ICROORGANISMS AND METHODS FOR THE CO-PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND THREE CARBON COMPOUNDS

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 1 19(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/305,814, filed March 9, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/430,742, filed December 6, 2016, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TEXT FILE SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

[0002] The contents of the text file submitted electronically herewith are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: A computer readable format copy of the Sequence Listing (filename: BRAS_001_02WO_ST25.txt, date recorded: March 7, 2017, file size about 231 kilobytes).

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] This application relates to recombinant microorganisms useful in the biosynthesis of monoethylene glycol and one or more three-carbon compounds. The application further relates to methods of producing monoethylene glycol and one or more three-carbon compound using the recombinant microorganisms, as well as compositions comprising one or more of these compounds and/or the recombinant microorganisms.

BACKGROUND

[0004] Organic compounds such as monoethylene glycol (MEG), acetone, isopropano! (iPA) and propene are valuable as raw material in the production of products like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resins (from MEG) and the plastic polypropylene (from propene). These compounds also find use directly for industrial or household purposes. i [0005] However, the compounds are currently produced from precursors that originate from fossil fuels, which contribute to climate change. To develop more environmentally friendly processes for the production of MEG and three-carbon compounds such as isopropano!, researchers have engineered microorganisms with biosynthetic pathways to produce MEG or I PA separately. However, these pathways are challenging to implement, with loss of product yield, redox balance and excess biomass formation being some major obstacles to overcome.

[0008] Thus there exists a need for improved biosynthesis pathways for the production of MEG and three-carbon compounds such as IPA.

SUiVi!V!ARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0007] The present application relates to recombinant microorganisms having one or more biosynthesis pathways for the production of monoethylene glycol and one or more three-carbon compounds.

[0008] The present disclosure provides a combination of an easy to implement, high yield C2 branch pathway for MEG production from xylose with an easy to implement C3 branch pathway for production of one or more three-carbon compounds from DHAP or pyruvate.

[0009] The presently disclosed process of co-producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds is synergistic by utilizing the excess NADH produced in the C3 branch pathway to feed the NADH requirement of the C2 branch pathway.

[0010] In one aspect, the present application provides a recombinant microorganism co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and one or more three- carbon compounds, in one embodiment, the MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds are co-produced from xylose, in another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xyiuiose-5-kinase and/or in a gene encoding a glycoaldehyde dehydrogenase, in some embodiments, the gene encoding the D-xyiulose-5-kinase is xylB. in some embodiments, the gene encoding the glycoaldehyde dehydrogenase is aidA. In some embodiments, MEG is produced through the conversion of giycoiaidehyde in a C2 branch pathway and one or more three-carbon compounds is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C3 branch pathway. In other embodiments, at least a portion of the excess NADH produced in the C3 branch pathway is used as a source of reducing equivalents in the C2 branch pathway. In further embodiments, at least a portion of the excess NADH produced in the C3 branch pathway is used to produce ATP. In yet further embodiments, excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and one or more three- carbon compounds is maximized,

[0011] in one embodiment, MEG is produced from xylose via ribulose-1- phosphate. In another embodiment, MEG is produced from xylose via xylulose-1- phosphate. In a further embodiment, MEG is produced from xylose via xylonafe.

[0012] In one embodiment, the one or more three-carbon compounds is acetone. In another embodiment, the one or more three-carbon compounds is isopropanol. In a further embodiment, the one or more three-carbon compounds is propene.

[0013] in one preferred embodiment, MEG and acetone are co-produced from xylose using a ribulose-1 -phosphate pathway for the conversion of xylose to MEG and a C3 branch pathway for the conversion of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) to acetone.

[0014] In one aspect, the present application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyluiose to D-ribuiose;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose from (a) to D- ribulose-1-phosphate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose-1-phosphate from (b) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP); (d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycoialdehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl- CoA;

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyi-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[0015] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylulose to D-ribulose is a D-tagatose 3-epimerase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-ribulose is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-ribulose is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a D-tagatose 3-epimerase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp., Mesorhizobium sp. and Rhodobacter sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding D- tagatose 3-epimerase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas sp. ST-24, Mesorhizobium lots and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding D-tagatose 3-epimerase is dte, C1 KKR1 , or homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is FJ851309.1 or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 5. In yet a further embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by a nudeic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 , 2 and 4.

[0018] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribulose to D-ribulose-1-phosphate is a D-ribulokinase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose to D-ribulose- -phosphate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose to D-ribulose-1 - phosphate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a D-ribulokinase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from E. coii. In some embodiments, the nudeic acid molecule encoding D-ribulokinase is fucK, or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the D- ribulokinase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. in yet a further embodiment, the D-ribulokinase is encoded by a nudeic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NQs: 8 and 7.

[0017] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribulose-1 -phosphate to giycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) is a D-ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase, in a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose-1 -phosphate to giycolaldehyde and DHAP is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribuiose-1 -phosphate to giycolaldehyde and DHAP is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules, in another embodiment, the enzyme is a D-ribuiose- -phosphate aldolase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from E. co!i. in some embodiments, the nudeic acid molecule encoding D-ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase is fucA, or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the D-ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In yet a further embodiment, the D-ribuiose-1 -phosphate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 10.

[0018] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde to MEG is a giycolaldehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde to MEG is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to MEG is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a glycolaldehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from E. coli or S. cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding glycolaldehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase is selected from fucO, yqhD, dkgA (yqhE), dkgB (yafB), yeaE, yghZ, gldA, GRE2, or homoiog thereof, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is yqhD. In some embodiments, the yqhD comprises a G149E mutation, in a further embodiment, the glycolaldehyde reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 32. in yet a further embodiment, the glycolaldehyde reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21 , 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 and 31.

[0019] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl- CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyitransferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyitransferase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., E, coli, Saccharomyces sp. and Marinobacter sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyitransferase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetobutyiicum, Clostridium thermosaccharo!yticum, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyitransferase is thIA, atoB and/or ERG10, or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyitransferase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NQs: 35, 37 and 40. In yet a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 33, 34, 36, 38 and 39.

[0020] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase. In some embodiments, the transferase is an acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate- CoA transferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp. and E, coii. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is obtained from Clostridium acetobutylicum. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA transferase is obtained from E. coii. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase subunits are atoA and atoD, or homologs thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase subunits are ctfA and ctfB, or homologs thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 46, 97, 99, 01 and 103. In yet a further embodiment, the acety!-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41 , 42, 44, 45, 96, 98, 100 and 102.

[0021] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is an acetoacetate decarboxylase, in a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetoacetate decarboxylase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium celluiolyticum, Bacillus polymyxa, Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas putida. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 52. In yet another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, 50 and 51.

[0022] in one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiuiose to D-xylulose-5- phosphate;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to glycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[0023] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyiulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate is a D-xylulose-5-kinase. In some embodiments, the D-xylulose-5-kinase is from Escherichia coli, in some embodiments, the D~ xyiulose-5-kinase is encoded by the xyiB gene, or homolog thereof.

[0024] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xyluiose-5-kinase to prevent the conversion of D- xyiulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of D-xyiuiose to D-xyluiose- -phosphate. [0025] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde to glycolic acid is a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase, in some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aldA gene, or homolog thereof.

[0028] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a giycolaldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of glycolic acid from giycolaldehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of giycolaldehyde to MEG.

[0027] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a lactate dehydrogenase. In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homolog thereof.

[0028] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of a three- carbon compound.

[0029] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises an endogenous enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose.

[0030] in one preferred embodiment, MEG and acetone are co-produced from xylose using a xylulose-1-phosphate pathway for the conversion of xylose to MEG and a C3 branch pathway for the conversion of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) to acetone.

[0031] in another aspect, the present application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following: (a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D~xylulose to D-xylu!ose-1- phosphate;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiuiose~1~phosphate from (a) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (b) to MEG;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl- CoA;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacefyi-CoA from (d) to acetoacetate; and/or

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (e) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[0032] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyiulose to D~xyluiose- -phosphate is a D~xyluiose 1-kinase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-xylulose- 1 -phosphate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-xylulose-1-phosphate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a D-xyiulose 1-kinase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from Homo sapiens. In one embodiment, the Homo sapiens D-xyiuiose 1-kinase is a ketohexokinase C. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding human ketohexokinase C is khk- C, or hornolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D~xylulose -kinase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose 1 -kinase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54.

[0033] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyiulose- -phosphate to giycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) is a D-xylulose-1-phosphate aldolase, in a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose-1 -phosphate to giycolaldehyde and DHAP is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose-1-phosphate to giycolaldehyde and DHAP is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules, in another embodiment, the enzyme is a D-xylulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from Homo sapiens. In one embodiment, the Homo sapiens D-xyiulose 1 -phosphate aldolase is an aldolase B. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding human aldolase B is ALDOB, or hornolog thereof, in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xyiuiose~1 -phosphate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xyluiose-1 -phosphate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and 57.

[0034] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde to MEG is a giycolaldehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde to MEG is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde to MEG is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules, in another embodiment, the enzyme is a giycolaldehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from E. coii or S. cerevisiae. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding giycolaldehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase is selected from fucO, yqhD, dkgA (yqhE), dkgB (yafB), yeaE, yghZ, gldA, GRE2, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is yqhD, In some embodiments, the yqhD comprises a G149E mutation. In a further embodiment, the giycolaidehyde reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 32. In yet a further embodiment, the giycolaidehyde reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21 , 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 and 31.

[0035] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl- CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl~CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyi-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., E. coli, Saccharomyces sp. and Marinobacter sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium thermosaccharo!yiicum, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is thIA, atoB and/or ERG10, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NQs: 35, 37 and 40. In yet a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NQs: 33, 34, 36, 38 and 39.

[0038] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyi-CoA to acetoacetate is a acetate: acetoacetyi-CoA transferase or hydrolase, in some embodiments, the transferase is an acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate- CoA transferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp. and E, coii. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is obtained from Clostridium acetobutyiicum. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate:acetoacetyl-CoA transferase is obtained from E. coli. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase subunits are atoA and atoD, or homologs thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase subunits are ctfA and ctfB, or homologs thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 46, 97, 99, 101 and 103. In yet a further embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetafe-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41 , 42, 44, 45, 98, 98, 100 and 102.

[0037] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is an acetoacetate decarboxylase, in a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetoacetate decarboxylase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetobutyiicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium ceiiuloiyticum, Bacillus polymyxa, Chromobacterium vioiaceum and Pseudomonas putida. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc, or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 52. In yet another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, 50 and 51.

[0038] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiuiose to D-xylulose-5- phosphate;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to glycolic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[0039] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyiulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate is a D-xylulose-5-kinase. In some embodiments, the D-xylulose-5-kinase is from Escherichia coii, in some embodiments, the D~ xyiulose-5-kinase is encoded by the xyiB gene, or homoiog thereof.

[0040] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xyluiose-5-kinase to prevent the conversion of D- xyiulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of D-xyiuiose to D-xyluiose- -phosphate.

[0041] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to glycolic acid is a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase, in some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. in some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aidA gene, or homoiog thereof. [0042] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a giyco!aldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of glycolic acid from giycolaldehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of giycolaldehyde to MEG.

[0043] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a lactate dehydrogenase. In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homolog thereof.

[0044] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of a three- carbon compound.

[0045] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises an endogenous enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose.

[0048] In another aspect, the present application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethyiene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose and glucose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to xyiitol and at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of xyiitol to D-xyiuiose;

(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose, and

wherein the microorganism further expresses one or more of the following: (c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-tagatose 3~epimerase that catalyzes the conversion of D~xyluiose from (a) or (b) to D-ribulose;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribuiokinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribuiose from (c) to D-ribu!ose-1 -phosphate;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribulose-1-phosphate from (d) to giycolaldehyde and

dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a giycolaldehyde reductase or methy!g!yoxai reductase that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde from (e) to MEG;

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thioiase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl- CoA;

(h) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate:acetoacetyi-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (g) to acetoacetate; and/or

(i) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (h) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[0047] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to xylitoi is a xylose reductase or aldose reductase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to xylitoi is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiose to xylitoi is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a xylose reductase or aldose reductase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Hypocrea sp., Scheffersomyces sp,, Saccharomyces sp., Pachysoien sp., Pichia sp., Candida sp., Aspergillus sp., Neurospora sp., and Cryptococcus sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Hypocrea jecorina, Scheffersomyces stipitis, S. cerevisiae, Pachysoien tannophiius, Pichia stipitis, Pichia quercuum, Candida shehatae, Candida tenuis, Candida tropica!is, Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa and Cryptococcus iactaiivorus. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding xylose reductase or aldose reductase is xyl1 , GKE3, or homoiog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 84 and 87. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 82, 83, 85 and 86.

[0048] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of xyiitol to D-xyiuiose is a xyiitol dehydrogenase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of xyiitol to D-xyiulose is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of xyiitol to D-xyiulose is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules, in another embodiment, the enzyme is a xyiitol dehydrogenase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Scheffersomyces sp., Trichoderma sp., Pichia sp., Saccharomyces sp., Gluconobacter sp., Gaiactocandida sp., Neurospora sp., and Serratia sp. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the xyiitol dehydrogenase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Scheffersomyces stipitis, Trichoderma reesei, Pichia stipitis, S. cerevisiae, Gluconobacter oxydans, Gaiactocandida mastotermitis, Neurospora crassa and Serratia marcescens. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecule encoding xyiitol dehydrogenase is xy!2, xdhl , or homoiog thereof, in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyiitol dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ I D NQs: 90 and 92. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylitol dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 89 and 91.

[0049] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose is a D-xyiose isomerase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a D- xyiose isomerase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from E. coli. In another embodiment, the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Pyromyces sp. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding D-xylose isomerase is xylA, or homolog thereof, in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, in a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 93 and 94.

[0050] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyiulose to D-ribulose is a D-tagatose 3-epimerase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-ribulose is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-ribulose is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a D-tagatose 3-epimerase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp., Mesorhizobium sp. and Rhodobacter sp. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding D- tagatose 3-epimerase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas sp. ST-24, Mesorhizobium ioti and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding D-tagatose 3-epimerase is dte, C1 KKR1 , or homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is FJ851309.1 or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ I D NOs: 3 and 5. in yet a further embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by a nudeic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ I D NOs: 1 , 2 and 4.

[0051] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D~ ribulose to D-ribulose-1-phosphate is a D-ribulokinase, In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose to D-ribulose-1 -phosphate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose to D-ribulose-1 - phosphate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a D-ribulokinase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from E. cols, in some embodiments, the nudeic acid molecule encoding D-ribulokinase is fucK, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the D~ ribulokinase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO: 8. in yet a further embodiment, the D-ribulokinase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ I D NOs: 6 and 7.

[0052] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribulose-1 -phosphate to glycolaidehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) is a D-ribu!ose-1-phosphate aldolase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribuiose-1 -phosphate to glycolaidehyde and DHAP is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribuiose-1 -phosphate to glycolaidehyde and DHAP is encoded by one or more exogenous nudeic acid molecules, in another embodiment, the enzyme is a D-ribulose- -phosphate aldolase that is encoded by a nudeic acid molecule obtained from E. co/7. in some embodiments, the nudeic acid molecule encoding D-ribuiose-1-phosphate aldolase is fucA, or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the D-ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 1 . in yet a further embodiment, the D-ribulose- -phosphate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ I D NOs: 9 and 10.

[0053] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaidehyde to EG is a glycolaidehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycoialdehyde to MEG is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycoialdehyde to MEG is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a giycoialdehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from E. coii or S. cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding giycoialdehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase is selected from fucO, yqhD, dkgA (yqhE), dkgB (yafB), yeaE, yghZ, gidA, GRE2, or homoiog thereof, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is yqhD, In some embodiments, the yqhD comprises a G149E mutation, in a further embodiment, the giycoialdehyde reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 32. in yet a further embodiment, the giycoialdehyde reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21 , 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 and 31.

[0054] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl- CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Baciiius sp,, E. coii, Saccharomyces sp, and Marinobacter sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetohuty!icum, Clostridium thermosaccharoiyticum, Bacillus cereus, E. coii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Marinobacter hydrocarbonociasticus. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is thIA, atoB and/or ERG10, or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 37 and 40. in yet a further embodiment, the thioiase or acetyl coenzyme A acefyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 33, 34, 36, 38 and 39.

[0055] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is a acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase, in some embodiments, the transferase is an acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate- CoA transferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp. and E. co!i. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is obtained from Clostridium acetobutyiicum. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate:acetoacetyi-CoA transferase is obtained from E. coii. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate:acetoacetyl~CoA transferase subunits are atoA and atoD, or homologs thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate :acetoacety!-CoA hydrolase subunits are ctfA and ctfB, or homologs thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NQs: 43, 46, 97, 99, 101 and 103. In yet a further embodiment, the acetyi-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41 , 42, 44, 45, 96, 98, 100 and 102.

[0056] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is an acetoacetate decarboxylase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetoacetaie decarboxylase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetobutyiicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Bacillus polymyxa, Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas putida. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc, or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 52, In yet another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, 50 and 51.

[0057] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiulose to D-xyluiose-5- phosphate; and

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose-5-phosphate to D- xylulose.

[0058] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyiulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate is a D-xylulose-5-kinase. In some embodiments, the D-xyiuiose-5-kinase is from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments the D-xylulose-5-kinase is encoded by the XKS1 gene, or homoiog thereof. In some embodiments, the D-xylulose-5-kinase is from Pichia stipitis. in some embodiments the D-xyiulose-5-kinase is encoded by the XYL3 gene, or homoiog thereof.

[0059] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase to prevent the conversion of D- xyiulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of D-xyiulose to D-xyluiose-1 -phosphate. [0060] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyluiose-5~phosphate to D-xylulose is an alkaline phosphatase. In some embodiments, the alkaline phosphatase is from S. cerevisiae. in some embodiments, the alkaline phosphatase is encoded by the PH0 3 gene, or homolog thereof.

[0061] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an alkaline phosphatase to prevent the production of D- xylulose from D-xylulose-5-phosphate.

[0062] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism capable of co- producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose and glucose is a fungus.

[0063] in one preferred embodiment, MEG and acetone are co-produced from xylose using a xylonate pathway for the conversion of xylose to MEG and a C3 branch pathway for the conversion of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) to acetone.

[0064] In another aspect, the present application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiose to D- xylonoiactone;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylonolactone from (a) to D-xylonate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylonate from (b) to 2- keto-3-deoxy- xylonate; (d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xyionate from (c) to g!yco!aldehyde and pyruvate;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaidehyde from (d) to MEG;

(f) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacety!-CoA;

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacefyi-CoA from (f) to acetoacetate; and/or

(h) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (g) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acety!-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[0085] in one embodiment the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylonoiactone is a xylose dehydrogenase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylonoiactone is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyionoiactone is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a xylose dehydrogenase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Cau!obacter sp., Haloarcu!a sp., Haioferax sp,, Haiorubrum sp. and Trichoderma sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Cau!obacter crescentus, Ha!oarcuia marismortui, Haioferax vo!canii, Haiorubrum iacusprofundi and Trichoderma reesei. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding xylose dehydrogenase is selected from xylB, xdh (HVO__B0028), xydl , or homoiog thereof, in a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61 , 63 and 65. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, 62 and 64.

[0068] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyionolactone to D-xyionate is a xylonolactonase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyionolactone to D-xylonate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylonolactone to D-xylonate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a xylonolactonase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism seiected from Caulobacter sp. and Haioferax sp. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the xylonolactonase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacter crescentus, Haioferax volcanii and Haioferax gibbonsil. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding xylonolactonase is xylC, or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66.

[0087] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyionate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate is a xylonate dehydratase, in a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyionate to 2-keto-3- deoxy-xylonate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylonate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a xylonate dehydratase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacter sp., Haioferax sp., Su!fo!obus sp. and E. coli. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the xylonate dehydratase is obtained from a microorganism seiected from Caulobacter crescentus, Haioferax volcanii, E. coli and Sulfolobus solfataricus. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding xylonate dehydratase is seiected from xylD, yjhG, yagF, xad, or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonate dehydratase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 69, 72 and 75, In yet another embodiment, the one or more nudeic acid molecules encoding the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by a nudeic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 70, 71 , 73 and 74.

[0068] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3- deoxy-xyionate to glycolaidehyde and pyruvate is a 2~keto-3-deoxy~D~pentonate aldolase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2- keto-3-deoxy-xyionate to glycolaidehyde and pyruvate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate to glycolaidehyde and pyruvate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules, in another embodiment, the enzyme is a 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp. and E. coll. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is selected from yjhH, yagE, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 78 and 81. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3- deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 76, 77, 79 and 80.

[0069] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaidehyde to MEG is a glycolaidehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaidehyde to EG is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaidehyde to MEG is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules, in another embodiment, the enzyme is a glycolaidehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from E. coll or S. cerevlslae. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding glycolaidehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase is selected from fucO, yqhD, dkgA (yqhE), dkgB (yafB), yeaE, yghZ, gldA, GRE2, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is yqhD, In some embodiments, the yqhD comprises a G149E mutation. In a further embodiment, the giycolaidehyde reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 32. In yet a further embodiment, the giycolaidehyde reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21 , 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 and 31.

[0070] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl- CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acety!-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., E. coii, Saccharomyces sp. and Marinobacter sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetobutyiicum, Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is thIA, atoB and/or ERG10, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NQs: 35, 37 and 40. In yet a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NQs: 33, 34, 36, 38 and 39.

[0071] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is a acetate: acetoacetyi-CoA transferase or hydrolase, in some embodiments, the transferase is an acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate- CoA transferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyi-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacefyi-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp. and E, coli. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase are obtained from Clostridium acelobutyiicum. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: a cetoacetyi-CoA transferase are obtained from E, coli, in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase subunits are atoA and atoD, or homologs thereof, in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase subunits are ctfA and ctfB, or homologs thereof, in a further embodiment, the acetyi-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 46, 97, 99, 101 and 103. In yet a further embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41 , 42, 44, 45, 96, 98, 100 and 102.

[0072] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is an acetoacetate decarboxylase, in a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetoacetate decarboxylase that is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium ceiiuloiyticum, Bacillus polymyxa, Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas putida. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 52. In yet another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, 50 and 51.

[0073] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiose to D-xyluiose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaidehyde to glycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[0074] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose is a D-xylose isomerase. in some embodiments, the D-xylose isomerase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the D-xyiose isomerase is encoded by the xylA gene, or homolog thereof.

[0075] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase to prevent conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose and instead shunt the reaction toward the conversion of D-xyiose to D- xylonate.

[0078] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaidehyde to glycoiic acid is a giycolaidehyde dehydrogenase. In some embodiments, the giycolaidehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coli. in some embodiments, the giycolaidehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aidA gene, or homolog thereof.

[0077] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a giycolaidehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of giycolic acid from glycolaidehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of glycolaidehyde to MEG.

[0078] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a lactate dehydrogenase. In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homoiog thereof.

[0079] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of a three- carbon compound.

[0080] In another aspect, the present application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D- xylonate;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylonate from (a) to 2- keto-3-deoxy-xylonate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate from (b) to glycolaidehyde and pyruvate;

(d) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaidehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA; (f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyi-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or

(g) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[0081] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyionate is a xylose dehydrogenase, in a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyionate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiose to D-xylonate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a xylose dehydrogenase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Cau!obacter sp., Ha!oarcu!a sp., Haloferax sp., Halorubrum sp. and Trichoderma sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacter crescentus, Haloarcula marismortui, Haloferax vo!canii, Halorubrum lacusprofundi and Trichoderma reesei. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding xylose dehydrogenase is selected from xylB, xdh (HVO _m B0028), xydl , or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61 , 63 and 65. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, 62 and 64.

[0082] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyionate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate is a xylonate dehydratase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyionate to 2~keto~3~ deoxy-xylonate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylonate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a xyionate dehydratase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacter sp., Haloferax sp., Su!fo!obus sp. and E, coll. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the xyionate dehydratase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacter crescentus, Haloferax volcanli, E. coll and Sulfolobus solfataricus. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding xyionate dehydratase is selected from xylD, yjhG, yagF, xad, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 89, 72 and 75. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 68, 70, 7 , 73 and 74.

[0083] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3- deoxy-xyionate to giycoiaidehyde and pyruvate is a 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase, in a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2- keto-3-deoxy-xyionate to giycoiaidehyde and pyruvate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate to giycoiaidehyde and pyruvate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules, in another embodiment, the enzyme is a 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp. and E. coll. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is obtained from a microorganism selected from £. coll. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding 2- keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is selected from yjhH, yagE, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2- keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 78 and 81. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 76, 77, 79 and 80. [0084] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycoiaidehyde to MEG is a giycolaldehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde to MEG is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde to MEG is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a giycolaldehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from £. coli or S. cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding giycoiaidehyde reductase or aldehyde reductase is selected from fucO, yqhD, dkgA (yqhE), dkgB (yafB), yeaE, yghZ, gidA, GRE2, or homoiog thereof, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is yqhD. In some embodiments, the yqhD comprises a G149E mutation, in a further embodiment, the giycolaldehyde reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 32. in yet a further embodiment, the giycoiaidehyde reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 18, 18, 19, 21 , 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 and 31.

[0085] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl- CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Baciiius sp., E. coii, Saccharomyces sp. and Marinobacter sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is thlA, atoB and/or ERG10, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acefyltransferase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 37 and 40, In yet a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acefyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 33, 34, 36, 38 and 39.

[0088] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is a acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase. In some embodiments, the transferase is an acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate- CoA transferase. In a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp. and E. co!i. in some embodiments, the nucleic acids molecule encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase are obtained from Clostridium acetobutyiicum. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate:acetoacetyi-CoA transferase are obtained from E. coli. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase subunits are atoA and atoD, or homologs thereof, in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding acetate :acetoacetyi-CoA hydrolase subunits are ctfA and ctfB, or homologs thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 48, 97, 99, 101 and 103. In yet a further embodiment, the acetyi-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41 , 42, 44, 45, 96, 98, 100 and 102.

[0087] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is an acetoacetate decarboxylase, in a further embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules, in an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetone is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the enzyme is an acetoacetate decarboxylase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium celiulolyticum, Bacillus polymyxa, Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas putida. in some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 52. In yet another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, 50 and 51.

[0088] in one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiose to D-xylulose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde to glycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[0089] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose is a D-xylose isomerase. In some embodiments, the D-xylose isomerase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the D-xyiose isomerase is encoded by the xylA gene, or homolog thereof.

[0090] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase to prevent conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose and instead shunt the reaction toward the conversion of D-xylose to D- xylonate.

[0091] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaidehyde to glycolic acid is a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase. In some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia co!i. In some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aldA gene, or homolog thereof.

[0092] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of glycolic acid from glycolaldehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of glycolaldehyde to MEG.

[0093] In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a lactate dehydrogenase. In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homolog thereof.

[0094] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of a three- carbon compound.

[0095] In any of the above-described aspects and embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may further comprise at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetone to isopropanol. In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetone to isopropanol is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetone to isopropanol is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetone to isopropanol is a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (S-ADH). in another embodiment, the enzyme is a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Burkho!deria sp, Alcaligenes sp,, Clostridium sp,, Thermoanaerobacter sp,, Phytomonas sp,, Rhodococcus sp,, Methanobacierium sp., Methanogenium sp., Entamoeba sp., Trichomonas sp., and Tritrichomonas sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Burkholderia sp, AiU 652, Aica!igenes eutrophus, Clostridium ragsdalei, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Thermoanaerobacter brockii, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus (Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum), Rhodococcus ruber, Methanobacierium paiustre, methanogenie archaea Methanogenium iiminatans, parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica, parasitic protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus and human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecule encoding secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is adh, adhB, EhAdhl , or homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is predicted from homology and can be from Thermoanaerobacter mathranii, Micrococcus luteus, Nocardiopsis alba, Mycobacterium hassiacum, Helicobacter suis, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida metapsiiosis, Grosmannia clavigera and Scheffersomyces stipitis. In a further embodiment, the alcohol dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 106 and 108. In yet another embodiment, the alcohol dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105 and 107.

[0098] in any of the above-described aspects and embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may further comprise at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene. in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene is encoded by one or more endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In an alternative embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene is a dehydratase. [0097] in one embodiment, MEG is produced through the conversion of giycoialdehyde in a C-2 branch pathway and acetone is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C-3 branch pathway. In another embodiment, MEG is produced through the conversion of giycoialdehyde in a C-2 branch pathway and IPA is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C-3 branch pathway. In a further embodiment, MEG is produced through the conversion of giycoialdehyde in a C-2 branch pathway and propene is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C-3 branch pathway.

[0098] In one embodiment, at least a portion of the excess NADH produced in the C-3 branch is used as a source of reducing equivalents in the C-2 branch, in another embodiment, at least a portion of the excess NADH produced in the C-3 branch is used to produce ATP.

[0099] in one embodiment, the co-produced MEG and acetone comprise a yield potential greater than 90% of the theoretical maximum yield potential without carbon fixation, in another embodiment, the co-produced MEG and IPA comprise a yield potential greater than 90% of the theoretical maximum yield potential without carbon fixation, in a further embodiment, the co-produced MEG and propene comprise a yield potential greater than 90% of the theoretical maximum yield potential without carbon fixation.

[00100] in one embodiment, excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and acetone is maximized, in another embodiment, excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and IPA is maximized. In a further embodiment, excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and propene is maximized.

[00101] in yet another aspect, the present application provides a method of producing MEG and a three carbon compound using a recombinant microorganism as described above, wherein the method comprises cultivating the recombinant microorganism in a culture medium containing a feedstock providing a carbon source until the MEG and the three carbon compound is produced, in some embodiments, the three carbon compound is selected from acetone, isopropanoi, and propene. [00102] in yet another aspect, the present application provides a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that co-produces, produces or accumulates MEG and a three carbon compound. In some embodiments, the three carbon compound is selected from acetone, isopropanol, and propene.

[00103] In yet another aspect, the present application provides a recombinant microorganism co-producing monoethyiene glycol (MEG) and a three carbon compound. In some embodiments, the three carbon compound is selected from acetone, isopropanol, and propene.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[00104] illustrative embodiments of the disclosure are illustrated in the drawings, in which:

[001 OS] FIG. 1 illustrates MEG and isopropanol co-production pathway via ribulose-1-phosphate,

[00106] FIG. 2 illustrates MEG and isopropanol co-production pathway via xyiulose-1 -phosphate.

[00107] FIG. 3 illustrates MEG and isopropanol co-production pathway via xylonate.

[00108] FIG. 4 illustrates possible three carbon co-products for MEG.

[00109] FIG. 5 illustrates MEG and isopropanol co-production pathway from xylose and glucose, via ribulose-1-phosphate, in S. cerevisiae.

[00110] FIG. 6 illustrates MEG and isopropanol co-production from xylose and glucose in S, cerevisiae.

[00111] FIG. 7 illustrates MEG production from xylose in E. coli. [00112] FIG. 8 illustrates improved MEG production from xylose in E. coli. [00113] FIG. 9 illustrates overall yield (g products/g xylose) of ethylene glycol, isopropanol and/or acetone produced using a ribulose- -phosphate pathway in six E. coii strains described in Example 3 and Table 2,

[00114] FIG. 10 illustrates co-production of MEG, isopropanol and acetone using a xyiulose-1 -phosphate pathway in E. coii as described in Example 4.

[00115] FIG. 11 illustrates overall yield (g products/g xylose) of ethylene glycol, isopropanol and acetone produced using a xyiulose- -phosphate pathway as described in Example 4.

[00118] FIG. 12 illustrates co-production of MEG, isopropanol and acetone using a xyionate pathway in E. coii as described in Example 5.

[00117]

[00118] FIG. 13 illustrates overall yield (g products/g xylose) of ethylene glycol, isopropanol and acetone produced using a xyionate pathway as described in Example 5,

[00119] FIG. 14 shows an SDS-PAGE of soluble fraction of assays (a) to (e) as described in Example 6, The arrow indicates LinD expression in (b), (c), (d) and (e),

[00120] FIG. 15 illlustrates that assays (d) and (e) showed the production of propylene and isopropanol in IPA+LinD candidates. Assay (a) showed isopropanol production of pZs*13JPA and a small amount of propylene. Assays (b) and (c) showed propylene production in medium supplemented with 3,0g/L isopropanol using glycerol and glucose as carbon source, respectively,

SEQUENCES

[00121] A sequence listing for SEQ ID NO: 1 - SEQ ID NO: 120 is part of this application and is incorporated by reference herein. The sequence listing is provided at the end of this document. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

[00122] The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the disclosure.

[00123] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a three-carbon compound" includes a plurality of such three-carbon compounds and reference to "the microorganism" includes reference to one or more microorganisms, and so forth.

[00124] As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having, "contains," "containing," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. A composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive "or" and not to an exclusive "or."

[00125] The terms "about" and "around," as used herein to modify a numerical value, indicate a close range surrounding that explicit value. If "X" were the value, "about X" or "around X" would indicate a value from 0.9X to 1.1X, or, in some embodiments, a value from 0.95X to 1.05X. Any reference to "about X" or "around X" specifically indicates at least the values X, 0.95X, 0.98X, 0.97X, 0.98X, 0.99X, 1.01X, 1.02X, 1.03X, 1.04X, and 1.05X. Thus, "about X" and "around X" are intended to teach and provide written description support for a claim limitation of, e.g., "0.98X."

[00126] As used herein, the terms "microbial," "microbial organism," and "microorganism" include any organism that exists as a microscopic cell that is included within the domains of archaea, bacteria or eukarya, the latter including yeast and filamentous fungi, protozoa, algae, or higher Protista. Therefore, the term is intended to encompass prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or organisms having a microscopic size and includes bacteria, archaea, and eubacteria of ail species as well as eukar otic microorganisms such as yeast and fungi. Also included are cell cultures of any species that can be cultured for the production of a chemical.

[00127] As described herein, in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganisms are prokaryotic microorganism. In some embodiments, the prokaryotic microorganisms are bacteria. "Bacteria", or "eubacteria", refers to a domain of prokaryotic organisms. Bacteria include at least eleven distinct groups as follows: (1) Gram-positive (gram÷) bacteria, of which there are two major subdivisions: (1) high G+C group {Actinomycetes, Mycobacteria, Micrococcus, others) (2) low G+C group (Bacillus, Clostridia, Lactobacillus, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Mycoplasmas); (2) Proteobacteria, e.g., Purple photosynthetic ÷non- photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria (includes most "common" Gram-negative bacteria); (3) Cyanobacteria, e.g., oxygenic phototrophs; (4) Spirochetes and related species; (5) Planctomyces; (6) Bacteroides, F!avobacteria; (7) Chlamydia; (8) Green sulfur bacteria; (9) Green non-sulfur bacteria (also anaerobic phototrophs); (10) Radioresistant micrococci and relatives; (11) Thermotoga and Thermosipho thermophiles.

[00128] "Gram-negative bacteria" include cocci, nonenteric rods, and enteric rods. The genera of Gram-negative bacteria include, for example, Neisseria, Spirillum, Pasteurella, Brucella, Yersinia, Francisei!a, Haemophilus, Bordetella, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, Acetobacter, Aerobacter, Agrobacterium, Azotobacter, Spirilla, Serratia, Vibrio, Rhizobium, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Treponema, and Fusobacterium.

[00129] "Gram positive bacteria" include cocci, nonsporulating rods, and sporulating rods. The genera of gram positive bacteria include, for example, Actinomyces, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Myxococcus, Nocardia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Streptomyces.

[00130] The term "recombinant microorganism" and "recombinant host cell" are used interchangeably herein and refer to microorganisms that have been genetically modified to express or to overexpress endogenous enzymes, to express heterologous enzymes, such as those included in a vector, in an integration construct, or which have an alteration in expression of an endogenous gene. By "alteration" it is meant that the expression of the gene, or level of a RNA molecule or equivalent RNA molecules encoding one or more polypeptides or polypeptide subunits, or activity of one or more polypeptides or polypeptide subunits is up regulated or down regulated, such that expression, level, or activity is greater than or less than that observed in the absence of the alteration. For example, the term "alter" can mean "inhibit," but the use of the word "alter" is not limited to this definition. It is understood that the terms "recombinant microorganism" and "recombinant host eel!" refer not only to the particular recombinant microorganism but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a microorganism. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent ceil, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein.

[00131] The term "expression" with respect to a gene sequence refers to transcription of the gene and, as appropriate, translation of the resulting mRNA transcript to a protein. Thus, as will be clear from the context, expression of a protein results from transcription and translation of the open reading frame sequence. The level of expression of a desired product in a host cell may be determined on the basis of either the amount of corresponding mRNA that is present in the ceil, or the amount of the desired product encoded by the selected sequence. For example, mRNA transcribed from a selected sequence can be quantitated by qRT-PCR or by Northern hybridization (see Sambrook et a/., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989)). Protein encoded by a selected sequence can be quantitated by various methods, e.g., by EL!SA, by assaying for the biological activity of the protein, or by employing assays that are independent of such activity, such as western blotting or radioimmunoassay, using antibodies that recognize and bind the protein. See Sambrook et a!., 1989, supra.

[00132] The term "polynucleotide" is used herein interchangeably with the term "nucleic acid" and refers to an organic polymer composed of two or more monomers including nucleotides, nucleosides or analogs thereof, including but not limited to single stranded or double stranded, sense or antisense deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of any length and, where appropriate, single stranded or double stranded, sense or antisense ribonucleic acid (RNA) of any length, including siRNA. The term "nucleotide" refers to any of several compounds that consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar joined to a purine or a pyrimidine base and to a phosphate group, and that are the basic structural units of nucleic acids. The term "nucleoside" refers to a compound (as guanosine or adenosine) that consists of a purine or pyrimidine base combined with deoxyribose or ribose and is found especially in nucleic acids. The term "nucleotide analog" or "nucleoside analog" refers, respectively, to a nucleotide or nucleoside in which one or more individual atoms have been replaced with a different atom or with a different functional group. Accordingly, the term polynucleotide includes nucleic acids of any length, DNA, RNA, analogs and fragments thereof. A polynucleotide of three or more nucleotides is also called nucieotidic oligomer or oligonucleotide.

[00133] it is understood that the polynucleotides described herein include "genes" and that the nucleic acid molecules described herein include "vectors" or "plasmids." Accordingly, the term "gene", also called a "structural gene" refers to a polynucleotide that codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, which comprise ail or part of one or more proteins or enzymes, and may include regulatory (non- transcribed) DNA sequences, such as promoter sequences, which determine for example the conditions under which the gene is expressed. The transcribed region of the gene may include untranslated regions, including introns, 5'-untransiated region (UTR), and 3'-UTR, as well as the coding sequence.

[00134] The term "enzyme" as used herein refers to any substance that catalyzes or promotes one or more chemical or biochemical reactions, which usually includes enzymes totally or partially composed of a polypeptide or polypeptides, but can include enzymes composed of a different molecule including polynucleotides.

[00135] As used herein, the term "non-naturally occurring," when used in reference to a microorganism organism or enzyme activity of the disclosure, is intended to mean that the microorganism organism or enzyme has at least one genetic alteration not normally found in a naturally occurring strain of the referenced species, including wild-type strains of the referenced species. Genetic alterations include, for example, modifications introducing expressible nucleic acids encoding metabolic polypeptides, other nucleic acid additions, nucleic acid deletions and/or other functional disruption of the microorganism's genetic material. Such modifications include, for example, coding regions and functional fragments thereof, for heterologous, homologous, or both heterologous and homologous polypeptides for the referenced species. Additional modifications include, for example, non- coding regulatory regions in which the modifications alter expression of a gene or operon. Exemplary non-naturally occurring microorganism or enzyme activity includes the hydroxyiation activity described above.

[00136] The term "exogenous" as used herein with reference to various molecules, e.g., polynucleotides, polypeptides, enzymes, etc., refers to molecules that are not normally or naturally found in and/or produced by a given yeast, bacterium, organism, microorganism, or cell in nature.

[00137] On the other hand, the term "endogenous" or "native" as used herein with reference to various molecules, e.g., polynucleotides, polypeptides, enzymes, etc., refers to molecules that are normally or naturally found in and/or produced by a given yeast, bacterium, organism, microorganism, or cell in nature.

[00138] The term "heterologous" as used herein in the context of a modified host cell refers to various molecules, e.g., polynucleotides, polypeptides, enzymes, etc., wherein at least one of the following is true: (a) the mo!eeule(s) is/are foreign ("exogenous") to (i.e., not naturally found in) the host cell; (b) the molecule(s) is/are naturally found in (e.g., is "endogenous to") a given host microorganism or host cell but is either produced in an unnatural location or in an unnatural amount in the cell; and/or (c) the moiecule(s) differ(s) in nucleotide or amino acid sequence from the endogenous nucleotide or amino acid sequence(s) such that the molecule differing in nucleotide or amino acid sequence from the endogenous nucleotide or amino acid as found endogenously is produced in an unnatural (e.g., greater than naturally found) amount in the cell.

[00139] The term "homolog," as used herein with respect to an original enzyme or gene of a first family or species, refers to distinct enzymes or genes of a second family or species which are determined by functional, structural, or genomic analyses to be an enzyme or gene of the second family or species which corresponds to the original enzyme or gene of the first family or species. Homologs most often have functional, structural, or genomic similarities. Techniques are known by which homologs of an enzyme or gene can readily be cloned using genetic probes and PGR. Identity of cloned sequences as homologs can be confirmed using functional assays and/or by genomic mapping of the genes. [00140] A protein has "homology" or is "homologous" to a second protein if the amino acid sequence encoded by a gene has a similar amino acid sequence to that of the second gene. Alternatively, a protein has homology to a second protein if the two proteins have "similar" amino acid sequences. Thus, the term "homologous proteins" is intended to mean that the two proteins have similar amino acid sequences. In certain instances, the homology between two proteins is indicative of its shared ancestry, related by evolution. The terms "homologous sequences" or "homoiogs" are thought, believed, or known to be functionally related. A functional relationship may be indicated in any one of a number of ways, including, but not limited to: (a) degree of sequence identity and/or (b) the same or similar biological function. Preferably, both (a) and (b) are indicated. The degree of sequence identify may vary, but in one embodiment, is at least 50% (when using standard sequence alignment programs known in the art), at least 60%, at least 85%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least about 91 %, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least 98.5%, or at least about 99%, or at least 99.5%, or at least 99.8%, or at least 99.9%. Homology can be determined using software programs readily available in the art, such as those discussed in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (FM. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987) Supplement 30, section 7.718, Table 7.71. Some alignment programs are MacVector (Oxford Molecular Ltd, Oxford, U.K.) and ALIGN Pius (Scientific and Educational Software, Pennsylvania). Other non-limiting alignment programs include Sequencher (Gene Codes, Ann Arbor, Michigan), AlignX, and Vector NT! (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). A similar biological function may include, but is not limited to: catalyzing the same or similar enzymatic reaction; having the same or similar selectivity for a substrate or co-factor; having the same or similar stability; having the same or similar tolerance to various fermentation conditions (temperature, pH, etc.); and/or having the same or similar tolerance to various metabolic substrates, products, by-products, intermediates, etc. The degree of similarity in biological function may vary, but in one embodiment, is at least 1 %, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least about 91 %, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least 98.5%, or at least about 99%, or at least 99.5%, or at least 99.8%, or at least 99.9%, according to one or more assays known to one skilled in the art to determine a given biological function.

[00141] The term "variant" refers to any polypeptide or enzyme described herein. A variant also encompasses one or more components of a muitimer, multimers comprising an individual component, multimers comprising multiples of an individual component (e.g., multimers of a reference molecule), a chemical breakdown product, and a biological breakdown product, in particular, non-limiting embodiments, a linalool dehydratase/isomerase enzyme may be a "variant" relative to a reference linalool dehydratase/isomerase enzyme by virtue of aiteration(s) in any part of the polypeptide sequence encoding the reference linalool dehydratase/isomerase enzyme. A variant of a reference linalool dehydratase/isomerase enzyme can have enzyme activity of at least 10%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 105%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130% or more in a standard assay used to measure enzyme activity of a preparation of the reference linalool dehydratase/isomerase enzyme. In some embodiments, a variant may also refer to polypeptides having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity to the full-length, or unprocessed linalool dehydratase/isomerase enzymes of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a variant may also refer to polypeptides having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity to the mature, or processed linalool dehydratase/isomerase enzymes of the present disclosure.

[00142] The term "signal sequence" as used herein refers to an amino acid sequence that targets peptides and polypeptides to cellular locations or to the extracellular environment. Signal sequences are typically at the N-terminal portion of a polypeptide and are typically removed enzymatically. Polypeptides that have their signal sequences are referred to as being full-length and/or unprocessed. Polypeptides that have had their signal sequences removed are referred to as being mature and/or processed. [00143] The term "yield potential" as used herein refers to a yield of a product from a biosynthetic pathway. In one embodiment, the yield potential may be expressed as a percent by weight of end product per weight of starting compound,

[00144] The term "thermodynamic maximum yield" as used herein refers to the maximum yield of a product obtained from fermentation of a given feedstock, such as glucose, based on the energetic value of the product compared to the feedstock. In a normal fermentation, without use of additional energy sources such as light, hydrogen gas or methane or electricity, for instance, the product cannot contain more energy than the feedstock. The thermodynamic maximum yield signifies a product yield at which all energy and mass from the feedstock is converted to the product. This yield can be calculated and is independent of a specific pathway. If a specific pathway towards a product has a lower yield than the thermodynamic maximum yield, then it loses mass and can most likely be improved upon or substituted with a more efficient pathway towards the product.

[00145] The term "redox balanced" refers to a set of reactions, which taken together produce as much redox cofactors as they consume. Designing metabolic pathways and engineering an organism such that the redox cofactors are balanced or close to being balanced usually results in a more efficient, higher yield production of the desired compounds. Redox reactions always occur together as two half- reactions happening simultaneously, one being an oxidation reaction and the other a reduction reaction. In redox processes, the reducfant transfers electrons to the oxidant. Thus, in the reaction, the reductant or reducing agent loses electrons and is oxidized, and the oxidant or oxidizing agent gains electrons and is reduced. In one embodiment, the redox reactions take place in a biological system. Biological energy is frequently stored and released by means of redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is maintained by the reduction of oxygen. The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of GSH/GSSG, NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g., lactate and pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate), whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios. An abnormal redox state can develop in a variety of deleterious situations, such as hypoxia, shock, and sepsis.

[00146] The terms "C2 pathway", "C2 branch pathway" or "C2 stream" as used herein refers to a biochemical pathway wherein MEG can be produced via giycoiaidehyde.

[00147] The terms "C3 pathway", "C3 branch pathway" or "C3 stream" as used herein refers to a biochemical pathway wherein MEG or one or more three-carbon compounds can be produced via pyruvate or dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP).

Introduction

[00148] The present disclosure combines the production of monoethyiene glycol (MEG) and one or more three carbon compounds in different hosts. In some embodiments, the three carbon compound is isopropanol (IPA). The present disclosure thereby avoids some of the biggest pathway engineering challenges for known MEG and IPA pathways demonstrated so far. Surprisingly, the combination of a pathway for MEG production and a pathway for production of a three carbon compound complements each other and is highly synergistic, avoiding or overcoming the biggest challenges and shortcomings of each pathway alone, establishing a good redox balance but also delivering required ATP, without production of excess ATP.

