases where a particular element is illustrated in each of the drawings that accompany the present description. Rather, the appended claims should be taken as the sole representation of the breadth of the present disclosure and the corresponding scope of the various embodiments described in this disclosure. Further, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the appended claims.