[00149] A demonstrated fermentative production of MEG from xylose (WO2013126721 A1 , which is herein referenced in its entirety), via ribulose-1- phosphate, has a high yield potential (82 wt% = 0.82 g MEG/g xylose). MEG is produced via two different pathways which are active in parallel, a 2-carbon (C2) stream (via giycoiaidehyde) and a 3-carbon (C3) stream (via dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP)). The C2 stream is easy to implement at high efficiency, but the C3 stream is very difficult to implement at high efficiency via metabolic engineering. Several pathway options for DHAP→ MEG exist, ail of which are difficult to implement. Furthermore, the overall process is ATP neutral. Thus, some glucose and therefore yield will be lost in order to obtain some surplus ATP required for cell growth and maintenance. [00150] A further demonstrated fermentative production of EG from xylose (Alkim et a/., Microb Cell Fact (2015) 14:127), via xyluiose-1 -phosphate, is very similar to the route described by WO2013126721 A1. It has the same high yield potential (82 wt%), but the C3 stream for MEG production via DHAP is difficult to implement and there is an ATP shortage.

[00151] A further fermentative production of MEG was demonstrated from glucose (Chen et a/., Met. Eng. (2016) 33: 12-13). It uses exclusively a pathway identical to one of the C3 stream solutions of WO2013126721 A1 , going via DHAP and then ethanolamine to glyceraidehyde to MEG. Only in this case, DHAP is derived from glucose, not from xylose. Thus it suffers even more from the technical difficulty to implement a high productivity and high yield pathway from DHAP to MEG. It furthermore has a reduced total yield potential of 69 wt% versus the thermodynamic maximum yield for the product MEG derived from glucose (82 wt%). The pathway is furthermore ATP neutral, not generating any ATP that the cells need for growth and maintenance. This pathway is also not redox balanced and has a high excess of 2 mol NADH per mol of consumed glucose, all of which needs to be re-oxidized for the cell to be viable, in an aerobic fermentation, this NADH can be used to generate ATP, which however would be in high excess (2 NADH→ 6 ATP), leading to excess biomass formation during the production phase and therefore reduced product formation and yield. The only described solution for the loss of yield potential for MEG production from glucose is the production of MEG from xylose with a high yield potential. The only described solution for the excess NADH production in the MEG from glucose process is the production of MEG from xylose which can be redox neutral.

[00152] A demonstrated fermentative production of I PA via acetoacetyl-CoA (US 2010/03 1 135, which is herein referenced in its entirety) has excess NADH (2 mol per mol of consumed glucose) and low yield potential (34 wt%). This pathway has excess ATP (2 mol per mol of consumed glucose), more than is required for cell maintenance during the production phase, thereby favoring biomass formation over production, if the NADH is not utilized via carbon fixation, it needs to be re-oxidized for the cell to stay viable, further losing glucose in this process. Alternatively, NADH can be oxidized through ATP production, which would lead to even more unwanted excess ATP. [00153] Other potential solutions exist for reducing NADH excess and increasing IPA yield potential (thermodynamic max yield = 47 wt%): re-capturing CO2 produced in excess during the fermentation and in doing so also re-oxidizing excess NADH (CO2 fixation). Or avoid excess C02 and NADH release altogether by diverting some flux from glycolysis to a phosphoketolase (PK)/ phosphotransacetylase (PTA) pathway to generate more acetyl-CoA and less CO2 and NADH. However, so far none of these options have been technically demonstrated in the context of IPA production and are generally known to be very challenging.

[00154] The present disclosure combines one of three easy to implement, high yield C2-streams for MEG production from xylose with an easy to implement IPA production stream via the DHAP pathway. Surprisingly, the problem of the IPA pathway, excess NADH production, complements the NADH requiring C2 part of MEG production. The combination of these pathways leads to a high total yield potential of 61 wt%, which is close to the maximum energetic yield of 65 wt% for degradation of xylose into MEG and IPA, assuming these products are produced in a 2:1 ratio. This high yield potential stems from the synergies of coupling the IPA pathway with the C2-branch of MEG production from xylose.

[00155] The proposed pathway in its basic form is not redox neutral, but has a small excess of 0.5 mol NADH per mol of consumed xylose. In an aerobic fermentation, oxidation of NADH can deliver just enough ATP to obtain sufficient, but not excessive, ATP required for growth and maintenance during the production phase without having a significantly negative impact on product formation.

[00158] The present disclosure solves a number of problems associated with MEG and/or IPA production. In one embodiment, the problem of a difficult to implement C3 pathway in production of MEG from xylose is solved. In another embodiment, the problem of ATP shortage in production of MEG from xylose is solved. In another embodiment, the problem of loss of yield potential in production of MEG from glucose is solved. In another embodiment, the problem of ATP shortage in production of MEG from glucose is solved. In another embodiment, the problem of excess NADH production in production of MEG from glucose is solved, in another embodiment, the problem of loss of yield potential in production of IPA from glucose is solved. In another embodiment, the problem of excess NADH production in production of IPA from glucose is solved. [00157] in one embodiment, the pathway for MEG + IPA co-production in E. coli comprises the following enzymes for IPA production: thiolase, acetate :acetoacetyi- CoA transferase or hydrolase, acetoacetate decarboxylase and secondary alcohol dehydrogenase. The MEG pathway via ribulose-1-phosphate comprises the following enzymes: D-tagatose 3-epimerase, D-ribulokinase, D-ribulose-phosphate aldolase and glycoiaidehyde reductase. In order to increase carbon flux to the desired pathway, three specific genes that could divert carbon flux were identified and deleted: xyiB gene coding for a xylulokinase (this enzyme can divert carbon flux into the pentose phosphate pathway), the aldA gene coding for aldehyde dehydrogenase A (can divert carbon flux from glycoiaidehyde to glycolate instead of to MEG) and the IdhA gene coding for lactate dehydrogenase (this enzyme can divert carbon flux from pyruvate to lactate instead of to acetyi-CoA).

[00158] The first step of the pathway (FIG. 1) is the natural conversion of D-xylose into D-xyluiose. D-xylulose normally enters the pentose phosphate pathway for energy and biomass generation, which is inhibited by the deletion of the xylB gene. In the engineered pathway, ail carbon will be re-directed to D-ribulose by the D- tagatose 3-epimerase enzyme. D-ribulose is them converted to D-Ribulose-1- phosphate by the native E. co!i enzyme D-ribuiokinase. D-Ribulose-1 -phosphate is cleaved into glycoiaidehyde and di hydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP) by D~ ribulose-phosphate aldolase. The further degradation of DHAP is termed the C3 branch, leading to IPA production. Degradation of glycoiaidehyde, termed the C2- branch, can lead to ethylene glycol or glycolate formation. Glycolate is the undesired by-product that can be produced by the aldA gene product. Ethylene glycol can be produced from glycoiaidehyde using the enzyme glycoiaidehyde reductase. The conversion of DHAP to acetyl-CoA (through glyceraidehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate) is part of natural E. cols metabolism. One molecule of acetyi-CoA is condensed to another molecule of acetyl-CoA by the enzyme thiolase to produce acetoacefyl-CoA. The CoA from acetoacetyl-CoA is recycled to a molecule of acetate by acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase, generating acetyi-CoA and acetoacetate. Acetoacetate is decarboxyiated by acetoacetate decarboxylase to acetone which is further reduced to IPA by a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme. IPA can further be converted to propene by a dehydratase (F!G, 4). [00159] in another embodiment, the pathway for MEG + IPA co-production in E. coli comprises the foliowing enzymes for iPA production: thiolase, acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase, acetoacetate decarboxylase and secondary alcohol dehydrogenase. The MEG pathway via D-xylulose-1 -phosphate comprises the following enzymes: D-xylulose 1 -kinase, D-xyluiose-1 -phosphate aldolase and glycoiaidehyde reductase. In order to increase carbon flux to the desired pathway, three specific genes that could divert carbon flux were identified and deleted: xyiB gene coding for a xylu!okinase (this enzyme can divert carbon flux into the pentose phosphate pathway), the aldA gene coding for aldehyde dehydrogenase A (can divert carbon flux from glycoiaidehyde to glycolate instead of to MEG) and the IdhA gene coding for lactate dehydrogenase (this enzyme can divert carbon flux from pyruvate to lactate instead of to acetyi-CoA).

[00180] The first step of the pathway (FIG. 2) is the natural conversion of D-xylose into D-xyiuiose. D-xylulose normally enters the pentose phosphate pathway for energy and biomass generation, which is inhibited by the deletion of the xylB gene. In the engineered pathway, ail carbon will be re-directed to D~xylulose-1 -phosphate by the D-xylulose 1 -kinase enzyme. D-xyluiose-1-phosphate is then cleaved into glycoiaidehyde and dihydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP) by D-xylulose-1 - phosphate aldolase. Production of MEG from glycoiaidehyde and a three carbon compound from DHAP (for example, acetone, IPA and/or propene) proceeds as described for FIG. 1.

[00161] In another embodiment, the pathway for MEG + IPA co-production in E. coli comprises the following enzymes for IPA production: thiolase, acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase, acetoacetate decarboxylase and secondary alcohol dehydrogenase. The MEG pathway via D-xyionate comprises the following enzymes: xylose dehydrogenase, optionally xylonolactonase, xylonate dehydratase, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-xyionate aldolase and glycoiaidehyde reductase. In order to increase carbon flux to the desired pathway, three specific genes that could divert carbon flux were identified and deleted: xy!A gene coding for a D-xylose isomerase (this enzyme can divert carbon flux from D-xyiose to D-xylulose instead of to D-xylonate or D-xylonoiactone), the aldA gene coding for aldehyde dehydrogenase A (can divert carbon flux from glycoiaidehyde to glycolate instead of to MEG) and the IdhA gene coding for lactate dehydrogenase (this enzyme can divert carbon flux from pyruvate to lactate instead of to acetyl-CoA).

[00182] The first step of the pathway (FIG. 3) is the conversion of D-xyiose into D- xylonate, either by a two-step process using a xylose dehydrogenase to convert D- xyiose to D-xyionolactone followed by conversion of D-xylonolactone to D-xylonate with a xylonolactonase enzyme, or by a one-step process using a xylose dehydrogenase to convert D-xylose directly to D-xylonate. The conversion of D- xyiose to D-xylulose is inhibited by the deletion of the xylA gene. D-xylonate is then converted to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate by a xylonate dehydratase. 2-keto-3-deoxy- xyionate is then cleaved into giycolaldehyde and pyruvate by 2-keto-3-deoxy-D- xyionate aldolase. Production of MEG from giycolaldehyde and a three carbon compound from pyruvate (for example, acetone, I PA and/or propene) proceeds as described for FIG. 1.

[00183] The pathway for MEG + I PA co-production in S. cerevisiae (HG, 5) comprises the following enzymes for I PA production: thioiase, acetate: acetoacetyi- CoA transferase or hydrolase, acetoacetate decarboxylase and secondary alcohol dehydrogenase. The MEG pathway via D-ribulose-1 -phosphate comprises the following enzymes: D-tagatose 3-epimerase, D-ribulokinase, D-ribulose-phosphate aldolase and giycolaldehyde reductase. Besides the two main pathways, S. cerevisiae is not capable of consuming xylose, so two different pathways were tested for xylose consumption. Pathway 1 comprises 2 genes: Xyl1 converts D-Xylose to xylitol, and Xyl2 converts Xylitol to D-xylulose. Pathway 2 comprises only one gene: XylA that directly converts D-xylose to D-xylulose. in order to increase carbon flux to the desired pathway, two specific genes that could divert carbon flux were identified and deleted: XKS1 gene coding for a xyiuiokinase (this enzyme can divert carbon flux into the pentose phosphate pathway) and PH013 gene coding for alkaline phosphatase (can divert carbon from pentose phosphate pathway).

[00164] The first step of the pathway is the conversion of D-xylose into D-xylulose, directly or via the intermediate xylitol. D-xyluiose is converted to D-ribuiose by the D- tagatose 3-epimerase enzyme. D-ribuiose is then converted to D-Ribulose-1- phosphate by D-ribulokinase. D-Ribulose-1-phosphate is cleaved into giycolaldehyde and DHAP by D-ribulose-phosphate aldolase. DHAP enters the C3 branch for I PA production and giycolaldehyde can be converted to ethylene glycol using giycoiaidehyde reductase. The conversion of DHAP to acetyl-CoA (through giycera!dehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate) is part of the natural S, cerevisiae metabolism. One molecule of acetyl-CoA is condensed to another molecule of acetyl-CoA by thiolase, producing acetoacetyl-CoA. The CoA from acetoacetyl-CoA is recycled to a molecule of acetate by acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase, generating one molecule of acetyl-CoA and one of acetoacetate. Acetoacetate is further decarboxyiated by acetoacetate decarboxylase to acetone, which is further converted to I PA by a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme. I PA can further be converted to propene by a dehydratase-isomerase (RG. 4).

[00185] Surprisingly, the main problem of the I PA pathway, excess NADH production, is highly synergistic with a C2-stream for MEG production by complementing the NADH requirement of the C2 branch, while leaving just enough NADH to generate required ATP in an aerobic process, without excess ATP production.

[00186] The described IPA process of US 2010/0311135 and other applications, without carbon fixation, can only achieve 34 wt% versus the energetic maximum yield potential of 47 wt%. Thus, this IPA pathway, even if implemented perfectly, can only achieve 72% of the energetic maximum yield. In the present disclosure, the synergy of coupling IPA with MEG production is such that, without necessity of CO2 fixation, the combined products' yield potential of 61 wt% is very close (94%) to the energetic (= theoretic, pathway independent) maximum yield potential of 85 wt%.

[00187] in a further embodiment, the inventive co-production pathway from xylose is implemented in an organism with natural or added capability to fix CO2 using excess reducing agents, thereby providing even higher yield potential. Various CO2 fixation pathways are known and have been implemented in E. coii or other hosts. Acetogens, such as Clostridium ijungdah!ii, can naturally utilize excess NADH generated in the presented xylose fermentation pathway especially efficient to recapture released CO2 in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to produce the intermediate acetyl-CoA, which can then be used to produce more acetone or related products. CO2 is released for instance in the pyruvate +CoA ÷NAD+→ acetyi-CoA ÷C02 +2 NADH or acetoacetone→ actone ÷C02 reactions. Furthermore, adding a second feedstock, such as hydrogen gas (H2) or syngas (a composition of H2, CO, CO2) or methanol, can provide more reducing agents and even allow acetogens or similarly enabled organisms to re-capture ail CO2 released in the xylose fermentation pathway or CO2 present in the second feedstock. Such a mixotrophic fermentation can thus further increase yield potential, in the case of MEG + acetone from xylose, CO2 fixation can lead to an increase of 25% relative acetone or 8% total MEG+ acetone product yield. With externally added reducing agents, calculated for full capture of all xylose carbon, the yield potential is +100% for acetone which equals +32% total product yield.

[00168] Yield potentials without CO2 fixation:

[00189] 1 xylose→ 1 MEG + 1/2 acetone +3/2 C0 ₂ +1 NADH

[00170] 1 xylose→ 1 MEG + 1/2 IPA +3/2 CO2 +1/2 NADH

[00171] Yield potentials with CO2 fixation:

[00172] 1 xylose→ 1 MEG + 5/8 acetone +9/8 C0 ₂

[00173] 1 xylose→ 1 M EG + 10/18 I PA + 4/3 CO2

[00174] Yield potentials with externally added reducing agents, calculated for fixation of CO2 equivalent to all CO2 released during xylose fermentation:

[001 5] 1 xylose→ 1 MEG + 1 acetone

[00178] 1 xylose→ 1 MEG + 1 IPA

[00177] While this present disclosure is theoretically sound and synergistic, it surprisingly also avoids the biggest metabolic engineering and technical challenges of both MEG and IPA fermentation processes: C3-stream MEG fermentation and carbon fixation for IPA process.

[00178] in one embodiment, MEG is produced through the conversion of giycoiaidehyde in a C-2 branch pathway and acetone is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C-3 branch pathway, in another embodiment, MEG is produced through the conversion of giycoiaidehyde in a C-2 branch pathway and IPA is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C-3 branch pathway. In a further embodiment, MEG is produced through the conversion of giycoiaidehyde in a C-2 branch pathway and propene is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C-3 branch pathway. [00179] in one embodiment, at least a portion of the excess NADH produced in the C-3 branch is used as a source of reducing equivalents in the C~2 branch. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the excess NADH produced in the C-3 branch is used to produce ATP.

[00180] In one embodiment, the co-produced MEG and acetone comprise a yield potential greater than 90% of the theoretical maximum yield potential without carbon fixation, in another embodiment, the co-produced MEG and I PA comprise a yield potential greater than 90% of the theoretical maximum yield potential without carbon fixation. In a further embodiment, the co-produced MEG and propene comprise a yield potential greater than 90% of the theoretical maximum yieid potential without carbon fixation.

[00181] In one embodiment, excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and acetone is maximized. In another embodiment, excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and IPA is maximized, in a further embodiment, excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and propene is maximized.

SVjonoethyjene glycol (SVI EG)

[00182] Monoefhylene glycol (MEG) is an important raw material for industrial applications. A primary use of MEG is in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthaiate (PET) resins, films and fibers, in addition, MEG is important in the production of antifreezes, coolants, aircraft anti-icer and deicers and solvents. EG is also known as ethane-1 ,2-diol.

[00183] Ethylene glycol is also used as a medium for convective heat transfer in, for example, automobiles and liquid cooled computers.

[00184] Because of its high boiling point and affinity for water, ethylene glycol is a useful desiccant. Ethylene glycol is widely used to inhibit the formation of natural gas ciathrates (hydrates) in long multiphase pipelines that convey natural gas from remote gas fields to a gas processing facility. Ethylene glycol can be recovered from the natural gas and reused as an inhibitor after purification treatment that removes water and inorganic salts. [0018S] Minor uses of ethylene glycol include in the manufacture of capacitors, as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of 1 ,4-dioxane, and as an additive to prevent corrosion in liquid cooling systems for personal computers. Ethylene glycol is also used in the manufacture of some vaccines; as a minor ingredient in shoe polish, inks and dyes; as a rot and fungal treatment for wood; and as a preservative for biological specimens.

Acetone

[00188] Acetone (also known as propanone) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone.

[00187] Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent, typically for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. Over 6.7 million tonnes are produced worldwide, mainly for use as a solvent and production of methyl methacrylate and bisphenoi A. it is a common building block in organic chemistry. Familiar household uses of acetone are as the active ingredient in nail polish remover and as paint thinner.

jsopropanoj

[00188] isopropyl alcohol (lUPAC name 2-propanol), also called isopropanol, is a compound with the chemical formula C3H8O or C3H7OH or CH3CHOHCH3. It is a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor, it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms sometimes shown as (CH3)2CHOH. It is a structural isomer of propanol. It has a wide variety of industrial and household uses.

[00189] Propene, also known as propylene or methyl ethylene, is an unsaturated organic compound having the chemical formula C3H6. It has one double bond, and is the second simplest member of the aikene class of hydrocarbons.

[00190] Propene is produced from fossil fuels— petroleum, natural gas, and, to a much lesser extent, coal. Propene is a byproduct of oil refining and natural gas processing. [00191] Propene is the second most important starting product in the petrochemical industry after ethylene. If is the raw material for a wide variety of products. Manufacturers of the plastic polypropylene account for nearly two thirds of all demand. Polypropylene is, for example, needed for the production of films, packaging, caps and closures as well as for other applications. Propene is also used for the production of important chemicals such as propylene oxide, acrylonitrile, cumene, butyraldehyde, and acrylic acid. Over 85 million tonnes of propene is processed worldwide.

Enzymes

[00192] Exemplary enzymes that may be used in the MEG and three-carbon compound co-production pathways disclosed herein are listed in Tab!e 1.

00193] Table 1

Described Reaction EC no. Reeqquuiirreedd enzyme Gene Source Natural/ annotated Gene SEQ I D Uniprot I ctivity candidate Organism function Identifier NO (nt) glycolaldehyde + glycolaldehyde yafB Escherichia coli methylglyoxal 545778205 29 P30863 30

NAD(P)H <=> reductase }dkgB) reductase

monoethyiene glycol + [multifunctional

NAD(P)÷

glycolaldehyde + glycolaldehyde yqhE !scherichia coli 2,5-diketo-D- GenelD: 31 Q46857 32 NAD(P)H <=> reductase (dkgA) giuconic acid 947495

monoethyiene glycol + reductase A

NAD(P)+

Enzymes, that mi

D-xylulose < 5.1.3.· D-ribuiose- DTE Pseudomon D-tagatose 3- ENA Nr.: 1, 2 050580 ribulose epimerase epimerase BAA24429.1

D-xylulose < 5.1.3.· D-ribuiose-3- C1KKR1 Rhodobacter D-tagatose 3- ENA Nr.:

ribulose epimerase sphaeroides epimerase FJ851309.1 CI

D-ribulose +ATP <=> D- 2.7.1.· D-ribulose-1- fucK Escherichia coli L-fuculokinase Gene! D: 6. 7 P11553 ribulose-l-phosphate kinase 946022

+ADP

D-ribulose- l-phosphate 4.1.2.· D-ribulose-1- fucA Escherichia coli L-fuculose Gene!D: 9, 10 P0AB87 11 <=> glyceraldehyde phosphate phosphate aldolase 947282

+dihydroxyacetonepho aldolase

Enzyme? ^, fhat may ίϊί· u-eti in D -xvlulasp-l ihos hHtej mm

Described Reaction EC no. Reeqquuiirreedd enzyme Gene Source Natural/ annotated Gene SEQ I D Uniprot I

ctivity candidate Organism function Identifier NO (nt) acetone + NAD(P)H - secondary adh Clostridium secondary alcohol 60592972 104, P25984 106 2-propanol + NAD(P) alcohol beijerinckii dehydrogenase 105

dehydrogenase

acetone + NAD(P)H-> 2- secondary adh Clostridium alcohol 30806680Ξ 107 C6PZV5 108 propanol + NAD(P)+ alcohol carboxidivorans dehydrogenase

dehydrogenase

NADH + NADP+ <--> 1.6.1. Soluble pyridine udhA Escherichia coii Soluble pyridine Gene!D: 109 P27306 110 NAD+ + NADPH nucleotide nucleotide 948461

transhydrogenas transhydrogenase

e

Acetoacetyl-CoA + 3.1.2. acetate:acetoace ctfA Clostridium butyrate- NCBi- 96 P33752 97 H}2)0 <==> CoA + 11 tyl-Co.A hydrolase acetobutylic acetoacetate CoA- Gene! D:

acetoacetate transferase, 1116168

complex A

Acetoacetyl-CoA + 3.1.2. acetate:acetoace ctfB Clostridium butyrate- NCBi- 98 P23673 99

H(2)0 <= _: > CoA + 11 tyl-CoA hydrolase acetobutylicum acetoacetate Co.A- Gene! D:

acetoacetate transferase, 1116169

subunit B

D-tagatose 3-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.31]

[00194] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the epimerization of various ketoses at the C-3 position, interconverting D-fructose and D-psicose, D-tagatose and D-sorbose, D-ribulose and D-xylu!ose, and L-ribulose and L-xyluiose, The specificity depends on the species. The enzymes from Pseudomonas cichorii and Rhodobacter sphaeroides require n ²⁺ , In one embodiment, the enzyme is D-tagatose 3-epimerase (dte). In another embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xyluiose to D-ribulose.

[00195]

[00196] In some embodiments, the D-fagatose 3-epimerase is from Pseudomonas spp. In another embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is from Pseudomonas cichorii. In another embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is from Pseudomonas sp. ST-24. In another embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is from Mesorhizobium ioti. In another embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (C 1 KKR 1 ) .

[00197] In one embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas sp., Mesorhizobium sp. and Rhodobacter sp. In some embodiments, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas sp. ST-24, Mesorhizobium ioti and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is dte and/or FJ851309.1 , or homo!og thereof. In a further embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 5. In yet a further embodiment, the D- tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 , 2 and 4. [00198] D-tagatose 3-epimerase may also be known as L-ribulose 3-epimerase or ketose 3-epimerase.

D~rifoulokmase iEC 2.7.1 ,16

[00199] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reactions:

[00200] L-fuculose + ATP→ L-fuculose 1 -phosphate + ADP + H+

[00201] D-ribulose + ATP→ D-ribu!ose 1 -phosphate + ADP + H+

[00202] D-ribuiokinase may also be known as L-fucuiokinase, fuculokinase, ATP: L-fuculose 1 -phosphotransferase or L-fuculose kinase.

[00203] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an enzyme that plays roles in the fucose degradation pathway, the super pathway of fucose and rhamnose degradation and/or the D-arabinose degradation I pathway.

[00204] in some embodiments, the enzyme can function as both an L-fucolokinase and a D-ribuiokinase, the second enzyme of the L-fucose and D-arabinose degradation pathways, respectively.

[00205] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-ribu!ose to D-ribulose- 1 -phosphate. In some embodiments, the D-ribulokinase is from Escherichia co/7. In some embodiments, the D-ribulokinase is encoded by the fucK gene. In one embodiment, the D-ribuiokinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E, co!i. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucK, or homoiog thereof, in a further embodiment, the D-ribulokinase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. in yet a further embodiment, the D-ribulokinase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7.

D-ribulose- ¾osphate aldolase (EC

[00208] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reversible reactions: [00207] L-fuculose 1 -phosphate ?t (S)-lactalclehyde + dihydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP)

[00208] D-ribulose 1 -phosphate <→ giycolaldehyde + dihydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP)

[00209] D-ribuiose- -phosphate aldolase may also be known as L-fuculose- phosphate aldolase, L-fucuiose 1 -phosphate aldolase or L-fuculose~ -phosphate (S)~ lactaldehyde-lyase,

[00210] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an enzyme that plays roles in the fucose degradation pathway, the super pathway of fucose and rhamnose degradation and/or the D-arabinose degradation I pathway. In one embodiment, the enzyme may use Zn ²⁺ as a cofactor. In another embodiment, an inhibitor of this enzyme may be phosphoglycolohydroxamate.

[00211] In some embodiments, the enzyme can function as both an L-fuculose- phosphate aldolase and a D-ribulose-phosphate aldolase, the third enzyme of the L- fucose and D-arabinose degradation pathways, respectively.

[00212] The substrate specificity of the enzyme has been tested with a partially purified preparation from an E. co// strain.

[00213] Crystal structures of the enzyme and a number of point mutants have been solved. The combination of structural data and enzymatic activity of mutants allowed modelling and refinement of the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. The enantiomeric selectivity of the enzyme has been studied.

[00214] in particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-ribuiose-1-phosphate to giycolaldehyde and DHAP. in some embodiments, the D-ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the D-ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase is encoded by the fucA gene, in one embodiment, the D-ribulose-1 - phosphate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E, coii. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucA, or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the D-ribuiose-1 -phosphate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In yet a further embodiment, the D-ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 10. GlycolaSdehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.77)

[00215] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reversible reactions:

[00216] ethylene glycol + NAD+ <± glycolaldehyde + NADH + H+

[00217] (S)-propane-1 ,2-diol + NAD+→ (S)-lactaldehyde + NADH + H+

[00218] Glycolaldehyde reductase may also be known as iactaidehyde reductase, propanediol oxidoreductase, (R) [or(S)]-propane-1 ,2-diol:NAD+ oxidoreductase or L- 1 ,2-propanediol oxidoreductase.

[00219] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an enzyme that plays roles in the ethylene glycol degradation pathway, the super pathway of glycol metabolism and degradation, the anaerobic L-lactaldehyde degradation pathway and/or the super pathway of fucose and rhamnose degradation. In one embodiment, the enzyme may use Fe ²⁺ as a cofactor.

[00220] L-1 ,2-propanedioi oxidoreductase is an iron-dependent group IN dehydrogenase. It anaerobically reduces L-lactaldehyde, a product of both the L- fucose and L-rhamnose catabolic pathways, to L-1 ,2-propanediol, which is then excreted from the cell.

[00221] Crystal structures of the enzyme have been solved, showing a domain- swapped dimer in which the metal, cofactor and substrate binding sites could be located. An aspartate and three conserved histidine residues are required for Fe ²⁺ binding and enzymatic activity.

[00222] in vitro, the enzyme can be reactivated by high concentrations of NAD+ and efficiently inactivated by a mixture of Fe ³⁺ and ascorbate or Fe ^2÷ and H2O2. Metal-catalyzed oxidation of the conserved His277 residue is proposed to be the cause of the inactivation.

[00223] Expression of FucO enables engineered one-turn reversal of the β- oxidation cycle. FucO activity contributes to the conversion of isobufyraidehyde to isobutanol in an engineered strain. [00224] in particular embodiments, the enzyme converts glycolaldehyde to MEG. in some embodiments, the glycolaidehyde reductase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde reductase is encoded by the fucO gene, in one embodiment, the glycolaldehyde reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from E. coli and S. cerevisiae. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is selected from gldA, GRE2, GRE3, yqhD, ydjG, fucO, yafB (dkgB), and/or yqhE (dkgA), or homoiog thereof, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is yqhD. In some embodiments, the yqhD comprises a G149E mutation. In a further embodiment, the glycolaldehyde reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 32. in yet a further embodiment, the glycolaldehyde reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21 , 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 and 31.

A!dehyde reductases

[00225] A number of aldehyde reductases may be used to convert glycolaldehyde to MEG.

[00226] An NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase (YqhD) can catalyze the following reactions:

[00227] acetoi + NADP÷ <→ methyiglyoxal + NADPH + H+ (reversible, EC 1.1.1.-)

[00228] an alcohol + NADP+ <→ an aldehyde + NADPH + H+ (reversibility unspecified, EC 1.1.1.2)

[00229] an aldehyde + NADP+ + H20→ a carboxylase + NADPH + 2 H+ (EC 1.2.1.4)

[00230] 1 ,3-propanediol + NADP+ <± 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde + NADPH + H+ (reversibility unspecified, EC 1.1.1.-)

[00231] D-3,4-dihydroxybutanal + NADPH <→ 1 ,3,4-butanetriol + NADP+ (reversibility unspecified) [00232] YqhD is an NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase that may be involved in glyoxai detoxification and/or be part of a glutathione-independent response to lipid peroxidation.

[00233] It has been reported that various alcohols, aldehydes, amino acids, sugars and a-hydroxy acids have been tested as substrates for YqhD. The purified protein only shows NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity, with a preference for alcohols longer than C(3), but with Km values in the miliimoiar range, suggesting that they are not the physiological substrates, in contrast, YqhD does exhibit short-chain aldehyde reductase activity with substrates such as propanaldehyde, acetaidehyde, and butanaldehyde, as well as acrolein and malondialdehyde. in a metabolicaliy engineered strain, phenyiacetaldehyde and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde are reduced to 2-phenylethanoi and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol by the endogenous aldehyde reductases YqhD, YjgB, and YahK.

[00234] Overexpression of YqhD increases 1 ,3-propanediol oxidoreductase activity of the ceil. E, co!i has been engineered to express YqhD for the industrial production of 1 ,3-propanediol. YqhD activity contributes to the production of isobutanol, 1 ,2- propanediol, 1 ,2,4-butanetrioi and acetol as well. Mutation of yqhD enables production of butanol by an engineered one-turn reversal of the β-oxidation cycle.

[0023S] YqhD has furfural reductase activity, which appears to cause growth inhibition due to depletion of NADPH in metabolicaliy engineered strains that produce alcohol from iignoceliulosic biomass.

[00238] The crystal structure of YqhD has been solved at 2 A resolution. YqhD is an asymmetric dimer of dimers, and the active site contains a Zn ²⁺ ion. The NADPH cofactor is modified by hydroxyl groups at positions 5 and 6 in the nicotinamide ring.

[00237] Overexpression of yqhD leads to increased resistance to reactive oxygen- generating compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, chromate and potassium tellurite. A yqhD deletion mutant shows increased sensitivity to these compounds and to glyoxai, and contains increased levels of reactive aldehydes that are generated during lipid peroxidation. Conversely, yqhD deletion leads to increased furfural tolerance,

[00238] in particular embodiments, an NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase converts giycolaldehyde to MEG. in some embodiments, the NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the NADPH- dependent aldehyde reductase is encoded by the yqhD gene.

[00239] A multi-functional methylglyoxal reductase (DkgA) can catalyze the following reactions:

[00240] acetol + NADP+ <→ methylglyoxal + NADPH + H+ (the reaction is physiologically favored in the opposite direction, EC 1.1.1.-)

[00241] isobutanol + NADP+ ?→ isobutanal + NADPH + H+ (reversibility unspecified, EC 1.1.1.-)

[00242] ethyl-(2R)-methyl-(3S)-hydroxybutanoate + NADP+ ethyi-2- methyiacetoacetate + NADPH + H+ (reversibility unspecified, EC 1.1.1.-)

[00243] 2-keto-L-gulonate + NADP÷ < ~ 2,5-didehydro-D-giuconate + NADPH + H+ (the reaction is favored in the opposite direction, EC 1.1.1.346)

[00244] DkgA (YqhE) belongs to the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) family and has been shown to have methylglyoxal reductase and beta-keto ester reductase activity.

[00245] dkgA is reported to encode a 2,5-diketo-D-giuconate reductase (25D GR) A, one of two 25DKG reductases in E. coli. The enzyme uses NADPH as the preferred electron donor and is thought to be involved in ketogluconate metabolism. The specific activity of the enzyme towards 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate is reported to be almost 1000-fold lower than its activity towards methylglyoxal.

[00246] Due to its low Km for NADPH, reduction of furans by DkgA may deplete NADPH pools and thereby limit cellular biosynthesis. A broad survey of aldehyde reductases showed that DkgA was one of several endogenous aldehyde reductases that contribute to the degradation of desired aldehyde end products of metabolic engineering.

[00247] A crystal structure of DkgA has been solved at 2.16 A resolution.

[00248] In particular embodiments, a multi-functional methylglyoxal reductase converts giycoialdehyde to MEG. In some embodiments, the multi-functional methylglyoxal reductase is from Escherichia coii. in some embodiments, the multifunctional methylglyoxal reductase is encoded by the dkgA gene. [00249] A multi-functional methylgiyoxal reductase (DkgB) can catalyze the following reactions:

[00250] acetol + NADP+ methylgiyoxal + NADPH + H+ (the reaction is physiologically favored in the opposite direction, EC 1.1.1.-)

[00251] 4-nitrobenzyi alcohol + NADP+ ?→ 4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NADPH + H+ (reversibility unspecified, EC 1.1.1.91)

[00252] 2-keto-L-gulonate + NADP+ «- 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+ (the reaction is favored in the opposite direction, EC 1.1.1.348)

[00253] DkgB (YafB) is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) subfamily 3F. DkgB was shown to have 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase, methylgiyoxal reductase and 4~nitrobenzaldehyde reductase activities.

[00254] dkgB is reported to encode 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase (25DKGR) B, one of two 25DKG reductases in E. co!i. The enzyme uses NADPH as the preferred electron donor and is thought to be involved in ketogiuconate metabolism. However, the specific activity of the enzyme towards 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate is reported to be almost 000-fold lower than its activity towards methylgiyoxal.

[00255] In particular embodiments, a multi-functional methylgiyoxal reductase converts glycoiaidehyde to MEG. In some embodiments, the multi-functional methylgiyoxal reductase is from Escherichia coli. in some embodiments, the multifunctional methylgiyoxal reductase is encoded by the dkgB gene.

[00258] A methylgiyoxal reductase (YeaE) can catalyze the following reaction:

[00257] acetol + NADP+ <± methylgiyoxal + NADPH + H+ (the reaction is physiologically favored in the opposite direction, EC 1.1.1.-)

[00258] YeaE has been shown to have methylgiyoxal reductase activity.

[00259] The subunit structure of YeaE has not been determined, but its amino acid sequence similarity to the aldo-keto reductases DkgA (YqhE) and DkgB (YafB) suggests that it may be monomeric.

[00280] in particular embodiments, a methylgiyoxal reductase converts glycoiaidehyde to MEG. in some embodiments, the methylgiyoxal reductase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the methyigiyoxal reductase is encoded by the yeaE gene,

[00281] A L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reductase (yghZ) can catalyze the following reactions:

[00282] L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NADPH + H+→ sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NADP+ (EC 1.1.1.-)

[00263] acetol + NADP+ methyigiyoxal + NADPH + H+ (the reaction is physiologically favored in the opposite direction, EC 1.1.1.-)

[00284] YghZ is an L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (L-GAP) reductase. The enzyme is also able to detoxify methyigiyoxal at a low rate. YghZ defines the AKR 4 (aldo-keto reductase 14) protein family.

[0028S] L-GAP is not a natural metabolite and is toxic to E. coli. L-GAP is a substrate of both the glycerol-3-phosphate and hexose phosphate transport systems of E.coli K-12. it has been postulated that the physiological role of YghZ is the detoxification of L-GAP, which may be formed by non-enzymatic racemization of GAP or by an unknown cellular process.

[00268] The crystal structure of the E, coli enzyme has been determined and is suggested to be a tetramer. However, others have found that the protein forms an octamer based on gel filtration and electron microscopy studies.

[00287] In particular embodiments, a L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reductase converts glycoialdehyde to MEG. In some embodiments, the L-glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate reductase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the L- giyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reductase is encoded by the yghZ gene.

[00268] An L-1 ,2-propanediol dehydrogenase/glycerol dehydrogenase (GidA) can catalyze the following reactions:

[00289] (S)-propane-1 ,2-diol + NAD* <→ acetol + NADH + H+ (reversible reaction)

[00270] aminoacetone + NADH + H+ -→ (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol + NAD+ (EC 1.1.1.75)

[00271] glycerol + NAD+ ?→ dihydroxyacetone + NADH + H+ (reversible reaction, EC 1.1.1.6) [00272] The physiological function of the GldA enzyme has long been unclear. The enzyme was independently isolated as a glycerol dehydrogenase and a D-1-amino- 2-propanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. At that time, D-1-amino-2-propanoi was thought to be an intermediate for the biosynthesis of vitamin B12, and although E. coli is unable to synthesize vitamin B12 de novo, enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of this compound were sought. It was later found that GldA was responsible for both activities.

[00273] The primary in vivo role of GldA was recently proposed to be the removal of dihydroxyacetone by converting it to glycerol. However, a dual role in the fermentation of glycerol has also recently been established. Glycerol dissimilation in E. coli can be accomplished by two different pathways. The glycerol and glycerophosphodiesfer degradation pathway requires the presence of a terminal electron acceptor and utilizes an ATP-dependent kinase of the Glp system, which phosphorylates glycerol to giycerol-3-phosphate. However, upon inactivation of the kinase and selection for growth on glycerol, if was found that an NAD-Hinked dehydrogenase, GldA, was able to support glycerol fermentation. Recently, it was shown that GldA was involved in glycerol fermentation both as a glycerol dehydrogenase, producing dihydroxyacetone, and as a 1 ,2-propanedioi dehydrogenase, regenerating NAD* by producing 1 ,2-propanediol from acetol.

[00274] The enzyme is found in two catalyticaliy active forms, a large form of eight subunits and a small form of two subunits. The large form appears to be the major species.

[00275] in particular embodiments, an L-1 ,2-propanedioi dehydrogenase/glycerol dehydrogenase converts giycolaldehyde to MEG. In some embodiments, the L-1 ,2- propanediol dehydrogenase/glycerol dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coli. in some embodiments, the L-1 ,2-propanediol dehydrogenase/glycerol dehydrogenase is encoded by the gldA gene.

[00278] An NADPH-dependent methylglyoxal reductase (GRE2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae can catalyze the following reactions:

[00277] (S)-iactaidehyde + NADP* «→ methylglyoxal + NADPH

[00278] 3-methyibutanol + NAD(P)* <→ 3-methyibutanal + NAD(P)H [00279] Gre2 is a versatile enzyme that catalyzes the stereoselective reduction of a broad range of substrates including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, diketones, as well as aldehydes, using NADPH as the cofactor.

[00280] The crystal structures of Gre2 from S. cerevisiae in an apo-form at 2.00A and NADPH-complexed form at 2.40A resolution have been solved. Gre2 forms a homodimer, each subunit of which contains an N-terminai Rossmann-fold domain and a variable C-terminal domain, which participates in substrate recognition. The induced fit upon binding to the cofactor NADPH makes the two domains shift toward each other, producing an interdomain cleft that better fits the substrate. Computational simulation combined with site-directed mutagenesis and enzymatic activity analysis enabled characterization of a potential substrate-binding pocket that determines the stringent substrate stereoselectivity for catalysis.

[00281] Gre2 catalyzes the irreversible reduction of the cytotoxic compound methylglyoxa! (MG) to (S)-lactaldehyde as an alternative to detoxification of G by giyoxalase I GL01. MG is synthesized via a bypath of glycolysis from dihydroxyacetone phosphate and is believed to play a role in cell cycle regulation and stress adaptation. GRE2 also catalyzes the reduction of isovaleraldehyde to isoamylalcohoi. The enzyme serves to suppress isoamylalcohol-induced filamentation by modulating the levels of isovaleraldehyde, the signal to which cells respond by filamentation. GRE2 is also involved in ergosterol metabolism.

[00282] In particular embodiments, an NADPH-dependent methyiglyoxal reductase converts giycolaldehyde to MEG. in some embodiments, the NADPH-dependent methyiglyoxal reductase is from S. cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the NADPH- dependent methyiglyoxal reductase is encoded by the GRE2 gene.

[00283] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00284] 2 acetyl-CoA ?2 acetoacetyl-CoA + coenzyme A (reversible reaction) [0028S] Thioiase/Acetyl coenzyme A aceiyltransferase may also be known as acetyl-CoA-C-acetyltransferase, acetoacetyl~CoA thiolase, acety!-CoA:acetyl-CoA C- acetyltransferase or thiolase Π.

[00288] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an enzyme that plays a role in aceioaceiate degradation (to acetyl CoA). In one embodiment, an inhibitor of this enzyme may be acetoacetyl-CoA,

[00287] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts acetyi-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA, In some embodiments, the thioiase/acetyl coenzyme A aceiyltransferase is from Clostridium spp. In some embodiments, the thiolase/acetyi coenzyme A acetyitransferase is from Clostridium acetobutyiicum. In some embodiments, the ihiolase/acetyl coenzyme A aceiyltransferase is from Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum. In some embodiments, the thioiase/acetyl coenzyme A aceiyltransferase is from Bacillus cereus. In some embodiments, the ihiolase/acetyl coenzyme A acetyitransferase is from Marinobacter hydrocarbonociasticus ATCC 49840, In some embodiments, the thiolase/acetyi coenzyme A acetyitransferase is encoded by the ihlA gene. In some embodiments, the ihiolase/acetyl coenzyme A aceiyltransferase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the thiolase/acetyi coenzyme A aceiyltransferase is encoded by the atoB gene.

[00288] in one embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyitransferase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., E, coli, Saccharomyces sp. and Marinobacter sp. In some embodiments, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyliransferase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium acetobutyiicum, Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Marinobacter hydrocarbonociasticus. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is thIA, atoB and/or ERG10, or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A aceiyltransferase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 37 and 40. In yet a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A aceiyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 33, 34, 36, 38 and 39. Acetate :Acetoacety!-CoA transferase (EC 2.8„3.-¾

[00289] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00290] acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA acetoacetyl-CoA + acetate (reversible reaction, EC 2.8.3.-)

[00291] Acetate:Acetoacetyl-CoA transferase may also be known as acetoacetyl- CoA transferase or acetyi-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase.

[00292] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an enzyme that plays a role in acetoacetate degradation (to acetyl CoA). in one embodiment, inhibitors of this enzyme may include acetyl-CoA and coenzyme A.

[00293] The growth of £. coii on short-chain fatty acids (C3-C6) requires the activation of the acids to their respective thioesters. This activation is catalyzed by acetoacetyl-CoA transferase. The reaction takes place in two half-reactions which involves a covalent enzyme~CoA. The enzyme undergoes two detectable conformational changes during the reaction. It is thought likely that the reaction proceeds by a ping-pong mechanism. The enzyme can utilize a variety of short-chain acyi-CoA and carboxylic acid substrates but exhibits maximal activity with normal and 3-keto substrates.

[00294] in particular embodiments, the enzyme converts acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate. in some embodiments, the acetate:acetoacetyl-CoA transferase is from Clostridium spp. In some embodiments, the acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase is from Clostridium acetobuiy!icum. In some embodiments, the acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the acetate:acetoacetyi-CoA transferase is encoded by the afoA and atoD genes, in another embodiment, the subunit composition of acetoacetyl-CoA transferase is [(AtoA)2][(AtoD)2], with (AtoA)2 being the β complex and (AtoD)2 being the a complex. In one embodiment, the acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase is a fused acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase: a subunit/β subunit. In another embodiment, the acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase is encoded by the ydiF gene. Acetate:Acetoacetyj-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1 ,2.11 )

[00295] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00296] acetoacetyl-CoA + H ₂ 0 ^CoA + acetoacetate

[00297] Acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase may also be known as acetoacetyl coenzyme A hydrolase, acetoacetyl CoA deacyiase or acetoacetyl coenzyme A deacylase,

[00298] This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds.

[00299] in particular embodiments, the enzyme converts acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate. in some embodiments, the acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is from Clostridium spp. In some embodiments, the acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is from Clostridium acetobutyiicum. In another embodiment, the Acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by the ctfA (subunit A) and/or ctfB (subunit B) genes.

[00300] In a further embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate:acetoacetyi-CoA hydrolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 48, 97, 99, 101 and 103. In yet a further embodiment, the acetyi-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41 , 42, 44, 45, 98, 98, 100 and 102.

Acetoacetate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.4]

[00301] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00302] acetoacetate + H+→ acetone + CO2

[00303] Acetoacetate decarboxylase may also be known as ADC, AADC or acetoacetate carboxy-iyase.

[00304] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an enzyme that plays roles in isopropanol biosynthesis, pyruvate fermentation to acetone, the super pathway of Clostridium acetobutyiicum acidogenic and solventogenic fermentation and/or the super pathway of Clostridium acetobutyiicum solventogenic fermentation. [0030S] Acetoacetate decarboxylase (ADC) plays a key role in solvent production in Clostridium acetobutylicum. During the acidogenic phase of growth, acids accumulate causing a metabolic shift to solvent production. In this phase acids are re-assimilated and metabolized to produce acetone, butanol and ethanoi.

[00306] Preliminary purification and crystallization of the enzyme has revealed that a lysine residue is implicated in the active site. The enzyme is a large complex composed of 12 copies of a single type of subunit.

[00307] The enzyme of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 has been purified and the adc gene encoding it cloned. The enzyme has also been purified from the related strain Clostridium acetobutylicum DS 792 and the gene cloned and sequenced. The decarboxylation reaction proceeds by the formation of a Schiff base intermediate.

[00308] ADC is a key enzyme in acid uptake, effectively pulling the CoA- transferase reaction in the direction of acetoacetate formation.

[00309] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts acetoacetate to acetone. In some embodiments, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is from Clostridium spp. In some embodiments, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is from Clostridium acetobutylicum. in some embodiments, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is from Clostridium beijerinckii. In some embodiments, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is from Clostridium cellulolyticum. In some embodiments, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is from Bacillus polymyxa. In some embodiments, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is from Chromobacterium vioiaceum. in some embodiments, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is from Pseudomonas putida. in another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by the adc gene.

[00310] In one embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. In another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Bacillus polymyxa, Chromobacterium vioiaceum and Pseudomonas putida. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc, or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 52. In yet another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, 50 and 51.

[00311] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the reversible oxidation of primary or secondary alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, respectively, in one embodiment, the enzyme is a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (S-ADH) and catalyzes the reduction of ketones such as acetone into secondary alcohols such as 2-propanol (isopropanol).

[00312] in some embodiments the S-ADH is from Burkhoideria sp. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is from Burkhoideria sp. AIU 852. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is from A!ca!igenes sp. in some embodiments, the S-ADH is from A!caligenes eutrophus. in some embodiments, the S-ADH is from Clostridium sp. in some embodiments, the S-ADH is from Clostridium ragsdaiei. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is from Clostridium beijerinckii. in some embodiments, the S-ADH is from Thermoanaerobacter sp. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is from Thermoanaerobacter brockii. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is from Thermoanaerobacter ethano!icus (Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum). In some embodiments, the S-ADH is encoded by the adhB gene, in some embodiments, the S-ADH is from the trypanosomatid Phytomonas sp. In some embodiments, the S- ADH is from Rhodococcus sp. in some embodiments, the S-ADH is from Rhodococcus ruber, in some embodiments, the S-ADH is from Methanobacterium palustre. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is from methanogenic archaea Methanogenium liminatans. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is from the parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica (EhAdhl ). in some embodiments, the S-ADH is from parasitic protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus, in some embodiments, the S-ADH is from human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.

[00313] In some embodiments, the S-ADH is predicted from homology and can be from Thermoanaerobacter mathranii, Micrococcus luteus, Nocardiopsis alba, Mycobacterium hassiacum, Helicobacter suis, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida rnetapsilosis, Grosmannia ciavigera and Scheffersomyces stipitis.

[00314] In a further embodiment, the alcohol dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 106 and 108. in yet another embodiment, the alcohol dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105 and 107.

Dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.-)

[00315] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reactions:

[00316] isopropanol <± propene + H20

[00317] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the conversion of D-xyiuiose to D-xyiuiose-1 -phosphate. In some embodiments, the conversion can be catalyzed by a human ketohexokinase C (khk-C), also known as fructokinase.

[00318] Ketohexokinase, or fructokinase, phosphoryiates fructose to fructose-1- phosphate. The enzyme is involved in fructose metabolism, which is part of carbohydrate metabolism. It is found in the liver, intestine and kidney cortex.

[00319] in human liver, purified fructokinase, when coupled with aldolase, has been discovered to contribute to an alternative mechanism to produce oxalate from xyiitol. In coupled sequence, fructokinase and aldolase produce glycoialdehyde, a precursor to oxalate, from D-xyiulose via D-xylulose 1~phosphate.

[00320] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-xylulose to D-xylulose- 1-phosphate. in some embodiments, the D-xyiulose 1-kinase is a ketohexokinase C. In some embodiments, the ketohexokinase C is from Homo sapiens. In some embodiments, the human ketohexokinase C is encoded by the khk-C gene. [00321] in one embodiment, the D-xyiulose 1-kinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Homo sapiens. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose 1-kinase is ketohexokinase C (khk-C), or homolog thereof, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xyiuiose 1-kinase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xyluiose 1-kinase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54.

[00322] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the conversion of D-xylulose-1 -phosphate to glycoiaidehyde and DHAP. In some embodiments, the conversion can be catalyzed by a human aldolase B, which is also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B or liver-type aldolase.

[00323] Aldolase B is one of three isoenzymes (A, B, and C) of the class I fructose 1 ,6-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme (EC 4.1.2.13), and plays a key role in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The generic fructose 1 ,6-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose 1 ,6-bisphosphate (FBP) into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphafe and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) as well as the reversible cleavage of fructose 1-phosphate (F1 P) into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. In mammals, aldolase B is preferentially expressed in the liver, while aldolase A is expressed in muscle and erythrocytes and aldolase C is expressed in the brain. Slight differences in isozyme structure result in different activities for the two substrate molecules: FBP and fructose 1-phosphate, Aldolase B exhibits no preference and thus catalyzes both reactions, while aldolases A and C prefer FBP.

[00324] Aldolase B is a homotetrameric enzyme, composed of four subunits. Each subunit has a molecular weight of 36 kDa and contains an eight-stranded α/β barrel, which encloses lysine 229 (the Schiff-base forming amino acid that is key for catalysis).

[00325] in particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-xylulose- 1 -phosphate to glycoiaidehyde and DHAP. In some embodiments, the D-xylulose-1-phosphate aldolase is an aldolase B. in some embodiments, the aldolase B is from Homo sapiens, in some embodiments, the human aldolase B is encoded by the ALDOB gene,

[00328] In one embodiment, the D-xyluiose-1-phosphate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Homo sapiens. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose-1- phosphate aldolase is aldolase B (ALDOB), or homo!og thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose-1- phosphate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D- xylulose-1 -phosphate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 58 and 57.

[00327] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reversible reaction:

[00328] D-xylopyranose ?2 D-xylulose

[00329] D-xylose isomerase may also be known as xylose isomerase or D-xylose ketoi-isomerase.

[00330] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an enzyme that plays a role in xylose degradation.

[00331] Xylose isomerase catalyzes the first reaction in the cataboiism of D-xylose.

[00332] Two conserved histidine residues, H101 and H271 , were shown to be essentia! for catalytic activity. The fluorescence of two conserved tryptophan residues, W49 and W188, is quenched during binding of xylose, and W49 was shown to be essential for catalytic activity. The presence of Mg ²⁺ , n ^2÷ or Co ²⁺ protects the enzyme from thermal denaturation.

[00333] The subunit composition has not been established experimentally. [00334] in particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-xylose to D-xylulose. In some embodiments, the D-xyiose isomerase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the D-xylose isomerase is encoded by the xylA gene.

[00335] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase to prevent conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose and instead shunt the reaction toward the conversion of D-xyiose to D- xylonate.

[00338] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism comprises an endogenous or exogenous xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyiose to D-xylulose. in one embodiment, the xylose isomerase is exogenous, in another embodiment, the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Pyromyces sp. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is xylA, or homolog thereof. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 93 and 94.

D-xylu jose-5-kj nase/xyj uSoki nase

[00337] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reactions:

[00338] D-xylulose + ATP→ D-xylulose 5-phosphate + ADP + H+ (EC 2.7.1.17)

[00339] ATP + 1-deoxy-D-xyluiose→ 1-deoxy-D-xyiuiose 5-phosphate + ADP + H+ (EC 2.7.1.-)

[00340] D-xylulose- 5-kinase may also be known as xylulose kinase or xylulokinase.

[00341] Xylulokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-xylulose, the second step in the xylose degradation pathway, producing D-xylulose-5-phosphate, an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. [00342] in the absence of substrate, xyluiokinase has weak ATPase activity. Xyluiokinase can also catalyze the phosphorylation of -deoxy-D-xyiulose. This would allow a potential salvage pathway for generating 1-deoxy-D-xy!ulose 5- phosphate for use in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, thiamine and pyridoxal. The rate of phosphorylation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose is 32-fold lower than the rate of phosphorylation of D-xylulose.

[00343] The kinetic mechanism of the bacterial enzyme has been studied, suggesting a predominantly ordered reaction mechanism. The enzyme undergoes significant conformational changes upon binding of the substrate and of ATP. Two conserved aspartate residues, D8 and D233, were found to be essential for catalytic activity, and a catalytic mechanism has been proposed.

[00344] Crystal structures of bacterial xyluiokinase in the apo form and bound to D- xyiulose have been determined at 2.7 and 2.1 A resolution, respectively.

[00345] in particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-xylulose to D-xylulose- 5-phosphate. In some embodiments, the D-xylulose- 5-kinase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the D-xyluiose- 5-kinase is encoded by the xylB gene, in some embodiments, the D-xylulose-5-kinase is from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in some embodiments the D-xylulose-5-kinase is encoded by the XKS1 gene. In some embodiments, the D-xyluiose-5-kinase is from Pichia stipitis. In some embodiments the D-xyiuiose-5-kinase is encoded by the XYL3 gene.

[00348] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase to prevent the conversion of D~ xylulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of D-xyiuiose to D-xylulose- 1 -phosphate.

Xylose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.175 or EC 1.1.1.179)

[00347] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reactions:

[00348] aldehydo-D-xylose + NAD+ + H20→ D-xylonate + NADH + 2 H+ [00349] α-D-xylopyranose + NAD+ <→ D-xylonolactone + NADH + H+ (reversibility unspecified, EC 1.1.1.175)

[00350] Xylose dehydrogenase may also be known as D-xylose dehydrogenase, D-xyiose 1 -dehydrogenase, (NAD+)-linked D-xylose dehydrogenase, NAD+-D- xylose dehydrogenase, D-xylose: NAD÷ 1-oxidoreductase

[00351] D-Xylose dehydrogenase catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of D- xyiose to D-xylonolactone. This is the first reaction in the oxidative, non- phosphoryiative pathway for the degradation of D-xylose in Caulobacter crescentus. This pathway is similar to the pathway for L-arabinose degradation in Azospiri!lum brasiiense. The amino acid sequence of the C. crescentus enzyme is unrelated to that of xylose dehydrogenase from the archaeon Haloarcu!a marismortui, or the L- arabinose 1 -dehydrogenase of Azospiri!!um brasiiense.

[00352] D-xylose is the preferred substrate for recombinant D-xylose dehydrogenase from Caulobacter crescentus. The enzyme can use L-arabinose, but if is a poorer substrate. The Km for L-arabinose is 166 mM. Other substrates such as D-arabinose, L-xylose, D-ribose, D-gaiactose, D-glucose and D-glucose-6- phosphate showed little or no activity in the assay, as measured by NADH production. C. crescentus D-xylose dehydrogenase can convert D-xylose to D- xyionate directly.

[00353] Partially purified, native D-xyiose dehydrogenase from C. crescentus had a Km of 70 μΜ for D-xyiose. This value was lower than the Km of 760 μ for the recombinant, His-fagged enzyme.

[00354] In some embodiments, the D-Xylose dehydrogenase is from the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. The Haloferax vo!canii D-Xyiose dehydrogenase catalyzes the first reaction in the oxidative xylose degradation pathway of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. The H. volcanii D-Xyiose dehydrogenase shows 59% amino acid sequence identity to a functionally characterized xylose dehydrogenase from Haloarcuia marismortui and 56% identity to an ortholog in Ha!orubrum lacusprofundi, but is only 1 1 % identical to the bacterial NAD+-dependent xylose dehydrogenase from Caulobacter crescentus CB15.

[00355] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-xylose to D- xyionolactone. in some embodiments, the D-Xyiose dehydrogenase is from Caulobacter crescentus. In some embodiments, the D-Xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by the xy!B gene. In some embodiments, the D-Xylose dehydrogenase is from Ha!oferax vo!canii. In some embodiments, the D-Xylose dehydrogenase is from Haloarcula marismortui. In some embodiments, the D-Xylose dehydrogenase is from Ha!oruhrum !acusprofundi. in some embodiments, the D-Xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by the xdh gene.

[00358] In one embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter sp., Haloarcula sp., Haloferax sp., Haiorubrum sp. and Trichoderma sp. In another embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter crescentus, Haloarcula marismortui, Haloferax vo!canii, Haiorubrum lacusprofundi and Trichoderma reesei. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is selected from xy!B, xdhl (HVO__B0028) and/or xydl , or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 81 , 63 and 65. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, 62 and 84.

[00357] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00358] D-xylono-1 ,4-lactone + H ₂ 0 ^D-xylonate

[00359] This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxyiic ester bonds. This enzyme participates in pentose and giucuronate interconversions.

[00380] Xyionoiactonase may also be known as D-xylonoiactonase, xyiono-1 ,4- lactonase, xyiono-gamma-lactonase or D-xylono-1 , 4-lactone lactonohydrolase. [00381] in particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-xylonoiactone to D- xylonate. In some embodiments, the D-xyionolactonase is from Haloferax sp. In some embodiments, the D-xylonolactonase is from Haloferax voicanii. In some embodiments, the D-xylonolactonase is from Haloferax gibbonsii. in some embodiments, the D-xylonoiactonase is from Caulobacier crescenius. In some embodiments, the D-xyionolactonase is encoded by the xyiC gene,

[00362] In one embodiment, the xylonolactonase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacier sp. and Haloferax sp. in another embodiment, the xylonolactonase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacier crescenius, Haloferax voicanii and Haloferax gibbonsii. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase is xyiC, or homoiog thereof, in a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87, In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66.

Xylonate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.821

[00383] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00384] D-xylonate 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-xyionate + H ₂ 0

[00365] This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-iyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions.

[00388] Xylonate dehydratase may also be known as D-xylonate hydro-iyase, D- xylo-aidonate dehydratase or D-xylonafe dehydratase.

[00367] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-xylonate to 2-keto-3- deoxy-D-xyionate. In some embodiments, the xylonate dehydratase is from Caulobacier crescenius. In some embodiments, the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by the xylD gene. In some embodiments, the xylonate dehydratase is from Escherichia coll. In some embodiments, the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by the yjhG gene. In some embodiments, the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by the yagF gene, in some embodiments, the xylonate dehydratase is from Haioferax voicanii, in some embodiments, the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by the xad gene. In some embodiments, the xylonate dehydratase is from Su!fo!obus so!fataricus.

[00388] in one embodiment, the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Cau!obacter sp., Su!fo!obus sp. and £, co!i. in another embodiment, the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacier crescentus, Su!folobus so!fataricus and E. co!i. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonate dehydratase is selected from xylD, yjhG and/or yagF, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonate dehydratase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 69, 72 and 75. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 68, 70, 71 , 73 and 74.

[00389] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00370] 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate ?2 giycolaldehyde + pyruvate (reversibility unspecified)

[00371] This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde- lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions.

[00372] 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase may also be known as 2-dehydro-3- deoxy-D-pentonate giycolaidehyde-iyase (pyruvate-forming), 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D- pentonate aldolase, 3-deoxy-D-pentuiosonic acid aldolase, and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy- D-pentonate giycoiaidehyde-iyase. [00373] YjhH appears to be a 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase. Genetic evidence suggests that YagE may also function as a 2-dehydro~3-deoxy-D- pentonate aldolase. yagE is part of the prophage CP4-6.

[00374] A yjhH yagE double mutant cannot use D-xylonate as the sole source of carbon, and crude cell extracts do not contain 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase activity. Both phenotypes are complemented by providing yjhH on a piasmid.

[00375] ArcA appears to activate yjhH gene expression under anaerobiosis. Two putative ArcA binding sites were identified 21 1 and 597 bp upstream of this gene, but no promoter upstream of it has been identified.

[00378] The crystal structure of YagE suggests that the protein is a homotetramer, Co-crystal structures of YagE in the presence of pyruvate and 2-keto-3- deoxygalactonate have been solved.

[00377] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate to glycolaldehyde and pyruvate. In some embodiments, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D- pentonate aldolase is from Pseudomonas sp. In some embodiments, the 2~keto-3- deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is from Escherichia co!i. In some embodiments, the 2- keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by the yjhH gene. In some embodiments, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by the yagE gene,

[00378] in one embodiment, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp. and E. coii. In another embodiment, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D- pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E, coii. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is selected from yjhH and/or yagE, or homo!og thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 78 and 81. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy- D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 76, 77, 79 and 80. Gfycolajdehyde dehydrogenase (1.2.1.21 )

[00379] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00380] glycolaldehyde + NAD ⁺ + HzO --giycoiate + NADH + 2 H ⁺

[00381] This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. This enzyme participates in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.

[00382] Glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase may also be known as glycolaldehyde: AD+ oxidoreductase or glycol aldehyde dehydrogenase.

[00383] in E, co!i aldehyde dehydrogenase A (AldA) is an enzyme of relatively broad substrate specificity for small a-hydroxyaldehyde substrates, it is thus utilized in several metabolic pathways.

[00384] L-fucose and L-rhamnose are metabolized through parallel pathways which converge after their corresponding aldolase reactions yielding the same products: dihydoxy-acetone phosphate and L-lactaldehyde. Aerobicaily, aldehyde dehydrogenase A oxidizes L-lactaldehyde to L-lactate.

[00385] in parallel pathways utilizing the same enzymes, D-arabinose and L-xylose can be metabolized to dihydoxy-acetone phosphate and glycolaldehyde, which is oxidized to glycolate by aldehyde dehydrogenase A,

[00386] Crystal structures of the enzyme alone and in ternary and binary complexes have been solved.

[00387] Aldehyde dehydrogenase A is only present under aerobic conditions and is most highly induced by the presence of fucose, rhamnose or glutamate. The enzyme is inhibited by NADH, which may act as a switch to shift from oxidation of lactaldehyde to its reduction by propanediol oxidoreductase. AldA is upregulated during short-term adaptation to glucose limitation.

[00388] Based on sequence simiiarity, AldA was predicted to be a succinate- semialdehyde dehydrogenase. [00389] Regulation of aldA expression has been investigated. The gene is regulated by catabolite repression, repression under anaerobic conditions via ArcA, and induction by the carbon source.

[00390] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts glycolaldehyde to glycoiate. In some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coli. in some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aldA gene.

[00391] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of glycolic acid from glycolaldehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of glycolaldehyde to MEG.

Lactate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.28)

[00392] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00393] (R)-lactate + NAD+ <- pyruvate + NADH + H+

[00394] Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in nearly ail living cells such as in animals, plants and prokaryotes. LDH catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvic acid and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.

[00395] LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. The most common one is NAD(P)-dependent L-iactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-iactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) and L- lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome).

[00398] LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.

[00397] Lactate dehydrogenase may also be known as lactic acid dehydrogenase, (R)-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase or D-iactate dehydrogenase— fermentative. [00398] in E. coll, lactate dehydrogenase (LdhA) is a solubie NAD-iinked lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) that is specific for the production of D-lactate. LdhA is a homotetramer and shows positive homotropic cooperativity under higher pH conditions.

[00399] E, coli contains two other lactate dehydrogenases: D~lactate dehydrogenase and L-lactate dehydrogenase. Both are membrane-associated flavoproteins required for aerobic growth on lactate.

[00400] LdhA is present under aerobic conditions but is induced when E. coli is grown on a variety of sugars under anaerobic conditions at acidic pH. Unlike most of the genes involved in anaerobic respiration, IdhA is not activated by Fnr; rather the ArcAB system and several genes involved in the control of carbohydrate metabolism (csrAB and mlc) appear to regulate expression. The expression of IdhA is negatively affected by the transcriptional regulator ArcA. IdhA belongs to the σ32 regulon.

[00401] The IdhA gene is a frequent target for mutations in metabolic engineering, most often to eliminate production of undesirable fermentation side products, but also to specifically produce D-iactate.

[00402] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia co!i. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene.

[00403] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of a three- carbon compound.

fose reductase or aldose reductase (EC

[00404] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the lowing reactions:

55] a-D-xylose + NADPH + H+ xyistof +

[00408] an alditol + NAD(P)+ NAD(P)H + aldose [00407] Aldose reductase may also be known as alditol:NAD(P)+ 1- oxidoreductase, poiyol dehydrogenase or aldehyde reductase.

[00408] Aldose reductase is a cytosolic oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of a variety of aldehydes and carbonyis, including monosaccharides.

[00409] Aldose reductase may be considered a prototypical enzyme of the aldo- keto reductase enzyme superfamily. The enzyme comprises 315 amino acid residues and folds into a β/α-barrel structural motif composed of eight parallel β strands. Adjacent strands are connected by eight peripheral a-helical segments running anti-parallel to the β sheet. The catalytic active site is situated in the barrel core. The NADPH cofactor is situated at the top of the β/α barrel, with the nicotinamide ring projecting down in the center of the barrel and pyrophosphate straddling the barrel lip.

[00410] The reaction mechanism of aldose reductase in the direction of aldehyde reduction follows a sequential ordered path where NADPH binds, followed by the substrate. Binding of NADPH induces a conformational change (Enzyme ^« NADPH -> Enzyme**NADPH) that involves hinge-like movement of a surface loop (residues 213-217) so as to cover a portion of the NADPH in a manner similar to that of a safety belt. The alcohol product is formed via a transfer of the pro-R hydride of NADPH to the face of the substrate's carbonyl carbon. Following release of the alcohol product, another conformational change occurs (E* ^» NAD(P)+ -> E ^» NAD(P)+) in order to release NADP+. Kinetic studies have shown that reorientation of this loop to permit release of NADP+ appears to represent the rate-limiting step in the direction of aldehyde reduction. As the rate of coenzyme release limits the catalytic rate, if can be seen that perturbation of interactions that stabilize coenzyme binding can have dramatic effects on the maximum velocity (Vmax).

[00411] D-xylose-fermenting Pichia stipitis and Candida shehatae were shown to produce one single aldose reductase (ALR) that is active both with NADPH and NADH. Other yeasts such as Pachysolen tannophiius and C. tropica!is synthesize multiple forms of ALR with different coenzyme specificities. The significant dual coenzyme specificity distinguishes the P. stipitis and the C. shehatae enzymes from most other ALRs so far isolated from mammalian or microbial sources. The yeast Candida tenuis CBS 4435 produces comparable NADH- and NADPH-linked aldehyde-reducing activities during growth on D-xylose.

[00412] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-xyiose to xylitol. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Hypocrea jecorina. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by the xyi1 gene. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by the GRE3 gene. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Pachysoien tannophi!us. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Pichia sp. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Pichia stipitis. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Pichia quercuum. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Candida sp. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Candida shehatae. in some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Candida tenuis. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Candida tropicaiis. in some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Aspergiiius niger. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Neurospora crassa. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is from Cryptococcus iactativorus.

[00413] In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Hypocrea sp., Scheffersomyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Pachysoien sp., Pichia sp., Candida sp. , Aspergiiius sp., Neurospora sp., and Cryptococcus sp. in some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Hypocrea jecorina, Scheffersomyces stipitis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pachysoien tannophilus, Pichia stipitis, Pichia quercuum, Candida shehatae, Candida tenuis, Candida tropicaiis, Aspergiiius niger, Neurospora crassa and Cryptococcus Iactativorus. in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is xyi1 and/or GRE3 or homoiog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 84 and 87, In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 82, 83, 85 and 86.

itol dehydrogenase

The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following

15] xylitoi + NAD+ ~- D-xyluiose + NADH + H+

[00416] Xylitoi dehydrogenase may also be known as D-xyiuiose reductase, NAD+-dependenf xylitoi dehydrogenase, erythritoi dehydrogenase, 2,3-cis- poiyoi(DPN) dehydrogenase (C3-5), pentitol-DPN dehydrogenase, xylitol-2- dehydrogenase or xylitoi: NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (D-xylulose-forming).

[00417] Xylitoi dehydrogenase (XDH) is one of several enzymes responsible for assimilating xylose into eukaryotic metabolism and is useful for fermentation of xylose contained in agricultural byproducts to produce ethanol. For efficient xylose utilization at high flux rates, cosubsfrates should be recycled between the NAD+- specific XDH and the NADPH-preferring xylose reductase, another enzyme in the pathway,

[00418] in particular embodiments, the enzyme converts xylitoi to D-xylulose. in some embodiments, the xylitoi dehydrogenase is from yeast, in some embodiments, the xylitoi dehydrogenase is from Pichia sp., Saccharomyces sp., Giuconobacter sp., Galaciocandida sp., Neurospora sp. or Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the xylitoi dehydrogenase is from Pichia stipitis, S. cerevisiae, Giuconobacter oxydans, Galaciocandida mastotermitis, Neurospora crassa or Serratia marcescens. in some embodiments, the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by xy!2 or dhl

[00419] in one embodiment, the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Scheffersomyces sp., Trichoderma sp., Pichia sp., Saccharomyces sp., Gluconobacter sp., Galactocandida sp., Neurospora sp., and Serratia sp. In another embodiment, the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Scheffersomyces stipitis, Trichoderma reesei, Pichia stipitis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gluconobacter oxydans, Galactocandida mastoiermitis, Neurospora crassa and Serratia marcescens. in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylitoi dehydrogenase is xy!2 and/or xdhl , or homoiog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid moiecuies encoding the xylitoi dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 90 and 92. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 89 and 91.

[00420] Alkaline phosphatase is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of moiecuies, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. As the name suggests, alkaline phosphatases are most effective in an alkaline environment, it is sometimes used synonymously as basic phosphatase.

[00421] The S. cerevisiae Pho13 alkaline phosphatase enzyme is a monomeric protein with molecular mass of 60 kDa and hydroiyzes p-nitrophenyl phosphate with maximal activity at pH 8.2 with strong dependence on Mg2+ ions and an apparent Km of 3.8 x 10(-5) M. No other substrates tested except phosphorylated histone ii-A and casein were hydrolyzed at any significant rate. These data suggest that the physiological role of the p-nitrophenyi phosphate-specific phosphatase may involve participation in reversible protein phosphorylation.

[00422] In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts D-xylulose-5-phosphate to D-xyluiose. in some embodiments, the alkaline phosphatase is from yeast. In some embodiments, the alkaline phosphatase is from Saccharomyces sp. In some embodiments, the alkaline phosphatase is from S. cerevisiae. in some embodiments, the alkaline phosphatase is encoded by the PH013 gene,

[00423] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and a three-carbon compound comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an alkaline phosphatase to prevent the conversion of D- xylulose-5~phosphate to D-xylulose.

Soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase (EC 1.6.1.1.)

[00424] The present disclosure describes enzymes that can catalyze the following reaction:

[00425] NADH + NADP÷ ¾r* NAD÷ + NADPH

[00426] Soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase may also be known as NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (B-specific), STH, pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, or transhydrogenase.

[00427] E. coii contains both a soluble and a membrane-bound pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase. The soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is the sthA or udhA gene product; its primary physiological role appears to be the reoxidation of NADPH (Canonaco F. et al. (2001) Metabolic flux response to phosphoglucose isomerase knock-out in Escherichia coii and impact of overexpression of the soluble transhydrogenase UdhA. FE S Microbiol Lett 204(2): 247-252; Sauer U. et al. (2004) The soluble and membrane-bound transhydrogenases UdhA and PntAB have divergent functions in NADPH metabolism of Escherichia coii, J Biol Chem 279(8): 8813-6619). The membrane-bound proton-translocating transhydrogenase is the pntAB gene product; PntAB is a major source of NADPH (Sauer et al. 2004).

[00428] UdhA contains noncovalently bound FAD and is present in a form consisting of seven or eight monomers (Boonstra B. et al. (1999) The udhA gene of Escherichia coii encodes a soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase. J Bacterioi 181 (3): 1030-1034).

[00429] Moderate overexpression of UdhA (SthA) allows an increased maximal growth rate of a phosphoglucose isomerase mutant (Canonaco et al. 2001), and a pgi sthA double mutant is not viable (Sauer et al. 2004). These phenotypes may be due to the ability of UdhA to restore the cellular redox balance under conditions of excess NADPH formation (Canonaco et al. 2001 ; Sauer et al. 2004). Mutations in sthA appear during adaptation of a pgi mutant strain to growth on glucose minimal medium (Charusanti P. et al. (2010) Genetic basis of growth adaptation of Escherichia coii after deletion of pgi, a major metabolic gene." PLoS Genet 6(1 1): e1001186).

[00430] Transcription of sthA is downregulated by growth on glycerol (Sauer et al. 2004).

[00431] In some embodiments, expression of a transhydrogenase can increase activity of a NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase, leading to improved acetone to 2~propanol conversion, in one embodiment, the soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E, coii. in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is udhA, or homoiog thereof, in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 10. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 109.

Biosynthesis of MEG and one or more three-carbon compound us ng a recombinant microorganism

[00432] As discussed above, the present application provides a recombinant microorganism co-producing monoethyiene glycol (MEG) and one or more three- carbon compounds. In one embodiment, the MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds are co-produced from xylose, in another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xyiulose-5~kinase and/or in a gene encoding a glycoaidehyde dehydrogenase, in some embodiments, the gene encoding the D-xylulose-5-kinase is xylB. in some embodiments, the gene encoding the glycoaidehyde dehydrogenase is aidA.

[00433] In one embodiment, MEG is produced from xylose via ribulose-1- phosphate. In another embodiment, MEG is produced from xylose via xylulose-1- phosphate. In a further embodiment, MEG is produced from xylose via xyionate. [00434] in one embodiment, one or more three-carbon compounds is produced from DHAP or pyruvate. In one embodiment, the one or more three-carbon compounds is acetone. In another embodiment, the one or more three-carbon compounds is isopropanol. in a further embodiment, the one or more three-carbon compounds is propene.

[00435] in one preferred embodiment, MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds are produced from xylose using a ribuiose-1-phosphate pathway for the conversion of xylose to MEG and dihydroxyacetone-phosphafe (DHAP), and using a C3 branch pathway for the conversion of DHAP to one or more three-carbon compounds.

[00436] As discussed above, in a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethy!ene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-fagatose 3-epimerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-ribulose;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribuiokinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribuiose from (a) to D-ribulose-1 -phosphate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribulose- -phosphate from (b) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA; (f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl~CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[00437] in one embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas sp., Mesorhizobium sp. and Rhodobacter sp. In some embodiments, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas sp. ST-24, Mesorhizobium ioti and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is dte and/or FJ851309.1 , or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 5. in yet a further embodiment, the D- tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 , 2 and 4.

[00438] In one embodiment, the D-ribulokinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coii. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucK, or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the D- ribulokinase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. In yet a further embodiment, the D-ribuiokinase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7.

[00439] in one embodiment, the D-ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E, coii. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucA, or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the D-ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 1. In yet a further embodiment, the D-ribulose-1- phosphate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 10.

[00440] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (g) to isopropanoi.

[00441] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

[00442] in another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiuiose to D- xylulose-5-phosphate;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[00443] in one embodiment, an endogenous D-xylose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose. in one embodiment, the xylose isomerase is exogenous. In another embodiment, the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Pyromyces sp. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is xylA, or homolog thereof. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 93 and 94. [00444] in one preferred embodiment, MEG and acetone are co-produced from xylose using a xylulose-1 -phosphate pathway for the conversion of xylose to MEG and a C3 branch pathway for the conversion of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) to acetone.

[00445] As discussed above, in a second aspect, the present disclosure relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethyiene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylulose -kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D- xylulose-1 -phosphate;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xyiulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylulose-1 -phosphate from (a) to glycoiaidehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycoiaidehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycoiaidehyde from (b) to MEG;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fhiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl- CoA;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacety!-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (d) to acetoacetate; and/or

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (e) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced. [00446] in one embodiment, the D-xyiulose 1-kinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid moiecuies obtained from Homo sapiens, in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose 1-kinase is ketohexokinase C (khk-C), or homolog thereof, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xyiuiose 1-kinase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid moiecuies encoding the D-xylulose 1-kinase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54.

[00447] In one embodiment, the D-xylulose-1-phosphafe aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid moiecuies obtained from Homo sapiens. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose-1- phosphate aldolase is aldolase B (ALDOB), or homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid moiecuies encoding the D-xylulose-1- phosphate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D- xylulose-1 -phosphate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 56 and 57.

[00448] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (f) to isopropanoi.

[00449] in another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase-isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

[00450] in another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D- xylulose-5-phosphate; (b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to g!yco!ic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[00451] in some embodiments of any aspect disclosed above, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D- xylulose-5-kinase to prevent the conversion of D-xylulose to D-xyiu!ose-5-phosphate and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of D-xylulose to D-xylulose-1- phosphate. In some embodiments, the D-xyluiose-5-kinase is from Escherichia co/7. In some embodiments, the D-xyluiose-5-kinase is encoded by the xylB gene, or homoiog thereof.

[00452] in some embodiments of any aspect disclosed above, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of giycolic acid from glycolaldehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of glycolaldehyde to MEG. In some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia co!i. In some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aidA gene, or homoiog thereof.

[00453] In some embodiments of any aspect disclosed above, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of one or more three-carbon compounds. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homoiog thereof.

[00454] in one embodiment, an endogenous D-xylose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiulose. in one embodiment, the xylose isomerase is exogenous. In another embodiment, the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Pyromyces sp. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is xy!A, or homolog thereof. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 93 and 94.

[00455] As discussed above, in a third aspect, the present application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose and glucose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose reductase or aldose reductase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to xylitoi and at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylitoi dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of xylitoi to D-xylulose;

(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose, and wherein the microorganism further expresses one or more of the following:

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-tagatose 3-epimerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose from (a) or (b) to D-ribulose;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulokinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose from (c) to D-ribulose- -phosphate;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D~ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribulose-1 -phosphate from (d) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP); (f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glyco!aldehyde reductase or metby!glyoxa! reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (e) to MEG;

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fbiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl- CoA;

(h) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacety!-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (g) to acetoacetate; and/or

(i) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (h) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[00458] In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Hypocrea sp., Scheffersomyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Pachysolen sp,, Pichia sp., Candida sp., Aspergillus sp., Neurospora sp., and Cryptococcus sp. in some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Hypocrea jecorina, Scheffersomyces stipitis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pachysolen tannophiius, Pichia stipitis, Pichia quercuum, Candida shehatae, Candida tenuis, Candida tropicaiis, Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa and Cryptococcus lactativorus. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is xyi1 and/or GRE3 or homoiog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 84 and 87. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 82, 83, 85 and 88.

[00457] In one embodiment, the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Scheffersomyces sp., Trichoderma sp., Pichia sp., Saccharomyces sp., G!uconobacter sp., Galactocandida sp., Neurospora sp., and Serratia sp. in another embodiment, the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid moiecuies obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Scheffersomyces stipitis, Trichoderma reesei, Pichia stipitis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Giuconobacter oxydans, Galactocandida mastoiermitis, Neurospora crassa and Serratia marcescens. in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylitoi dehydrogenase is xyl2 and/or xdhl , or homo!og thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid moiecuies encoding the xylitoi dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 90 and 92. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 89 and 91.

[00458] In one embodiment, an endogenous D-xyiose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose. in one embodiment, the xylose isomerase is exogenous. In another embodiment, the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Pyromyces sp. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is xy!A, or homo!og thereof. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid moiecuies encoding the xylose isomerase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 93 and 94.

[00459] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (i) to isopropanoi.

Ill [00480] in another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

[00481] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyluiose to D- xyluiose-5-phosphate; and

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an alkaline phosphatase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose-5- phosphafe to D-xyluiose.

[00482] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate is a D-xylulose-5-kinase. in some embodiments, the D-xyiulose-5~kinase is from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments the D-xylulose-5-kinase is encoded by the XKS1 gene, or homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the D-xy!u!ose-5-kinase is from Pichia siipitis. In some embodiments the D-xyiuiose-5-kinase is encoded by the XYL3 gene, or homolog thereof.

[00483] in a further embodiment, the microorganism is a fungus.

[00484] in one preferred embodiment, MEG and acetone are co-produced from xylose using a xyionate pathway for the conversion of xylose to MEG and a C3 branch pathway for the conversion of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) to acetone.

[00485] As discussed above, in a fourth aspect, the present application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethyiene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xyiose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of D~ xylose to D-xylonolactone; (b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nudeic acid molecule encoding a xyionolactonase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyionolactone from (a) to D-xylonate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylonate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyionate from (b) to 2-keto~3~deoxy~xylonate;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nudeic acid molecule encoding a 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xyionate from (c) to glycolaldehyde and pyruvate;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (d) to MEG;

(f) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA;

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyi-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyi-CoA from (f) to acetoacetate; and/or

(h) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (g) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[00488] In one embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nudeic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter sp,, Haloarcula sp,, Haloferax sp., Ha!orubrum sp. and Trichoderma sp. in another embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter crescentus, Haloarcula marismortui, Haloferax volcanii, Halorubrum lacusprofundi and Trichoderma reesei. in some embodiments, the one or more nudeic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is selected from xylB, xdhl (HVO__B0028) and/or xydl or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61 , 63 and 65. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, 62 and 64.

[00487] In one embodiment, the xylonoiactonase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacier sp. and Ha!oferax sp. in another embodiment, the xylonoiactonase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacier crescenius, Haloferax volcanil and Haioferax gibbonsil. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonoiactonase is xyiC, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonoiactonase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonoiactonase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66.

[00468] in one embodiment, the xylonafe dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacier sp., Sulfolobus sp. and E. coli. In another embodiment, the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacier crescentus., Sulfolobus solfaiaricus and E. coli. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonate dehydratase is selected from xylD, yjhG and/or yagF, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonate dehydratase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 69, 72 and 75. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 68, 70, 71 , 73 and 74. [00489] in one embodiment, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp. and E, co!i. In another embodiment, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D- pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. co!i. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2~keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonafe aldolase is selected from yjhH and/or yagE, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 78 and 81. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy- D-pentonafe aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 76, 77, 79 and 80.

[00470] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (h) to isopropanoi.

[00471] in another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

[00472] in another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D- xylulose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. [00473] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase to prevent conversion of D-xyiose to D-xyiuiose and instead shunt the reaction toward the conversion of D- xyiose to D-xyionate. in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose is a D-xyiose isomerase. In some embodiments, the D- xylose isomerase is from Escherichia co/7, in some embodiments, the D-xylose isomerase is encoded by the xylA gene, or homolog thereof.

[00474] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of g!ycolic acid from glycolaldehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of glycolaldehyde to MEG. In one embodiment, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coli. in some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aidA gene, or homolog thereof.

[00475] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of one or more three-carbon compounds. In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a lactate dehydrogenase. In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate, in some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homolog thereof.

[00478] As discussed above, in a fifth aspect, the present application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethyiene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following: (a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to D-xylonate;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylonate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyionate from (a) to 2-keto~3~deoxy~xylonate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xyionate from (b) to glycolaldehyde and pyruvate;

(d) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one exogenous nudeic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA;

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyi-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyi-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or

(g) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[00477] in one embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter sp,, Haloarcula sp,, Haloferax sp., Ha!orubrum sp. and Trichoderma sp. in another embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter crescentus, Haloarcula marismortui, Haloferax volcanii, Halorubrum lacusprofundi and Trichoderma reesei. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is selected from xylB, xdhl (HVO__B0028) and/or xydl or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61 , 63 and 65. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, 62 and 64.

[00478] in one embodiment, the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Cau!obacter sp., Su!fo!obus sp. and E. co!i. in another embodiment, the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Cau!obacter crescentus, Sulfolobus solfaiaricus and E. co!i. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase is selected from xy!D, yjhG and/or yagF, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 69, 72 and 75. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 68, 70, 71 , 73 and 74.

[00479] in one embodiment, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp. and E. co!i. In another embodiment, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D- pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coli. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is selected from yjhH and/or yagE, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 78 and 81. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2~keto-3-deoxy- D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 76, 77, 79 and 80. [00480] in one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (g) to isopropanoi.

[00481] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

[00482] in another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D- xylulose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycolic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[00483] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xyiose isomerase to prevent conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose and instead shunt the reaction toward the conversion of D- xylose to D-xylonate. In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiose to D-xylulose is a D-xyiose isomerase. in some embodiments, the D- xylose isomerase is from Escherichia coii. in some embodiments, the D-xylose isomerase is encoded by the xylA gene, or homolog thereof.

[00484] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of giycolic acid from glycolaldehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of glycoialdehyde to MEG. In one embodiment, the giyco!aldehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the glycoialdehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aldA gene, or homolog thereof.

[00485] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds comprises a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of one or more three-carbon compounds. In one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a lactate dehydrogenase. In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate, in some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homolog thereof.

[00488] in one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the glycoialdehyde reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from E, coii and S. cerevisiae. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is selected from gldA, GRE2, GRE3, yqhD, ydjG, fucO, yafB (dkgB), and/or yqhE (dkgA), or homolog thereof, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is yqhD. in some embodiments, the yqhD comprises a G149E mutation. In a further embodiment, the glycoialdehyde reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 32. In yet a further embodiment, the glycoialdehyde reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21 , 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 and 31.

[00487] in one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the thioiase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium sp., Baciiius sp., E. coii, Saccharomyces sp. and Marinobacter sp. In some embodiments, the thioiase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Ciostridium acetobutyiicum, Clostridium thermosaccharoiyticum, Baciiius cereus, E. coii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is thIA, atoB and/or ERG10, or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acety!transferase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 37 and 40. in yet a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyitransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 33, 34, 36, 38 and 39.

[00488] in one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the acetyl- CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp. and £. coii. In another embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate- CoA transferase or acetate:acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coii. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetyl~CoA:acetoacetafe-CoA transferase is atoA and/or atoD, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the acetyi- CoA:acetoacetafe-CoA transferase or acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Clostridium acetobutylicum. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is ctfA and/or ctfB, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetyi-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NQs: 43, 48, 97, 99, 101 and 103. In yet a further embodiment, the acety!-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41 , 42, 44, 45, 96, 98, 100 and 102.

[00489] In one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the acetoacetafe decarboxylase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. in another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium ceiiulolyticum, Bacillus poiymyxa, Chromobacterium vioiaceum and Pseudomonas putida. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 52. In yet another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, 50 and 51.

[00490] in one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetone to isopropanol is a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (S-ADH). In another embodiment, the enzyme is a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Burkholderia sp, A!ca!igenes sp., Clostridium sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Phytomonas sp., Rhodococcus sp., Methanobacterium sp., Methanogenium sp. , Entamoeba sp., Trichomonas sp., and Tritrichomonas sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Burkhoideria sp. AID 652, A!caiigenes eutrophus, Clostridium ragsdaiei, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Thermoanaerobacter brockii, Thermoanaerobacter ethanoiicus (Clostridium thermohydrosu!furicum), Rhodococcus ruber, Methanobacterium palustre, methanogenic archaea Methanogenium iiminatans, parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica, parasitic protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus and human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecule encoding secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is adh, adhB, EhAdhl , or homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is predicted from homology and can be from Thermoanaerobacter mathranii, Micrococcus luteus, Nocardiopsis alba, Mycobacterium hassiacum, Helicobacter suis, Candida albicans, Candida parapsi!osis, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida metapsilosis, Grosmannia clavigera and Scheffersomyces stipitis. In a further embodiment, the alcohol dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 108 and 108. In yet another embodiment, the alcohol dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105 and 107. Recombinant Microorganism

[00491] The disclosure provides microorganisms thai can be engineered to express various endogenous or exogenous enzymes.

[00492] In various embodiments described herein, the recombinant microorganism is a eukaryotic microorganism. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic microorganism is a yeast. In exemplary embodiments, the yeast is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Candida, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenuia, Kluyveromyces, issafchenkia, Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Pachysolen, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Myxozyma.

[00493] in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is a prokaryotic microorganism. In exemplary embodiments, the prokaryotic microorganism is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Escherichia, Clostridium, Zymomonas, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacilius, Arihrobacter, Corynebacterium, and Brevibacterium.

[00494] in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is used to produce monoethylene glycol (MEG) disclosed herein.

[00495] Accordingly, in another aspect, the present inventions provide a method of producing MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds using a recombinant microorganism described herein, in one embodiment, the method comprises cultivating the recombinant microorganism in a culture medium containing a feedstock providing a carbon source until MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds is produced. In a further embodiment, the MEG and one or more three- carbon compounds is recovered. Recovery can be by methods known in the art, such as distillation, membrane-based separation gas stripping, solvent extraction, and expanded bed adsorption, in an exemplary embodiment, the three carbon compound is selected from acetone, isopropanol, and propene.

[00496] in some embodiments, the feedstock comprises a carbon source, in various embodiments described herein, the carbon source may be selected from sugars, glycerol, alcohols, organic acids, aikanes, fatty acids, lignoceiluiose, proteins, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. In an exemplary embodiment, the carbon source is a sugar. In a further exemplary embodiment, the sugar is D-xyiose. In alternative embodiments, the sugar is selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, and sucrose.

Methods of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds

[00497] As discussed above, the present application provides a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds. In one embodiment, the MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds are co-produced from xylose. In another embodiment, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D- xylose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase and/or in a gene encoding a glycoaldehyde dehydrogenase. In some embodiments, the gene encoding the D-xyiuiose-5-kinase is xyiB. In some embodiments, the gene encoding the glycoaldehyde dehydrogenase is aidA.

[00498] In one embodiment, MEG is produced from xylose via ribulose-1- phosphate. In another embodiment, MEG is produced from xylose via xylulose-1- phosphate. In a further embodiment, MEG is produced from xylose via xylonate.

[00499] in one embodiment, one or more three-carbon compounds is produced from DHAP or pyruvate. In one embodiment, the one or more three-carbon compounds is acetone. In another embodiment, the one or more three-carbon compounds is isopropanol. In a further embodiment, the one or more three-carbon compounds is propene.

[00500] As discussed above, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-tagatose 3-epimerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-ribuiose; (b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulokinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribuiose from (a) to D-ribulose-1 -phosphate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribu!ose-1 -phosphate from (b) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA;

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[00501] in one embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas sp., Mesorhizobium sp. and Rhodobacter sp. In some embodiments, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas sp. ST-24, Mesorhizobium ioti and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is dte and/or FJ851309.1 , or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the D-tagatose 3-epimerase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 5. in yet a further embodiment, the D- tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: , 2 and 4.

[00502] In one embodiment, the D-ribulokinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. co!i. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucK, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the D- ribulokinase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. In yet a further embodiment, the D-ribulokinase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7.

[00503] In one embodiment, the D-ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coli. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucA, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the D-ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 1. In yet a further embodiment, the D-ribulose-1 - phosphate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 10.

[00504] in one embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (g) to isopropanol.

[00505] In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene.

[00508] in another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyluiose to D- xyluiose-5-phosphate; (b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[00507] in one embodiment, an endogenous D-xylose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiulose. in one embodiment, the xylose isomerase is exogenous. In another embodiment, the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Pyromyces sp. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is xylA, or homoiog thereof. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 93 and 94.

[00508] As discussed above, in another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylulose -kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiulose to D~ xylulose- 1 -phosphate;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xyiulose- 1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylulose-1 -phosphate from (a) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (b) to MEG; (d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl~CoA to acetoacetyi- CoA;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyi-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (d) to acetoacetate; and/or

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (e) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl~CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[00509] in one embodiment, the D-xyiulose 1-kinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Homo sapiens. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xyiulose 1-kinase is ketohexokinase C (khk-C), or homolog thereof, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xyiuiose 1-kinase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xyluiose 1-kinase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54.

[00510] in one embodiment, the D-xyiuiose-1-phosphate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Homo sapiens, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose-1- phosphate aldolase is aldolase B (ALDOB), or homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylu!ose-1- phosphate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D- xylulose-1 -phosphate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 56 and 57.

[00511] in one embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (f) to isopropanol.

[00512] In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene.

[00513] in another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiulose to D- xylulose-5-phosphate;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[00514] In one embodiment, an endogenous D-xyiose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose. in one embodiment, the xylose isomerase is exogenous. In another embodiment, the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Pyromyces sp. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is xy!A, or homoiog thereof. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 93 and 94.

[00515] in some embodiments of any aspect disclosed above, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D-xyiose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xy!uiose-5-kinase to prevent the conversion of D-xylulose to D-xyiulose-5-phosphate and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of D-xyluiose to D-xylulose- 1 -phosphate. In some embodiments, the D-xyluiose-5-kinase is from Escherichia coii, in some embodiments, the D- xyiulose-5-kinase is encoded by the xyiB gene, or homoiog thereof,

[00516] in some embodiments of any aspect disclosed above, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D-xyiose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycoialdehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of g!ycolic acid from glycoialdehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of glycoialdehyde to MEG. in some embodiments, the glycoialdehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. in some embodiments, the glycoialdehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aidA gene, or homoiog thereof.

[00517] in some embodiments of any aspect disclosed above, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D-xyiose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of one or more three-carbon compounds, in some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homoiog thereof.

[00518] As discussed above, in another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xylose and glucose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose reductase or aldose reductase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to xylitol and at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylitol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of xylitol to D-xy!ulose;

(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D~xyiulose, and wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-tagatose 3-epimerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose from (a) or (b) to D-ribulose;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulokinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose from (c) to D-ribulose- 1 -phosphate;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribulose-1 -phosphate from (d) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase or methy!g!yoxai reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (e) to MEG;

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl- CoA;

(h) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (g) to acetoacetate; and/or

(i) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (h) to acetone; wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[00519] In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Hypocrea sp., Scheffersomyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Pachysoien sp., Pichia sp., Candida sp., Aspergillus sp., Neurospora sp., and Cryptococcus sp. In some embodiments, the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Hypocrea jecorina, Scheffersomyces stipitis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pachysoien tannophilus, Pichia stipitis, Pichia quercuum, Candida shehatae, Candida tenuis, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa and Cryptococcus lactativorus. in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is xyl1 and/or GRE3 or homoiog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 84 and 87. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 82, 83, 85 and 88.

[00520] in one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the xyiitol dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Scheffersomyces sp., Trichoderma sp., Pichia sp., Saccharomyces sp., Gluconobacter sp., Gaiactocandida sp., Neurospora sp., and Serratia sp. In another embodiment, the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Scheffersomyces stipitis, Trichoderma reesei, Pichia stipitis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gluconobacter oxydans, Gaiactocandida mastotermitis, Neurospora crassa and Serratia marcescens. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyiitol dehydrogenase is xyi2 and/or xdhl , or homoiog thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylitoi dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 90 and 92. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 88, 89 and 91.

[00521] in one embodiment, an endogenous D-xylose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose. in one embodiment, the xylose isomerase is exogenous. In another embodiment, the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Pyromyces sp. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is xylA, or homo!og thereof. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid moiecuies encoding the xylose isomerase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 93 and 94.

[00522] In one embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (i) to isopropanoi.

[00523] In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

[00524] in another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiulose to D- xylulose-5-phosphate; and (b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an alkaline phosphatase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose-5- phosphate to D-xylulose.

[00525] in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D- xyiulose to D-xyiulose-5-phosphate is a D-xylulose- 5-kinase. In some embodiments, the D-xylulose-5-kinase is from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments the D-xylulose-5-kinase is encoded by the XKS1 gene, or homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the D-xyiulose-5-kinase is from Pichia stipitis. in some embodiments the D-xy!ulose-5-kinase is encoded by the XYL3 gene, or homolog thereof.

[00526] In a further embodiment, the microorganism is a fungus.

[00527] As discussed above, in another aspect, the present application provides a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to D-xylonolactone;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xyionolactonase that catalyzes the conversion of D~xyionolactone from (a) to D-xylonate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylonate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylonate from (b) to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonafe;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate from (c) to glycolaldehyde and pyruvate;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (d) to MEG; (f) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl~CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA;

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyi-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyi-CoA from (f) to acetoacetate; and/or

(h) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (g) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acetyi-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced,

[00528] in one embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter sp., Haloarcula sp., Haloferax sp., Halorubrum sp. and Trichoderma sp. in another embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter crescentus, Haloarcula marismortui, Haloferax volcanii, Halorubrum lacusprofundi and Trichoderma reesei. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is selected from xy!B, xdhl (HVQ__BGQ28) and/or xydl , or homolog thereof, in a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61 , 63 and 65. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, 62 and 64.

[00529] In one embodiment, the xylonoiactonase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacter sp. and Haloferax sp. in another embodiment, the xylonoiactonase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter crescentus, Haloferax volcanii and Haloferax gibbonsii. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase is xylC, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67, In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66.

[00530] In one embodiment, the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Cauiobacter sp., Suifoiobus sp. and E. coii. In another embodiment, the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Cauiobacter crescentus, Su!folobus so!fataricus and E, coli. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase is selected from xy!D, yjhG and/or yagF, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 69, 72 and 75. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 68, 70, 71 , 73 and 74.

[00531] in one embodiment, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp. and E. coli. In another embodiment, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D- pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. co!i. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is selected from yjhH and/or yagE, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 78 and 81. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy- D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 76, 77, 79 and 80.

[00532] in one embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (h) to isopropanol,

[00533] In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene.

[00534] in another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D- xylulose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[00535] In some embodiments, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D-xylose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xyiose isomerase to prevent conversion of D-xylose to D-xyluiose and instead shunt the reaction toward the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyionate. in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose is a D-xyiose isomerase. in some embodiments, the D-xyiose isomerase is from Escherichia co!i. in some embodiments, the D-xyiose isomerase is encoded by the xyiA gene, or homoiog thereof.

[00538] in some embodiments, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D-xylose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaidehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of glycolic acid from glycolaidehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of g!ycolaldehyde to MEG. in one embodiment, the glycolaidehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coli. in some embodiments, the glycolaidehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aldA gene, or homo!og thereof.

[00537] In some embodiments, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D-xylose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of one or more three-carbon compounds, in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a lactate dehydrogenase. In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homoiog thereof.

[00538] As discussed above, in another aspect, the present application provides a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumuiates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of D~xyiose to D-xylonate;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylonate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyionate from (a) to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xyionafe from (b) to glycolaidehyde and pyruvate; (d) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of g!yeolaidehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA;

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl~CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or

(g) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

[00539] In one embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter sp., Haloarcula sp., Haloferax sp., Ha!oruhrum sp. and Trichoderma sp. in another embodiment, the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter crescentus, Haloarcula marismortui, Haloferax volcanii, Halorubrum lacusprofundi and Trichoderma reesei in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is selected from xylB, xdhl (HVO _m B0028) and/or xydl , or homoiog thereof, in a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61 , 63 and 65. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, 62 and 64.

[00540] in one embodiment, the xylonate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Cauiobacter sp., Suifoiobus sp. and E. coii. in another embodiment, the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Cauiobacter crescentus, Suifoiobus so!fataricus and E. coii. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase is selected from xy!D, yjhG and/or yagF, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 69, 72 and 75. in yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 68, 70, 71 , 73 and 74.

[00541] In one embodiment, the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp. and E. coii. In another embodiment, the 2-keto~3-deoxy-D- pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coii. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is selected from yjhH and/or yagE, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 78 and 81. In yet another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy- D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 76, 77, 79 and 80.

[00542] In one embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (g) to isopropanol.

[00543] In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene. [00544] in another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D~ xylulose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

[00545] In some embodiments, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D-xylose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xyiose isomerase to prevent conversion of D-xylose to D-xyluiose and instead shunt the reaction toward the conversion of D-xylose to D~xylonafe. in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiose to D-xylulose is a D-xyiose isomerase. in some embodiments, the D-xylose isomerase is from Escherichia coii. in some embodiments, the D-xyiose isomerase is encoded by the xy!A gene, or homoiog thereof.

[00546] In some embodiments, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D-xylose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase to prevent the production of giycoiic acid from glycolaldehyde and instead shunt the reaction toward conversion of glycolaldehyde to MEG. In one embodiment, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. in some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aldA gene, or homoiog thereof. [00547] in some embodiments, a method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds from exogenous D-xylose comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase to prevent the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunt the reaction toward production of one or more three-carbon compounds, in one embodiment, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a lactate dehydrogenase. In particular embodiments, the enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene, or homoiog thereof.

[00548] in one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the giycolaidehyde reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from E. coli and S. cerevisiae. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is selected from gldA, GRE2, GRE3, yqhD, ydjG, fucO, yafB (dkgB), and/or yqhE (dkgA), or homoiog thereof, in another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is yqhD. in some embodiments, the yqhD comprises a G149E mutation. In a further embodiment, the giycolaidehyde reductase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 32. In yet a further embodiment, the giycolaidehyde reductase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21 , 22, 24, 28, 27, 29 and 31.

[00549] In one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., E. coli, Saccharomyces sp, and Marinobacter sp. In some embodiments, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium acetobutyiicum, Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, Bacillus cereus, E, coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoc!asticus. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules is thIA, atoB and/or ERG10, or homoiog thereof, in a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 35, 37 and 40. In yet a further embodiment, the thiolase or acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 33, 34, 36, 38 and 39.

[00550] In one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the acetyl- CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp. and E, coli. In another embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate- CoA transferase or acetate:acetoacetyi-CoA hydrolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coli. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase is atoA and/or atoD, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the acetyl- CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Clostridium acetobutylicum. in some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is ctfA and/or ctfB, or homolog thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetyi-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate:acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 43, 46, 97, 99, 101 and 103. In yet a further embodiment, the acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate-CoA transferase or acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 41 , 42, 44, 45, 96, 98, 100 and 102.

[00551] In one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium sp,, Bacillus sp,, Chromobacterium sp, and Pseudomonas sp. In another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium celluiolyticum, Bacillus poiymyxa, Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas putida. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc, or homoiog thereof. In a further embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 52. In yet another embodiment, the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, 50 and 51.

[00552] In one embodiment of any aspect disclosed above, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetone to isopropanol is a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (S-ADH). In another embodiment, the enzyme is a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule obtained from a microorganism selected from Burkholderia sp, Alcaligenes sp., Clostridium sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Phytomonas sp,, Rhodococcus sp. , Methanobacterium sp., Methanogenium sp., Entamoeba sp., Trichomonas sp,, and Trichomonas sp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is obtained from a microorganism selected from Burkholderia sp. AIU 652, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Clostridium ragsdaiei, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Thermoanaerobacter brockii, Thermoanaerobacter ethanoiicus (Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum), Rhodococcus ruber, Methanobacterium palustre, methanogenic archaea Methanogenium liminatans, parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica, parasitic protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus and human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecule encoding secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is adh, adhB, EhAdhl , or homoiog thereof. In some embodiments, the S-ADH is predicted from homology and can be from Thermoanaerobacter mathranii, Micrococcus !uteus, Nocardiopsis alba, Mycobacterium hassiacum, Helicobacter suis, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida metapsilosis, Grosmannia clavigera and Scheffersomyces stipitis. In a further embodiment, the alcohol dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 106 and 108. In yet another embodiment, the alcohol dehydrogenase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105 and 107. [00553] The enzymes in the recombinant microorganism can be engineered to improve one or more aspects of the substrate to product conversion. Non-limiting examples of enzymes that can be further engineered for use in methods of the disclosure include an aldolase, an aldehyde reductase, an acetoacetyl coenzyme A hydrolase, a xylose isomerase, a xylitol dehydrogenase and combinations thereof. These enzymes can be engineered for improved catalytic activity, improved selectivity, improved stability, improved tolerance to various fermentation conditions (temperature, pH, etc.), or improved tolerance to various metabolic substrates, products, by-products, intermediates, etc. The term "improved catalytic activity" as used herein with respect to a particular enzymatic activity refers to a higher level of enzymatic activity than that measured relative to a comparable non-engineered enzyme.

[00554] For example, engineering methods have been used to alter the stability, substrate specificity and stereospecificity of aldolases to produce excellent enzymes for biocatalytic processes. The thermostability and solvent tolerance of fructose-1 ,6- bisphosphate aldolase (FBP-aldoiase) was increased using family DNA shuffling of the fda genes from Escherichia coli and Edwardsieiia ictaluri. A fourth generation variant was identified which displayed an average 280-fold higher half-life at 53°C than either parent. The same variant also displayed enhanced activity in various polar and non-polar organic solvents (Hao and Berry 2004 Protein Eng Des Sei 17:689-697).

[00555] As another example, acetoacetyl coenzyme A hydrolase can convert acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate. However, the hydrolase is unspecific in that it also reacts with the same magnitude of order with acetyl-CoA, which is the substrate required for acetoacetyl-CoA formation by the enzyme thioiase. Thus, to create more efficient acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolases, these enzymes have been engineered to have at least 10x higher activity for the acetoacetyl-CoA substrate than for acetyl-CoA substrate by replacing several glutamic acid residues in the enzyme beta subunit that is important for catalysis (WO 2015/042588).

[00558] As another example, the E. coli YqhD enzyme is a broad substrate aldehyde reductase with NADPH-dependent reductase activity for more than 10 aldehyde substrates and is a useful enzyme to produce biorenewable fuels and chemicals (Jarboe 2010 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 89:249). Though YqhD enzyme activity is beneficial through its scavenging of toxic aldehydes, the enzyme is also NADPH-dependent and contributes to NADPH depletion and growth inhibition of organisms. Error-prone PGR of YqhD was performed in order to improve 1 ,3-propanediol production from 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA). This directed engineering yielded two mutants, D99QN147H and Q202A, with decreased Km and increased kcat for certain aldehydes, particularly 3-HPA (Li et al. 2008 Prog. Nat. Sci. 18 (12): 1519-1524). The improved catalytic activity of the D99QN 147H mutant is consistent with what is known about the structure of YqhD (Suizenbacher et ai. 2004 J. Mol. Biol. 342 (2):489-502), as residues Asp99 and Asn147 both interact with NADPH. Use of the D99QN147H mutant increased 1 ,3-propanediol production from 3-HPA 2-fold. Mutant YqhD enzymes with increased catalytic efficiency (increased Kcat/Km) toward NADPH have also been described in WO 2011012897 A2, which is herein incorporated in its entirety.

[00557] As another example, xylose isomerase is a metal-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of aldose and ketose sugars, primarily between xylose to xylulose and glucose to fructose. It has lower affinity for lyxose, arabinose and mannose sugars. The hydroxyl groups of sugars may define the substrate preference of sugar isomerases. The aspartate at residue 258 of Thermus thermophilus xylose isomerase was replaced with arginine (Patel et al. 2012 Protein Engineering, Design & Selection vol. 25 no. 7 pp. 331-338). This mutant xylose isomerase exhibited an increase in specificity for D-lyxose, L-arabinose and D- mannose. The catalytic efficiency of the D256R xylose isomerase mutant was also higher for these 3 substrates compared to the wild type enzyme. It was hypothesized that the arginine at residue 258 in the mutant enzyme may play a role in the catalytic reaction or influence changes in substrate orientation.

[00558] As another example, the enzyme xylitoi dehydrogenase plays a role in the utilization of xylose along with xylose reductase. Xylose reductase (XR) reduces xylose to xylitoi and then xylitoi dehydrogenase (XDH) reoxidizes xylitoi to form xylulose. However, since XR prefers NADPH as cosubstrate, while XDH exclusively uses NAD+ as cosubstrate, a cosubstrate recycling problem is encountered. One solution is to engineer XDH such that its cosubstrate specificity is altered from NAD+ to NADP+ (Ehrensberger et al. 2006 Structure 14: 567-575). A crystal structure of the Gluconobacter oxydans ho!oenzyme revealed that Asp38 is largely responsible for the NAD+ specificity of XDH. Asp38 interacts with the hydroxyis of the adenosine ribose, and et39 stacks under the purine ring and is also located near the 2' hydroxyl. A double mutant (D38S/ 39R) XDH was constructed that exclusively used NADP+ without loss of enzyme activity. pression or enzyme

[00559] in various embodiments described herein, the exogenous and endogenous enzymes in the recombinant microorganism participating in the biosynthesis pathways described herein may be overexpressed.

[00560] The terms "overexpressed" or "overexpression" refers to an elevated level (e.g., aberrant level) of mRNAs encoding for a protein(s), and/or to elevated levels of protein(s) in cells as compared to similar corresponding unmodified cells expressing basal levels of mRNAs or having basal levels of proteins. In particular embodiments, mRNA(s) or protein(s) may be overexpressed by at least 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 8-fold, 10-fold, 12-fold, 15-fold or more in microorganisms engineered to exhibit increased gene mRNA, protein, and/or activity.

[00561] in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism of the disclosure is generated from a host that contains the enzymatic capability to synthesize substrates such as D-xylulose, D-ribulose, D-ribuiose- -phosphate, D-xylulose-1- phosphate, D-xyionolactone, D-xylonate, 2-keto-3-deoxy-xyionate, glycolaidehyde, DHAP, pyruvate, acetoacetyl-CoA or acetoacetate. in some embodiments, it can be useful to increase the synthesis or accumulation of, for example, D-xylulose, D- ribulose, D-ribulose-1-phosphate, D-xyluiose-1-phosphate, D-xylonolactone, D- xylonate, 2~keto-3-deoxy-xylonate, glycolaidehyde, DHAP, pyruvate, acetoacetyl- CoA or acetoacetate, to increase the production of MEG and one or more three- carbon compounds.

[00582] In some embodiments, it may be useful to increase the expression of endogenous or exogenous enzymes involved in the MEG and three-carbon compound biosynthesis pathways to increase flux from, for example, D-xylulose, D- ribulose, D-ribulose-1 -phosphate, D-xyluiose-1-phosphate, D-xylonolactone, D- xylonate, 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate, glycolaidehyde, DHAP, pyruvate, acetoacetyi- CoA or acetoacetate, thereby resulting in increased synthesis or accumulation of MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds.

[00583] Increased synthesis or accumulation can be accomplished by, for example, overexpression of nucleic acids encoding one or more of the above- described MEG and three-carbon compound biosynthesis pathway enzymes. Overexpression of a MEG and three-carbon compound biosynthesis pathway enzyme or enzymes can occur, for example, through increased expression of an endogenous gene or genes, or through the expression, or increased expression, of an exogenous gene or genes. Therefore, naturally occurring organisms can be readily modified to generate non-natural, MEG and three-carbon compound producing microorganisms through overexpression of one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a MEG and three-carbon compound biosynthesis pathway enzyme, in addition, a non-naturai!y occurring organism can be generated by mutagenesis of an endogenous gene that results in an increase in activity of an enzyme in the MEG and three-carbon compound biosynthesis pathways.

[00584] Equipped with the present disclosure, the skilled artisan will be able to readily construct the recombinant microorganisms described herein, as the recombinant microorganisms of the disclosure can be constructed using methods well known in the art as exemplified above to exogenousiy express at least one nucleic acid encoding a MEG and three-carbon compound biosynthesis pathway enzyme in sufficient amounts to produce MEG and one or more three-carbon compounds.

[00585] Methods for constructing and testing the expression levels of a non- naturally occurring MEG and three-carbon compound-producing host can be performed, for example, by recombinant and detection methods well known in the art. Such methods can be found described in, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (2001); Ausubo et al., Current Protocols In Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1999).

[00586] A variety of mechanisms known in the art can be used to express, or overexpress, exogenous or endogenous genes. For example, an expression vector or vectors can be constructed to harbor one or more MEG and three-carbon compound biosynthesis pathway enzymes encoding nucleic acids as exemplified herein operably linked to expression control sequences functional in the host organism. Expression vectors applicable for use in the microbial host organisms of the invention include, for example, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes and artificial chromosomes, including vectors and selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host chromosome. Selectable marker genes also can be included that, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art. When two or more exogenous encoding nucleic acids are to be co-expressed, both nucleic acids can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding nucleic acids can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The transformation of exogenous nucleic acid sequences involved in a metabolic or synthetic pathway can be confirmed using methods well known in the art.

[00587] As will be understood by those of skill in the art, it can be advantageous to modify a coding sequence to enhance its expression in a particular host. The genetic code is redundant with 64 possible codons, but most organisms typically use a subset of these codons. The codons that are utilized most often in a species are called optimal codons, and those not utilized very often are classified as rare or low- usage codons. Codons can be substituted to reflect the preferred codon usage of the host, a process sometimes called "codon optimization" or "controlling for species codon bias."

[00568] Optimized coding sequences containing codons preferred by a particular prokaryofic or eukaryotic host (see also, Murray ef al. (1989) Nucl. Acids Res. 17:477-508) can be prepared, for example, to increase the rate of translation or to produce recombinant RNA transcripts having desirable properties, such as a longer half-life, as compared with transcripts produced from a non-optimized sequence. Translation stop codons can also be modified to reflect host preference. For example, typical stop codons for S. cerevisiae and mammals are UAA and UGA, respectively. The typical stop codon for monocotyledonous plants is UGA, whereas insects and E. co!i commonly use UAA as the stop codon (Dalphin et al. (1998) Nucl. Acids Res, 24: 216-218).

[00589] Those of skill in the art will recognize that, due to the degenerate nature of the genetic code, a variety of nucleic acid sequences can be used to encode a given enzyme of the disclosure. The nucleic acid sequences encoding the biosynthetic enzymes are referenced herein merely to illustrate an embodiment of the disclosure, and the disclosure includes any nucleic acid sequences that encode the amino acid sequences of the polypeptides and proteins of the enzymes of the present disclosure. In similar fashion, a polypeptide can typically tolerate one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, and insertions in its amino acid sequence without loss or significant loss of a desired activity. The disclosure includes such polypeptides with different amino acid sequences than the specific proteins described herein so long as the modified or variant polypeptides have the enzymatic anabolic or catabolic activity of the reference polypeptide. Furthermore, the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleic acid sequences shown herein merely illustrate embodiments of the disclosure.

[00570] Expression control sequences are known in the art and include, for example, promoters, enhancers, polyadenylation signals, transcription terminators, internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), and the like, that provide for the expression of the polynucleotide sequence in a host cell. Expression control sequences interact specifically with cellular proteins involved in transcription (Maniatis et al., Science, 236: 1237-1245 (1987)). Exemplary expression control sequences are described in, for example, Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990).

[00571] in various embodiments, an expression control sequence may be operabiy linked to a polynucleotide sequence. By "operabiy linked" is meant that a polynucleotide sequence and an expression control sequence(s) are connected in such a way as to permit gene expression when the appropriate molecules (e.g., transcriptional activator proteins) are bound to the expression control sequence(s). Operabiy linked promoters are located upstream of the selected polynucleotide sequence in terms of the direction of transcription and translation. Operabiy linked enhancers can be located upstream, within, or downstream of the selected polynucleotide.

[00572] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that competes with the biosynthesis pathway for the production of EG and one or more three-carbon compounds.

[00573] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyluiose to D-xyiuiose-5-phosphate. in some such embodiments, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyluiose to D-xyiuiose-5-phosphate is a D-xylulose-5-kinase. In some embodiments, the D- xy!ulose-5-kinase is from Escherichia coii. In some embodiments, the D-xyluiose- 5~ kinase is encoded by the xylB gene or homologs thereof, in some embodiments, the manipulation prevents the conversion of D~xyiulose to D~xyluiose-5-phosphafe and instead shunts the reaction toward conversion of D-xyiuiose to D-xylulose-1- phosphate.

[00574] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycolic acid. In some such embodiments, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to g!ycoiic acid is a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase. In some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. in some embodiments, the glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the aldA gene or homologs thereof. In some embodiments, the manipulation prevents the production of giycolic acid from glycolaldehyde and instead shunts the reaction toward conversion of glycolaldehyde to MEG.

[00575] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. In some such embodiments, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a lactate dehydrogenase. In some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is from Escherichia coii. in some embodiments, the lactate dehydrogenase is encoded by the IdhA gene or homoiogs thereof, in some embodiments, the manipulation prevents the production of lactate from pyruvate and instead shunts the reaction toward production of a three-carbon compound,

[00578] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-xylulose-5-phosphate, In some such embodiments, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-xyiulose~5~phosphate is a D-xylulose- 5-kinase. In some embodiments, the D- xylulose-5-kinase is from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments the D- xylulose-5-kinase is encoded by the XKS1 gene or homoiogs thereof. In some embodiments, the D-xylulose-5-kinase is from Pichia stipitis. In some embodiments the D-xylulose-5-kinase is encoded by the XYL3 gene or homoiogs thereof. In some embodiments, the manipulation prevents the conversion of D-xylulose to D-xylulose- 5-phosphate and instead shunts the reaction toward conversion of D-xylulose to D- xyiulose-1 -phosphate.

[00577] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of D~xyluiose-5-phosphate to D-xylulose. In some such embodiments, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose-5- phosphate to D-xyluiose is an alkaline phosphatase, in some embodiments, the alkaline phosphatase is from S. cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the alkaline phosphatase is encoded by the PH013 gene or homoiogs thereof, in some embodiments, the manipulation prevents the conversion of D-xyiuiose-5-phosphate to D-xylulose.

[00578] in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiuiose. in some such embodiments, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose is a D-xylose isomerase. in some embodiments, the D-xyiose isomerase is from E. co!i. In some embodiments, the D-xylose isomerase is encoded by the xyiA gene or homoiogs thereof. In some embodiments, the manipulation prevents conversion of D-xyiose to D-xyiulose and instead shunts the reaction toward the conversion of D- xylose to D-xylonate. EXAMPLES

[00579] Example 1 a. Production of ethylene glycol in E. coli

[00580] The E. coli K 2 strain MG 855 was used as host for the deletion of two genes that could divert the carbon flux from MEG+IPA pathway: aldA and xylB. The genes were successfully deleted and deletion confirmed by sequencing. A p!asmid containing the die gene, encoding the first enzyme of the pathway (D-tagatose 3- epimerase, SEQ ID NO: 3, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2), was expressed under the control of the proD promoter in a pUC vector backbone. The plasmid was constructed using the MoCIo system and confirmed by sequencing. The confirmed plasmid was transformed in the deleted strain. Colonies from transformations were inoculated in 3mL of LB media for pre-cuiture. After 16 hours of cultivation 10% of the pre-cuiture was transferred to 50 mL of LB media containing 15g/L of xylose. The flasks were incubated at 37°C, 250 rpm until complete consumption of xylose. The initial OD of the cultivation was 0.4. Xylose was fully consumed after 98 hours of cultivation. Small amounts of MEG were detected after 27 hours of cultivation. The highest MEG concentration was measured after 100 hours of cultivation, reaching 2.1 g/L. The overall yield of MEG production was 13.7 wt% (FIG, 7).

[00581] Example 1 b. Improved production of ethylene glycol in E, coli

[00582] The E. coli K 2 strain MG1655 with aidA and xy/S genes deleted (same strains as example 1 a) was used as host for the implementation of a complete MEG pathway. An operon containing die (D-tagatose 3-epimerase enzyme, SEQ ID NO: 3, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2), fucA (D-ribuiose-1-phosphate aldolase enzyme, SEQ ID NO: 11 , encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 10), fucO (aldehyde reductase enzyme, SEQ ID NO: 28, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 27) and fucK (D-ribulokinase enzyme, SEQ ID NO: 8, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 7) genes under the control of the proD promoter was constructed in a pET28a backbone. The plasmid was constructed using ln-fusion commercial kit and confirmed by sequencing. The confirmed piasmid was transformed in the G1855 mutant strain. Coionies from transformation were inoculated in 3 mL of LB media for pre-culture. After 18 hours of cultivation, the pre-cu!ture was transferred to 50 mL of LB media containing 15 g/L of xylose to an initial OD of 0.3. The flasks were incubated at 37°C, 250 rpm until complete consumption of xylose. After 4 hours of cultivation, approximately 100 mg/L of MEG could be detected. After 144 hours of cultivation, 4.3 g/L of MEG were produced and all xylose was consumed (HG. 8). The overall yield and productivity were, respectively, 0.3 g/g and 0.03 g/L.h.

[00583] Example 2: Co-production of ethylene glycol and isopropanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[00584] The S. cerevisiae laboratory strain BY4730, derived from S288c, was used as host for the expression of MEG+IPA pathways. The first step was the integration of the IPA pathway into the genome of S. cerevisiae. One copy of each gene was integrated by homologous recombination under the control of the following promoters: ADH1 for thi gene (thiolase, SEQ ID NO: 35, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 34); TEF1 for atoA gene, PGK1 for atoD gene (acetate: acetoacetyi-CoA transferase, SEQ ID NOs: 43 and 46, encoded by nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 45, respectively); TDH3 for adc gene (acetoacetate decarboxylase, SEQ ID NO: 49, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 48); and TPI 1 for adh gene (secondary alcohol dehydrogenase, SEQ ID NO: 108, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 105). The integration was confirmed by PGR and sequencing. The second step was the introduction of genes capable of consuming xylose in the yeast genome. The pathway chosen for xylose consumption is composed of two genes: Xyi1 and Xy/2. Three copies of the Xyi1 gene (SEQ ID NO: 84, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 83) under control of TEF1 promoter and three copies of the Xy/2 (SEQ ID NO: 90, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 89) gene also under control of TEF1 promoter were integrated into the yeast genome through homologous recombination. The integration was confirmed by PGR and sequencing. The third step was the integration of the EG pathway. Two copies of the D-tagatose 3-epimerase enzyme (dte gene, SEQ ID NO: 3, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2) under the control of TEF1 and TDH3 promoters, respectively, were integrated into the genome along with the following genes: one copy of fucO gene (glycolaldehyde reductase, SEQ ID NO: 28, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 27) under control of the PGK1 promoter; one copy of the fucA gene (D-ribulose- phosphate aldolase, SEQ ID NO: 1 1 , encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 10) using a PGK1 promoter and one copy of fucK gene (D-ribuiokinase, SEQ ID NO: 8, encoded by nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 7) under a PGK1 promoter. The final strain was confirmed by PCR and sequencing. The strain was inoculated in YPD media containing 20 g/L of glucose and incubated at 30°C, 200 rpm. After 16 hours of growth, the pre~culture was inoculated in YPDX media containing 30 g/L of glucose and 10 g/L of xylose to an OD 2,0. The flasks were incubated at 30°C, 100 rpm. The typical behavior of C5 and C6 consumption in yeast was observed. 30g/L of glucose was consumed in less than 60 hours, while 90% of the initial xylose was consumed only after 200 hours. The OD reached a value of 55 after 200 hours of cultivation, isopropanol was already being produced in the initial 60 hours of cultivation, while MEG was only detected after 160 hours of cultivation. The highest co-production was obtained at 83 hours of cultivation, with 58 mg/L of MEG and 2.81 g/L of isopropanol. The overall yield for the co-production, from glucose and xylose, was 7.4% (FIG. 6).

[00585] Example 3. Co-production of ethylene glycol (MEG), acetone and isopropanol (IPA) in E. co// using ribuiose-1-phosphate pathway

[00586] E. coli K12 strain G1655 was used as host for the deletion of two genes that could divert the carbon flux from MEG+IPA pathway: a!dA and xylB. The genes were successfully deleted and the deletion was confirmed by sequencing. Ribulose- 1 -phosphate pathway for MEG production was assembled in three different vectors backbones: pZA31 , pZS*13 and pET28a. Production of MEG through ribulose-1- phosphate pathway requires the expression of four genes: dte (D-fagatose 3- epimerase enzyme), fucA (D-ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase enzyme), fucO (aldehyde reductase enzyme) and fucK (D-ribulokinase enzyme), dte gene was codon optimized for E. coli (Dte amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3) and synthesized. All other genes are native from E, coli and were PCR amplified using the following primers: fucA and fucO (Forward Primer: CCTTTAATAAGGAGATATACCATGGAACGAAATAAACTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 111 ) and Reverse Primer:

GGTTATTCCTCCTTATTTAGAGCTCTAAACGAATTCTTACCAGGCGGTATGGTAA

A (SEQ !D NO: 112)) and fucK (Forward Primer: GAATTCGTTTAGAGCTCTAAATAAGGAGGAATAACCATGATGAAACAAGAAGTTA

T (SEQ ID NO: 113) and Reverse Primer: GAGCT CGGTACCCGGGGATCCAAAAAACCCCTCAAGACCC (SEQ ID NO: 1 14)). An operon containing dte (D-tagatose 3-epimerase enzyme), fucA (D-ribu!ose-1- phosphate aldolase enzyme), fucO (aldehyde reductase enzyme), fucK (D- ribulokinase enzyme) genes and T7 terminator under the control of proD promoter (constitutive promoter) was constructed in a pET28a backbone. For each gene a specific RBS sequence was utilized. The plasmid was constructed using ln-fusion commercial kit and confirmed by sequencing. The entire operon under the control of proD promoter was subcloned in pZA31 and pZS*13 backbones using restrietion- ligation methodology.

[00587] Isopropanol pathway was also assembled in three different vectors backbones: pZA31 , pZS*13 and pET28a. Production of isopropanol requires the expression of five genes: thl (thiolase), atoAD (acetate: acetoacetyi-CoA transferase), adc (acetoacetate decarboxylase) and adh (secondary alcohol dehydrogenase). AtoA/D gene is native from E. coli and was PGR amplified (Forward Primer: CTGTTGTTATATTGTAATGATGTATGCAAGAGGGATAAA (SEQ ID NO: 1 15) and Reverse Primer:

TATATCTCCTTCTTAAAGTTCATAAATCACCCCGTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 1 16)). thl (Thl amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35), adc (Adc amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49), and adh (Adh amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106) were codon optimized for E. coli and synthesized. An operon containing thl (thiolase), adh (secondary alcohol dehydrogenase), adc (acetoacetate decarboxylase), atoA/D (acetate:acetoacetyl-CoA transferase) genes and T1 terminator under the control of the inducible promoter pLLacO was constructed in a pET28a backbone. For each gene a specific RBS sequence was utilized. The plasmid was constructed in several steps using both ln-fusion commercial kit and restriction-ligation methodology. The correct assemble was confirmed by sequencing. The entire operon under the control of the inducible promoter pLLacO was subcloned in pZA31 and pZS*13 backbones using restriction-iigation methodology,

[00588] Several co-transformations of MEG and IPA piasmids were performed in the strains with xy/S and a!dA deleted to generate strains harboring all possible piasmid combinations. Table 2 describes the constructed strains.

[00589] Table 2

[00590] Colonies from transformations were inoculated in 3mL of TB media for pre- culture. After 16 hours of cultivation, 100% of the pre-culture was transferred to 100 mL of TB media containing 15g/L of xylose. The flasks were incubated at 37°C, 250 rpm until complete consumption of xylose. The initial OD of the cultivation was 0.3. For the induction of pLLacO promoter 1 mM of IPTG was added to the culture after 2 hours (OD^ 1).

[00591] Xylose was fully consumed after 32 hours of cultivation for strains 1 to 4. Strain 5 only consumed xylose completely after 55 hours and strain 6 was not able to consume all xylose after 144 hours.

[00592] The overall yield of co-production was calculated considering the amount of ethylene glycol, isopropanol and acetone produced per gram of xylose consumed. The best yield was obtained after 48 hours of fermentation. The yield (g products/g xylose) of ail strains is depicted in F!G. 9.

[00593] Strains 2 and 3 co-produced MEG, isopropanol and acetone while strains 1 and 4 co-produced only MEG and acetone. Strains 5 and 6 produced only MEG. [00594] Strain 2 showed the highest overall yield (0.28 g/g), as well as the highest yield for ethylene glycol (0.25 g/g) and isopropanol (0.03 g/g) production. Strain 4 showed the highest yield for acetone production (0,01 g/g).

[00595] Example 4. Co-production of ethylene glycol (MEG), acetone and isopropanol (IPA) in E. coli using xyiulose-1-phosphate pathway

[00598] E. coli K12 strain MG1855 was used as host for the expression of MEG+IPA pathways. Two genes that could divert the carbon flux from EG+1PA pathway were identified as target for deletion: aldA and xylB genes. A MEG pathway was integrated at xylB locus, enabling a stable integration concomitantly with xylB deletion. Production of MEG through xyiuiose-1-phosphate pathway requires the expression of three genes: khkC (D-xylulose-1-kinase enzyme), a!doB (D-xylulose - 1-phosphate aldolase enzyme) and fucO (aldehyde reductase enzyme). khkC (KhkC amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55) and aidoB (AidoB amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58) genes were codon optimized for E. coli and synthesized. FucO gene is native from £. coli and was PGR amplified (Forward Primer: ATGGCTAACAGAATGATTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 1 17) and Reverse Primer: TTACCAGGCGGTATGGTAAAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 18)).

[00597] A MEG integration cassette was composed of an operon containing khkC (D-xylulose-1-kinase enzyme), aidoB (D-xylulose- 1 -phosphate aldolase enzyme), fucO (aldehyde reductase enzyme) genes and rplM terminator under the control of proD promoter (constitutive promoter) flanked by regions homologous to upstream and downstream of xylB gene. For each gene a specific RBS sequence was utilized. An antibiotic marker was also added to the cassette for the selection of transformants. The cassette was constructed using in-fusion commercial kit, confirmed by sequencing and transformed in E. coli K12 MG 655 strain. The proper integration of a MEG pathway at xylB locus, yielding a deleted xylB strain with a MEG pathway integrated, was confirmed by sequencing.

[00598] The strain harboring a MEG pathway at xylB locus was used as host for integration of an IPA pathway at aldA locus, enabling a stable integration concomitantly with aldA deletion. Production of isopropanol requires the expression of five genes: thl (thiolase), atoA/D (acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase), adc facetoacetate decarboxylase) and adh (secondary alcohol dehydrogenase). atoA/D gene is native from £. coli and was PGR amplified (Forward Primer: CTGTTGTTATATTGTAATGATGTATGCAAGAGGGATAAA (SEQ ID NO: 119) and Reverse Primer: TATATCTCCTTCTTAAAGTTCATAAATCACCCCGTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 120)). thl (Thl amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35), adc (Adc amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49) and adh (Adh amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106) were codon optimized for E. coll and synthesized.

[00599] An IPA integration cassette was composed of an operon containing thl (thiolase), adh (secondary alcohol dehydrogenase), adc (acetoacetate decarboxylase), atoA/D (acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA transferase) genes and T1 terminator under the control of a medium strength constitutive promoter (modified from RecA) flanked by regions homologous to upstream and downstream of aldA gene. For each gene a specific RBS sequence was utilized. An antibiotic marker was included into the cassette for the selection of transformants. The cassette was constructed using ln-fusion commercial kit, confirmed by sequencing and transformed in E. coli K12 MG1655 strain. The proper integration of an IPA pathway at aldA locus, yielding a deleted aldA strain with an IPA pathway integrated, was confirmed by sequencing.

[00600] The xylB aldA deleted strain with MEG and IPA pathways integrated in the genome was inoculated in 3mL of TB media for pre-culture. After 18 hours of cultivation, 100% of the pre-culture was transferred to 100 mL of TB media containing 15g/L of xylose. The flasks were incubated at 37°C, 250 rpm until complete consumption of xylose. The initial OD of the cultivation was 0.3.

[00601] Xylose was fully consumed after 30 hours of cultivation (FIG. 10). Ethylene glycol, acetone and isopropanoi reached a maximum titer of 3.5 g/L, 70 mg/L and 400 mg/L respectively.

[00602] The overall yield of co-production was calculated considering the amount of ethylene glycol, isopropanoi and acetone produced per gram of xylose consumed. MEG is the product with the highest yield, 0.237 g/g, followed by isopropanoi, 0.029 g/g and acetone, 0.006 g/g (FIG. 11). The best co-production yield, obtained after 48 hours of fermentation, was 0.27 g products/g xylose (44% of maximum theoretical yield).

[00603] Example 5. Co-production of ethylene glycol (MEG), acetone and isopropanol (I PA) in E. coli using xylonate pathway

[00604] E, coli K12 strain MG1655 was used as host for the expression of MEG+IPA pathways. Two genes that could divert the carbon flux from EG+IPA pathway were identified as target for deletion: a!dA and xylA genes. A EG pathway was integrated at xy!A locus, enabling a stable integration concomitantly with xy!A deletion. Production of MEG through a xylonate pathway requires the expression of two genes: xdh (Xdh amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81) from Cau!obacter crescentus was codon optimized for E. coli and synthesized. FucO gene is native from E. coli and was PGR amplified (Forward Primer: ATGGCTAACAGAATGATTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 1 17) and Reverse Primer: TTACCAGGCGGTATGGTAAAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 118)). Two other native enzymes could be overexpressed to improve MEG production through a xylonate pathway: D- xylonate dehydratase {yjhG, yagF, or homologs thereof) and aldolase (yjhH, yagE, or homologs thereof).

[00605] A MEG integration cassette was composed of an operon containing xdh (D-xylose dehydrogenase), fucO (aldehyde reductase enzyme) genes and rnpB terminator under the control of proD promoter (constitutive promoter) flanked by regions homologous to upstream and downstream of xylA gene. For each gene a specific RBS sequence was utilized. An antibiotic marker was also added to the cassette for the selection of transformants. The cassette was constructed using Infusion commercial kit, confirmed by sequencing and transformed in E. coli K12 MG1655 strain. The proper integration of a MEG pathway at xylA locus, yielding a deleted xylA strain with a MEG pathway integrated, was confirmed by sequencing.

[00806] The strain harboring a MEG pathway at xy!A locus was used as host for integration of an IPA pathway at aidA locus, enabling a stable integration concomitantly with aldA deletion. Production of isopropanol requires the expression of five genes: th! (thiolase), atoA/D (acetate: acetoacetyi-CoA transferase), adc (acetoacetate decarboxylase) and adh (secondary alcohol dehydrogenase). AtoA/D gene is native from E. coll and was PCR amplified (Forward Primer: CTGTTGTTATATTGTAATGATGTATGCAAGAGGGATAAA (SEQ ID NO: 119) and Reverse Primer: TATATCTCCTTCTTAAAGTTCATAAATCACCCCGTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 120)). thl (Thl amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35), adc (Adc amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49) and adh (Adh amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108) were codon optimized for E. coll and synthesized.

[00807] An IPA integration cassette was composed of an operon containing thl (thiolase), adh (secondary alcohol dehydrogenase), adc (acetoacetate decarboxylase), atoA/D (acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA transferase) genes and T1 terminator under the control of a medium strength constitutive promoter (modified from RecA) flanked by regions homologous to upstream and downstream of aldA gene. For each gene a specific RBS sequence was utilized. An antibiotic marker was included into the cassette for the selection of transformants. The cassette was constructed using in-fusion commercial kit, confirmed by sequencing and transformed in E. coll K12 MG1855 strain. The proper integration of an IPA pathway at aldA locus, yielding a deleted aldA strain with an IPA pathway integrated, was confirmed by sequencing.

[00608] The xylA aldA deleted strain with MEG and IPA pathways integrated in the genome was inoculated in 3mL of TB media for pre-cuiture. After 16 hours of cultivation, 100% of the pre-cuiture was transferred to 100 mL of TB media containing 15g/L of xylose. The flasks were incubated at 37°C, 250 rpm until complete consumption of xylose. The initial OD of the cultivation was 0.3.

[00609] Xylose was fully consumed before 24 hours of cultivation (FIG. 12). Ethylene glycol, acetone and isopropanol reached a maximum titer of 5 g/L, 170 mg/L and 420 mg/L respectively.

[00610] The overall yield of co-production was calculated considering the amount of ethylene glycol, isopropanol and acetone produced per gram of xylose consumed. MEG is the product with the highest yield, 0.339 g/g, followed by isopropanol, 0.028 g/g and acetone, 0.008 g/g (FIG. 13). The best co-production yield, obtained after 48 hours of fermentation, was 0.375 g products/g xylose (61 % of maximum theoretical yield). [00611] Example 8. Direct production of propylene from glucose

[00612] Vectors pZs*13 containing an I PA pathway in an operon under plLacO promoter and pET28a containing LinD gene were co-transformed into BL21 Star (DE3) using eiectroporation. Production of isopropanol requires the expression of five genes: thl (thiolase), atoA/D (acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA transferase), adc (acetoacetate decarboxylase) and adh (secondary alcohol dehydrogenase). atoA/D gene is native from E. coli and was PCR amplified (Forward Primer: CTGTTGTTATATTGTAATGATGTATGCAAGAGGGATAAA (SEQ ID NO: 119) and Reverse Primer: TATATCTCCTTCTTAAAGTTCATAAATCACCCCGTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 120)). thl (Thl amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35), adc (Adc amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49) and adh (Adh amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106) were codon optimized for E. coli and synthesized. An operon containing thl (thiolase), adh (secondary alcohol dehydrogenase), adc (acetoacetate decarboxylase), atoA/D (acetate: acetoacety!- CoA transferase) genes and T1 terminator under the control of the inducible promoter pLLacO was constructed in a pZS*13 backbone. The candidate selection was done using kanamycin and ampicillin in LB medium. The strain herein was referred to as IPA+LinD. This combination of piasmids provides a strain capable of producing isopropanol from glucose and also expressing linalool isomerase dehydratase enzyme.

[00613] One single colony of IPA+LinD, pZs*13_IPA and pET28a_LinD was inoculated in TB medium containing 10g/L glycerol supplemented with kanamycin (50 Mg/mL) and ampicillin (100 g/mL) at 37°C, 220rpm. After 20 hours, a new inoculation was done using optical density of 0.2 in TB medium containing 1.5g/L glycerol supplemented with appropriate antibiotics at 37°C, 220rpm, After 3 hours, the OD achieved 1.0 at 600nm and IPTG was added to a final concentration of 1 mM. The flasks were incubated at 18°C, 220rpm.

[00614] After 16 hours, the OD was measured and the cultures were concentrated to reach OD 20 using the following media as described for each assay:

[00615] (a) pZs*13_IPA in TB 20g/L glucose (control for isopropanol production),

[00616] (b) IPA+LinD in TB 10g/L glycerol and 3g/L isopropanol (control for propylene production), [00617] (c) IPA+LinD in TB 20g/L glucose and 3g/L isopropanoi (control for propylene production),

[00618] (d) IPA+LinD in TB 20g/L glucose (candidate 1 for propylene production),

[00619] (e) IPA+LinD in TB 20g/L glucose (candidate 2 for propylene production)

[00620] One aliquot of ail cultures were iysate for expression analysis and the cells were collected by cenfrifugation at 5000 rpm for 20 min and 4°C. The pellet was kept in -80°C for 1 hour then it was thawed on ice and ressuspended in 10% of original volume in Tris-HCI 50m pH 7.5. The lysis was done by sonication (3-5 cycles, 10/10 minutes, 25% amplitude) on ice after that to separate the soluble fraction it was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 30 min at 4°C. The samples were heated at 95°C for 10 minutes and analyzed in SDS-PAGE (FIG. 14).

[00621] 1.0 mL aiiquots of each culture were placed in 2mL headspace vials in triplicate and incubated at 37°C, 225 rpm. At the end of 116 hours of incubation the vials were removed from the shaking incubator and the propylene and isopropanoi concentration was analyzed in GC-IV1S. A control containing only TB medium 20g/L glucose was done in order to verify contamination in the end of incubation period. 1.0 mL of the headspace phase was injected in gas chromatograph (Focus GC - Thermo) equipped with electron impact mass spectrometer detector (ISO - Thermo). Helium was used as a carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, the split rate used was 10 with a split flow of 15 mL/min. The volatile compounds were separated in a HP-Plot/Q column (Agilent) with initial temperature held at 90°C for 1.0 min followed by a first ramp at 13.3°C/min to 130°C and a second one at 45°C/min to 200°C held for 1 min. The retention time of propylene under these conditions was 1.51 min and of isopropanoi was 4.3 min. The product reaction was identified both by comparison with propylene and isopropanoi standards and by comparison with a data base of mass fragmentation.

[00622] The production of isopropanoi in assays (a), (d) and (e) were 0.5 g/L and in (b) and (c) 3.0g/L as expected. The production of 4 10 ^s mSvl of propylene was observed in the assay (b) positive control for propylene and a significant production was observed in the assays (d) and (e), candidates with IPA+LinD co-transformed (FIG. 15). No amount of propylene was observed in the control reaction that contained only TB medium. [00623] SEQUENCE LISTING

SEQ ID NO: 1 Pseudomonas cicho ii D-tagatose 3 - epimerase DTE NT

sequence

GTG7\/iCAAAGTTGGCATGTTCTAC7\CCTACTGGTCGACTGAGTGG7\TGGTCG7\CT TTCCGGCGACTGCGAAGCGCATTGCCGGGCTCGGCTTCGACTTAATGGAAATCTC GCTCGGCGAGTTTCACAATCTTTCCGACGCGAAGAAGCGTGAGCTAAAAGCCGTG GCTGATGATCTGGGGCTCACGGTGATGTGCTGTATCGGACTGAAGTCTGAGTACG ACTTTGCCTCGCCGGACAAGAGCGTTCGTGATGCCGGCACGGAATATGTGAAGCG CTTGCTCGACGACTGTCACCTCCTCGGCGCGCCGGTCTTTGCTGGCCTTACGTTC TGCGCGTGGCCCCA7VrCTCCGCGGCTGGAG7TGAAGG7TAAGCGCCCTTAGGTCG ACCGTGCAATCGAAAGCGTTCGTCGTGTTATCAAGGTAGCTGAAGACTACG CAT TATTTATGCACTGGAAGTGGTGAACCGATTCGAGCAGTGGCTTTGCAATGACGCC AAGGA7GCAATTGCGTTTGGCGACGCGGTTGACAGTCCGGCGTGCA7VGGTCCAGC TCGACACATTCCACATGAATATCGAAGAGACTTCCTTCCGCGATGCAATCCTTGC CTGC7\AGGGC7\AGATGGGCCATTTCCATTTGGGCGAAGCGAACCGTCTGCCGCCG GGCGAGGGTCGCCTGCCGTGGGATGAAATATTCGGGGCGCTGAAGGAAATCGGAT ATGACGGCACCATCGTTATGGAACCGTTCATGCGCAAGGGCGGCTCGGTCAGCCG CGCGGTGGGCGTATGGCGGGATATGTCGAACGGTGCGACGGACGAAGAGATGGAC GAGCGCGCTCGGCGCTCGTTGCAGTTTGTTCGTGACAAGCTGGCCTGA

SSQ ID NO: Peeudomonas cichorii D- tagatoee 3 -epimerase DTE codon optimized NT sequence

ATGAACAAAGTGGGTATGTTCTATACGTACTGGTCCACGGAATGGATGGTTGACT TTCCGGCAACCGCGAAACGTATTGCGGGCCTGGGCTTCGACCTGATGGAAATTTC TCTGGGCGAATTTCACAACCTGTCCGATGCGAAAAAGCGTGAACTGAAAGCCGTT GGCG7iCGATCTGGGTGTG7- CTGTG7\TGTGGTGTATCGGCCTGAAtATCTGAAT7\CG ATTTCGCGAGCCCGGATA7AAGCGTTCGCG7CGCCGGTACTGAATATGTCAAACG TCTGCTGGATGACTGTCACCTGCTGGGCGCACCAGTGTTCGCGGGTCTGACCTTC TGTGCGTGGCCGCAGTCCCGACCr CTGGACATG/AAGGATAAACGTCCGTACGTGG ACCGTGCCATCG7yAGCGTGCGCCGCGTAATCAAAGTCGCTG7AGATTATGGCAT TATTTACGCTCTGGAAGTTGTTAACC>GTTTCGAACAGTGGCTGTGCAACGACGCG ^AGAGGCGATTGCCTTCGCTGACGCGGTGGATTCTGCGGCTTGCAAAGTTCAGC TGGACACTTTCCATATGAACATCGAGGAAACCTeCTTCCGTGACGCGATCCTGGC TTGCAAGGGTAAAATGGGCCATTTCCATCTGGGCGAAGCAAACCGCCTGCCGCCG GGCGAAGGTCGTCTGCCGTGGGACGAAATTTTTGGCGCTCTGAAGGAAATCGGCT ACGATGGCACGATTGTTATGGAGCCGTTCATGCGCAAAGGTGGCTCCGTTTCCCG TGCAGTTGGTGTTTGGCGTGATATGTCTAACGGTGCCACCGATGAAGAAATGGAC GAACGTGCACGTCGCTCCCTGCAATTCGTTCGCGATAAACTGGGGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 3 Pse domonas cichorii D-tagatose - epimerase DTE AA

sequence

MNKVGMFYTYWSTSWMVDFPATAKRIAGLGFDLMSISLGEFHNLSDAKKRELKAV ADDLGLTVMCCIGL SEYDFASPDKSVRDAGTEYV RLLDDCHLLGAPVFAGLTF CA PQSFFLDMKDKRPYVDRAIESVREVT VAEDYGIIYALEVVNRFSQWLCNDA KEAIAFADAVDSPAC VQI. TFHMNIESTSFRDAIIAC G5MGHFHLGSANRLP? GEGSLPVJDEIFGAI^KEIGYDGTIVMEPF RKGGSVSRAVGVVJRD SNGATDEEMD ERARRSLQFVRDKLA

SEQ ID NO; 4 Rhodobacter ephaeroides D- t:aga ose 3-epimerase

FJ851309.1 NT sequence

GTGAAAAATCCTGTCGGCATCATCTCGATGCAGTTCATCCGGCCCTTCACCTCGG AGTCGCTGCATTTGGTGAAGAAGTCCCGGGCCCTGGGCTTCGATTTCATGGAGCT TCTCGTGCCCGAGCCCGAAGACGGGCTCGACGCGGCCGAGGTGCGGCGCATCTGC GAGGGCGAGGGGCTGGGCCTCGTTCTGGCCGCGGGCGTGAACCTCCAGCGCTCGA TCGCGAGCGAGGAGGCGGCGGCGGGGGCCGGCGGGCGGGACTATGTGAAATACTG CATCGAGGCCGCCGAGGCGCTCGGCGCGACCATCGTCGGCGGCCCGCTCTATGGC GAGCCGCTGGTCTTCGCCGGCCGCCCGCCGTTCCCCTGGACGGGCGAGCAGATCG GCACCCGGGCCGCGGGCACCGTCGAGGGGCTGGCGGAAGTGGGCCCGCTGGCCGC GA CGCGGGCAAGGTCTTCGGGCTCGAGCCGCTGAACCGCTTCGAGACCGACATC GTGAACACGACGGCACAGGGCATCGAGGTGGTGGATGCGGTGGGCTCGCCCGGTC TCGGCGTCATGCTCGAGACGTTCGACATGAACATGGAGGAACGCTCGATCCGCGA TGCGATCCGCGCCACAGGCGCGCGCCTCGTCCA'i'TT CAGGCCAACGAGAACCAC CGCGGCTTGCCCGGCACCGGCAGCATGGAGTGGACGGCCATCGGGCGGGCGCTGG GGCAGGCGGGCTACGCGGGTCCGGTCTCGCTCGAGCCTTTCCGGCGCGACGACGA GCGCGTGGCGCTGCCCATCGCCCACTGGCGCGCCCCGCACGAGGACGAGGACGAG AAGCTGCGCGCGGGGCTGGGTCTCATCCGCTCCGCGATCACCCTGGCGGAGGTGA CCCACTGA

SEQ ID NO: 5 Rhodobacter sphaeroidee D-tagatose 3-epimerase

FJ851309.1 AA sequence

NFVGIIS QFIRPFTSESLHFL KSRALGFDFIELLVFEPEDGLDAAEvESIC EGKGLGLVLAARVNLQESIASEEAAARAGGEDYLKYCIEAAEALGATIVGGPLYG EPI,VFAGEPPFP TAEQIAT AARTVEGLAEVAPLAASAG VFGI,EPIJNEFETDI VNTTAQAIEWDAVGSPGLGVMLDTFRMN ^M EERSIPDAIRATGARLVRFQANENR RGFPGTGTMDWTAIARALGQAGYAGPVSLEPFRRDDERVALPIAKWRAPHEDSDE KLRAGLGLIRSA.ITLAEVTH

SEQ ID NO; 6 Escherichia coli L- f uculokinase FucK NT sequence

A.TGATGAAACAAGAAGTTATCCTGGTACTCGACTGTGGCGCGA.CCAATGTCAGGG CCATCGCGGTTAATCGGCAGGGCA7^ATTGTTGCCCGCGCCTCA¾CGCCTAtVrGC CAGCGATATCGCGATGGAAAACAACACCTGGCACCAGTGGTCTTTAGACGCCATT TGCAACGCTTTGCTGATTGCTGTCGGCAAATCAATAGTGAACTGAGTGAATGCC ACATCCGCGGTATCGCCGTGACCACCTTTGGTGTGGATGGCGCTCTGGTAGATAA GCAAGGCAATCTGCTCTATC XiATTATTAGCTGGAAATGTCCGCGAACAGCAGCG GTTATGGAGAZ\TATTGAZ\CGGTTAZ\TCTCGGCACAGGGGTTGCAGGCTATTTCTG GCGTCGGAGCCTTTAGTTTCAATACGTTATATAAGTTGGTGTGGTTGAAAGAAAA CATCCACAACTGCTGGAA.CGCGCGCACGCCTGGCTCTTTATTTCGTCGCTGATT AACCACCG TTAACCGGCGAATTCACTACTGATATCACGATGGCCGGAACCAGCC AGATGCTGGATATCCAGCAACGCGATTTCAGTCCGCAAATTTTACAAGCCACCGG TATTCCACGCCGACTCTTCCCTCGTCTGGTGGAAGCGGGTGAACAGATTGGTACG CTACAGAAGAGCGCCGCAGCLAATGCTCGGGTTACCCGTTGGCATACCGGTGATTT CCGCAGGTCACGATACCCAGTTCGCCCTTTTTGGCGCTGGTGCTGAACAAAATGA ACCCGTCCTCTCTTCCGGTACATGGGAAATTTTAATOGTTCGCAGCGCCCAGGTT GATACTTGGCTGTTAAGTCAGTACGCGGGTTCCAGGTGCGAAGTGGATAGCCAGG CAGGGI GTATAACCCAGGTATGCFTATGGCTGGCATCCGGCGTGCTGGAATGGGT GAGAAAACTGTTCTGGAGGGCTGAAACACCGTGGCAAATGTTGATTGAAGAAGGT CGTGTGATCGGGCCTGGGGGGGATGGCGTAAA^TGCAGTGTGATTTATTGTGGT GTCAGAACGCTGGCTGGCAAGGAGTGACGGTTAATAGCACGCGGGGGCATTTCTA TGGCGGGGGGCTGGAAGGGTTAACTGGGGATATTAGAGCGCAATGTACAGATGCTG GAAAAAATCGGGCACTTTAAGGCCTCTGAATTATTGTTAGTCGGTGGAGGAAGTC GCAACACATTGTGGAATGAGATTAAAGCCAATA.TGCTTGA.TATTCGGGTAAAAGT TCTGGACGAGGGCGAAAGGACCGTGGCAGGAGCTGCGGTGTTCGGTTGGTATGGC GTAGGGGAATTTAACAGCCCGGAAGAAGCCGGCGCACAGATTCATTATCAGTACC GTTATTTCTACCCGCAAACTGAACCTGAA.TTTATAGAGGAAGTGTGA

SEQ ID NO: 7 Escherichia coli L-fuculokinase FucK codon optimized NT sequence

ATGATGAAAGAAGAAGTTATCCTGGTACTCGACTGTGGGGCGACGAATGTCAGGG CGATCGCGGTTAATCGGCAGGGGAAAATTGTTGCCCGCGCCTCAACGCCTAATGC CAGCGATATCGCGATGGAAAACAACACCTGGCACCAGTGGTCTTTAGACGCCATT TTGCAACGCTTTGCTGATTGCTGTCGGCAAATCAATAGTGAACTGACTGAATGCG ACATCCGCGGTATCGCCGTGACCACCT '.iGGTGTGGATGGCGCTCTGGTAGATAA GCAAGGCAATCTGCTCTATCCGATTATTAGCTGGAAATGTCCGCGAACAGCAGCG GTTATGGACAATATTGAACGGTTAATCTCCGCACAGCGGTTGCAGGCTATTTCTG GGGTC>GGAGCCTTTAGTTTCAA.TACGTTA.TATAAGTTGGTGTGGTTGAAAGAAA A TCATCCACAACTGCTGG7^¾CGCGCGCACGCCTGGCTCTTTATTTCGTCGCTGi¾TT AACCAGCGTTTAACCGGCGAATTCACTACTGATATCACGATGGCCGGAACCAGCG AGATGCTGGATATCCAGCAACGCGATTTCAGTCGGCAAA T '.iACAAGCCACCGG TATTGCACGGGGACTCTTGCCTCGTGTGGTGGAAGCGGGTGAACAGATTGGTAGG CTACAGAACAGCGCCGCAGCAATGCTCGGCTTACCCGTTGGCATACCGGTGATTT CGGCAGGTGACGATA.GCCAGTTGGCCCTTTTTGGGGGTGGTGCTGAACAAAATGA ACCCGTGCTCTCTTCCGGTACATGGGAAATTTTAATGGTTCGCAGCGCCCAGGTT GATACTTCGCTGTTAAGTCAGTACGCCGGTTCCACCTGCGAACTGGATAGCCAGG CAGGGTTGTATAACCQ¾GGTATGCAATGGCTGGCATCCGGCGTGCTGGAATGGGT GAGAAAACTGTTCTGGAGGGCTGAAACACCGTGGCAAATGTTGATTGAAGAAGGT CGTCTGATGGCGCCTGGCGCGGATGGCGTAAAAATGGAGTGTGATTTATTGTCGT GTCAGAACGCTGGCTGGCAAGGAGTGACGCTTAATACCACGCGGGGGCATTTCTA TCGCGCGGCGCTGGAAGGGTTAACTGCGCAATTACAGCGCAATCTiACAGA GCTG GAAAAAATCGGGCACTTTAAGGCCTCTGAATTATTGTTAGTCGGTGGAGGAAGTC GCAACACA TGTGGAATCAGATTAAAGCCAATATGC TGATATTCCGGTAAAAGT TCTCGACGAGGCCGAAACGACCGTCGCAGGAGCTGCGGTGTTCGGTTGGTATGGC GTAGGGGAATTTAACAGCCCGGAAGAAGCGCGCGCA.GAGATTCATTATCAGTACC GTTATTTCTACCCGCAAACTGAACCTGAATTTATAGAGGAAGTGTGA

SEQ ID NO: 8 Escherichia coli L-fuculokinase fucK AA sequence

MKQEVILVLDGGATNVRAIAVNEQGKIVAEASTPNAGDIAMEN TWKQ SLDAl LQRFADCCRQINSBLTECHIRGIAVTTFGVDGALVDKQGNLLYPIIS CPRTAA V DNIBRLISAQRLO^ISGVGAFSFNTLYKLV L E KPOLLERAHAWLFISSLI HRLTGEFTTDITMAGTSQMLDIQQRDFSPQILQATGIPRELFPRLVSAGEQIGT

I^QNSAAAMIJGLPVGIPVISAGHDTQFAI^FGAGAEQNEPVLSSGT EII.I RSAQV DTSLLRQYAGSTCKT.nSQA«LYKPGMOWLASGVLBWVRKLPWTA13TP OMLISEA RJ IAPGADGVK QCDLLSCQNAGWQGVTLNTTRG.4FVRAAi.iSGLTAQbQRNLQML EKIGHFKASBLiibVGGGSRNTLWNQIKANMLDIPVKVLDBAETTVAGAALFG YG VGEF SPEEARAOIHYQYRYFYPQTEPEFIEEV

SEQ ID NO: 9 Escherichia coli L-fuculose phosphate aldolase fucA NT sequence

ATGGAACGAAATAAACTTGCTCGTCAGATTATTGACACTTGCCTGGAAATGACCC GCCTGGGACTGAACCAGGGGACAGCGGGGAACGTCAGTGTACGTTATCAGGATGG GATGCTGATTACGCCTACAGGCATTCCATATGAAAAACTGACGGAGTCGCATATT GTCTTTATTGATGGCAACGGTAAACATGAGGAAGGAAAGCTCCCCTCAAGCGAAT GGCGTTTGCATATGGCAGCCTATCAAAGGAGACCGGATGCCAACGCGGTTGTTCA CAATCATGCCGTTCATTGCACGGCAGTTTCCATTCTTAACCGATCGATCCCCGCT ATTCACTAQ¾TGATTGCGGCGGCTGGCGGTAATTCTATTCCTTGCGCGCCTTATG CGACCITTGGAACACGCGAACTTTCTGAAC^TCTTGCGCTGGCTCTCAAAAATCG TAAGGCAACTTTGTTACAACATCATGGGCTTATCGCTTGTGAGGTGAATCTGGAA AAAGCGTTATGGCTGGCGCATGAAGTTGAAGTGCTGGCGCAA rn-ACCTGACGA CCCTGGCGATTACGGACCCGGTGCCAGTGCTGAGCGATGAAGAGATTGCCGTAGT GCTGGAGAAATTCAAAACCTATGGGTTACGAATTGAAGAGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 10 Escherichia coli L-fuculose phosphate aldolase fucA codon optimized NT sequence

ATGGAACGAAATAAACTTGCTCGTCAGATTATTGACACTTGCCTGGAAATGACCC GCCTGGGACTGAACCAGGGGACAGCGGGGAACGTCAGTGTACGTTATCAGGATGG GATGCTGATTACGCCTACAGGCATTCCATATGAAAAACTGACGGAGTCGCATATT GTCTTTATTGATGGCAACGGTAAACATGAGGAAGGAAAGCTCCCCTCAAGCGAAT GGCG'i"i"i'CCATATGGCAGCCTATCAAAGCAGACCGGATGCCAACGCGGTTGTTCA CAATCATGCCGTTCATTGCACGGCAGTTTCCATTCTTAACCGATCGATCCCCGCT ATTCACTACATGATTGCGGCGGCTGGCGGTAATTCTATTCCTTGCGCGCCTTATG CGACCTT'i'GGAACACGCGAACTTTCTGAACATGTTGCGCTGGCTCTCAAAAATCG TAAGGCAACTTTGTTACAACATCATGGGCTTATCGCTTGTGAGGTGAATCTGGAA AAAGCGTTATGGCTGGCGCATGAAGTTGAAGTGCTGGCGCAACTTTACCTGACGA CCCTGGCGATTACGGACCCGGTGCCAGTGCTGAGCGATGAAGAGATTGCCGTAGT GCTGGAGAAATTCAAAACCTATGGGTTACGAATTGAAGAGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 11 Escherichia coli L-fuculose phosphate aldolase fucA AA sequence

ERNKLARQIIDTCLE TRLGLNQGTAGNVSVRYQDG LITPTGIPYE LTESHI VFIDGNG HEEGKLPSSE RFIKAAYQSRPDANAVVHNHAVHGTAVSILNRSIPA IHYMIAAVGGNSIPGAPYATFGTRELSEHVALALKNRKATLLQHKGLIAGEVNLE KAL LAHEVEViaAQLYLTTiAITDPVPVLSDBEIAVVLBKFKTYGLRIEE

SEQ ID NO: 12 Escherichia coli glycerol dehydrogenase gldA NT

sequence

ATGGACGGGATTATTGAATCAGGGGGTAAATACATGGAGGGGGGTGATGTGATTA ATCGTCTGGGCGAATACCTGAAGCCGCTGGCAGAAGGCTGGTTAGTGGTGGGTGA GAAATTTGTTTTAGGTTTTGGTCAATGGACTGTCGAGAAAAGGTTTAAAGATGCT GGAGTGGTAGTAGAAATTGGGCCGI GGCGGTGAATGTTCGCAAAATGAGATCG ACCGTCTGCGTGGCATCGGGGAGAGTGCGCAGTGTGGCGGAATTCTGGGTATGGG TGGGGGAAAAACCCTCGATACTGGGAAAGCAGTGGCAGATTTCATGGGTGTTGGG GTAGCGATCGCACCGACTATCGCCTCTACCGATGCA.CCGTGCAGCGCATTGTCTG TTATCTAGACCGATGAGGGTGAG ' -' GAGGGCTATGTGCTGTTGCCAAATATACCC GAATATGGTCATTGTCGACACCAAAATCGTCGCTGGCGCACCTGCACGTCTGTTA GCGGCGGGTATCGGCGATGCGCTGGCAACCTGI.I ^' I-'.I'GAAGCGCGTGCCTGCTCTC GTAGGGGCGCGACCACCATGGCGGGGGGCAAGTGCACCGAGGCTGGGCTGGCAGT GGCTGAACTGTGCTACAACACCCTGCTGGAAGAAGGCGAAAAAGCGATGCTTGCT GGCGAAGAGCATGTAGTGACTCGGGCGGTGGAGCGCGTGATTGAAGCGAAGACCT ATTTGAGGGGTGTTGG U ^" V GAAAGTGGTGGTCTGGCTGCGGGGCACGGAGTGCA TAACGGCCTGACCGCTATCCCGGACGCGCATCACTATTATCACGGTGAAAAAGTG GCATTCGGTAGGCTGACX:AGCTGGTTCTGGAAAATGCX:CGGTGGA.GGAAATCG AAAGGGTAGCTGCCCTTAGCCATGGGGTAGGTTTGCCAATAACTCTGGCTCAAGT GGATATTAAAGAAGATGTCCCGGCGAAAATGCGAATTGTGGCAGAAGCGGCATGT GGAGAAGGTGAAAGGATTCAGAACATC4GGTGGCC4GGGCGACGGGAGATGAGG AGGCCGGTGTGCTGGTAGCCGAGCAGTAGGGTCAGGGTTTCGTGCAAGAGTGGGA

ATAA

SEQ ID NO; 13 Escherichia coli glycerol dehydrogenase gldA AA

sequence

MDRIIQSPGKYIQGADVINRLGEYLKPLAERWLVVGDKFVLGFAQSTVEKSFKDA GLVVEIAPFGGECSQNEIDRLRGIAETAQCGAILGIGGGKTLDTAKALAHFMGVP VAIAPTIASTDAPCSALSVIYTDEGEFDRYLLLPNNPNMVIVDTICIVAGAPARLL GIGDALA WFΈARACSRSGA MAGGKC QAi^LALAΞLCYN ^Γ ϊ ¹ LLEΞGEKAMLA AEQHWTPALERVIEANTYLSGVGFESGGLAAAHAVHNGLTAIPDAHHYYHGEKV AFGTLTQLVLENAPVEEIETVAALSHAVGLPITLAQLDIKEDVPAKMRIVAEAAC AEGETIHNMPGGATPDQVYAALLVADQYGQRFLQEWE

SEQ ID NO; 14 Saccharomycee cerevi siae roethylglyoxal reductase GRE2

NT sequence

A.TGTCAGTTTTCGTTTCAGGTGGTAACGGGTTCATTGCCCAACACATTGTGGATC TGCTGTTGAtAGGAAGACTATAAGGTCATGGGTTCTGGCAGAAGTCAAGAAAtAGGC CGAGAATTTAACGGAGGCCTTTGGTAACAACCCAAAATTCTCCATGGAAGTTGTC CCAGACATATGTAAGCTGGACGCATTTGACCATG i'TGCAAAAGGACGGCAAGG ATATGAAGATAG1 ^: TCTAGAT'ACGGGG1 ^: CTCCA ^" 'T'CTGCT ^" '1 ^: GATATGACTGAGAG TGAACGCGATTTATTAATTCCTGCTGTGAACGGTGTTAAGGGAATTCTCCACTCA ATTAAAAAATACGCCGCTGATTCTGTAGAACGTGTAGTTCTCACCTCTTCTTATG CAGCTGTCTTCGATATGGCAAAAGAAAACGATAAGTCl rAACATTTAACGAAGA ATCCTGGAACCCAGCTACCTGGGAGAGTTGCCAAAGTGACCCAGTTAACGCCTAC TCTGGTTCTAAGAtAG ^l ;''J.''J. ^, GGTGAAAAAGCAGGTTGGCAATTTCTAGAGGACAATA GAGACTCTGTAAAATTCGAATTAACTGCCGTTAACCCAGTTTACGTTTTTGGTCC GGAAATG'j."j."l'GACAAAGATGTGAAAAAACACTTGAAGACATGTTGCGAACTCGT C .AACAGCTTGATGCATTTATCAGGAGAGGAGAAGATAGCGGAAGTATTTGGTGGAT ACATTGATGTTCGTGATGTTGCAA74GGCTCATTTAGTTGCCTTCC7^AAGAGGGA AACAATTGGTGAAAGACTAATCGTATCGGAGGCGAGATTTACTATGGAGGATGTT CTCGATATCCTTAACGAAGACTTCCCTGTTCTAJ VAGGCAATATTCCAGTGG ¾3A AACX:AGGTTCTGGTGCTACCCATAACACCCTTGGTGCTACTCTTGATAATAAAAA GAGTAAGAAATTGTTAGGTT -CAAGTTCAGGAAGTTGAAAGAGACGATTGACGAC ACTGCCTCECAAATTTTAAAATTTGAGGGCAGAATATAA

SEQ ID NO: 15 Saccharomyces cerevisiae methylglyoxal reductase GEE2

AA sequen e

SVFVSGANGFIAQHIVDLJJI^KEDYKVIGSASSQEKAENLTEAFGNNPKFS EVV PDISKLDAFDHVFQKHGKDIKIVLHTASPFCFDITDSERDLLIPAV GVKGILHS IK YAADSVBRWLTSSYAAVFDMAKE DKSLTF EESWNPATWBSCQSDPVNAY CGSK FAEKAAVreFLEENRDSVKFELTAVKPVYVFGPQMFDKDVKKHL TSCELV SLMilLSPEDKIPELFGGYIDVRDVA AHLVAFQKRETIGQRLIVSEARFT QDV LDIL EDFPVLKGNIPVGKPGSGATH TLGATLDNK SKK!JLG FR LKETIDD TASQIIiKFEGRI

SEQ ID NO: 16 Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldose reductase GRE3 NT

sequence

ATGTCTTCACTGGTTACTCTTAATAAGGGTCTGAAAATGCGCCTAGTGGGCTTAG GGTC TGGAAAATTGACAAAAAAGTCTGTGCXJAATCAAATTTATGAAGCTATCAA ATTAGGCTACCGTTTATTCGATGGTGCTTGCGACTACGGCAACGAAAAGGAAGTT

GGTGAAGGTATCAGGAAAGCCATGTCCGAAGGTCTTGTTTCTAGAAAGGATATAT TTGTTGTTTCAAAGTTATGGAAGAATTTTGACCATCGTGATCATGTAAAATTAGC TTTAAAGAAGACCTTAAGCGATATGGGACTTGATTATTTAGACCTGTATTATATT CACTTCCCAATCGCCTTCAAATATGTTCCATTTGAAGAGAAATACX:CTCCAGGAT TCTATACGGGCGCAGATGAGGAGAAGAAAGGTCACATCACCGAAGCACATGTACC AATCATAGATACGTACCGGGCTCTGGAAGAATCTGT GATGAAGGCTTGA TAAG TCTATTCXiTGTTTCCAACTTTCAGGGAAGCTTGATTCAAGATTTATTACGTGGTT GTAGAATCAtAGCXGTGG^i^/'JAGCAAATTGAACACCATCCTTATTTGACTGAAGA ACACCTAGTTGAGTTTTGTAAATTACACGATATCCAAGTAGTTGCTTACTCCTCC TTCGGTCCTCAATCATTCATTGAGATGGAOTTACAGTTGGCAAAAACCACGCCAA CTCTGTTCGAGAATGATGTAATCAAGAAGGTCTCACAAAACCATCCAGGCAGTAC CAGTTCCCAAGTATTGGTTAGATGGGCAACTCAGAGAGGCATTGGCGTCATTCCA AAATCTTCCAAGAAGGAAAGGTTACTTGGCAACGTAGAAATCGAAAAAAAGTTCA CTTTAACGGAGCAAGAtATTGAAGGATATTTCTGCACTAAATGCGAACATCAGATT TAATGATCCATGGACCTGGTTGGATGGTAAATTCCCCACTTTTGCCTGA

SEQ ID NO: 17 Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldose reductase GRE3 AA

sequence

MSSLV LNKGLKMPLVGLGCWKIDK VGANQIYEAIKLGYRLFDGACDYGNEKEV GEGIRKAISEGLVSR DIF SKLW FHHPDHVKLALKKTLSD GLDYLDLYYI HFPI FKYVPFEEKYPPGFYTGADDEKKGHITEAHYPIIDTYRALEECVDEGLIK SIGVSKFQGSLIQDLLRGCRIKPVALQIEHHPYLTOEHLVEFCKLHDIQWAYSS FGPQSFIEMDLQLAKTTPTLFENDVIKKVSQNHPGSTTSQVLLRWATQRGIAVIP KSSKKERLLGNLEIEKKFTLTEQELKDISALNA IRFTDPWTWLDGKFPTFA

SEQ ID NO: 18 Escherichia coli alcohol dehydrogenase yqhD* NT sequence

ATGAACAA 'l'AATCTGCACACCCCAACCCGCATTCTGTTTGGTAAAGGCGCAA TCGCTGG ACGCGAACAAATTCCTCACGATGCTCGCGTATTGATTACCTACGG CGGCGGCAGCGTGAAAAAAACCGGCGTTCTCGATCAAGTTCTGGATGCCCTGAAA GGCATGGACGTGCTGGAATTTGGCGGTATTGAGCCAAACCCGGCTTATGAAACGC TGATGAACGCCGTGAAACTGGTTCGCGAACAGAAAGTGACTTTCCTGCTGGCGGT TGGCGGCGGTTCTGTACTGGACGGCACCAAATTTATCGCCGCAGCGGCTAACTAT CCGGAAAATATCGATCCGTGGCACATTCTGCAAACGGGCGGTAAAGAGATTAAAA GCGCCATCCCGATGGGCTGTGTGCTGACGCTGCCAGCAACCGGTTCAGAATCCAA CGCAGAAGCGGTGATCTCCCGTAAAACCACAGGCGACAAGCAGGCGTTCCATTCT GCCCATGTTCAGCCGGTATTTGCCGTGCTCGATCCGGT TATACCTACACCCTGC CGCCGCGTCAGGTGGCTAACGGCGTAGTGGACGCCTTTGTACACACCGTGGAACA GTATGTTACCAAACCGGTTGATGCCAAAATTCAGGACCGTTTCGCAGAAGGCATT TTGCTGACGCTAATCGAAGATGGTCCGAAAGCCCTGAAAGAGCCAGAAAACTACG ATGTGCGCGCCAACGTCATGTGGGCGGCGACTCAGGCGCTGAACGG'l'l'l'GATTGG CGCTGGCGTACCGCAGGACTGGGCAACGCATATGCTGGGCCACGAACTGACTGCG ATGCACGGTCTGGATCACGCGCAAACACTGGCTATCGTCCTGCCTGCACTGTGGA ATGAAAAACGCGATACCAAGCGCGCTAAGCTGCTGCAATATGCTGAACGCGTCTG GAACATCACTGAAGGTTCCGATGATGAGCGTATTGACGCCGCGATTGCCGCAACC CGCAATTTCTTTGAGCAATTAGGCGTGCCGACCCACCTCTCCGACTACGGTCTGG ACGGCAGCTCCATCCCGG GCTGAAAAAACTGGAAGAGCACGGCATGACCCA ACTGGGCGAAAATCATGACATTACGTTGGATGTCAGCCGCCGTATATACGAAGCC GCCCGCTAA

SEQ ID NO: 19 Escherichia coli alcohol dehydrogenase yqhD* codon

optimized NT sequence

ATGAACAATTTTAATTTGCATACTCCAACTAGAATATTATTTGGAAAAGGTGCAA TTGCAGGTTTAAGGGAACAAATACCACATGATGCAAGGGTATTAATCACATACGG TGGTGGTTCTGTCAAGAAAACTGGTGTATTGGATCAAGTATTGGATGCTTTAAAG GGTATGGATGTCTTGGAATTTGGAGGAATCGAACCAAACCCTGCTTACGAGACTT TAATGAATGCTGTCAAATTGGTCAGAGAACAAAAGGTAACATTCTTATTGGCTGT TGGAGGTGGATCAGTATTAGATGGTACAAAGTTCATTGCTGCTGCAGCAAATTAT CCAGAAAACATTGATCCATGGCATATATTGCAAACTGGTGGTAAGGAAATAAAGT CAGCTATCCCAATGGGATGTGTTTTGACATTGCCTGCAACAGGATCAGAATCAAA CGCTGAAGCAGTCATCTCAAGAAAGACTACAGGTGACAAACAGGCATTCCATTCT GCCCATGTCCAACCTGTATTTGCTGTTTTAGACCCTGTATACACTTACACATTAC CACCAAGGCAAGTCGCAAATGGAGTTGTCGATGCCTTTGTTCACACTGTAGAACA GTACGTCACCAAACCAGTCGATGCAAAGATCCAGGACAGGTTTGCAGAAGGTATT TTATTGACATTAATCGAAGATGGACCAAAAGCATTGAAAGAGCCAGAGAACTATG ACGTTAGGGCAAATGTTATGTGGGCTGCTACCCAGGCATTGAACGGTTTAATTGG TGCAGGAGTTCCACAAGATTGGGCTACACACATGTTGGGTCACGAGTTGACCGCC ATGCACGGTTTGGACCATGCACAGACTTTAGCCATTGTTTTGCCTGCCTTATGGA ACGAGAAAAGAGATACTAAGAGGGCTAAGTTATTACAATACGCTGAAAGGGT G GAATATCACCGAGGGATCTGATGATGAAAGGATTGATGCCGCTATTGCAGCCACT AGAAACTTCTTTGAACAATTAGGTGTTCCAACTCACTTGTCTGACTATGGTTTAG ATGGATCATCTATTCCAGCTTTGTTGAAGAAATTGGAAGAGCACGGTATGACCCA GTTGGGTGAGAATCATGATATAACCTTAGATGTATCTAGGAGAATCTACGAGGCT GCTAGATAATGA

SEQ ID NO: 20 Escherichia coli alcohol dehydrogenase yqhD* AA

sequence

MNNFNLHTPTRILFGKGAIAGLREQIPHDARVLITYGGGSV KTGVLDQVLDALK GMDVLEFGGIEPNPAYETLMNAVKLVREQKVTFLLAVGGGSVLDGT t'IAAAAN ^' Y PENIDP HILQTGGKEIKSAIPMGCVLTLPATGSESNAEAVISRKTTGDKQAFHS AHVQPVFAVLDPVYTYTLPPRQVANGWDAFVHTVEQYVTKPVDAKIQDRFAEGI LLTLIEDGPKALKEPENYDVRANV WAATOALNGLIGAGVPQDWATHMLGHFJiTA MHGLDHAQTLAIVLPAL NE KDTKRAKLLQYAERVWNITEGSDDERIDAAIAAT RN QLGVPTHLSDYGLDGSSIPALLKKLEEHGMTQLGENHDITLDVSRRIYEA AR

SEQ ID NO: 21 Escherichia coli alcohol dehydrogenase yqhD NT ssequerjce

ATGAACAACTTTAATCTGCACACCCCAACCCGCATTCTGTTTGGTAAAGGCGCAA TCGCTGGTTTACGCGAACAAATTCCTCACGATGCTCGCGTATTGATTACCTACGG CGGCGGCAGCGTGAAAAAAACCGGCGTTCTCGATCAAGTTCTGGATGCCCTGAAA GGCATGGACGTGCTGGAATTTGGCGGTATTGAGCCAAACCCGGCTTATGAAACGC TGATGAACGCCGTGAAACTGGTTCGCGAACAGAAAGTGACTTTCCTGCTGGCGGT TGGCGGCGGTTCTGTACTGGACGGCACCAAATTTATCGCCGCAGCGGCTAACTAT CCGGAAAATATCGATCCGTGGCACATTCTGCAAACGGGCGGTAAAGAGATTAAAA GCGCCATCCCGATGGGCTGTGTGCTGACGCTGCCAGCAACCGGTTCAGAATCCAA CGCAGGCGCGGTGATCTCCCGTAAAACCACAGGCGACAAGCAGGCGTTCCATTCT GCCCATGTTCAGCCGGTATTTGCCGTGCTCGATCCGGTTTATACCTACACCCTGC CGCCGCGTCAGGTGGCTAACGGCGTAGTGGACGCCTTTGTACACACCGTGGAACA GTATGTTACCAAACCGGTTGATGCCAAAATTCAGGACCGTTTCGCAGAAGGCATT TTGCTGACGCTAATCGAAGATGGTCCGAAAGCCCTGAAAGAGCCAGAAAACTACG ATGTGCGCGCCAACGTCATGTGGGCGGCGACTCAGGCGCTGAACGGTTTGATTGG CGCTGGCGTACCGCAGGACTGGGCAACGCATATGCTGGGCCACGAACTGACTGCG

ATGCACGGTCTGGATCACGCGCAAACACTGGCTATCGTCCTGCCTGCACTGTGGA ATGAAAAACGCGATACCAAGCGCGCTAAGCTGCTGCAATATGCTGAACGCGTCTG GAACATCACTGAAGGTTCCGATGATGAGCGTATTGACGCCGCGATTGCCGCAACC CGCAATTTCTTTGAGCAATTAGGCGTGCCGACCCACCTCTCCGACTACGGTCTGG ACGGCAGCTCCATCCCGGCTTTGCTGAAAAAACTGGAAGAGCACGGCATGACCCA ACTGGGCGAAAATCATGACATTACGTTGGATGTCAGCCGCCGTATATACGAAGCC GCCCGCTAA

SEQ ID NO: Escherichia coli alcohol dehydrogenase yqhD codon

optimized NT sequence

ATGAACAACTTTAATCTGCACACCCCAACCCGCATTCTGTTTGGTAAAGGCGCAA TCGCTGGTTTACGCGAACAAATTCCTCACGATGCTCGCGTATTGATTACCTACGG CGGCGGCAGCGTGAAAAAAACCGGCGTTCTCGATCAAGTTCTGGATGCCCTGAAA GGCATGGACGTGCTGGAATTTGGCGGTATTGAGCCAAACCCGGCTTATGAAACGC TGATGAACGCCGTGAAACTGGTTCGCGAACAGAAAGTGACTTTCCTGCTGGCGGT TGGCGGCGGTTCTGTACTGGACGGCACCAAATTTATCGCCGCAGCGGCTAACTAT CCGGAAAATATCGATCCGTGGCACATTCTGCAAACGGGCGGTAAAGAGATTAAAA GCGCCATCCCGATGGGCTGTGTGCTGACGCTGCCAGCAACCGGTTCAGAATCCAA CGCAGGCGCGGTGATCTCCCGTAAAACCACAGGCGACAAGCAGGCGTTCCATTCT GCCCATGTTCAGCCGGTATTTGCCGTGCTCGATCCG 'i'T'i'ATACCTACACCCTGC CGCCGCGTCAGGTGGCTAACGGCGTAGTGGACGCCTTTGTACACACCGTGGAACA GTATGTTACCAAACCGGTTGATGCCAAAATTCAGGACCGT CGCAGAAGGCATT TTGCTGACGCTAATCGAAGATGGTCCGAAAGCCCTGAAAGAGCCAGAAAACTACG ATGTGCGCGCCAACGTCATGTGGGCGGCGACTCAGGCGCTGAACGGTTTGATTGG CGCTGGCGTACCGCAGGACTGGGCAACGCATATGCTGGGCCACGAACTGACTGCG ATGCACGGTCTGGATCACGCGCAAACACTGGCTATCGTCCTGCCTGCACTGTGGA ATGAAAAACGCGATACCAAGCGCGCTAAGCTGCTGCAATATGCTGAACGCGTCTG GAACATCACTGAAGGTTCCGATGATGAGCGTATTGACGCCGCGATTGCCGCAACC CGCAATTTCTTTGAGCAATTAGGCGTGCCGACCCACCTCTCCGACTACGGTCTGG ACGGCAGCTCCATCCCGGCT TGCTGAAAAAACTGGAAGAGCACGGCATGACCCA ACTGGGCGAAAATCATGACATTACGTTGGATGTCAGCCGCCGTATATACGAAGCC GCCCGCTAA

SEQ ID NO: 23 Escherichia coli alcohol dehydrogenase yqhD AA sequence

MNNFNLHTPTRlLFGKGAIAGLREQIPHDARVLlTYGGGSV GVLDQViiDALK GMDVLEFGGIEPNPAYETLMNAVKLVREQKVTFLLAVGGGSVLDGTKFIAAAA Y PENIDPWHILQTGGKEI SAIPMGCVLTLPATGSESNAGAVISRKTTGDKQAFHS AHVQPVFAVLDPWTYTLPPRQVANGVVDAFVHTVEQYVTKPVDAKIQDRFAEGI LLTLIEDGPKALKEPENYDVRANVMWAATQALNGLIGAGVPQDWATHMLGHFJ:TA MHGLDHAQTLAIVLPALWNEKRDTPO¾AKLLQYAERVWNITEGSDDERIDAAIAAT R f'i' QLGVPTHLSDYGLDGSSIPALLKKLEEHGMTQLGENHDITLDVSRRIYEA AR

SEQ ID NO: 24 Escherichia coli methylglyoxal reductase ydjG NT

sequence

ATGAAAAAGATACCTTTAGGCACAACGGATATTACGCTTTCGCGAATGGGGTTGG GGACATGGGCCATTGGCGGCGGTCCTGCATGGAATGGCGATCTCGATCGGCAAAT ATGTATTGATACGATTCTTGAAGCCCATCGTTGTGGCATTAATCTGATTGATACT GCGCCAGGATATAAC TTGGCAATAGTGAAGTTATCGTCGGTCAGGCGTTAAAAA AACTGCCCCGTGAACAGGTTGTAGTAGAAACCAAATGCGGCATTGTCTGGGAACG AAAAGGAAGTTTATTCAACAAAGTTGGCGATCGGCAGTTGTATAAAAACCTTTCC CCGGAATCTATCCGCGAAGAGGTAGCAGCGAGCTTGCAACGTCTGGGTATTGATT ACATCGATATCTACATGACGCACTGGCAGTCGGTGCCGCCATTTTTTACGCCGAT CGCTGAAACTGTCGCAGTGCTTAATGAGTTAAAGTCTGAAGGGAAAATTCGCGCT ATAGGCGCTGCTAACGTCGATGCTGACCATATCCGCGAGTATCTGCAATATGGTG AACTGGATATTATTCAGGCGAAATACAGTATCCTCGACCGGGCAATGGAAAACGA ACTGCTGCCACTATGTCGTGATAATGGCATTGTGGTTCAGGTTTATTCCCCGCTA GAGCAGGGATTGTTGACCGGCACCATCACTCGTGATTACGTTCCGGGCGGCGCTC GGGCAAATAAAGTCTGGTTCCAGCGTGAAAACATGCTGAAAGTGATTGATATGCT TGAACAGTGGCAGCCACTTTGTGCTCGTTATCAGTGCACAATTCCCACTCTGGCA CTGGCGTGGATATTAAAACAGAGTGAT'l-'l'AATCTCCATTCTTAGTGGGGCTACTG CACCGGAACAGGTACGCGAAAATGTCGCGGCACTGAATATCAACTTATCGGATGC AGACGCAACATTGATGAGGGAAATGGCAGAGGCCCTGGAGCGTTAA SEQ ID NO: 25 Escherichia coli methyiglyoxai reductase ydjG AA sequence

MKKIPLGTTDITLSRMGLGTWAIGGGPAWNGDLDRQICIDTILEAHRCGINLIDT APGYNFGNSEVIVGQALKKLPREQVWETKCGIVWERKGSLFNKVGDRQLYKNLS PESIREEVAASLQRLGIDYIDIYMTHWQSVPPFFTPIAETVAVLNELKSEGKIRA IGAANVDADHIREYLQYGELDIIQAKYSILDRAMENELLPLCRDNGTWQVYSPL EQGLLTGTITRDYVPGGARANKV FQRENMLKVIDMLEQWQPLCARYQCTIPTLA LAWILKQSDLISILSGATAPEQVRENVAALNINLSDADATLMRE AEALER

SEQ ID NO: 26 Escherichia coli lactaldehyde reductase fucO NT

sequence

ATGGCTAACAGAATGATTCTGAACGAAACGGCATG TGGTCGGGGTGCTGTTG GGGCTTTAACCGATGAGGTGAAACGCCGTGGTTATCAGAAGGCGCTGATCGTCAC CGATAAAACGCTGGTGCAATGCGGCGTGGTGGCGAAAGTGACCGATAAGATGGAT GCTGCAGGGCTGGCATGGGCGATTTACGACGGCGTAGTGCCCAACCCAACAATTA CTGTCGTCAAAGAAGGGCTCGGTGTATTCCAGAATAGCGGCGCGGATTACCTGAT CGCTATTGGTGGTGGTTCTCCACAGGATACTTGTAAAGCGATTGGCATTATCAGC AACAACCCGGAGTTTGCCGATGTGCGTAGCCTGGAAGGGCTTTCCCCGACCAATA AACCCAGTGTACCGATTCTGGCAATTCCTACCACAGCAGGTACTGCGGCAGAAGT GACCATTAACTACGTGATCACTGACGAAGAGAAACGGCGCAAGTTTGTTTGCGTT GATCCGCATGATATCCCGCAGGTGGCGTTTATTGACGCTGACATGATGGATGGTA TGCCTCCAGCGCTGAAAGCTGCGACGGGTGTCGATGCGCTCACTCATGCTATTGA GGGGTATATTACCCGTGGCGCGTGGGCGCTAACCGATGCACTGCACATTAAAGCG ATTGAAATCATTGCTGGGGCGCTGCGAGGATCGGTTGCTGGTGATAAGGATGCCG GAGAAGAAATGGCGCTCGGGCAGTATGTTGCGGGTATGGGCTTCTCGAATGTTGG GTTAGGGTTGGTGCATGGTATGGCGCATCCACTGGGCGCGTTTTATAACACTCCA CACGGTGTTGCGAACGCCATCCTGTTACCGCATGTCATGCGTTATAACGCTGACT TTACCGGTGAGAAGTACCGCGATATCGCGCGCGTTATGGGCGTGAAAGTGGAAGG TATGAGCCTGGAAGAGGCGCGTAATGCCGCTGTTGAAGCGGTGTTTGCTCTCAAC CGTGATGTCGGTATTCCGCCACATTTGCGTGATGTTGGTGTACGCAAGGAAGACA TTCCGGCACTGGCGCAGGCGGCACTGGATGATGTTTGTACCGGTGGCAACCCGCG TGAAGCAACGCTTGAGGATATTGTAGAGCTTTACCATACCGCCTGGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 27 Escherichia coli lactaldehyde reductase fucO codon

optimized. NT sequence

ATGGCTAACAGAATGATTCTGAACGAAACGGCATG T'i'TGGTCGGGGTGCTGTTG GGGCTTTAACCGATGAGGTGAAACGCCGTGGTTATCAGAAGGCGCTGATCGTCAC CGATAAAACGCTGGTGCAATGCGGCGTGGTGGCGAAAGTGACCGATAAGATGGAT GCTGCAGGGCTGGCATGGGCGATTTACGACGGCGTAGTGCCCAACCCAACAATTA CTGTCGTCAAAGAAGGGCTCGGTGTATTCCAGAATAGCGGCGCGGATTACCTGAT CGCTATTGGTGGTGGTTCTCCACAGGATACTTGTAAAGCGATTGGCATTATCAGC AACAACCCGGAGTTTGCCGATGTGCGTAGCCTGGAAGGGCTTTCCCCGACCAATA AACCCAGTGTACCGATTCTGGCAATTCCTACCACAGCAGGTACTGCGGCAGAAGT GACCATTAACTACGTGATCACTGACGAAGAGAAACGGCGCAAGTTTGTTTGCGTT GATCCGCATGATATCCCGCAGGTGGCGTTTATTGACGCTGACATGATGGATGGTA TGCCTCCAGCGCTGAAAGCTGCGACGGGTGTCGATGCGCTCACTCATGCTATTGA GGGGTATATTACCCGTGGCGCGTGGGCGCTAACCGATGCACTGCACATTAAAGCG ATTGAAATCATTGCTGGGGCGCTGCGAGGATCGGTTGCTGGTGATAAGGATGCCG GAGAAGAAATGGCGCTCGGGCAGTATGTTGCGGGTATGGGCTTCTCGAATGTTGG GTTAGGGTTGGTGCATGGTATGGCGCATCCACTGGGCGCGT'I-'l' ATAACACTCCA CACGGTGTTGCGAACGCCATCCTGTTACCGCATGTCATGCGTTATAACGCTGACT TTACCGGTGAGAAGTACCGCGATATCGCGCGCGTTATGGGCGTGAAAGTGGAAGG TATGAGCCTGGAAGAGGCGCGTAATGCCGCTGTTGAAGCGGTGTTTGCTCTCAAC CGTGATGTCGGTATTCCGCCACATTTGCGTGATGTTGGTGTACGCAAGGAAGACA TTCCGGCACTGGCGCAGGCGGCACTGGATGATGTTTGTACCGGTGGCAACCCGCG TGAAGCAACGCTTGAGGATATTGTAGAGCTTTACCATACCGCCTGGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 28 Escherichia coli lactaldehyde reductase fucO AA

sequence

MANRMILNETAWFGRGAVGALTDEVKRRGYQKALIVTD TLVQCGVVAPCVTDKMD AAGLAWAIYDGWPNPTITWKEGLGVFQNSGADYLIAIGGGSPQDTCPAIGIIS NNPEFADVRSLEGLSPTNKPSVPILAIPTTAGTAAEVTINYVITDEEKRR FVCV DPHDI PQVAFIDADMMDGMPPALKAATGVDALTHAIEGYITRGAWALTDALHIKA IEIIAGALRGSVAGDKDAGEEMALGQYVAGMGFSNVGLGLVHGMAHPLGAFYNTP HGVANAILLPHVMRYNADFTGEKYRD IARVMGVKVEGMST.EEARNAAVEAVFALN RDVG I PPHLRDVGVRKEDIPALAQAALDDVCTGGNPREATLEDIVELYHTAW

SEQ ID NO: 29 Escherichia coli methylglyoxal reductase yafB (dkgB)

[multifunctional] NT sequence

ATGGCTATCCCTGCATTTGGTTTAGGTALI'l'T CCGTCTGAAAGACGACGTTGTTA TTTCATCTGTGATAACGGCGCTTGAACTTGGTTATCGCGCAATTGATACCGCACA AATCTATGATAACGAAGCCGCAGTAGGTCAGGCGATTGCAGAAAGTGGCGTGCCA CGTCATGAACTCTACATCACCACTAAAATCTGGATTGAAAATCTCAGCAAAGACA AATTGATCCCAAGTCTGAAAGAGAGCCTGCAAAAATTGCGTACCGATTATGTTGA TCTGACGCTAATCCACTGGCCGTCACCAAACGATGAAGTCTCTGTTGAAGAG'l-'l' ' ATGCAGGCGCTGCTGGAAGCCAAAAAACAAGGGCTGACGCGTGAGATCGGTATTT CCAACTTCACGATCCCGTTGATGGAAAAAGCGATTGCTGCTGTTGGTGCTGAAAA CATCGCTACTAACCAGATTGAACTCTCTCCTTATCTGCAAAACCGTAAAGTGGTT GCCTGGGCTAAACAGCACGGCATCCATATTACTTCCTATATGACGCTGGCGTATG GTAAGGCCCTGAAAGATGAGGTTATTGCTCGTATCGCAGCTAAACACAATGCGAC TCCGGCACAAGTGATTCTGGCGTGGGCTATGGGGGAAGGTTACTCAGTAATTCCT TCTTCTACTAAACGTAAAAACCTGGAAAGTAATCTTAAGGCACAAAATTTACAGC TTGATGCCGAAGATAAAAAAGCGATCGCCGCACTGGATTGCAACGACCGCCTGGT TAGCCCGGAAGGTCTGGCTCCTGAATGGGATTAA

SEQ ID NO: 30 Escherichia coli methylglyoxal reductase yafB (dkgB)

[multifunctional] sequence

MAIPAFGLGTFRLPDDWISSVITALELGYRAIDTAQIYDNEAAVGQAIAESGVP RHELYITTKIWIENLSKDKLIPSLKESLQKLRTDYVDLTLIHWPSPNDEVSVEEF MQAT.T.EAKKQGLTRETGISNFTTPLMEKATAAVGAENIATNQIELSPYLQNRKW A AKQHGIHITSYMTLAYGKALKDEVIARIAAKHNATPAQVILA AMGEGYSVIP SSTKRKNLESNIJKAQNLQLDAEDKKAIAAIJDCNDRLVSPEGIJAPEWD SEQ ID NO: 31 Escherichia coli 2 , 5 -diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase A yqhE (dkgA) NT sequence

ATGGCTAATCCAACCGTTATTAAGCTACAGGATGGCAATGTCATGCCCCAGCTGG GACTGGGCGTCTGGCAAGCAAGTAATGAGGAAGTAATCACCGCCATTCAAAAAGC GTTAGAAGTGGGTTATCGCTCGATTGATACCGCCGCGGCCTACAAGAACGAAGAA GGTGTCGGCAAAGCCCTGAAAAATGCCTCAGTCAACAGAGAAGAACTGTTCATCA CCACTAAGCTGTGGAACGACGACCACAAGCGCCCCCGCGAAGCCCTGCTCGACAG CCTGAAAAAACTCCAGCTTGATTATATCGACCTCTACTTAATGCACTGGCCCGTT CCCGCTATCGACCATTATGTCGAAGCATGGAAAGGCATGATCGAATTGCAAAAAG AGGGATTAATCAAAAGCATCGGCGTGTGCAACTTCCAGATCCATCACCTGCAACG CCTGATTGATGAAACTGGCGTGACGCCTGTGATAAACCAGATCGAACTTCATCCG CTGATGCAACAACGCCAGCTACACGCCTGGAACGCGACACACAAAATCCAGACCG AATCCTGGAGCCCATTAGCGCAAGGAGGGAAAGGCGTTTTCGATCAGAAAGTCAT TCGCGATCTGGCAGATAAATACGGCAAAACCCCGGCGCAGATTGTTATCCGCTGG CATCTGGATAGCGGCCTGGTGGTGATCCCGAAATCGGTCACACCTTCACGTATTG CCGAAAAC T'I'GATGTCTGGGATTTCCGTCTCGACAAAGACGAACTCGGCGAAAT TGCAAAACTCGATCAGGGCAAGCGTCTCGGTCCCGATCCTGACCAGTTCGGCGGC TAA

SEQ ID NO: 32 Escherichia coli 2 , 5 -diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase A yqhE (dkgA) AA sequence

MA PT IK1QDGNY PQLGLGWQASNEEVITAIQKALEVGYRSIDTAAAYKNEE GVGKALKNASVNREET.FITTKLWNDDHKRPREALLDSLKKLQLDYIDLYLMHWPV PAIDHYVEA KGMIELQKEGLI SIGVCNFQ 1 HH 1.QRLIDETGVTPVINQlELHP LMQQRQLHAWNATHKIQTESWSPLAQGGKGVFDQKVIRDLADKYGKTPAQI IRW HLDSGLWIPKSVTPSRIAENFDV DFRLDKDELGEIAPLDQGKRLGPDPDQFGG

SEQ ID NO: 33 Clostridium acetobutylicum acetyl coenzyme A

acetyltransferase thlA NT sequence

ATGAAAGAAGTTGTAATAGCTAGTGCAGTAAGAACAGCGATTGGATCTTATGGAA AGTCTCTTAAGGATGTACCAGCAGTAGATTTAGGAGCTACAGCTATAAAGGAAGC AGTTAAAAAAGCAGGAATAAAACCAGAGGATGTTAATGAAGTCATTTTAGGAAAT GTTCTTCAAGCAGGTTTAGGACAGAATCCAGCAAGACAGGCATCTTTTAAAGCAG GATTACCAGTTGAAATTCCAGCTATGACTATTAATAAG TTTGTGGTTCAGGACT TAGAACAGTTAGCTTAGCAGCACAAATTATAAAAGCAGGAGATGCTGACGTAATA ATAGCAGGTGGTATGGAAAATATGTCTAGAGCTCCTTACTTAGCGAATAACGCTA GATGGGGATATAGAATGGGAAACGCTAAATTTGTTGATGAAATGATCACTGACGG ATTGTGGGATGCATTTAATGATTACCACATGGGAATAACAGCAGAAAACATAGCT GAGAGATGGAACATTTCAAGAGAAGAACAAGATGAGTTTGCTCTTGCATCACAAA AAAAAGCTGAAGAAGCTATAAAATCAGGTCAATTTAAAGATGAAATAGTTCCTGT AGTAATTAAAGGCAGAAAGGGAGAAACTGTAGTTGATACAGATGAGCACCCTAGA TTTGGATCAACTATAGAAGGACTTGCAAAATTAAAACCTGCCTTCAAAAAAGATG GAACAGTTACAGCTGGTAATGCATCAGGATTAAATGACTGTGCAGCAGTACTTGT AATCATGAGTGCAGAAAAAGCTAAAGAGCTTGGAGTAAAACCACTTGCTAAGATA GTTTCTTATGGTTCAGCAGGAGTTGACCCAGCAATAATGGGATATGGACCTTTCT ATGCAACAAAAGCAGCTATTGAAAAAGCAGGTTGGACAGTTGATGAATTAGATTT AATAGAATCAAATGAAGCTTTTGCAGCTCAAAGTTTAGCAGTAGCAAAAGATTTA AAATTTGATATGAATAAAGTAAATGTAAATGGAGGAGCTATTGCCCTTGGTCATC CAATTGGAGCATCAGGTGCAAGAATACTCGTTACTCTTGTACACGCAATGCAAAA AAGAGATGCAAAAAAAGGCTTAGCAACTTTATGTATAGGTGGCGGACAAGGAACA GCAATATTGCTAGAAAAGTGCT G

SEQ ID NO: 34 Clostridium acefcobutyiicum acetyl coenzyme A

acetyil.trans erase thlA codon optimized NT sequence

ATGAAAGAAGTTGTTATTGCGAGCGCGGTTCGTACCGCGATTGGCAGCTATGGCA AGAGCCTGAAGGATGTTCCGGCGGTGGACCTGGGTGCGACCGCGATCAAAGAGGC GGTTAAGAAAGCGGGCATTAAACCGGAGGATGTGAACGAAGTTATCCTGGGTAAC GTGCTGCAAGCGGGTCTGGGCCAAAACCCGGCGCGTCAGGCGAGCTTCAAGGCGG GCCTGCCGGTTGAAATCCCGGCGATGACCATTAACAAAG 'i'TGCGGTAGCGGCCT GCGTACCGTGAGCCTGGCGGCGCAAATCATTAAGGCGGGTGACGCGGATGTTATC ATTGCGGGTGGCATGGAGAACATGAGCCGTGCGCCGTACCTGGCGAACAACGCGC GTTGGGGTTATCGTATGGGCAACGCGAAATTCGTGGACGAAATGATTACCGACGG TCTGTGGGATGCGTTTAACGACTACCACATGGGCATCACCGCGGAGAACATTGCG GAACGTTGGAACATTAGCCGTGAGGAACAAGATGAGTTCGCGCTGGCGAGCCAGA AGAAAGCGGAGGAAGCGATCAAGAGCGGCCAGTTTAAAGACGAAATCGTTCCGGT GGTTATTAAGGGTCGTAAGGGTGAAACCGTGGTGGACACCGATGAACACCCGCGT TTCGGTAGCACCATTGAGGGCCTGGCGAAGCTGAAACCGGCG'l' l'AAGAAAGATG GCACCGTGACCGCGGGTAACGCGAGCGGCCTGAACGACTGCGCGGCGGTGCTGGT TATCATGAGCGCGGAGAAGGCGAAAGAACTGGGTGTGAAGCCGCTGGCGAAAATT GTTAGCTACGGTAGCGCGGGTGTGGACCCGGCGATCATGGGTTACGGCCCGTTTT ATGCGACCAAGGCGGCGATTGAGAAAGCGGGTTGGACCGTGGACGAACTGGATCT GATCGAGAGCAACGAAGCGTTCGCGGCGCAAAGCCTGGCGGTGGCGAAGGATCTG AAATTTGACATGAACAAGGTGAACGTGAACGGTGGTGCGATTGCGCTGGGTCACC CGATTGGTGCGAGCGGCGCGCGTATCCTGGTGACCCTGGTTCACGCGATGCAGAA ACGTGACGCGAAGAAAGGTCTGGCGACCCTGTGCATTGGTGGTGGTCAAGGCACC GCGATTCTGCTGGAAAAGTGCTAA

SEQ ID NO: 35 Clostridium acetobufc licxtro acetyl coenzyme A

acetyl trans i:erase thlA AA sequence

MKEVVIASAVRTAIGSYGKSLKDVPAVDLGATAIKEAVKKAGIKPEDV EVILGN VLQAGLGQNPARQASFKAGLPVEIPAMTINKVCGSGLRTVSLAAQI IKAGDADVI

lAGGMENMSRAPYLANNARWGYRMGNAKFVDEMITDGLWDAFNDYHMGITAENIA ERWNISREEQDEFALASQKKAEEAIKSGQF DEIVPWIKGRKGETWDTDEHPR FGSTIEGLAKLKPA KUGTVTAGNASGLNDCAAVLVI SAE AKELGVKPLAKI VSYGSAGVDPAIMGYGPFYATKAAIEKAGWTVDELDLIESNEAFAAQSLAVAKDL KFDMNKVNV GGAIALGHPIGASGARILVTLVHAMQKRDAK GLATLCIGGGQGT AILLEKC

SEQ ID NO: 36 Escherichia coli acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase atoB NT sequence

ATGAAAAATTGTGTCATCGTCAGTGCGGTACGTACTGCTATCGGTAGTTTTAACG GTTCACTCGCTTCCACCAGCGCCATCGACCTGGGGGCGACAGTAATTAAAGCCGC CATTGAACGTGCAAAAATCGATTCACAACACGTTGATGAAGTGATTATGGGTAAC GTGTTACAAGCCGGGCTGGGGCAAAATCCGGCGCGTCAGGCACTGTTAAAAAGCG GGCTGGCAGAAACGGTGTGCGGATTCACGGTCAATAAAGTATGTGGTTCGGGTCT TAAAAGTGTGGCGCTTGCCGCCCAGGCCATTCAGGCAGGTCAGGCGCAGAGCATT GTGGCGGGGGGTATGGAAAATATGAGTTTAGCCCCCTACTTACTCGATGCAAAAG CACGCTCTGGTTATCGTCTTGGAGACGGACAGGTTTATGACGTAATCCTGCGCGA TGGCCTGATGTGCGCCACCCATGGTTATCATATGGGGATTACCGCCGAAAACGTG GCTAAAGAGTACGGAATTACCCGTGAAATGCAGGATGAACTGGCGCTACATTCAC AGCGTAAAGCGGCAGCCGCAATTGAGTCCGGTGCTTTTACAGCCGAAATCGTCCC GGTAAATGTTGTCACTCGAAAGAAAACCTTCGTCTTCAGTCAAGACGAATTCCCG AAAGCGAATTCAACGGCTGAAGCGTTAGGTGCATTGCGCCCGGCCTTCGATAAAG CAGGAACAGTCACCGCTGGGAACGCGTCTGGTATTAACGACGGTGCTGCCGCTCT GGTGATTATGGAAGAATCTGCGGCGCTGGCAGCAGGCCTTACCCCCCTGGCTCGC ATTAAAAGTTATGCCAGCGGTGGCGTGCCCCCCGCATTGATGGGTATGGGGCCAG TACCTGCCACGCAAAAAGCGTTACAACTGGCGGGGCTGCAACTGGCGGATATTGA TCTCATTGAGGCTAATGAAGCATTTGCTGCACAGTTCCTTGCCGTTGGGAAAAAC CTGGGC TTGATTCTGAGAAAGTGAATGTCAACGGCGGGGCCATCGCGCTCGGGC ATCCTATCGGTGCCAGTGGTGCTCGTATTCTGGTCACACTATTACATGCCATGCA GGCACGCGATAAAACGCTGGGGCTGGCAACACTGTGCATTGGCGGCGGTCAGGGA ATTGCGATGGTGATTGAACGGTTGAATTAA

SEQ ID NO; 37 Escherichia coli acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase atoB AA sequence

KNCVIVSAVRTAIGSFNGSLASTSAIDLGATVIKAAIERAKIDSQHVDEVIMGN VLQAGLGQNPARQALLKSGLAETVCGFTV KVCGSGLKSVALAAQAIQAGQAQSI VAGGMEN SLAPYLLDAKARSGYRLGDGQVYDVILRDGLMCATHGYHMGITAENV AKEYGITRE QDELALHSQRPAAAAIESGAFTAEIVPVNVVTRKKTFVFSQDEFP ANSTAEALGALRPAFDKAGTVTAGNASGINDGAAALVIMEESAALAAGLTPLAR IKSYASGGVPPALMGMGPVPATQKALQLAGLQLADIDLIEANEAFAAQFLAVGKN LGFDSE V V GGAIALGHPIGASGARILVTLLHAMQARDKTLGLATLCIGGGQG IAMVIERLN

SEQ ID NO; 38 Saccharoniyces cerevisiae acetyl coenzyme A

acetyltransferase ERG10 NT sequence

ATGTCTCAGAACGTTTACATTGTATCGACTGCCAGAACCCCAATTGGTTCATTCC AGGGTTCTCTATCCTCCAAGACAGCAGTGGAATTGGGTGCTGTTGCTTTAAAAGG CGCCTTGGCTAAGGTTCCAGAATTGGATGCATCCAAGGATT 'l'GACGAAATTATT TTTGGTAACGTTCTTTCTGCCAATTTGGGCCAAGCTCCGGCCAGACAAGTTGCTT TGGCTGCCGGTTTGAGTAATCATATCGTTGCAAGCACAGTTAACAAGGTCTGTGC ATCCGCTATGAAGGCAATCATT TGGGTGCTCAATCCATCAAATGTGGTAATGCT GATGTTGTCGTAGCTGGTGGTTGTGAATCTATGACTAACGCACCATACTACATGC CAGCAGCCCGTGCGGGTGCCAAATTTGGCCAAACTGTTCTTGTTGATGGTGTCGA AAGAGATGGGTTGAACGATGCGTACGATGGTCTAGCCATGGGTGTACACGCAGAA AAGTGTGCCCGTGATTGGGATATTACTAGAGAACAACAAGACAATTTTGCCATCG AATCCTACCAAAAATCTCAAAAATCTCAAAAGGAAGGTAAATTCGACAATGAAAT TGTACCTGTTACCATTAAGGGATTTAGAGGTAAGCCTGATACTCAAGTCACGAAG GACGAGGAACCTGCTAGATTACACGTTGAAAAATTGAGATCTGCAAGGACTGTTT TCCAAAAAGAAAACGGTACTGTTACTGCCGCTAACGCTTCTCCAATCAACGATGG TGCTGCAGCCGTCATCTTGGTTTCCGAAAAAGTTTTGAAGGAAAAGAATTTGAAG CCTTTGGCTATTATCAAAGGTTGGGGTGAGGCCGCTCATCAACCAGCTGATTTTA CATGGGCTCCATCTCTTGCAGTTCCAAAGGC 'T GAAACATGCTGGCATCGAAGA CATCAATTCTGTTGATTACTTTGAATTCAATGAAGCCTTTTCGGTTGTCGGTTTG

αταΑΑαΑατΑΑθΑΊ'Ί'ΊΊ'αΑί^ατΑαΑααα ΑτατΑΑααττΑΑτατΑ Ατααταατβ

CTGTTGCTCTAGGTCACCCATTGGGTTGTTCTGGTGCTAGAGTGGTTGTTACACT GCTATCCATCTTACAGCAAGAAGGAGGTAAGATCGGTGTTGCCGCCATTTGTAAT GGTGGTGGTGGTGCTTCCTCTATTGTCATTGAAAAGATATGA

SEQ ID NO: 39 Saccharoniyces cerevisiae acetyl coenzyme A

acetyltransferase ERG10 codon optimized NT sequence

ATGTCTCAGAACGTTTACATTGTATCGACTGCCAGAACCCCAATTGGTTCATTCC AGGGTTCTCTATCCTCCAAGACAGCAGTGGAATTGGGTGCTGTTGCTTTAAAAGG CGCCTTGGCTAAGGTTCCAGAATTGGATGCATCCAAGGA'i"l"l"l'GACGAAATTATT TTTGGTAACGTTCTTTCTGCCAATTTGGGCCAAGCTCCGGCCAGACAAGTTGCTT TGGCTGCCGGTTTGAGTAATCATATCGTTGCAAGCACAGTTAACAAGGTCTGTGC ATCCGCTATGAAGGCAATCAT TGGGTGCTCAATCCATCAAATGTGGTAATGCT GATGTTGTCGTAGCTGGTGGTTGTGAATCTATGACTAACGCACCATACTACATGC CAGCAGCCCGTGCGGGTGCCAAATTTGGCCAAACTGTTCTTGTTGATGGTGTCGA AAGAGATGGGTTGAACGATGCGTACGATGGTCTAGCCATGGGTGTACACGCAGAA AAGTGTGCCCGTGATTGGGATATTACTAGAGAACAACAAGACAATTTTGCCATCG AATCCTACCAAAAATCTCAAAAATCTCAAAAGGAAGGTAAATTCGACAATGAAAT TGTACCTGTTACCATTAAGGGATTTAGAGGTAAGCCTGATACTCAAGTCACGAAG GACGAGGAACCTGCTAGATTACACGTTGAAAAATTGAGATCTGCAAGGACTGTTT TCCAAAAAGAAAACGGTACTGTTACTGCCGCTAACGCTTCTCCAATCAACGATGG TGCTGCAGCCGTCATCTTGGTTTCCGAAAAAGTTTTGAAGGAAAAGAATTTGAAG CCTTTGGCTATTATCAAAGGTTGGGGTGAGGCCGCTCATCAACCAGCTGATTTTA CATGGGCTCCATCTCTTGCAGTTCCAAAGG TTGAAACATGCTGGCATCGAAGA CATCAATTCTGTTGATTACTTTGAATTCAATGAAGCCTTTTCGGTTGTCGGTTTG GTGAACACTAAGATTTTGAAGCTAGACCCATCTAAGGTTAATGTATATGGTGGTG CTGTTGCTCTAGGTCACCCATTGGGTTGTTCTGGTGCTAGAGTGGTTGTTACACT GCTATCCATCTTACAGCAAGAAGGAGGTAAGATCGGTGTTGCCGCCATTTGTAAT GGTGGTGGTGGTGCTTCCTCTATTGTCATTGAAAAGATATGA

SEQ ID NO: 40 Saccharomyces cerevisiae acetyl coenzyme A

acetyltransferase ERG10 AA sequence

MSQNVYIVSTARTPIGSFQGSLSS TAVELGAVALKGALAKVPELDASPDFDEI I FGNVLSANLGQA ARQ ALAAGLSNHIVASTVNKVCASAMKAIILGAQSIKCGMA DVVVAGGCESMTNAPYYMPAARAGAKFGQTVLVDGVERDGLNDAYDGLAMGVHAE KCARDWDITREQQDNFAIESYQKSQKSQKEGKFDNEIVPVTIKGFRGKPDTQVTK DEEPARLIWEKLRSARTVFQKENGTVTAANASPINDGAAAVILVSEKVLKEKNLK PLAIIKGWGEAAHQPADFTWAPSLAVPKALKHAGIEDINSVDYFEFNEAFSVVGL VNTKILPLDPSKVNVYGGAVALGHPLGCSGARVWTLLSILQQEGGKIGVAAICN GGGGASSIVIEKI

SEQ ID NO: 41 Escherichia coli Acetyl -CoA : acetoacetate-CoA

transferase subunit atoA NT sequence

ATGGATGCGAAACAACGTATTGCGCGCCGTGTGGCGCAAGAGCTTCGTGATGGTG ACATCGTTAACTTAGGGATCGGTTTACCCACAATGGTCGCCAATTATTTACCGGA GGGTATTCATATCACTCTGCAATCGGAAAACGGCTTCCTCGGTTTAGGCCCGGTC ACGACAGCGCATCCAGATCTGGTGAACGCTGGCGGGCAACCGTGCGGTGTTTTAC CCGGTGCAGCCATG T ^' I'GATAGCGCCATGTCATTTGCGCTAATCCGTGGCGGTCA TATTGATGCCTGCGTGCTCGGCGGT GCAAGTAGACGAAGAAGCAAACCTCGCG AACTGGGTAGTGCCTGGGAAAATGGTGCCCGGTATGGGTGGCGCGATGGATCTGG TGACCGGGTCGCGCAAAGTGATCATCGCCATGGAACATTGCGCCAAAGATGGTTC AGCAAAAA I TGCGCCGCTGCACCATGCCACTCACTGCGCAACATGCGGTGCAT ATGCTGGTTACTGAACTGGCTGTCTTTCGTTTTATTGACGGCAAAATGTGGCTCA CCGAAATTGCCGACGGGTGTGATTTAGCCACCGTGCGTGCCAAAACAGAAGCTCG G RTGAAGTCGCCGCCGATCTGAATACGCAACGGGGTGATTTATGA

SEQ ID NO: 42 Escherichia coli Acetyl -CoA: acetoacetate-CoA

transferase subunit atoA codon optimized NT sequence

ATGGATGCGAAACAACGTATTGCGCGCCGTGTGGCGCAAGAGCTTCGTGATGGTG ACATCGTTAACTTAGGGATCGGTTTACCCACAATGGTCGCCAATTATTTACCGGA GGGTATTCATATCACTCTGCAATCGGAAAACGGCTTCCTCGGTTTAGGCCCGGTC ACGACAGCGCATCCAGATCTGGTGAACGCTGGCGGGCAACCGTGCGGTGTTTTAC CCGGTGCAGCCATGTT'i'GATAGCGCCATGTCATTTGCGCTAATCCGTGGCGGTCA TATTGATGCCTGCGTGCTCGGCGGT'i'TGCAAGTAGACGAAGAAGCAAACCTCGCG AACTGGGTAGTGCCTGGGAAAATGGTGCCCGGTATGGGTGGCGCGATGGATCTGG TGACCGGGTCGCGCAAAGTGATCATCGCCATGGAACATTGCGCCAAAGATGGTTC AGCAAAAATTTTGCGCCGCTGCACCATGCCACTCACTGCGCAACATGCGGTGCAT ATGCTGGTTACTGAACTGGCTGTCTTTCGTTTTATTGACGGCAAAATGTGGCTCA CCGAAATTGCCGACGGGTGTGATTTAGCCACCGTGCGTGCCAAAACAGAAGCTCG GT'i'TGAAGTCGCCGCCGATCTGAATACGCAACGGGGTGATTTATGA

SEQ ID NO: 43 Escherichia coli Acetyl -CoA: acetoacetate-CoA

transferase subunit atoA AA sequence

MDA QRIARRVAQELRDGDIVNLGIGLPTMVANYLPEGIHITLQSENGFLGLGPV TTAHPDLVNAGGQPCGVLPGAAMFDSAMSFALIRGGHIDACVLGGLQVDEEANLA N WPGKMVPGMGGAMDLVTGSRKVI IAMEHCAKDGSAKILRRCTMPLTAQHAVH MLVTELAVFRFIDGKMWLTEIADGCDLATVRAKTEARFEVAADLNTQRGDL

SEQ ID NO: 44 Escherichia coli Acetyl -CoA : acetoacetate-CoA

transferase subunit atoD NT sequence

ATGAAAACAAAATTGATGACATTACAAGACGCCACCGGCTTCTTTCGTGACGGCA TGACCATCATGGTGGGCGGATTTATGGGGATTGGCACTCCATCCCGCCTGGTTGA AGCATTACTGGAATCTGGTGTTCGCGACCTGACATTGATAGCCAATGATACCGCG TTTGTTGATACCGGCATCGGTCCGCTCATCGTCAATGGTCGAGTCCGCAAAGTGA TTGCTTCACATATCGGCACCAACCCGGAAACAGGTCGGCGCATGATATCTGGTGA GATGGACGTCGTTCTGGTGCCGCAAGGTACGCTAATCGAGCAAATTCGCTGTGGT GGAGCTGGACTTGGTGGTTTTCTCACCCCAACGGGTGTCGGCACCGTCGTAGAGG AAGGCAAACAGACACTGACACTCGACGGTAAAACCTGGCTGCTCGAACGCCCACT GCGCGCCGACCTGGCGCTAATTCGCGCTCATCGTTGCGACACACTTGGCAACCTG ACCTATCAACTTAGCGCCCGCAACTTTAACCCCCTGATAGCCCTTGCGGCTGATA TCACGCTGGTAGAGCCAGATGAACTGGTCGAAACCGGCGAGCTGCAACCTGACCA TATTGTCACCCCTGGTGCCGTTATCGACCACATCATCGTTTCACAGGAGAGCAAA TAA

SEQ ID NO; 45 Escherichia coli Acetyl -CoA: acetoacetate-CoA

transferase subunit atoD codon optimized NT sequence

ATGAAAACAAAATTGATGACATTACAAGACGCCACCGGCTTCTTTCGTGACGGCA TGACCATCATGGTGGGCGGATTTATGGGGATTGGCACTCCATCCCGCCTGGTTGA AGCATTACTGGAATCTGGTGTTCGCGACCTGACATTGATAGCCAATGATACCGCG TTTGTTGATACCGGCATCGGTCCGCTCATCGTCAATGGTCGAGTCCGCAAAGTGA TTGCTTCACATATCGGCACCAACCCGGAAACAGGTCGGCGCATGATATCTGGTGA GATGGACGTCGTTCTGGTGCCGCAAGGTACGCTAATCGAGCAAATTCGCTGTGGT GGAGCTGGACTTGGTGGTTTTCTCACCCCAACGGGTGTCGGCACCGTCGTAGAGG AAGGCAAACAGACACTGACACTCGACGGTAAAACCTGGCTGCTCGAACGCCCACT GCGCGCCGACCTGGCGCTAATTCGCGCTCATCGTTGCGACACACTTGGCAACCTG ACCTATCAACTTAGCGCCCGCAACTTTAACCCCCTGATAGCCCTTGCGGCTGATA TCACGCTGGTAGAGCCAGATGAACTGGTCGAAACCGGCGAGCTGCAACCTGACCA TATTGTCACCCCTGGTGCCGTTATCGACCACATCATCG Tl'CACAGGAGAGCAAA TAA

SEQ ID NO; 46 Escherichia coli Acetyl -CoA: acetoacetate-CoA

transferase subunit atoD AA sequence

MKTPOJMTLODATGFFRDGMTIMVGGFMGIGTPSRLVEALLESGVRDLTLIANDTA

FVDTGIGPLIVNGRVRKVIASHIGTNPETGRRMISGEMDWLVPQGTLIEQIRCG

GAGLGGFLTPTGVGTWEEGKQTLTLDGKTWLLERPLRADLALIRAHRCDT^

TYQLSARNFNPLIALAADITLVEPDELVETGELQPDHIVTPGAVIDHIIVSQESK

SEQ ID NO: 47 Clostridium acetobutylicum acetoacetate decarboxylase adc NT sequence

ATGTTAAAGGATGAAGTAATTAAACAAATTAGCACGCCATTAACTTCGCCTGCAT TTCCTAGAGGACCCTATAAATTTCATAATCGTGAGTATTTTAACATTGTATATCG TACAGATATGGATGCACTTCGTAAAGTTGTGCCAGAGCCTTTAGAAATTGATGAG CCCTTAGTCAGGTTTGAAATTATGGCAATGCATGATACGAGTGGACTTGGTTGTT ATACAGAAAGCGGACAGGCTATTCCCGTAAGCTTTAATGGAGTTAAGGGAGATTA TCTTCATATGATGTATTTAGATAATGAGCCTGCAATTGCAGTAGGAAGGGAATTA AGTGCATATCCTAAAAAGCTCGGGTATCCAAAGCTTTTTGTGGATTCAGATACTT TAGTAGGAACTTTAGACTATGGAAAACTTAGAGTTGCGACAGCTACAATGGGGTA CAAACATAAAGCCTTAGATGCTAATGAAGCAAAGGATCAAATTTGTCGCCCTAAT TATATGTTGAAAATAATACCCAATTATGATGGAAGCCCTAGAATATGTGAGCTTA TAAATGCGAAAATCACAGATGTTACCGTACATGAAGCTTGGACAGGACCAACTCG ACTGCAGTTATTTGATCACGCTATGGCGCCACTTAATGATTTGCCAGTAAAAGAG ATTGTTTCTAGCTCTCACATTCTTGCAGATATAATATTGCCTAGAGCTGAAGTTA TATATGATTATCTTAAGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 48 Clostridium acetobutylicum acetoacetate decarboxylase ad.c codon optimized NT sequence

ATGCTGAAGGACGAGGTTATTAAGCAGATTAGCACCCCGCTGACCAGCCCGGCGT TCCCGCGTGGTCCGTACAAGTTCCATAATCGCGAATACTTCAACATTGTGTATCG TACCGACATGGATGCGCTGCGTAAGGTGGTTCCGGAGCCGCTGGAAATTGACGAG CCGCTGGTTCGTTTCGAAATCATGGCGATGCACGATACCAGCGGTCTGGGCTGCT ACACCGAGAGCGGTCAGGCGATTCCGGTGAGCTTTAACGGTGTTAAAGGCGACTA CCTGCACATGATGTATCTGGATAACGAACCGGCGATTGCGGTGGGTCGTGAGCTG AGCGCGTACCCGAAGAAACTGGGCTATCCGAAGCTGTTCGTGGACAGCGATACCC TGGTGGGCACCCTGGACTACGGCAAACTGCGTGTTGCGACCGCGACCATGGGCTA TAAGCACAAAGCGCTGGACGCGAACGAAGCGAAGGATCAGATTTGCCGTCCGAAC TACATGCTGAAAATCATTCCGAACTATGACGGTAGCCCGCGTATCTGCGAACTGA TTAACGCGAAGATCACCGATGTTACCGTTCATGAGGCGTGGACCGGCCCGACCCG TCTGCAACTGTTTGACCACGCGATGGCGCCGCTGAACGATCTGCCGGTGAAAGAG ATCGTTAGCAGCAGCCACATCCTGGCGGACATCATCCTGCCGCGTGCGGAAGTTA TCTACGATTACCTGAAGTAA

SEQ ID NO; 49 Clostridium acetobutylicum acetoacetate decarboxylase

adc AA sequence

MLKDEVIKQISTPLTSPAFPRGPYKFHNREYFNIVYRTDMDALRKWPEPLEIDE PLVRFEI AMHDTSGLGCYTESGQAIPVSFNGVKGDYLHMMYLDNEPAIAVGREL SAYPKKLGYP LFVDSDTLVGTLDYGKLRVATATMGY H ALDANEAKDQlCRPN YMLKIIPNYDGSPRICELINAKITDVTVHEAWTGPTRLQLFDHAMAPLNDLPVKE IVSSSHILADI ILPRΑΞVIYDYLK

SEQ ID NO: 50 Clostridium bei j erinckii acetoacetate decarboxylase adc

NT sequen e

ATGTTAGAAAGTGAAGTATCTAAACAAATTACAACTCCACTTGCTGCTCCAGCGT TTCCTAGAGGACCATATAGGTTTCACAATAGAGAATATCTAAACATTATTTATCG AACTGATTTAGATGCTCTTCGAAAAATAGTACCAGAGCCACTTGAATTAGATAGA GCATATGTTAGATTTGAAATGATGGCTATGCCTGATACAACCGGACTAGGCTCAT ATACAGAATGTGGTCAAGCTATTCCAGTAAAATATAATGGTGTTAAGGGTGACTA CTTGCATATGATGTATCTAGATAATGAACCTGCTATTGCTGTTGGAAGAGAAAGT AGCGCTTATCCAAAAAAGCTTGGCTATCCAAAGCTATTTGTTGATTCAGATACTT TAGTTGGGACACTTAAATATGGTACATTACCAGTAGCTACTGCAACAATGGGATA TAAGCACGAGCCTCTAGATCTTAAAGAAGCCTATGCTCAAATTGCAAGACCCAAT TTTATGCTAAAAATCATTCAAGGTTACGATGGTAAGCCAAGAATTTGTGAACTAA TATGTGCAGAAAATACTGATATAACTATTCACGGTGCTTGGACTGGAAGTGCACG TCTACAATTATTTAGCCATGCACTAGCTCCTCTTGCTGATTTACCTGTATTAGAG ATTGTATCAGCATCTCATATCCTCACAGATTTAACTCTTGGAACACCTAAGGTTG TACATGATTATCTTTCAGTAAAATAA

SEQ ID NO: 51 Clostridium bei j erinckii acetoacetate decarboxylase adc codon optimized NT sequence

ATGCTGGAGAGCGAAGTTAGC AACAAATCACCACCCCGCTGGCGGCGCCGGCGT TCCCGCGTGGCCCGTACCGTTTTCATAACCGTGAGTACCTGAACATCATTTATCG TACCGACCTGGATGCGCTGCGTAAGATTGTGCCGGAGCCGCTGGAACTGGACCGT GCGTACGTTCGTTTCGAGATGATGGCGATGCCGGATACCACCGGTCTGGGCAGCT ACACCGAATGCGGTCAGGCGATCCCGGTGAAGTATAACGGTGTTAAAGGCGACTA CCTGCACATGATGTATCTGGATAACGAGCCGGCGATTGCGGTGGGTCGTGAAAGC AGCGCGTACCCGAAGAAACTGGGCTATCCGAAGCTGTTTGTGGACAGCGATACCC TGGTGGGCACCCTGAAATATGGCACCCTGCCGGTTGCGACCGCGACCATGGGCTA CAAGCACGAGCCGCTGGACCTGAAAGAAGCGTATGCGCAGATTGCGCGTCCGAAC TTCATGCTGAAGATCATTCAAGGTTATGACGGCAAACCGCGTATCTGCGAGCTGA TTTGCGCGGAAAACACCGATATCACCATCCATGGTGCGTGGACCGGCAGCGCGCG TCTGCAACTGTTTAGCCATGCGCTGGCGCCGCTGGCGGATCTGCCGGTGCTGGAA ATCGTTAGCGCGAGCCACATTCTGACCGATCTGACCCTGGGCACCCCGAAGGTTG TGCATGACTATCTGAGCGTGAAGTAA

SEQ ID NO; 52 Clostridium beij erinckii acetoacebate decarboxylase adc

AA sequence

MLESEVSKQITTPLAAPAFPRGPYRFHNREYLNTIYRTDLDALRKIVPEPLELDR AYVRFEMMA PDTTGLGSYTECGQAIPVKYNGVKGDYLHMMYLDNEPAIAVGRES SAYPKKLGYPKliFVDSDTLVGTLKYGTLPVATATMG HEPLDLKEAYAQlARPN FMLKI IQGYDGKPRICELICAENTDITIHGAWTGSARLQLFSHALAPLADLPVLE IVSASHILTDLTLGTPKWHDYLSVK

SEQ ID NO: 53 Homo sapiens ketohexokinase C khk-C cDNA sequence

ATGGAAGAGAAGCAGATCCTGTGCGTGGGGCTAGTGGTGCTGGACGTCATCAGCC TGGTGGACAAGTACCCTAAGGAGGACTCGGAGATAAGGTGTTTGTCCCAGAGATG GCAGCGCGGAGGCAACGCGTCCAACTCCTGCACCGTTCTCTCCCTGCTCGGAGCC CCCTGTGCCTTCATGGGCTCAATGGCTCCTGGCCATGTTGCTGATTTTGTCCTGG ATGACCTCCGCCGCTATTCTGTGGACCTACGCTACACAGTCTTTCAGACCACAGG CTCCGTCCCCATCGCCACGGTCATCATCAACGAGGCCAGTGGTAGCCGCACCATC CTATACTATGACAGGAGCCTGCCAGATGTGTCTGCTACAGAu'l' 'i'GAGAAGGTTG ATCTGACCCAGTTCAAGTGGATCCACATTGAGGGCCGGAACGCATCGGAGCAGGT GAAGATGCTGCAGCGGATAGACGCACACAACACCAGGCAGCCTCCAGAGCAGAAG ATCCGGGTGTCCGTGGAGGTGGAGAAGCCACGAGAGGAGCTCTTCCAGCTGTTTG GCTACGGAGACGTGGTGTTTGTCAGCAAAGATGTGGCCAAGCACTTGGGGTTCCA GTCAGCAGAGGAAGCCTTGAGGGGCTTGTATGGTCGTGTGAGGAAAGGGGCTGTG CTTGTCTGTGCCTGGGCTGAGGAGGGCGCCGACGCCCTGGGCCCTGATGGCAAAT TGCTCCACTCGGATG TT'l'CCCGCCACCCCGCGTGGTGGATACACTGGGAGCTGG AGACACCTTCAATGCCTCCGTCATCTTCAGCCTCTCCCAGGGGAGGAGCGTGCAG GAAGCACTGAGATTCGGGTGCCAGGTGGCCGGCAAGAAGTGTGGCCTGCAGGGCT TTGATGGCATCGTT'l'AA

SEQ ID NO: 54 Homo sapiens ketohexokinase C khk-C codon optimized cDNA sequence

ATGGAGGAAAAGCAAATTCTGTGCGTTGGTCTGGTGGTTCTGGACGTGATTAGCC TGGTTGATAAGTACCCGAAAGAGGATAGCGAAATCCGTTGCCTGAGCCAGCGTTG GCAACGTGGTGGCAACGCGAGCAATAGCTGCACCGTTCTGAGCCTGCTGGGTGCG CCGTGCGCGTTCATGGGTAGCATGGCGCCGGGTCATGTTGCGGACTTCCTGGTGG CGGATTTTCGTCGTCGTGGTGTGGACGTTAGCCAGGTTGCGTGGCAAAGCAAGGG CGATACCCCGAGCTCCTGCTGCATCATTAACAACAGCAACGGTAACCGTACCATT GTGCTGCACGACACCAGCCTGCCGGATGTTAGCGCGACCGACTTCGAGAAGGTGG ATCTGACCCAGTTTAAATGGATTCACATTGAGGGCCGTAACGCGAGCGAACAGGT TAAAATGCTGCAACGTATTGATGCGCACAACACCCGTCAGCCGCCGGAACAAAAG ATTCGTGTGAGCGTTGAGGTGGAAAAACCGCGTGAGGAACTGTTCCAACTGTTTG GTTACGGCGACGTGGTTTTCGTTAGCAAGGATGTGGCGAAACACCTGGGTTTTCA AAGCGCGGAGGAAGCGCTGCGTGGTCTGTATGGCCGTGTGCGTAAAGGCGCGGTT CTGGTGTGCGCGTGGGCGGAGGAAGGCGCGGATGCGCTGGGTCCGGATGGCAAAC TGCTGCACAGCGATGCGTTCCCGCCGCCGCGTGTGGTTGACACCCTGGGTGCGGG CGATACCTTCAACGCGAGCGTTATCTTTAGCCTGAGCCAGGGCCGTAGCGTGCAA GAGGCGCTGCGTTTCGGCTGCCAAGTTGCGGGTAAAAAATGCGGTCTGCAAGGCT TTGACGGTATCGTGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 55 Homo sapiens ketohexokinase C khk-C AA sequence

MEE QILCVGLWLDVISLVDKYPKEDSEIRCLSQRWQRGGNASNSCTVLSLLGA PCAFMGSMAPGHVADFLVADFRRRGVDVSQVAWQSKGDTPSSCCIINNSNGNRTI VLHDTSLPDVSATDFEKVDLTQFK IHIEGRNASEQVKMLQRIDAHNTRQPPEQK IRVSVEVEKPRF.FJ.FQLFGYGDWFVSKDVAKHLGFQSAEEALRGLYGRVRKGAV LVCAWAEEGADALGPDGKLLHSDAFPPPRWDTLGAGDTFNASVIFSLSQGRSVO EALRFGCQVAGKKCGLQGFDGIV

SEQ ID NO: 56 Homo sapiens Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B aldoB cDNA sequence

ATGGCCCACCGATTTCCAGCCCTCACCCAGGAGCAGAAGAAGGAGCTCTCAGAAA TTGCCCAGAGCATTGTTGCCAATGGAAAGGGGATCCTGGCTGCAGATGAATCTGT AGGTACCATGGGGAACCGCCTGCAGAGGATCAAGGTGGAAAACACTGAAGAGAAC CGCCGGCAGTTCCGAGAAATCCTCTTCTCTGTGGACAGTTCCATCAACCAGAGCA TCGGGGGTGTGATCC TT CCACGAGACCCTCTACCAGAAGGACAGCCAGGGAAA GCTGTTCAGAAACATCCTCAAGGAAAAGGGGATCGTGGTGGGAATCAAGTTAGAC CAAGGAGGTGCTCCTCTTGCAGGAACAAACAAAGAAACCACCATTCAAGGGCTTG ATGGCCTCTCAGAGCGCTGTGCTCAGTACAAGAAAGATGGTGTTGACTTTGGGAA GTGGCGTGCTGTGCTGAGGATTGCCGACCAGTGTCCATCCAGCCTCGCTATCCAG GAAAACGCCAACGCCCTGGCTCGCTACGCCAGCATCTGTCAGCAGAATGGACTGG TACCTATTGTTGAACCAGAGGTAATTCCTGATGGAGACCATGACCTGGAACACTG CCAGTATGTTACTGAGAAGGTCCTGGCTGCTGTCTACAAGGCCCTGAATGACCAT CATG 'i' ACCTGGAGGGCACCCTGCTAAAGCCCAACATGGTGACTGCTGGACATG CCTGCACCAAGAAGTATACTCCAGAACAAGTAGCTATGGCCACCGTAACAGCTCT CCACCGTACTGTTCCTGCAGCTGTTCCTGGCATCTGCTTTTTGTCTGGTGGCATG AGTGAAGAGGATGCCACTCTCAACCTCAATGCTATCAAC 'i' GCCCTCTACCAA AGCCCTGGAAACTAAGTTTCTCTTATGGACGGGCCCTGCAGGCCAGTGCACTGGC TGCCTGGGGTGGCAAGGCTGCAAACAAGGAGGCAACCCAGGAGGCTTTTATGAAG CGGGCCATGGCTAACTGCCAGGCGGCCAAAGGACAGTATGTTCACACGGGTTCTT CTGGGGCTGCTTCCACCCAGTCGCTCTTCACAGCCTGCTATACCTACTAG

SEQ ID NO: 57 Homo sapiens Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B aldoB codon optimized cDNA sequence

ATGGCGCACCGT'i' TCCGGCGCTGACCCAAGAGCAGAAGAAGGAGCTGAGCGAGA TTGCGCAGAGCATCGTGGCGAATGGTAAAGGTATTCTGGCGGCGGATGAGAGCGT TGGTACCATGGGCAACCGTCTGCAGCGTATTAAGGTGGAGAACACCGAGGAAAAC CGTCGTCAATTCCGTGAAATCCTGTTTAGCGTTGATAGCAGCATCAACCAGAGCA TTGGTGGCGTGATCCTGTTCCACGAAACCCTGTACCAGAAGGACAGCCAAGGTAA ACTGTTTCGTAACATTCTGAAGGAAAAAGGTATTGTGGTTGGCATCAAGCTGGAT CAAGGTGGCGCGCCGCTGGCGGGCACCAACAAGGAAACCACCATCCAGGGTCTGG ACGGCCTGAGCGAACGTTGCGCGCAATATAAGAAAGATGGTGTTGACTTCGGCAA GTGGCGTGCGGTGCTGCGTATTGCGGACCAGTGCCCGAGCAGCCTGGCGATCCAA GAAAACGCGAACGCGCTGGCGCGTTACGCGAGCATCTGCCAGCAAAACGGTCTGG TGCCGATTGTTGAGCCGGAAGTTATCCCGGACGGCGATCACGACCTGGAGCACTG CCAGTATGTGACCGAAAAGGTTCTGGCGGCGGTGTACAAAGCGCTGAACGATCAC CACGTTTATCTGGAGGGTACCCTGCTGAAACCGAACATGGTGACCGCGGGCCATG CGTGCACCAAGAAATACACCCCGGAACAGGTGGCGATGGCGACCGTGACCGCGCT GCACCGTACCGTTCCGGCGGCGGTGCCGGGTATTTGCTTTCTGAGCGGTGGCATG AGCGAAGAGGACGCGACCCTGAACCTGAACGCGATCAACCTGTGCCCGCTGCCGA AGCCGTGGAAACTGAGCTTCAGCTACGGCCGTGCGCTGCAGGCGAGCGCGCTGGC GGCGTGGGGTGGCAAGGCGGCGAACAAAGAGGCGACCCAAGAAGCGTTTATGAAG CGTGCGATGGCGAACTGCCAGGCGGCGAAAGGTCAATATGTGCATACCGGCAGCA GCGGTGCGGCGAGCACCCAGAGCCTGTTTACCGCGTGCTATACCTATTAA

SEQ ID NO: 58 Homo sapiens Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B aldoB AA sequence

MAHRFPALTQEQKKELSEIAQSIVANGKGILAADESVGT GNRLQRI VENTEEN RRQFREILFSVDSSINQSIGGVIbFHETLYQKDSQGKbFRNILKEKGIWGIKLD QGGAPLAGTNKETTIQGLDGLSERCAQYKKDGVDFGKWRAVLRIADQCPSSLAIQ ENANALARYASTCQQNGLVPIVEPEVIPDGDHDLEHCQYVTEKVLAAVYKALNDH HVYLEGTLLKPNiyrVTAGHACTKKYTPEQVA ATVTALHRTVPAAVPGICFLSGGM SEEDATLNLNAINLCPLPKPW LSFSYGRALQASALAAWGGKAANKEATQEAFMK RAMANCQAAKGQYVHTGSSGAASTQSLFTACYTY

SEQ ID NO: 59 Caulobacter crescentus D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase xylB NT sequence

ATGTCCTCAGCCATCTATCCCAGCCTGAAGGGCAAGCGCGTCGTCATCACCGGCG GCGGCTCGGGCATCGGGGCCGGCCTCACCGCCGGCTTCGCCCGTCAGGGCGCGGA GGTGATCTTCCTCGACATCGCCGACGAGGACTCCAGGGCTCTTGAGGCCGAGCTG GCCGGCTCGCCGATCCCGCCGGTCTACAAGCGCTGCGACCTGATGAACCTCGAGG CGATCAAGGCGGTCTTCGCCGAGATCGGCGACGTCGACGTGCTGGTCAACAACGC CGGCAATGACGACCGCCACAAGCTGGCCGACGTGACCGGCGCCTATTGGGACGAG CGGATCAACGTCAACCTGCGCCACATGCTGTTCTGCACCCAGGCCGTCGCGCCGG GCATGAAGAAGCGTGGCGGCGGGGCGGTGATCAACTTCGGTTCGATCAGCTGGCA CCTGGGGCTTGAGGACCTCGTCCTCTACGAAACCGCCAAGGCCGGCATCGAAGGC ATGACCCGCGCGCTGGCCCGGGAGCTGGGTCCCGACGACATCCGCGTCACCTGCG TGGTGCCGGGCAACGTCAAGACCAAGCGCCAGGAGAAGTGGTACACGCCCGAAGG CGAGGCCCAGATCGTGGCGGCCCAATGCCTGAAGGGCCGCATCGTCCCGGAGAAC GTCGCCGCGCTGGTGCTGTTCCTGGCCTCGGATGACGCGTCGCTCTGCACCGGCC ACGAATACTGGATCGACGCCGGCTGGCGTTGA

SEQ ID NO: 60 Caulobacter crescentus D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase xylB codon optimized NT sequence

ATGAGCAGCGCGATCTACCCGAGCCTGAAAGGTAAACGTGTGGTGATTACCGGCG GCGGCAGCGGCATTGGTGCGGGCCTGACCGCGGGCTTCGCGCGTCAGGGTGCGGA AGTGATCTTTCTGGACATTGCGGACGAAGATAGCCGTGCGCTGGAGGCGGAACTG GCGGGCAGCCCGATCCCGCCGGTGTACAAGCGTTGCGATCTGATGAACCTGGAGG CGATCAAAGCGGTTTTCGCGGAAATTGGCGACGTGGATGTTCTGGTGAACAACGC GGGTAACGACGACCGTCACAAGCTGGCGGATGTGACCGGTGCGTATTGGGATGAG CGTATTAACGTTAACCTGCGTCACATGCTGTTCTGCACCCAGGCGGTGGCGCCGG GTATGAAGAAACGTGGTGGCGGTGCGGTTATCAAiJ'l' 'i'GGCAGCATTAGCTGGCA CCTGGGTCTGGAGGACCTGGTGCTGTACGAAACCGCGAAAGCGGGCATCGAGGGT ATGACCCGTGCGCTGGCGCGTGAACTGGGTCCGGACGATATTCGTGTGACCTGCG TGGTTCCGGGTAACGTTAAGACCAAACGTCAAGAGAAGTGGTATACCCCGGAGGG TGAAGCGCAGATTGTTGCGGCGCAATGCCTGAAAGGTCGTATTGTTCCGGAAAAC GTGGCGGCGCTGGTTCTGTTTCTGGCGAGCGATGATGCGAGCCTGTGCACCGGCC ATGAGTATTGGATTGATGCGGGCTGGCGTTAA

SEQ ID NO: 61 Caulobacter crescentus D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase xylB AA sequence

MSSAIYPSLKGKRWITGGGSGIGAGLTAGFARQGAEVIFLDIADEDSRALEAEL AGSPIPPVYKRCDLMNLEAIKAVFAEIGDVDVLVNNAGNDDRHKLADVTGAYWDE RINVNLRHMLFCTOAVAPGMKKRGGGAVINFGSTSWHLGLEDLVLYETAKAGIEG MTRALARELGPDDIRVTCWPGNVKTKRQEKWYTPEGEAQIVAAQCLKGRIVPEN VAALVLFLASDDASLCTGHEYWIDAGWR

SEQ ID NO: 62 Haloferax volcanii D-xylose 1 -dehydrogenase xdhl ,

HVO_B0028 NT sequence

ATGAGCCCCGCCCCCACCGACATCGTCGAGGAGTTCACGCGCCGCGACTGGCAGG GAGACGACGTGACGGGCACCGTGCGGGTCGCCATGATCGGCCTCGGCTGGTGGAC CCGCGACGAGGCGATTCCCGCGGTCGAGGCGTCCGAGTTCTGCGAGACGACGGTC GTCGTCAGCAGTTCGAAGGAGAAAGCCGAGGGCGCGACGGCGTTGACCGAGTCGA TAACCCACGGCCTCACCTACGACGAGTTCCACGAGGGGGTCGCCGCCGACGCCTA CGACGCGGTGTACGTCGTCACGCCGAACGGTCTGCATCTCCCGTACGTCGAGACC GCCGCCGAGTTGGGGAAGGCGGTCCTCTGCGAGAAACCGCTGGAAGCGTCGGTCG AGCGGGCCGAAAAGCTCGTCGCCGCCTGCGACCGCGCCGACGTGCCCCTGATGGT CGCCTATCGGATGCAGACCGAGCCGGCCGTCCGGCGCGCCCGCGAACTCGTCGAG GCCGGCGTCATCGGCGAGCCGGTGTTCGTCCACGGCCACATGTCCCAGCGCCTGC TCGACGAGGTCGTCCCCGACCCCGACCAGTGGCGGCTCGACCCCGAACTCTCCGG CGGCGCGACCGTCATGGACATCGGGCTCTACCCGCTGAACACCGCCCGGTTCGTC CTCGACGCCGACCCCGTCCGCGTCAGGGCGACCGCCCGCGTCGACGACGAGGCGT TCGAGGCCGTCGGCGACGAGCACGTCAGTTTCGGCGTCGACTTCGACGACGGCAC GCTCGCGGTCTGCACCGCCAGCCAGTCGGCTTACCAGTTGAGCCACCTCCGGGTG ACCGGCACCGAGGGCGAACTCGAAATCGAGCCCGCGTTCTACAACCGCCAAAAGC GGGGATTCCGACTGTCGTGGGGGGACCAGTCCGCCGACTACGACTTCGAGCAGGT AAACCAGATGACGGAGGAGTTCGACTACTTCGCGTCCCGGCTCCTGTCGGATTCC GACCCCGCGCCCGACGGCGACCACGCGCTCGTGGACATGCGCGCGATGGACGCGA TTTACGCCGCGGCGGAGCGCGGGACCGATGTCGCCGTCGACGCCGCCGACTCCGA TTCCGCCGACTCCGATTCCGCCGACGCTGCCGCCGCCAACCACGACGCCGACCCC GATTCCGACGGGACGTAG

SEQ ID NO: 63 Haloferax volcanii D-xylose 1 -dehydrogenase xdhl.

HVO_B0028 AA sequence

SPAPTDIVEEFTRRDWQGDDVTGTVRVAMIGLG WTRDEAIPAVEASEFCETTV WSSSKEKAEGATALTESI HGLTYDΞFHEGVAADAYDAVYVVT NGT,HT,PYVET AAELGKAVLCEKPLEASVERAEKLVAACDRADVPLIVAYRMQTEPAVRRARELVE AGVIGEPVFVHGHMSQRLLDEWPDPDQWRLDPELSGGATVMDIGLYPLNTARFV LDADPVRVRATARVDDEAFEAVGDEHVSFGVDFDDGTLAVCTASQSAYQLSHLRV TGTEGELElEPAFYNRQKRGFRLSWGDQSADYDFEQVNQMTEEFDYFASRLLSDS DPAPDGDHALVDMRAMDAIYAAAERGTDVAVDAADSDSADSDSADAAAANHDADP DSDGT

SEQ ID NO: 64 Trichoderma reesei D -xylose 1 -dehydrogenase xydl NT sequence

ATGGCGTCTGGAAACCCTTACACCCTGAAATGGGGCATCATGGCCACCGGCGGAA TCGCAGAGACCTTCTGCAAGGATCTCCTGTGCAACCCCGCGATTCGAGGCGCCGA TGATGTGCGCCACGAGATTGTGGCCGTGGCCTCTTCCAGCAGCAGCAAGAGAGCA GAGGAGTTCCTCCAGAGAATCGACGGTGCCi'TTGACGCCAAGACGTACGGATCAT ACCCGGAACTTGTGGCAGACCCCAACGTCGACATCGTCTATGTGGCAACTCCCCA CAGCCACCACTTCCAGAACACCATGCTGGCGCTGGAAGCCGGCAAGAACGTCTTG TGCGAAAAGGCTTTCACCGTGACGGCCGCGCAGGCCCGAAAGCTGGTTGAGACGG CCAAGGCCAAGAAGCTCTTCCTGATGGAAGCTGTGTGGACACGGTA 'i'T'i'CCGCT GAGTATCAAGATTCGAGAGCTCATTGCCGCCGGCGAGATTGGCACTGTCTTTCGA ACAATCGCCGACTTGTCCATCAACGCAAACTCAGAGCAGGGTCAAGCCCTGAAAT TCGCAGACTCACATCGAATGGTCAACCCGGACCTCGCAGGCGGTGCCACCTTGGA TCTCGGAGTCTATCCCTTGACCTGGGTGTTCCAGACCCTGTATCATTTGCAACCG GAGGAAGACAAGGAGGCTCCCACCGTGGTTGCTTCCAGCAACAAGTACACCACTG GCGCAGACGAGAATACCGCCATCATCTGCAGCTTCCCTCGCCACAACAGCATTGG AATTGCTTCGACGACGATGAGGGCGGACACCGACCCCGAGAAGGACACCATTCCG GCGGTCCGAATTCAAGGATCCAAGGGAGAAATCCAAGTCTTCTTCCCGACCTACC GACCGCTCAAGTACAAGGTGGTGAAGACGAACGGCGAGGCGCAGACGGTTGACTG CCCCATCCCCGGAGACCCCGCGCGCAAGGGCTCGGGCCACGGAATGTTCTGGGAG GCGGACGAGTGTGCTCGATGCCTTCGCGATGGCAAGTTGGAGAGTGCCACGTTGC CATGGAAGGAGAGCATTGTCATTATGGAAACGATGGAGGAGGCGCTGAGGCAGGG TGGCGTCACGTATCCGGAGCTGATTACCACGGATGTCTATGATCCCAAGAGCCCT CTCAACACGGGGAATCAGTAG

SEQ ID NO: 65 Trichoderma reesei D-xylose 1 -dehydrogenase xydl AA sequence

MASGNPYTLKWGIMATGGIAETFCKDLLCNPAIRGADDVRHEIVAVASSSSSKRA EEFLQRIDGAFDAKTYGSYPELVADPNVDIVYVATPHSHHFQNTMLALEAGKNVL CEKAFTVTAAQARKLVETAKAKKLFLMEAVWTRYFPLSIKIRELIAAGEIGTVFR TIADLSINANSEQGQALKFADSHRMVNPDLAGGATLDLGVYPLTWVFQTLYHLQP EEDKEAPTWASSNKYTTGADENTAI ICSFPRHNSIGIASTT RADTDPEKDTIP AVRIQGSKGEIQVFFPTYRPLKYKWKTNGEAQTVDCPIPGDPARKGSGHGMFWE ADECARCLRDGKLESATLPWKESIVIMETMEEALRQGGVTYPELITTDVYDPKSP LNTGNQ

SEQ ID NO: 66 Caulobacter crescentus Xylonolactonase xylC NT sequence

ATGACCGCTCAAGTCACTTGCGTATGGGATCTGAAGGCCACGTTGGGCGAAGGCC CGATCTGGCATGGCGACACCCTGTGGTTCGTCGACATCAAGCAGCGTAAAATCCA CAACTACCACCCCGCCACCGGCGAGCGCTTCAGCTTCGACGCGCCGGATCAGGTG ACCTTCCTCGCGCCGATCGTCGGCGCGACCGGCTTTGTCGTCGGTCTGAAGACCG GGATTCACCGCTTCCACCCGGCCACGGGCTTCAGCCTGCTGCTCGAGGTCGAGGA CGCGGCGCTGAACAACCGCCCCAACGACGCCACGGTCGACGCGCAAGGCCGTCTG TGGTTCGGCACCATGCACGACGGGGAAGAGAACAATAGCGGCTCGCTCTATCGGA TGGACCTCACCGGCGTCGCCCGGATGGACCGCGACATCTGCATCACCAACGGCCC GTGCGTCTCGCCCGACGGCAAGACCTTCTACCACACCGACACCCTGGAAAAGACG ATCTACGCCTTCGACCTGGCCGAGGACGGCCTGCTGTCGAACAAGCGCGTCTTCG TGCAGTTCGCCCTGGGCGACGATGTCTATCCGGACGGTTCGGTCGTCGATTCCGA AGGCTATCTGTGGACCGCCCTGTGGGGCG TCGGCGCGGTCCGCTTCTCGCCG CAAGGCGACGCCGTGACGCGCATCGAACTGCCCGCCCCCAACGTCACCAAGCCCT GCTTCGGCGGGCCTGACCTGAAGACCCTCTATTTCACCACCGCCCGCAAGGGCCT GAGCGACGAGACCCTGGCCCAGTACCCGCTGGCCGGCGGTGTGTTCGCCGTTCCG GTCGATGTGGCCGGCCAACCCCAGCATGAGGTCCGCCTTGTCTAA

SEQ ID NO: 67 Caulobacter crescentus Xylonolactonase xylC AA sequence

MTAQVTCVWDLKATLGSGPIWHGDTLWFVDIKQRKIHNYHPATGERFSFDAPDQV TFLAPIVGATGFWGLKTGIHRFHPATGFSLLLEVEDAALNNRPNDATVDAOGRL WFGTMHDGEENNSGSLYRMDLTGVARMDRDICITNGPCVSPDG TFYHTDTLEKT IYAFDLAEDGLLSNKRVFVQFALGDDVYPDGSWDSEGYLWTALWGGFGAVRFSP QGDAVTRIELPAPNVTKPCFGGPDLKTLYFTTARKGLSDETLAQYPLAGGVFAVP VDVAGQPQHEVRLV

SEQ ID NO: 68 Caulobacter crescentus xylonate dehydratase xylD MT sequence

TTGTCTAACCGCACGCCCCGCCGGTTCCGGTCCCGCGATTGGTTCGATAACCCCG ACCATATCGACATGACCGCGCTCTATCTGGAGCGCTTCATGAACTACGGGATCAC GCCGGAGGAGCTGCGCAGCGGCAAGCCGATCATCGGCATCGCCCAGACCGGCAGC GACATCTCGCCCTGCAACCGCATCCACCTGGACCTGGTCCAGCGGGTGCGGGACG GGATCCGCGACGCCGGGGGCATCCCCATGGAGTTCCCGGTCCATCCGATCTTCGA GAACTGCCGTCGCCCGACGGCGGCGCTGGACCGGAACCTCTCGTACCTGGGTCTC GTCGAGACCCTGCACGGCTATCCGATCGACGCCGTGGTTCTGACCACCGGCTGCG ACAAGACCACCCCGGCCGGGATCATGGCCGCCACCACGGTCAATATCCCGGCCAT CGTGCTGTCGGGCGGCCCGATGCTGGACGGCTGGCACGAGAACGAGCTCGTGGGC TCGGGCACCGTGATCTGGCGCTCGCGCCGCAAGCTGGCGGCCGGCGAGATCACCG AGGAAGAGTTCATCGACCGCGCCGCCAGCTCGGCGCCGTCGGCGGGCCACTGCAA CACCATGGGCACGGCCTCGACCATGAACGCCGTGGCCGAGGCGCTGGGCCTGTCG CTGACCGGCTGCGCGGCCATCCCCGCCCCCTACCGCGAGCGCGGCCAGATGGCCT ACAAGACCGGCCAGCGCATCGTCGATCTGGCCTATGACGACGTCAAACCGCTCGA CATCCTGACCAAGCAAGCCTTCGAGAACGCCATCGCCCTGGTGGCGGCGGCCGGC GGCTCGACCAACGCCCAGCCGCACATCGTGGCCATGGCCCGTCACGCCGGCGTCG AGATCACCGCCGACGACTGGCGCGCGGCCTATGACATCCCGCTGATCGTCAACAT GCAGCCGGCCGGCAAGTATCTGGGCGAGCGCTTCCACCGAGCCGGCGGCGCGCCG GCGGTGCTGTGGGAGCTGTTGCAGCAAGGCCGCCTGCACGGCGACGTGCTGACCG TCACCGGCAAGACGATGAGCGAGAACCTGCAAGGCCGCGAAACCAGCGACCGCGA GGTGATCTTCCCGTACCACGAGCCGCTGGCCGAGAAGGCCGGGTTCCTGGTTCTC AAGGGCAACCTCTTCGACTTCGCGATCATGAAGTCCAGCGTGATCGGCGAGGAGT TCCGCAAGCGCTACCTGTCGCAGCCCGGCCAGGAAGGCGTGTTCGAAGCCCGCGC CATCGTGTTCGACGGCTCGGACGACTATCACAAGCGGATCAACGATCCGGCCCTG GAGATCGACGAGCGCTGCATCCTGGTGATCCGCGGCGCGGGTCCGATCGGCTGGC CCGGCTCGGCCGAGGTCGTCAACATGCAGCCGCCGGATCACCTTCTGAAGAAGGG GATCATGAGCCTGCCCACCCTGGGCGATGGCCGTCAGTCGGGCACCGCCGACAGC CCCTCGATCCTGAACGCCTCGCCCGAAAGCGCGATCGGCGGCGGCCTGTCGTGGC TGCGCACCGGCGACACCATCCGCATCGACCTCAACACCGGCCGCTGCGACGCCCT GGTCGACGAGGCGACGATCGCCGCGCGCAAGCAGGACGGCATCCCGGCGGTTCCC GCCACCATGACGCCCTGGCAGGAAATCTACCGCGCCCACGCCAGTCAGCTCGACA CCGGCGGCGTGCTGGAGTTCGCGGTCAAGTACCAGGACCTGGCGGCCAAGCTGCC CCGCCACAACCAC GA

SEQ ID NO: 69 Caulobacter crescentus xylonate dehydratase xylD AA sequence

SNRTPRRFRSRD FDNPDHIDMTALYLERFMNYGITPEELRSGKPI IGIAQTGS DISPCNRIHLDLVQRVRDGIRDAGGIPMEFPVHPIFENCRRPTAALDRNLSYLGL VETLHGYPIDAVVLTTGCDKTTPAGIMAATTVNIPAIVLSGGPMLDGWHENELVG SGTVIWRSRRKLAAGEITEEEFIDRAASSAPSAGHCNTMGTASTMNAVAEALGLS LTGCAAIPAPYRERGQMAYKTGQRIVDLAYDDVKPLDILTKQAFENAIALVAAAG GSTNAQPHI AMARHAGVEI ADDWRAAYDIPLIVNMQPAGKYLGERFHRAGGAP AVLWELLQQGRLHGDVLTVTGKTMSENLQGRETSDREVIFPYHEPLAEKAGFLVL KGNLFDFAIMKSSVIGEEFRKRYLSQPGQEGVFEARAIVFDGSDDYHKRINDPAL EIDERCILVIRGAGPIG PGSAEWNMQPPDHLLKKGIMSLPTLGDGRQSGTADS PSILNASPESAIGGGLSWLRTGDTIRIDLNTGRCDALVDEATIAARKQDGIPAVP ATMTPWQEIYRAHASQLDTGGVLEFAV YQDLAAKLPRHNH

SEQ ID NO: 70 Escherichia coli xylonate dehydratase yjhG NT sequence

ATGTCTGTTCGCAATATTTTTGCTGACGAGAGCCACGATATTTACACCGTCAGAA CGCACGCCGATGGCCCGGACGGCGAACTCCCATTAACCGCAGAGATGCTTATCAA CCGCCCGAGCGGGGATCTGTTCGGTATGACCATGAATGCCGGAATGGGTTGGTCT CCGGACGAGCTGGATCGGGACGGTATTTTACTGCTCAGTACACTCGGTGGCTTAC GCGGCGCAGACGGTAAACCCGTGGCGCTGGCGTTGCACCAGGGGCATTACGAACT GGACATCCAGATGAAAGCGGCGGCCGAGGTTATTAAAGCCAACCATGCCCTGCCC TATGCCGTGTACGTCTCCGATCCTTGTGACGGGCGTACTCAGGGTACAACGGGGA TGTTTGATTCGCTACCATACCGAAATGACGCATCGATGGTAATGCGCCGCCTTAT TCGCTCTCTGCCCGACGCGAAAGCAGTTATTGGTGTGGCGAGTTGCGATAAGGGG CTTCCGGCCACCATGATGGCACTCGCCGCGCAGCACAACATCGCAACCGTGCTGG TCCCCGGCGGCGCGACGCTGCCCGCAAAGGATGGAGAAGACAACGGCAAGGTGCA AACCATTGGCGCACGCTTCGCCAATGGCGAATTATCTCTACAGGACGCACGCCGT GCGGGCTGTAAAGCCTGTGCCTCTTCCGGCGGCGGCTGTCAATTTTTGGGCACTG CCGGGACATCTCAGGTGGTGGCCGAAGGATTGGGACTGGCAATCCCACATTCAGC CCTGGCCCCTTCCGGTGAGCCTGTGTGGCGGGAGATCGCCAGAGCTTCCGCGCGA GCTGCGCTGAACCTGAGTCAAAAAGGCATCACCACCCGGGAAATTCTCACCGATA AAGCGATAGAGAATGCGATGACGGTCCATGCCGCGTTCGGTGGTTCAACAAACCT GCTGTTACACATCCCGGCAATTGCTCACCAGGCAGGTTGCCATATCCCGACCGTT GATGACTGGATCCGCATCAACAAGCGCGTGCCCCGACTGGTGAGCGTACTGCCTA ATGGCCCGGTTTATCATCCAACGGTCAATGCCTTTATGGCAGGTGGTGTGCCGGA AGTCATGTTGCATCTGCGCAGCCTCGGATTGTTGCATGAAGACGTTATGACGGTT ACCGGCAGCACGCTGAAAGAAAACCTCGACTGGTGGGAGCACTCCGAACGGCGTC AGCGGTTCAAGCAACTCCTGCTCGATCAGGAACAAATCAACGCTGACGAAGTGAT CATGTCTCCGCAGCAAGCAAAAGCGCGCGGATTAACCTCAACTATCACCTTCCCG GTGGGCAATATTGCGCCAGAAGGTTCGGTGATCAAATCCACCGCCATTGACCCCT CGATGATTGATGAGCAAGGTATCTATTACCATAAAGGTGTGGCGAAGGTTTATCT GTCCGAGAAAAGTGCGATTTACGATATCAAACATGACAAGATCAAGGCGGGCGAT ATTCTGGTCATTATTGGCGTTGGACCTTCAGGTACAGGGATGGAAGAAACCTA.ee AGGTTACCAGTGCCCTGAAGCATCTGTCATACGGTAAGCATGTTTCGTTAATCAC CGATGCACGTTTCTCGGGCGTTTCTACTGGCGCGTGCATCGGCCATGTGGGGCCA GAAGCGCTGGCCGGAGGCCCCATCGGTAAATTACGCACCGGGGATTTAATTGAAA TTAAAATTGATTGTCGCGAGCTTCACGGCGAAGTCAATTTCCTCGGAACCCGTAG CGATGAACAATTACCTTCACAGGAGGAGGCAACTGCAATATTAAATGCCAGACCC AGCCATCAGGATTTACTTCCCGATCCTGAATTGCCAGATGATACCCGGCTATGGG CAATGCTTCAGGCCGTGAGTGGTGGGACATGGACCGGTTGTATTTATGATGTAAA CAAAATTGGCGCGGCTTTGCGCGATTTTATGAATAAAAACTGA

SEQ ID NO: 71 Escherichia coli xylonate dehydratase yjhG codon

optimized NT sequence

ATGTCTGTTCGCAATATTTTTGCTGACGAGAGCCACGATATTTACACCGTCAGAA CGCACGCCGATGGCCCGGACGGCGAACTCCCATTAACCGCAGAGATGCTTATCAA CCGCCCGAGCGGGGATCTGTTCGGTATGACCATGAATGCCGGAATGGGTTGGTCT CCGGACGAGCTGGATCGGGACGGTATTTTACTGCTCAGTACACTCGGTGGCTTAC GCGGCGCAGACGGTAAACCCGTGGCGCTGGCGTTGCACCAGGGGCATTACGAACT GGACATCCAGATGAAAGCGGCGGCCGAGGTTATTAAAGCCAACCATGCCCTGCCC TATGCCGTGTACGTCTCCGATCCTTGTGACGGGCGTACTCAGGGTACAACGGGGA TGTT'l'GATTCGCTACCATACCGAAATGACGCATCGATGGTAATGCGCCGCCTTAT TCGCTCTCTGCCCGACGCGAAAGCAGTTATTGGTGTGGCGAGTTGCGATAAGGGG CTTCCGGCCACCATGATGGCACTCGCCGCGCAGCACAACATCGCAACCGTGCTGG TCCCCGGCGGCGCGACGCTGCCCGCAAAGGATGGAGAAGACAACGGCAAGGTGCA AACCATTGGCGCACGCTTCGCCAATGGCGAATTATCTCTACAGGACGCACGCCGT GCGGGCTGTAAAGCCTGTGCCTCTTCCGGCGGCGGCTGTCAATTTTTGGGCACTG CCGGGACATCTCAGGTGGTGGCCGAAGGATTGGGACTGGCAATCCCACATTCAGC CCTGGCCCCTTCCGGTGAGCCTGTGTGGCGGGAGATCGCCAGAGCTTCCGCGCGA GCTGCGCTGAACCTGAGTCAAAAAGGCATCACCACCCGGGAAATTCTCACCGATA AAGCGATAGAGAATGCGATGACGGTCCATGCCGCGTTCGGTGGTTCAACAAACCT GCTGTTACACATCCCGGCAATTGCTCACCAGGCAGGTTGCCATATCCCGACCGTT GATGACTGGATCCGCATCAACAAGCGCGTGCCCCGACTGGTGAGCGTACTGCCTA ATGGCCCGGTTTATCATCCAACGGTCAATGCCTTTATGGCAGGTGGTGTGCCGGA AGTCATGTTGCATCTGCGCAGCCTCGGATTGTTGCATGAAGACGTTATGACGGTT ACCGGCAGCACGCTGAAAGAAAACCTCGACTGGTGGGAGCACTCCGAACGGCGTC AGCGGTTCAAGCAACTCCTGCTCGATCAGGAACAAATCAACGCTGACGAAGTGAT CATGTCTCCGCAGCAAGCAAAAGCGCGCGGATTAACCTCAACTATCACCTTCCCG GTGGGCAATATTGCGCCAGAAGGTTCGGTGATCAAATCCACCGCCATTGACCCCT CGATGATTGATGAGCAAGGTATCTATTACCATAAAGGTGTGGCGAAGGTTTATCT GTCCGAGAAAAGTGCGATTTACGATATCAAACATGACAAGATCAAGGCGGGCGAT ATTCTGGTCATTATTGGCGTTGGACCTTCAGGTACAGGGATGGAAGAAACCTACC AGGTTACCAGTGCCCTGAAGCATCTGTCATACGGTAAGCATGTTTCGTTAATCAC CGATGCACGTTTCTCGGGCGTTTCTACTGGCGCGTGCATCGGCCATGTGGGGCCA GAAGCGCTGGCCGGAGGCCCCATCGGTAAATTACGCACCGGGGATTTAATTGAAA TTAAAATTGATTGTCGCGAGCTTCACGGCGAAGTCAATTTCCTCGGAACCCGTAG CGATGAACAATTACCTTCACAGGAGGAGGCAACTGCAATATT A TGCCAGACCC AGCCATCAGGATTTACTTCCCGATCCTGAATTGCCAGATGATACCCGGCTATGGG CAATGCTTCAGGCCGTGAGTGGTGGGACATGGACCGGTTGTATTTATGATGTAAA CAAAATTGGCGCGGCTTTGCGCGATTTTATGAATAAAAACTGA

SEQ ID NO: 72 Escherichia coli xylonate dehydratase yjhG AA sequence

SVRNIFADESHDIYTVRTHADGPDGELPLTAEMLINRPSGDLFGMTMNAGMGWS PDELDRDGILLLSTLGGLRGADGKPVALALHQGHYELDIQMPAAAEVIPANHALP YAVYVSDPCDGRTQGTTGMFDSLPYRNDASMVMRRLIRSLPDAKAVIGVASCDKG LPATMMALAAQHNIATVLVPGGATLPAPDGEDNGPCVQTIGARFANGELSLQDARR AGCKACASSGGGCQFLGTAGTSQWAEGLGLAIPHSALAPSGEPVWREIARASAR AALNLSQKGITTREILTDKAIENAMTVHAAFGGSTNLLLHIPAIAHQAGCHI TV DDWIRINKRVPRLVSVLPNGPVYHP VNAFMAGGVPEVMLHLRSLGLLHEDVM V TGSTLKENLDWWEHSERRQRFKQLLLDQEQINADEVI SPQQAKARGLTSTITFP VGNIAPEGSVIKSTAIDPSMIDEQGIYYHKGVAKVYLSEKSAIYDIKHDKIKAGD ILVIIGVGPSGTGM EIYQVTSAL HLSYGKHVSLITDARFSGVSTGACIGHVGP EALAGGPIGKLRTGDLIEIKIDCRELHGEV FLGTRSDEOLPSQEEATAILNARP SHQDLLPDPELPDDTRLWAMLQAVSGGTWTGCIYDV KIGAALRDFMNKN

SEQ ID NO: 73 Escherichia coli xylonate dehydratase yagF NT sequence

ATGACCATTGAGAAAATTTTCACCCCGCAGGACGACGCGTTTTATGCGGTGATCA CCCACGCGGCGGGGCCGCAGGGCGCTCTGCCGCTGACCCCGCAGATGCTGATGGA ATCTCCCAGCGGCAACCTGTTCGGCATGACGCAGAACGCCGGGATGGGCTGGGAC GCCAACAAGCTCACCGGCAAAGAGGTGCTGATTATCGGCACTCAGGGCGGCATCC GCGCCGGAGACGGACGCCCAATCGCGCTGGGCTACCACACCGGGCATTGGGAGAT CGGCATGCAGATGCAGGCGGCGGCGAAGGAGATCACCCGCAATGGCGGGATCCCG TTCGCGGCCTTCGTCAGCGATCCGTGCGACGGGCGCTCGCAGGGCACGCACGGTA TGTTCGATTCCCTGCCGTACCGCAACGACGCGGCGATCGTGTTTCGCCGCCTGAT CCGCTCCCTGCCGACGCGGCGGGCGGTGATCGGCGTAGCGACCTGCGATAAAGGG CTGCCCGCCACCATGATTGCGCTGGCCGCGATGCACGACCTGCCGACTATTCTGG TGCCGGGCGGGGCGACGCTGCCGCCGACCGTCGGGGAAGACGCGGGCAAGGTGCA GACCATCGGCGCGCGTTTCGCCAACCACGAACTCTCCCTGCAGGAGGCCGCCGAA CTGGGCTGTCGCGCCTGCGCCTCGCCGGGCGGCGGGTGTCAGTTCCTCGGCACGG CGGGCACCTCGCAGGTGGTCGCGGAGGCGCTGGGTCTGGCGCTGCCGCACTCCGC GCTGGCGCCGTCCGGGCAGGCGGTGTGGCTGGAGATCGCCCGCCAGTCGGCGCGC GCGGTCAGCGAGCTGGATAGCCGCGGCATCACCACGCGGGATATCCTCTCCGATA AAGCCATCGAAAACGCGATGGTGATCCACGCGGCGTTCGGCGGCTCCACCAATTT ACTGCTGCACATTCCGGCCATCGCCCACGCGGCGGGCTGCACGATCCCGGACGTT GAGCACTGGACGCGCATCAACCGTAAAGTGCCGCGTCTGGTGAGCGTGCTGCCCA ACGGCCCGGACTATCACCCGACCGTGCGCGCCTTCCTCGCGGGCGGCGTGCCGGA GGTGATGCTCCACCTGCGCGACCTCGGCCTGCTGCATCTGGACGCCATGACCGTG ACCGGCCAGACGGTGGGCGAGAACCTTGAATGGTGGCAGGCGTCCGAGCGCCGGG CGCGCTTCCGCCAGTGCCTGCGCGAGCAGGACGGCGTAGAGCCGGATGACGTGAT CCTGCCGCCGGAGAAGGCAAAAGCGAAAGGGCTGACCTCGACGGTCTGCTTCCCG ACGGGCAACATCGCTCCGGAAGGTTCGGTGATCAAGGCCACGGCGATCGACCCGT CGGTGGTGGGCGAAGATGGCGTATACCACCACACCGGCCGGGTGCGGGTGTTTGT CTCGGAAGCGCAGGCGATCAAGGCGATCAAGCGGGAAGAGATTGTGCAGGGCGAT ATCATGGTGGTGATCGGCGGCGGGCCGTCCGGCACCGGCATGGAAGAGACCTACC AGCTCACCTCCGCGCTAAAGCATATCTCGTGGGGCAAGACGGTGTCGCTCATCAC CGATGCGCGCTTCTCGGGCGTGTCGACGGGCGCCTGCTTCGGCCACGTGTCGCCG GAGGCGCTGGCGGGCGGGCCGATTGGCAAGCTGCGCGATAACGACATCATCGAGA TTGCCGTGGATCGTCTGACGTTAACTGGCAGCGTGAACTTCATCGGCACCGCGGA CAACCCGCTGACGCCGGAAGAGGGCGCGCGCGAGCTGGCGCGGCGGCAGACGCAC CCGGACCTGCACGCCCACGACTTTTTGCCGGACGACACCCGGCTGTGGGCGGCAC TGCAGTCGGTGAGCGGCGGCACCTGGAAAGGCTGTATTTATGACACCGATAAAAT TATCGAGGTAATTAACGCCGGTAAAAAAGCGCTCGGAATTTAA SEQ ID NO: 74 Escherichia coli xylonate dehydratase yagF codon optimized NT sequence

ATGACCATTGAGAAAATTTTCACCCCGCAGGACGACGCGTTTTATGCGGTGATCA CCCACGCGGCGGGGCCGCAGGGCGCTCTGCCGCTGACCCCGCAGATGCTGATGGA ATCTCCCAGCGGCAACCTGTTCGGCATGACGCAGAACGCCGGGATGGGCTGGGAC GCCAACAAGCTCACCGGCAAAGAGGTGCTGATTATCGGCACTCAGGGCGGCATCC GCGCCGGAGACGGACGCCCAATCGCGCTGGGCTACCACACCGGGCATTGGGAGAT CGGCATGCAGATGCAGGCGGCGGCGAAGGAGATCACCCGCAATGGCGGGATCCCG TTCGCGGCCTTCGTCAGCGATCCGTGCGACGGGCGCTCGCAGGGCACGCACGGTA TGTTCGATTCCCTGCCGTACCGCAACGACGCGGCGATCGTGTTTCGCCGCCTGAT CCGCTCCCTGCCGACGCGGCGGGCGGTGATCGGCGTAGCGACCTGCGATAAAGGG CTGCCCGCCACCATGATTGCGCTGGCCGCGATGCACGACCTGCCGACTATTCTGG TGCCGGGCGGGGCGACGCTGCCGCCGACCGTCGGGGAAGACGCGGGCAAGGTGCA GACCATCGGCGCGC T CGCCAACCACGAACTCTCCCTGCAGGAGGCCGCCGAA CTGGGCTGTCGCGCCTGCGCCTCGCCGGGCGGCGGGTGTCAGTTCCTCGGCACGG CGGGCACCTCGCAGGTGGTCGCGGAGGCGCTGGGTCTGGCGCTGCCGCACTCCGC GCTGGCGCCGTCCGGGCAGGCGGTGTGGCTGGAGATCGCCCGCCAGTCGGCGCGC GCGGTCAGCGAGCTGGATAGCCGCGGCATCACCACGCGGGATATCCTCTCCGATA AAGCCATCGAAAACGCGATGGTGATCCACGCGGCGTTCGGCGGCTCCACCAATTT ACTGCTGCACATTCCGGCCATCGCCCACGCGGCGGGCTGCACGATCCCGGACGTT GAGCACTGGACGCGCATCAACCGTAAAGTGCCGCGTCTGGTGAGCGTGCTGCCCA ACGGCCCGGACTATCACCCGACCGTGCGCGCCTTCCTCGCGGGCGGCGTGCCGGA GGTGATGCTCCACCTGCGCGACCTCGGCCTGCTGCATCTGGACGCCATGACCGTG ACCGGCCAGACGGTGGGCGAGAACCTTGAATGGTGGCAGGCGTCCGAGCGCCGGG CGCGCTTCCGCCAGTGCCTGCGCGAGCAGGACGGCGTAGAGCCGGATGACGTGAT CCTGCCGCCGGAGAAGGCAAAAGCGAAAGGGCTGACCTCGACGGTCTGCTTCCCG ACGGGCAACATCGCTCCGGAAGGTTCGGTGATCAAGGCCACGGCGATCGACCCGT CGGTGGTGGGCGAAGATGGCGTATACCACCACACCGGCCGGGTGCGGGTGTTTGT CTCGGAAGCGCAGGCGATCAAGGCGATCAAGCGGGAAGAGATTGTGCAGGGCGAT ATCATGGTGGTGATCGGCGGCGGGCCGTCCGGCACCGGCATGGAAGAGACCTACC AGCTCACCTCCGCGCTAAAGCATATCTCGTGGGGCAAGACGGTGTCGCTCATCAC CGATGCGCGCTTCTCGGGCGTGTCGACGGGCGCCTGCTTCGGCCACGTGTCGCCG GAGGCGCTGGCGGGCGGGCCGATTGGCAAGCTGCGCGATAACGACATCATCGAGA TTGCCGTGGATCGTCTGACGTTAACTGGCAGCGTGAACTTCATCGGCACCGCGGA CAACCCGCTGACGCCGGAAGAGGGCGCGCGCGAGCTGGCGCGGCGGCAGACGCAC CCGGACCTGCACGCCCACGACTTTTTGCCGGACGACACCCGGCTGTGGGCGGCAC TGCAGTCGGTGAGCGGCGGCACCTGGAAAGGCTGTATTTATGACACCGATAAAAT TATCGAGGTAATTAACGCCGGTAAAAAAGCGCTCGGAATTTAA

SEQ ID NO: 75 Escherichia coli xylonate dehydratase yagF AA sequence

MTIEKIFTPQDDAFYAVITHAAGPQGALPLTPQMLMESPSGNLFGMTQNAGMGWD ANKLTGKEVLI IGTQGGIRAGDGRPIALGYHTGHWEIGMQ QAAAPCEITRNGGIP FAAFVSDPCDGRSQGTHGMFDSLPYRNDAAIVFRRLIRSLPTRRAVIGVATCDKG LPATMIALAAMHDLPTILVPGGATLPPTVGEDAGKVQTIGARFANHELSLQEAAE LGCRACASPGGGCQFLGTAGTSQWAEALGLALPHSALAPSGQAVWLEIARQSAR AVSELDSRGITTRDILSDKAIENAMVIHAAFGGSTNLLLHIPAIAHAAGCTIPDV EHWTRINRKVPRLVSVLPNGPDYHPTVRAFLAGGVPEVMLHLRDLGLLHLDAMTV TGQTVGENLEWWQASERRARFRQCLREQDGVEPDDVILPPEPAKA GLTSTVCFP TGNIAPEGSVI RATAIDPSWGEDGVYHHTGRVRVFVSEAQAIKAIKREEIVQGD IMWIGGGPSGTGM E YQIJTSAL HISWGKTVSLITDARFSGVSTGACFGHVSP EALAGGPIGKLRDNDIIEI VDRLTLTGSVNFIGTADNPLTPEEGARELARRQTH PDLHAHDFLPDDTRLWAALQSVSGGTWKGCIYDTDKIIEVINAGKKALGI

SEQ ID NO; 76 Escherichia coli Uncharacterized. lyase yj hH NT sequence

ATGAAAAAATTCAGCGGCATTATTCCACCGGTATCCAGCACG TCATCGTGACG GAACCCTTGATAAAAAGGCAATGCGCGAAGTTGCCGACTTCCTGATTAATAAAGG GGTCGACGGGCTGTTTTATCTGGGTACCGGTGGTGAATTTAGCCAAATGAATACA GCCCAGCGCATGGCACTCGCCGAAGAAGCTGTAACCATTGTCGACGGGCGAGTGC CGGTATTGATTGGCGTCGGTTCCCCTTCCACTGACGAAGCGGTCAAACTGGCGCA GCATGCGCAAGCCTACGGCGCTGATGGTATCGTCGCCATCAACCCCTACTACTGG AAAGTCGCACCACGAAATCTTGACGACTATTACCAGCAGATCGCCCGTAGCGTCA CCCTACCGGTGATCCTGTACAAC'i'T'i'CCGGATCTGACGGGTCAGGACTTAACCCC GGAAACCGTGACGCGTCTGGCTCTGCAAAACGAGAATATCGTTGGCATCAAAGAC ACCATCGACAGCGTTGGTCACTTGCGTACGATGATCAACACAGTTAAGTCGGTAC GCCCGTCGTTTTCGGTATTCTGCGGTTACGATGATCATTTGCTGAATACGATGCT GCTGGGCGGCGACGGTGCGATAACCGCCAGCGCTAA 'i' TGCTCCGGAACTCTCC GTCGGCATCTACCGCGCCTGGCGTGAAGGCGATCTGGCGACCGCTGCGACGCTGA ATAAAAAACTACTACAACTGCCCGCTATTTACGCCCTCGAAACACCGTTTGTCTC ACTGATCAAATACAGCATGCAGTGTGTCGGGCTGCCTGTAGAGACATATTGCTTA CCACCGATTCTTGAAGCATCTGAAGAAGCAAAAGATAAAGTCCACGTGCTGCTTA CCGCGCAGGGCATTTTACCAGTCTGA

SEQ ID NO: 77 Escherichia coli Uncharacterized lyase yj H codon

optimized NT sequence

ATGAAAAAATTCAGCGGCATTATTCCACCGGTATCCAGCACG TCATCGTGACG GAACCCTTGATAAAAAGGCAATGCGCGAAGTTGCCGACTTCCTGATTAATAAAGG GGTCGACGGGCTGTTTTATCTGGGTACCGGTGGTGAATTTAGCCAAATGAATACA GCCCAGCGCATGGCACTCGCCGAAGAAGCTGTAACCATTGTCGACGGGCGAGTGC CGGTATTGATTGGCGTCGGTTCCCCTTCCACTGACGAAGCGGTCAAACTGGCGCA GCATGCGCAAGCCTACGGCGCTGATGGTATCGTCGCCATCAACCCCTACTACTGG AAAGTCGCACCACGAAATCTTGACGACTATTACCAGCAGATCGCCCGTAGCGTCA CCCTACCGGTGATCCTGTACAACTTTCCGGATCTGACGGGTCAGGACTTAACCCC GGAAACCGTGACGCGTCTGGCTCTGCAAAACGAGAATATCGTTGGCATCAAAGAC ACCATCGACAGCGTTGGTCACTTGCGTACGATGATCAACACAGTTAAGTCGGTAC GCCCGTCGTTTTCGGTATTCTGCGGTTACGATGATCATTTGCTGAATACGATGCT GCTGGGCGGCGACGGTGCGATAACCGCCAGCGCTAAC'i'l'TGCTCCGGAACTCTCC GTCGGCATCTACCGCGCCTGGCGTGAAGGCGATCTGGCGACCGCTGCGACGCTGA ATAAAAAACTACTACAACTGCCCGCTATTTACGCCCTCGAAACACCGTTTGTCTC ACTGATCAAATACAGCATGCAGTGTGTCGGGCTGCCTGTAGAGACATATTGCTTA CCACCGATTCTTGAAGCATCTGAAGAAGCAAAAGATAAAGTCCACGTGCTGCTTA CCGCGCAGGGCATTTTACCAGTCTGA

SEQ ID NO: 78 Escherichia coli Uncharacterized lyase yjhH AA sequence

MKKFSGIIPPVSSTFHRDGTLDKKAMREVADFLINKGVDGLFYLGTGGEFSQMNT AQRMALAEEAVTIVDGRVPVLIGVGSPSTDEAVKLAQHAQAYGADGIVAINPYYW KVAPRNLDDYYQQIARSVTLPVILYNFPDLTGQDLTPETVTRLALQNENIVGIKD TIDSVGHLRT INTV SVRPSFSVFCGYDDHLLNTMLLGGDGAITASANFAPELS VGIYRAWREGDLATAATLNKKLLQLPAIYALETPFVSLIKYSMQCVGLPVETYCL PPILEASEEAKD VHVLLTAQGILPV SEQ ID NO: 79 Escherichia coli Probable 2 -keto- 3 -deoxy-galactonate aldolase yagE NT sequence

ATGCCGCAGTCCGCGTTGTTCACGGGAATCATTCCCCCTGTCTCCACCATTTTTA CCGCCGACGGCCAGCTCGATAAGCCGGGCACCGCCGCGCTGATCGACGATCTGAT CAAAGCAGGCGTTGACGGCCTGTTCTTCCTGGGCAGCGGTGGCGAGTTCTCCCAG CTCGGCGCCGAAGAGCGTAAAGCCATTGCCCGCT TGCTATCGATCATGTCGATC GTCGCGTGCCGGTGCTGATCGGCACCGGCGGCACCAACGCCCGGGAAACCATCGA ACTCAGCCAGCACGCGCAGCAGGCGGGCGCGGACGGCATCGTGGTGATCAACCCC TACTACTGGAAAGTGTCGGAAGCGAACCTGATCCGCTATTTCGAGCAGGTGGCCG ACAGCGTCACGCTGCCGGTGATGCTCTATAACTTCCCGGCGCTGACCGGGCAGGA TCTGACTCCGGCGCTGGTGAAAACCCTCGCCGACTCGCGCAGCAATATTATCGGC ATCAAAGACACCATCGACTCCGTCGCCCACCTGCGCAGCATGATCCATACCGTCA AAGGTGCCCATCCGCACTTCACCGTGCTCTGCGGCTACGACGATCATCTGTTCAA TACCCTGCTGCTCGGCGGCGACGGGGCGATATCGGCGAGCGGCAALIT GCCCCG CAGGTGTCGGTGAATCTTCTGAAAGCCTGGCGCGACGGGGACGTGGCGAAAGCGG CCGGGTATCATCAGACCTTGCTGCAAATTCCGCAGATGTATCAGCTGGATACGCC G T'l'GTGAACGTGATTAAAGAGGCGATCGTGCTCTGCGGTCGTCCTGTCTCCACG CACGTGCTGCCGCCCGCCTCGCCGCTGGACGAGCCGCGCAAGGCGCAGCTGAAAA CCCTGCTGCAACAGCTCAAGC TGCTGA

SEQ ID NO: 80 Escherichia coli Probable 2 -keto- 3 -deoxy-galactonate aldolase yagE codon optimized NT sequence

ATGCCGCAGTCCGCGTTGTTCACGGGAATCATTCCCCCTGTCTCCACCATTTTTA CCGCCGACGGCCAGCTCGATAAGCCGGGCACCGCCGCGCTGATCGACGATCTGAT CAAAGCAGGCGTTGACGGCCTGTTCTTCCTGGGCAGCGGTGGCGAGTTCTCCCAG CTCGGCGCCGAAGAGCGTAAAGCCATTGCCCG 'TGCTATCGATCATGTCGATC GTCGCGTGCCGGTGCTGATCGGCACCGGCGGCACCAACGCCCGGGAAACCATCGA ACTCAGCCAGCACGCGCAGCAGGCGGGCGCGGACGGCATCGTGGTGATCAACCCC TACTACTGGAAAGTGTCGGAAGCGAACCTGATCCGCTATTTCGAGCAGGTGGCCG ACAGCGTCACGCTGCCGGTGATGCTCTATAACTTCCCGGCGCTGACCGGGCAGGA TCTGACTCCGGCGCTGGTGAAAACCCTCGCCGACTCGCGCAGCAATATTATCGGC ATCAAAGACACCATCGACTCCGTCGCCCACCTGCGCAGCATGATCCATACCGTCA AAGGTGCCCATCCGCACTTCACCGTGCTCTGCGGCTACGACGATCATCTGTTCAA TACCCTGCTGCTCGGCGGCGACGGGGCGATATCGGCGAGCGGCAACTTTGCCCCG CAGGTGTCGGTGAATCTTCTGAAAGCCTGGCGCGACGGGGACGTGGCGAAAGCGG CCGGGTATCATCAGACCTTGCTGCAAATTCCGCAGATGTATCAGCTGGATACGCC GT GTGAACGTGATTAAAGAGGCGATCGTGCTCTGCGGTCGTCCTGTCTCCACG CACGTGCTGCCGCCCGCCTCGCCGCTGGACGAGCCGCGCAAGGCGCAGCTGAAAA CCCTGCTGCAACAGCTCAAGCTTTGCTGA

SEQ ID NO: 81 Escherichia coli Probable 2 -keto-3 -deoxy-galactonate aldolase yagE AA sequence

MPQSALFTGIIPPVSTIFTADGQLDKPGTAALIDDLIKAGVDGLFFLGSGGEFSQ LGAEERKAIARFAIDHVDRRVPVLIGTGGTNARETIELSQHAQQAGADGIWINP YYWPCVSEANLIRYFEQVADSVTLPVMLYNFPALTGQDLTPALVKTLADSRSNIIG I DTIDSVAHLRSMIHTVKGAHPHFTVLCGYDDHLFNTLLLGGDGAISASGNFAP QVSVNLLKAWRDGDVAKAAGYHQTLLQIPQMYQLDTPFVNVIKEAIVLCGRPVST HVLPPASPLDEPRKAQLKTLLQQLKLC SEQ ID NO: 82 Scheffersomyces stipitis D-xylose reductase xyll NT sequence

ATGCCTTCTATTAAGTTGAACTCTGGTTACGACATGCCAGCCGTCGGTTTCGGCT GTTGGAAAGTCGACGTCGACACCTGTTCTGAACAGATCTACCGTGCTATCAAGAC CGGTTACAGATTGTTCGACGGTGCCGAAGATTACGCCAACGAAAAGTTAGTTGGT GCCGGTGTCAAGAAGGCCATTGACGAAGGTATCGTCAAGCGTGAAGATTTGTTCC TTACCTCCAAGTTGTGGAACAACTACCACCACCCAGACAACGTCGAAAAGGCCTT GAACAGAACCCTTTCTGACTTGCAAGTTGACTACGTTGACTTGTTCTTGATCCAC TTCCCAGTCACCTTCAAGTTCGTTCCATTAGAAGAAAAGTACCCACCAGGATTCT ACTGTGGTAAGGGTGACAACTTCGACTACGAAGATGTTCCAATTTTAGAGACTTG GAAGGCTCTTGAAAAGTTGGTCAAGGCCGGTAAGATCAGATCTATCGGTGTTTCT AACTTCCCAGGTGCTTTGCTCTTGGACTTGTTGAGAGGTGCTACCATCAAGCCAT CTGTCTTGCAAGTTGAACACCACCCATACTTGCAACAACCAAGATTGATCGAATT CGCTCAATCCCGTGGTATTGCTGTCACCGCTTACTCTTCGTTCGGTCCTCAATCT TTCGTTGAATTGAACCAAGGTAGAGCTTTGAACACTTCTCCATTGTTCGAGAACG AAACTATCAAGGCTATCGCTGCTAAGCACGGTAAGTCTCCAGCTCAAGTCTTGTT GAGATGGTCATCCCAAAGAGGCATTGCCATCATTCCAAAGTCCAACACTGTCCCA AGATTGTTGGAAAACAAGGACGTCAACAGCTTCGACTTGGACGAACAAGATTTCG CTGACATTGCCAAGTTGGACATCAACTTGAGATTCAACGACCCATGGGACTGGGA CAAGATTCCTATCTTCGTCTAA

SEQ ID NO: 83 Scheffersomyces stipitis D-xylose reductase xyll codon optimized NT sequence

ATGCCATCTATCAAGTTAAATTCCGGTTACGACATGCCTGCTGTTGGTTTCGGTT GCTGGAAGGTTGATGTCGATACTTGTTCCGAGCAAATTTACCGTGCTATCAAGAC TGGTTACAGATTGTTCGATGGTGCTGAAGACTACGCCAACGAAAAGTTAGTCGGT GCTGGTGTTAAAAAGGCTATCGACGAAGGTATTGTTAAAAGAGAAGACTTGTTCT TGACTTCTAAGTTGTGGAACAACTACCACCATCCTGATAACGTCGAAAAAGCTTT GAACCGTACCTTGTCCGATTTGCAAGTCGATTACGTTGATTTGTTCTTGATTCAT TTCCCAGTTACCTTCAAGTTCGTTCCATTGGAAGAGAAGTATCCACCAGGTTTCT ACTGTGGTAAGGGTGATAACTTCGATTACGAAGATGTCCCAATCTTAGAAACCTG GAAGGCTTTAGAAAAGTTGGTTAAGGCTGGTAAGATCAGATCCATCGGTGTTTCT AACTTCCCAGGTGCCTTATTGTTAGACTTATTGAGAGGTGCTACCATTAAGCCTT CCGTTTTGCAAGTTGAACATCATCCTTACTTGCAACAACCAAGATTGATCGAATT CGCTCAATCTAGAGGTATCGCTGTTACTGCCTACTCTTCCTTCGGTCCACAATCT TTCGTTGAGTTGAACCAAGGTAGAGCTTTGAACACCTCTCCATTGTTCGAAAACG AAACTATTAAGGCCATTGCTGCTAAGCATGGTAAGTCTCCAGCCCAAGTTTTGTT GAGATGGTCTTCTCAAAGAGGTATCGCTATTATCCCAAAGTCTAATACTGTCCCA AGATTGTTGGAAAACAAGGACGTTAACTCCTTTGATTTGGATGAACAAGACTTTG CTGACATCGCTAAATTGGACATCAACTTGAGATTCAACGACCCATGGGACTGGGA CAAGATTCCAATTTTTGTTTAA

SEQ ID NO: 84 Scheffersomyces stipitis D-xylose reductase xyll AA sequence

MPSIKLNSGYDMPAVGFGCW VDVDTCSEQIYRAIKTGYRLFDGAEDYANEKLVG AGVKKAIDEGIVKREDLFLTSKLWNNYHHPDNVEKALNRTLSDLQVDYVDLFLIH FPVTFKFVPLEEKYPPGFYCGKGDNFDYEDVPILETWKALEKLVKAGKIRSIGVS NFPGALLLDLLRGATIKPSVLQVEHHPYLQQPRLIEFAQSRGIAVTAYSSFGPQS FVELNQGRALNTSPLFENETIKAIAAKHGKSPAQVLLRWSSQRGIAI IPKSNTVP PTJiElsrKDV SFDLDEQDFADIAKLDINLRFNDPWDWDKIPIFV

SEQ ID NO; 85 Saccharoniyces cerevisiae aldose reductase GRE3 NT

sequence

ATGTCTTCACTGGTTACTCTTAATAACGGTCTGAAAATGCCCCTAGTCGGCTTAG GGTGCTGGAAAATTOACAAAAAAGTCTGTGCGAATCAAATT ATGAAGCTATCAA ATTAGGCTACCGTTOAITCGATGGTGC TGCGACTACGGCAACGAAAAGGAAGTT GGTGAAGGTAT AGGAAAG CATCTCCGAAGGT TTGTTTCTAGAAAGGATATAT TTGTTGTTTCAAAGTTATGGAACAATTTTCACCATCCTGATCATGTAAAATTAGC TTTAAAGAAGACCTTAAC GATATGGGACTTGA.TTATTTAGACCTGTATTATATT CACTTCCCAATCGCC TCAAATATGTTCCATTTGAAGAGAAATACCCTCCAGGAT CTATACGGGCGCAGATGAGGAGAAGAAAGGTCACATCACCGAAGCACATGTACC AATCATAGATACGTACCGGGCTCTGGAAGAATCTGT GATGAAGGCTTGA TAAG TCTATTGGTGTTTCCAACTTTCAGGGAAGCTTGATTCAAGATTT-AITACGTGGTT GTAGAATCAAGCCCGTGGCTTTGCAAATTGAACACCATCCTTATTTGACTCAAGA ACACCTAGTTGAGI GTAAATTACACGATATCCAAGTAGTTGCTTACTCCTCC TTCGGTCCTCAATCA.TTCATTGAGATGGA.CTTACAGTTGGCAAAAACCACGCCAA CTCTGTTCGAGAATGATGTAATCAAGAAGGTCTCACAAAACCA.TCCAGGCAGTAC CACTTCCCAAGTATTGCTTAGATGGGCAACTCAGAGAGGCATTGCCGTCATTCCA AAATCTTCCAAGAAGGAAAGGTTACTTGGCAACCTAGAAATCGAAAAAAAGTTCA CTTTAAGGGAGCAAGAATTGAAGGATATTTCTGCACTAAATGCCAACATCAGATT TAATG-AICCATGGACCTGGTTGGATGGTAAATTCCCCACTTTTGCCTGA

SEQ ID NO; 86 Saccharoniyces cerevisiae aldose reductase GRE3 codon optimized NT sequence

ATGTCTTCACTGGTTACTCTTAATAACGGTCTGAAAATGCCCCTAGTCGGCTTAG GGTGCTGGAAAATTGACAAAAAAGTCTGTGCGAATCAAATTTATGAAGCTATCAA ATTAGGCTACC TTATTCGATGGTGCTTGCGACTACGGCAACGAAAAGGAAGTT GGTGAAGGTATCAGGAAAGCCATCTCCGAAGGTCTTGTTTCTAGAAAGGATATAT TTGTTGTTTCAAAGTTATGGAACAATTTTCACCATCCTGATCATGTAAAATTAGC TTTAAAGAAGACCTTAAGCGATATGGGACTTGATTATTTAGACCTGTATTATATT CACTTCCCAATCGCCTTCAAATATGTTCCATTTGAAGAGAAATACCCTCCAGGAT TCTATACGGGCGCAGATGACGAGAAGAAAGGTCACATCACCGAAGCACATGTACC AATCATAGATACGTACCGGGCTCTGGAAGAATGTGTTGATGAAGGCTTGATTAAG TCTATTGGTGTTTCCAACTTTCAGGGAAGCTTGATTCAAGATTTATTACGTGGTT GTAGAATCAAGCCCGTGGLI'l' GCAAATTGAACACCATCCTTATTTGACTCAAGA ACACCTAGTTGAGTTTTGTAAATTACACGATATCCAAGTAGTTGCTTACTCCTCC TTCGGTCCTCAATCATTCATTGAGATGGACTTACAGTTGGCAAAAACCACGCCAA CTCTGTTCGAGAATGATGTAATCAAGAAGGTCTCACAAAACCATCCAGGCAGTAC CACTTCCCAAGTATTGCTTAGATGGGCAACTCAGAGAGGCATTGCCGTCATTCCA AAATCTTCCAAGAAGGAAAGGTTACTTGGCAACCTAGAAATCGAAAAAAAGTTCA CTT'l'AACGGAGCAAGAATTGAAGGATATTTCTGCACTAAATGCCAACATCAGATT TAATGATCCATGGACCTGGTTGGATGGTAAATTCCCCACTTTTGCCTGA

SEQ ID NO; 87 Saccharoniyces cerevisiae aldose reductase GRE3 AA

sequence

MSSLVTLNNGLKMPLVGLGCWKIDKKVCANQIYEAIKLGYRLFDGACDYGNEPEV GEGIRKAISEGLVSRKDIFWSKLWNNFHHPDHVKLALKKTLSDMGLDYLDLYYI HFPIAFKYVPFEEKYPPGFYTGADDEKKGHITEAHVPIIDTYRAT, F.CVDEGLIK SIGVSNFQGSLTQDLLRGCRIKPVALQIEHHPYLTQEHLVEFCKLHDIQWAYSS FGPQSFIEMDLQLAKTTPTLFENDVIKKVSQNHPGSTTSQVLLRWATQRGIAVIP KSS KERLLGNLEIEKKFTLTEQELKDISALNA IRFNDPWTWLDGKFPTFA

SEQ ID NO: 88 Scheffersomyces stipitis D-xylulose reductase xyl2 NT sequence

ATGACTGCTAACCCTTCCTTGGTGTTGAACAAGATCGACGACATTTCGTTCGAAA CTTACGATGCCCCAGAAATCTCTGAACCTACCGATGTCCTCGTCCAGGTCAAGAA AACCGGTATCTGTGGTTCCGACATCCACTTCTACGCCCATGGTAGAATCGGTAAC TTCGTTTTGACCAAGCCAATGGTCTTGGGTCACGAATCCGCCGGTACTGTTGTCC AGGTTGGTAAGGGTGTCACCTCTCTTAAGGTTGGTGACAACGTCGCTATCGAACC AGGTATTCCATCCAGATTCTCCGACGAATACAAGAGCGGTCACTACAACTTGTGT CCTCACATGGCCTTCGCCGCTACTCCTAACTCCAAGGAAGGCGAACCAAACCCAC CAGGTACCTTATGTAAGTACTTCAAGTCGCCAGAAGACTTCTTGGTCAAGTTGCC AGACCACGTCAGCTTGGAACTCGGTGCTCTTGTTGAGCCATTGTCTGTTGGTGTC CACGCCTCTAAGTTGGGTTCCGTTGCTTTCGGCGACTACGTTGCCGTC'l'T GGTG CTGGTCCTGTTGGTCTTTTGGCTGCTGCTGTCGCCAAGACCTTCGGTGCTAAGGG TGTCATCGTCGTTGACA'J."1"1"1'CGACAACAAGTTGAAGATGGCCAAGGACATTGG T GCTGCTACTCACACCTTCAACTCCAAGACCGGTGGTTCTGAAGAATTGATCAAGG CTTTCGGTGGTAACGTGCCAAACGTCGTTTTGGAATGTACTGGTGCTGAACCTTG TATCAAGTTGGGTGTTGACGCCATTGCCCCAGGTGGTCG CGTTCAAGTCGGT AACGCTGCTGGTCCAGTCAGCTTCCCAATCACCGTTTTCGCCATGAAGGAATTGA CTTTGTTCGGTTCTTTCAGATACGGATTCAACGACTACAAGACTGCTGTTGGAAT CTTTGACACTAACTACCAAAACGGTAGAGAAAATGCTCCAATTGAC TTGAACAA TTGATCACCCACAGATACAAGTTCAAGGACGCTATTGAAGCCTACGACTTGGTCA GAGCCGGTAAGGGTGCTGTCAAGTGTCTCATTGACGGCCCTGAGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 89 Scheffersomyces stipitis D-xylulose reductase xyl2

codon optimized NT sequence

ATGACTGCTAACCCTTCCTTGGTGTTGAACAAGATCGACGACATTTCGTTCGAAA CTTACGATGCCCCAGAAATCTCTGAACCTACCGATGTCCTCGTCCAGGTCAAGAA AACCGGTATCTGTGGTTCCGACATCCACTTCTACGCCCATGGTAGAATCGGTAAC TTCGTTTTGACCAAGCCAATGGTCTTGGGTCACGAATCCGCCGGTACTGTTGTCC AGGTTGGTAAGGGTGTCACCTCTCTTAAGGTTGGTGACAACGTCGCTATCGAACC AGGTATTCCATCCAGATTCTCCGACGAATACAAGAGCGGTCACTACAACTTGTGT CCTCACATGGCCTTCGCCGCTACTCCTAACTCCAAGGAAGGCGAACCAAACCCAC CAGGTACCTTATGTAAGTACTTCAAGTCGCCAGAAGATTTCTTGGTCAAGTTGCC AGACCACGTCAGCTTGGAACTCGGTGCTCTTGTTGAGCCATTGTCTGTTGGTGTC CACGCCTCTAAGTTGGGTTCCGTTG 'i'T'i'CGGCGACTACGTTGCCGTCTTTGGAG CAGGTCCTGTTGGTCTTT'I'GGCTGCTGCTGTCGCCAAGACCTTCGGTGCTAAGGG TGTCATCGTCGTTGACA'l' Tl'CGACAACAAGTTGAAGATGGCCAAGGACATTGGA GCTGCTACTCACACCTTCAACTCCAAGACCGGTGGTTCTGAAGAATTGATCAAGG CTTTCGGTGGTAACGTGCCAAACGTCGTTTTGGAATGTACAGGTGCAGAACCTTG TATCAAGTTGGGTGTTGACGCCATTGCCCCAGGTGGTCGTTTCGTTCAAGTCGGT AACGCTGCTGGTCCAGTCAGCTTCCCAATCACCG'i'TT CGCCATGAAGGAATTGA (J GTTCGGTTCTTTCAGATACGGATTCAACGACTACAAGACTGCTGTTGGAAT CTTTGACACTAACTACCAAAACGGTAGAGAAAATGCTCCAATTGAC T GAACAA TTGATCACCCACAGATACAAGTTCAAGGACGCTATTGAAGCCTACGACTTGGTCA GAGCCGGTAAGGGTGCTGTCAAGTGTCTCATTGACGGCCCTGAGTAA

SEQ ID NO; 90 Scheffersomyces stipitis D-xylulose reductase xyI2 AA sequence

MTANPSLVLNKIDDISFETYDAPEISEPTDVLVQVKKTGICGSDIHFYAHGRIGN FVLTKP VLGHESAG WQVGKGVTSLKVGDNVAIEPGIPSRFSDEYKSGHYNLC PHMAFAATPNSKEGEPNPPGTLCKYFKSPEDFLVKLPDHVSLELGALVEPLSVGV HAS LGSVAFGDYVAVFGAGPVGLLAAAVAKTFGAKGVIWDIFDNIOJK AKDIG AATHTFNSKTGGSEELIKAFGGNVPNWLECTGAEPCIKLGVDAIAPGGRFVQVG NAAGPVSFPITVFAMKELTLFGSFRYGFNDYKTAVGIFDTNYQNGRENAPIDFEQ LITHRYKFKDAIEAYDLVRAGKGAVKCLIDGPE

SEQ ID NO: 91 Trichoderma reesei Xylitol dehydrogenase xdhl NT

sequence

ATGGCGACTCAAACGATCAACAAGGATGCGATCAGCAACCTCTCCTTCGTCCTCA ACAAGCCCGGCGACGTGACC ' GAGGAGCGGCCGAAGCCGACCATCACGGACCC CAACGACGTCCTCGTCGCCGTCAACTACACGGGCATCTGCGGCTCCGACGTGCAC TACTGGGTGCACGGCGCCATCGGGCACTTCGTCGTCAAGGACCCGATGGTGCTGG GCCACGAGTCGGCCGGCACCGTCGTCGAGGTCGGCCCGGCCGTCAAGAGCCTCAA GCCCGGCGACCGCGTCGCCCTCGAGCCCGGCTACCCGTGCCGGCGGTGCTCCTTC TGCCGCGCCGGCAAATACAACCTGTGCCCGGACATGGTCTTCGCCGCCACGCCGC CGTACCACGGCACCCTGACGGGCCTGTGGGCGGCGCCCGCCGACTTCTGCTACAA GCTGCCGGACGGCGTGTCGCTGCAGGAGGGCGCGCTGATCGAGCCGCTGGCCGTG GCCGTCCACATTGTCAAGCAGGCCCGCGTCCAGCCGGGCCAGTCCGTCGTCGTCA TGGGCGCCGGCCCCGTCGGCCTGCTGTGCGCCGCCGTGGCCAAGGCGTACGGCGC CTCCACCATTGTCAGCGTCGACATCGTGCAGTCCAAGCTCGAC T'I ^' GCGCGCGGC TTCTGCTCGACGCACACGTACGTCTCGCAGCGCATCTCGGCTGAGGACAACGCAA AGGCCATCAAGGAGCTGGCGGGCCTGCCCGGCGGCGCCGACGTCGTGATTGACGC CAGCGGCGCGGAGCCGTCGATCCAGACGAGCATTCACGTCGTCCGCATGGGCGGC ACGTACGTCCAGGGCGGCATGGGCAAGAGCGACATCACGTTCCCCATCATGGCCA TGTGCCTCAAGGAGGTGACGGTCCGGGGCTCGTTCCGCTACGGCGCCGGCGACTA CGAGCTGGCGGTCGAGCTGGTCCGGACGGGGCGGGTGGACGTCAAGAAGCTGATT ACGGGCACCGTCAGCTTCAAGCAGGCGGAGGAGGCGTTCCAAAAGGTCAAGTCTG GGGAGGCCATCAAGATTCTGATTGCCGGGCCCAACGAGAAGGTGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 92 Trichoderma reesei Xylitol dehydrogenase xdhl AA

sequence

MATQTINKDAISNLSFVLNKPGDVTFEERPKPTITDPNDVLVAVNYTGICGSDVH YWVHGAI HFWKDPMVLGHERAGTVVEVGPAVKSLKPGDRVALEPGYPCRRCSF CRAGKYNLCPDMVFAATPPYHGTLTGLWAAPADFCYKLPDGVSLQEGALIEPLAV AVHIVKQARVQPGQSWVMGAGPVGLLCAAVAKAYGASTIVSVDIVQSKLDFARG FCS1ΉΤYVSQRISAEDNAKAIKELAGLPGGADWIDASGAEPSIQTSIHWR GG TYVQGGMGKSDITFPIMA CLKEVTVRGSFRYGAGDYELAVELVRTGRVDVKKLI TGTVSFKQAEEAFQKVKSGEAIKILIAGPNEKV

SEQ ID NO: 93 Pyromyces sp . xylose isomerase xylA NT sequence

ATGGCTAAGGAATATTTCCCACAAATTCAAAAGATTAAGTTCGAAGGTAAGGATT CTAAGAATCCATTAGCCTTCCACTACTACGATGCTGAAAAGGAAGTCATGGGTAA GAAAATGAAGGATTGGTTACGT TCGCCATGGCCTGGTGGCACACTCTTTGCGCC GAAGGTGCTGACCAATTCGGTGGAGGTACAAAGTCTTTCCCATGGAACGAAGGTA CTGATGCTATTGAAATTGCCAAGCAAAAGGTTGATGCTGGTTTCGAAATCATGCA AAAGCTTGGTATTCCATACTACTGTTTCCACGATGTTGATCTTGTTTCCGAAGGT AACTCTATTGAAGAATACGAATCCAACCTTAAGGCTGTCGTTGCTTACCTCAAGG AAAAGCAAAAGGAAACCGGTATTAAGCTTCTCTGGAGTACTGCTAACGTCTTCGG TCACAAGCGTTACATGAACGGTGCCTCCACTAACCCAGALI GATGTTGTCGCC CGTGCTATTGTTCAAATTAAGAACGCCATAGACGCCGGTATTGAACTTGGTGCTG AAAACTACGTCTTCTGGGGTGGTCGTGAAGGTTACATGAGTCTCCTTAACACTGA CCAAAAGCGTGAAAAGGAACACATGGCCACTATGCTTACCATGGCTCGTGACTAC GCTCGTTCCAAGGGATTCAAGGGTACTTTCCTCATTGAACCAAAGCCAATGGAAC CAACCAAGCACCAATACGATGTTGACACTGAAACCGCTATTGG T ^{^} CCTTAAGGC CCACAACTTAGACAAGGACTTCAAGGTCAACATTGAAGTTAACCACGCTACTCTT GCTGGTCACACTTTCGAACACGAACTTGCCTGTGCTGTTGATGCTGGTATGCTCG GTTCCATTGATGCTAACCGTGGTGACTACCAAAACGGTTGGGATACTGATCAATT CCCAATTGATCAATACGAACTCGTCCAAGCTTGGATGGAAATCATCCGTGGTGGT GGTTTCGTTACTGGTGGTACCAACTTCGATGCCAAGACTCGTCGTAACTCTACTG ACCTCGAAGACATCATCATTGCCCACGTTTCTGGTATGGATGCTATGGCTCGTGC TCTTGAAAACGCTGCCAAGCTCCTCCAAGAATCTCCATACACCAAGATGAAGAAG GAACGTTACGCTTCCTTCGACAGTGGTATTGGTAAGGAC'i'T'l'GAAGATGGTAAGC TCACCCTCGAACAAG l'TACGAATACGGTAAGAAGAACGGTGAACCAAAGCAAAC TTCTGGTAAGCAAGAACTCTACGAAGCTATTGTTGCCATGTACCAATAA

SEQ ID NO: 94 Pyromyces sp. xylose isomerase xylA codon optimized NT sequence

ATGGCCAAGGAATACTTCCCACAAATCCAAAAGATTAAATTCGAAGGTAAAGATT CCAAGAACCCATTGGCTTTTCACTACTACGATGCTGAGAAGGAAGTTATGGGTAA GAAGATGAAGGATTGGTTGAGATTCGCTATGGCTTGGTGGCACACTTTGTGCGCT GAAGGTGCTGACCAATTCGGTGGTGGTACTAAGTCTTTCCCATGGAACGAAGGTA CTGATGCTATTGAAATCGCTAAGCAAAAAGTCGATGCTGGTTTTGAGATTATGCA AAAATTGGGTATCCCATACTACTGTTTCCACGACGTCGACTTGGTTTCTGAAGGT AATTCTATCGAAGAATACGAATCTAATTTGAAGGCTGTTGTCGCTTACTTAAAAG AAAAGCAAAAGGAGACTGGTATTAAGTTGTTGTGGTCCACCGCTAACGTCTTTGG TCATAAAAGATACATGAACGGTGCTTCCACCAACCCAGACTTCGATGTCGTCGCC AGAGCTATCGTTCAAATTAAAAACGCCATCGACGCTGGTATTGAATTGGGTGCTG AAAATTACGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTCGTGAAGGTTACATGTCTTTGTTGAACACTGA CCAAAAGAGAGAAAAAGAACACATGGCCACTATGTTGACCATGGCCAGAGATTAC GCCAGATCTAAGGGT TCAAGGGTACCTTCTTAATTGAACCAAAACCTATGGAAC CAACTAAGCACCAATACGACGTTGACACTGAAACTGCTATCGGTTTTTTGAAGGC TCACAACTTGGATAAGGATTTTAAAGTCAACATTGAAGTTAACCATGCTACTTTG GCTGGTCACACTTTTGAACATGAATTGGCCTGTGCTGTTGATGCTGGTATGTTGG GTTCTATCGATGCTAATAGAGGTGACTATCAAAACGGTTGGGACACTGATCAATT CCCAATCGATCAATATGAATTAGTTCAAGCTTGGATGGAAATTATCAGAGGTGGT GG'i' TCGTTACTGGTGGTACTAACTTCGATGCTAAGACCAGAAGAAACTCTACTG ATTTGGAAGATATTATCATTGCCCACG TCCGGTATGGATGCCATGGCCAGAGC TTTGGAAAACGCCGCCAAGTTATTGCAAGAGTCCCCATACACCAAGATGAAAAAG GAACGTTACGCTTCTTTCGACTCTGGTATCGGTAAAGACTTCGAAGATGGTAAGT TGACCTTGGAACAAGTTTACGAATACGGTAAGAAGAACGGTGAACCTAAACAAAC CTCTGGTAAACAAGAATTGTATGAAGCTATTGTTGCCATGTACCAATAA SEQ ID NO: 95 Pyromyces s . xylose isomerase xylA AA sequence

MAKEYFPQIQKIKFEGKDSKNPLAFHY

EGADQFGGGTKSFPWNEGTDAIEIAKQKVDAGFEIMQKLGIPYYCFHDVDLVSEG NSIEEYESNLKAWAYLKEKQKETGIKLLWSTA VFGHKRYMNGASTNPDFDWA RAIVQIKNAIDAGIELGAENYVFWGGREGYMSLLNTDQKREKEHMATMLTMARDY ARSKGF GTFLIEPKPMEPTKHQYDVDTETAIGFLKAHNLDKDFKVNIEV HATL AGHTFEHELACAVDAGMLGSIDA RGDYQNGWDTDQFPIDQYELVQAWMEIIRGG GFVTGGTNFDAKTRRNSTDLEDIII HVSGMDAMARALENAAKLLQESPYTKMKK ERYASFDSGIGKDFEDGPLTLEQVYEYGKK GEPKQTSGKQELYEAIVAMYQ

SEQ ID NO; 96 Clostridium acetobutylicum butyrate-acetoacetate CoA- transferase, complex A ctfA NT sequence

ATGAACTCTAAAATAATTAGATTTGAAAATTTAAGGTCATTCTTTAAAGATGGGA TGACAATTATGATTGGAGGTTTTTTAAACTGTGGCACTCCAACCAAATTAATTGA TTTTTTAGTTAATTTAAATATAAAGAATTTAACGATTATAAGTAATGATACATGT TATCCTAATACAGGTATTGGTAAGTTAATATCAAATAATCAAGTAAAAAAGCTTA TTGCTTCATATATAGGCAGCAACCCAGATACTGGCAAAAAACTTTTTAATAATGA ACTTGAAGTAGAGCTCTCTCCCCAAGGAACTCTAGTGGAAAGAATACGTGCAGGC GGATCTGGCTTAGGTGGTGTACTAACTAAAACAGGTTTAGGAACTTTGATTGAAA AAGGAAAGAAAAAAATATCTATAAATGGAACGGAATATTTGTTAGAGCTACCTCT TACAGCCGATGTAGCATTAATTAAAGGTAGTATTGTAGATGAGGCCGGAAACACC TTCTATAAAGGTACTACTAAAAACT TAATCCCTATATGGCAATGGCAGCTAAAA CCGTAATAGTTGAAGCTGAAAATTTAGTTAGCTGTGAAAAACTAGAAAAGGAAAA AGCAATGACCCCCGGAGTTCTTATAAATTATATAGTAAAGGAGCCTGCATAA

SEQ ID NO: 97 Clostrid um acetobut licum b tyrate-acetoace ate CoA- transferase, complex A ctf AA sequence

MNS I IRFENLRS FKJJGMTIMlGGFLNCGTPTKLIDFLVNLNlKISrLTIISNDTC YPNTGIGKLISNNQVKKLIASYIGSNPDTGKKLFNNELEVELSPQGTLVERIRAG GSGLGGVLTKTGLGTLIEKGKKKISINGTEYLLELPLTADVALIKGSIVDEAGNT FYKGTTK F PYMAMAA IVIVEAB LVSCBKLEKEKAMTPGVLINYIVKEPA

SEQ ID NO: 98 Clostridium acetobutylicum butyrate-acetoacetate CoA- transferase, subunit B ctfB NT sequence

ATGATTAATGATAAAAACCTAGCGAAAGAAATAATAGCCAAAAGAGTTGCAAGAG AATTAAAAAATGGTCAACTTGTAAACTTAGGTGTAGGTCTTCCTACCATGGTTGC AGATTATATACCAAAAAATTTCAAAATTACT 'l'CCAATCAGAAAACGGAATAGTT GGAATGGGCGCTAGTCCTAAAATAAATGAGGCAGATAAAGATGTAGTAAATGCAG GAGGAGACTATACAACAGTACTTCCTGACGGCACATTTTTCGATAGCTCAGTTTC GTTTTCACTAATCCGTGGTGGTCACGTAGATGTTACTGTTTTAGGGGCTCTCCAG GTAGATGAAAAGGGTAATATAGCCAATTGGATTGTTCCTGGAAAAATGCTCTCTG GTATGGGTGGAGCTATGGATTTAGTAAATGGAGCTAAGAAAGTAATAATTGCAAT GAGACATACAAATAAAGGTCAACCTAAAATTTTAAAAAAATGTACACTTCCCCTC ACGGCAAAGTCTCAAGCAAATCTAATTGTAACAGAACTTGGAGTAATTGAGGTTA TTAATGATGGTTTACTTCTCACTGAAATTAATAAAAACACAACCATTGATGAAAT AAGGTCTTTAACTGCTGCAGATTTACTCATATCCAATGAACTTAGACCCATGGCT GTTTAG

SEQ ID NO: 99 Clostridium acetobutylicura butyrate-acetoacetate CoA- transferase, subunit B ctfB AA sequence

MINDKNLAKEI IAKRVARELKNGQLVNLGVGLPTMVADYIPKNFKITFQSENGIV GMGASPKINEADKDWNAGGDYTTVLPDGTFFDSSVSFSLIRGGHVDVTViiGALQ VDEKGNIAN IVPGKMLSGMGGAMDLVNGAKPCVI IAMRHTNKGQPKILKKCTLPL TAKSQANLIVTELGVIEVINDRTJJ.TEINKNTTTDEIRSLTAADLLISNELRPMA V

SEQ ID NO: 100 Escherichia coli (strain K12) Acetyl -CoA : acetoacetate- CoA transferase subunit atoA NT sequence

ATGGATGCGAAACAACGTATTGCGCGCCGTGTGGCGCAAGAGCTTCGTGATGGTG ACATCGTTAACTTAGGGATCGGTTTACCCACAATGGTCGCCAATTATTTACCGGA GGGTATTCATATCACTCTGCAATCGGAAAACGGCTTCCTCGGTTTAGGCCCGGTC ACGACAGCGCATCCAGATCTGGTGAACGCTGGCGGGCAACCGTGCGGTGTTTTAC CCGGTGCAGCCATG GATAGCGCCATGTCATTTGCGCTAATCCGTGGCGGTCA TATTGATGCCTGCGTGCTCGGCGGT TGCAAGTAGACGAAGAAGCAAACCTCGCG AACTGGGTAGTGCCTGGGAAAATGGTGCCCGGTATGGGTGGCGCGATGGATCTGG TGACCGGGTCGCGCAAAGTGATCATCGCCATGGAACATTGCGCCAAAGATGGTTC AGCAAAAA l'T GCGCCGCTGCACCATGCCACTCACTGCGCAACATGCGGTGCAT ATGCTGGTTACTGAACTGGCTGTCTTTCGTTTTATTGACGGCAAAATGTGGCTCA CCGAAATTGCCGACGGGTGTGATTTAGCCACCGTGCGTGCCAAAACAGAAGCTCG GTTTGAAGTCGCCGCCGATCTGAATACGCAACGGGGTGATTTATGA

SEQ ID NO: 101 Escherichia coli (strain K12) Acetyl -CoA : acetoacetate- CoA transferase subunit atoA AA sequence

MDAKQRIARRVAQELRDGDIVNLGIGLPTMVANYLPEGIHITLQSENGFLGLGPV TTAHPDLVNAGGQPCGVLPGAAMFDSAMSFALIRGGHIDACVLGGLQVDEEANLA NWVVPGKMVPGMGGAMDLVTGSRKVI IAMEHCAKDGSAKILRRCT PLTAQHAVH MLVTELAVFRFIDGKMWLTEIADGCDLATVRAKTEARFEVAADLNTQRGDL

SEQ ID NO: 102 Escherichia coli (strain K12) Acetyl -CoA : acetoacetate- CoA transferase subunit atoD T sequence

ATGAAAACAAAATTGATGACATTACAAGACGCCACCGGCTTCTTTCGTGACGGCA TGACCATCATGGTGGGCGGATTTATGGGGATTGGCACTCCATCCCGCCTGGTTGA AGCATTACTGGAATCTGGTGTTCGCGACCTGACATTGATAGCCAATGATACCGCG TTTGTTGATACCGGCATCGGTCCGCTCATCGTCAATGGTCGAGTCCGCAAAGTGA TTGCTTCACATATCGGCACCAACCCGGAAACAGGTCGGCGCATGATATCTGGTGA GATGGACGTCGTTCTGGTGCCGCAAGGTACGCTAATCGAGCAAATTCGCTGTGGT GGAGCTGGACTTGGTGGTTTTCTCACCCCAACGGGTGTCGGCACCGTCGTAGAGG AAGGCAAACAGACACTGACACTCGACGGTAAAACCTGGCTGCTCGAACGCCCACT GCGCGCCGACCTGGCGCTAATTCGCGCTCATCGTTGCGACACACTTGGCAACCTG ACCTATCAACTTAGCGCCCGCAACT TAACCCCCTGATAGCCCTTGCGGCTGATA TCACGCTGGTAGAGCCAGATGAACTGGTCGAAACCGGCGAGCTGCAACCTGACCA TATTGTCACCCCTGGTGCCGTTATCGACCACATCATCGTTTCACAGGAGAGCAAA TAA SEQ ID NO: 103 Escherichia coli (strain K12) Acetyl-CoA:acetoacetate- CoA transferase subunit atoD AA sequence

MKTPQJ TLQDATGFFRDGMTIMVGGF GIGTPSRLVEALLESGVRDLTLIANDTA FVDTGIGPLIVNGRVRKVIASHIGTNPETGRRMISGEMDWLVPQGTLIEQIRCG GAGLGGFLTPTGVGTWEEGKOTLTLDGKTWT'T'ERPLRADLALIRAHRCDTLGNL TYQLSARNFNPLIALAADITLVEPDELVETGELQPDHIVTPGAVIDHIIVSQESK

SEQ ID NO: 104 Clostridium beij erinckii secondary alcohol

dehydrogenase adh NT sequence

ATGAAAGGTTTTGCAATGCTAGGTATTAATAAGTTAGGATGGATCGAAAAAGAAA GGCCAGTTGCGGGTTCATATGATGCTATTGTACGCCCATTAGCAGTATCTCCGTG TACATCAGATATACATACTGTTTTTGAGGGAGCTCTTGGAGATAGGAAGAATATG ATTTTAGGGCATGAAGCTGTAGGTGAAGTTGTTGAAGTAGGAAGTGAAGTGAAGG ATTTTAAACCTGGTGACAGAGTTATAGTTCCTTGTACAACTCCAGATTGGAGATC TTTGGAAGTTCAAGCTGGTTTTCAACAGCACTCAAACGGTATGCTCGCAGGATGG AAATTTTCAAATTTCAAGGATGGAGTTTTTGGTGAATATTTTCATGTAAATGATG CGGATATGAATCTTGCGATTCTACCTAAAGACATGCCATTAGAAAATGCTGTTAT GATAACAGATATGATGACTACTGGATTTCATGGAGCAGAACTTGCAGATATTCAA ATGGGTTCAAGTGTTGTGGTAATTGGCATTGGAGCTGTTGGCTTAATGGGAATAG CAGGTGCTAAATTACGTGGAGCAGGTAGAATAATTGGAGTGGGGAGCAGGCCGAT TTGTGTTGAGGCTGCAAAATTTTATGGAGCAACAGATATTCTAAATTATAAAAAT GGTCATATAGTTGATCAAGTTATGAAATTAACGAATGGAAAAGGCGTTGACCGCG TAATTATGGCAGGCGGTGGTTCTGAAACATTATCCCAAGCAGTATCTATGGTTAA ACCAGGAGGAATAATTTCTAATATAAATTATCATGGAAGTGGAGATGCTTTACTA ATACCACGTGTAGAATGGGGATGTGGAATGGCTCACAAGACTATAAAAGGAGGTC TTTGTCCTGGGGGACGT'l''GAGAGCAGAAATGTTAAGAGATATGGTAGTATATAA TCGTGTTGATCTAAGTAAATTAGTTACACATGTATATCATGGATTTGATCACATA GAAGAAGCACTGTTATTAATGAAAGACAAGCCAAAAGACTTAATTAAAGCAGTAG TTATATTATAA

SEQ ID NO: 105 Clostridium beij erinckii secondary alcohol

dehydrogenase adh cad.cn optimized NT sequence

ATGAAAGGGT TGCCATGTTAGGTATCAATAAACTGGGCTGGATTGAAAAAGAGC GCCCGGTGGCGGGTTCATACGATGCAATTGTTCGTCCGCTGGCCGTCAGTCCGTG CACCAGCGACATCCATACAGTC T GAAGGTGCCCTGGGTGATCGGAAAAACATG ATTCTGGGCCATGAAGCCGTAGGCGAAGTAGTGGAAGTGGGCAGCGAGGTAAAGG ATTTCAAACCGGGTGATCGCGTAATTGTTCCTTGCACGACCCCAGATTGGCGCTC ACTGGAAGTTCAGGCTGGTTTTCAGCAGCATAGTAACGGTATGTTAGCAGGCTGG AAGTTTAGCAATTTTAAAGACGGGGTGTTCGGGGAGTATTTTCATGTCAACGATG CGGACATGAATCTGGCTATTTTACCTAAAGATATGCCGCTGGAGAACGCAGTGAT GATTACCGACATGATGACGACAGGLITT'l ^' CACGGTGCAGAACTGGCTGACATCCAA ATGGGCTCCAGTGTGGTGGTTATCGGTATTGGTGCGGTCGGGCTGATGGGTATCG CGGGCGCGAAATTACGGGGCGCTGGTCGCATCATCGGTGTCGGCAGCCGTCCAAT TTGCGTTGAAGCAGCTAAATTCTATGGTGCCACGGACATTCTGAACTATAAAAAT GGTCACATCGTCGATCAGGTGATGAAACTGACCAATGGCAAAGGTGTGGACCGCG TGATCATGGCGGGCGGCGGCTCAGAGACTTTATCTCAAGCGGTGTCTATGGTTAA ACCTGGGGGCATCATTTCTAATATTAACTATCATGGCTCCGGCGACGCATTACTG ATCCCGCGTGTTGAATGGGGCTGTGGGATGGCCCACAAAACCATTAAAGGGGGGT TATGTCCGGGTGGTCGCCTGCGTGCCGAAATGCTGCGTGACATGGTGGTTTACAA CCGTGTGGATCTGTCCAAACTGGTAACTCACGTATACCACGGTTTCGATCACATT GAAGAGGCGCTGCTGCTGATGAAGGATAAGCCAAAGGATCTGATTAAGGCGGTTG TTATCCTGTAA

SEQ ID NO: 106 Clostridium beij erinckii secondary alcohol

dehydrogenase adh AA sequence

KGFAMLGINKLG IEKERPVAGSYDAIVRPLAVSPCTSDIHTVFEGALGDRKNM ILGHF.AVGEVVEVGSEVKDFKPGDRVIVPC'i'l'PDWRSLEVOAGFQQHSNGMLAGW KFSNFKDGVFGEYFHVNDADMNLAILPKDMPLENAVMITDMMTTGFHGAELADIQ MGSSVWIGIGAVGLMGIAGAKLRGAGRI IGVGSRPICVEAAKFYGATDILNYKN GHIVDQVMKLTNGKGVDRVIMAGGGSETLSQAVSMV PGGIISNINYHGSGDALL IPRVEWGCG AHKTI GGLCPGGRLRAEMLRDMWYNRVDLS LVTHVYHGFDHI EEALLLMKDKPKDLIKAWIL

SEQ ID NO: 107 Clostridium carboxidivorans alcohol dehydrogenase adh

NT sequence

ATGAAGGTAACTAATGTTGAAGAACTGATGAAAAAAATGCAGGAAGTGCAAAATG CTCAAAAAAAATTTGGGAGTTTTACTCAGGAACAAGTAGATGAAATTTTCAGGCA AGCAGCACTAGCAGCTAACAGTGCCAGAATAGATCTAGCTAAAATGGCAGTGGAA GAAACTAAAATGGGAATTGTAGAGGATAAGGTTATAAAAAATCATTTTGTTGCAG AATACATATATAATAAGTATAAAAATGAAAAAACTTGTGGGATTTTGGAAGAAGA TGAAGGC'i'TTGGAATGGTTAAAATTGCAGAACCTGTAGGTGTGATTGCAGCAGTA ATTCCAACAACAAATCCAACATCTACAGCAATATTTAAAGCATTATTAGCTT'l'GA AAACAAGAAATGGTATAATTTTTTCACCACATCCAAGAGCAAAAAAGTGTACTAT TGCAGCAGCTAAGTTAGTTCTTGATGCTGCAGTTAAAGCAGGTGCTCCTAAAGGA ATTATAGGTTGGATAGATGAACCTTCTATTGAACTTTCACAGATAGTAATGAAAG AAGCTGATATAATCCTTGCAACAGGTGGTCCAGGTATGGTTAAAGCAGCTTATTC TTCAGGTAAACCTGCTATAGGGGTTGGTCCTGGTAACACACCTGC'l'TTAATTGAT GAAAGTGCTGATATTAAAATGGCAGTAAATTCAATACTTCTTTCCAAAACTTTTG ATAATGGTATGATTTGTGCTTCAGAGCAGTCGGTAGTAGTTGTAGATTCAATATA TGAAGAAGTTAAGAAAGAATTTGCTCATAGAGGAGCTTATATTTTAAGTAAGGAT GAAACAACTAAAGTTGGAAAAATACTCTTAGTTAATGGTACATTAAATGCTGGTA TCGTTGGTCAGAGTGCTTATAAAATAGCAGAAATGGCAGGAGTTAAAGTTCCAGA AGATGCTAAAGTTCTTATAGGAGAAGTAAAATCAGTGGAGCATTCAGAAGAGCCA TTTTCACATGAAAAGTTATCTCCAGTTTTAGCTATGTATAGAGCTAAAAATTTTG ATGAAGCTCTTTTAAAAGCTGGAAGATTAGTTGAACTCGGTGGAATGGGTCATAC ATCTGTATTATATGTAAATGCAATAACTGAAAAAGTAAAAGTAGAAAAATTTAGA GAAACTATGAAGACTGGTAGAACATTAATAAATATGCCTTCAGCACAAGGTGCTA TAGGAGACATATATAAC'l-'l' AAACTAGCTCCTTCATTAACATTAGGTTGTGGTTC ATGGGGAGGAAACTCCGTATCAGAAAATGTTGGACCTAAACACTTATTAAATATA AAAAGTGTTGCTGAGAGGAGAGAAAATATGC TTGGTTTAGAGTTCCTGAAAAGG TTTATTTTAAATATGGTAGTCTTGGAGTTGCATTAAAAGAATTAGATATTTTGGA TAAGAAAAAAGTATTTATAGTAACAGATAAAGTTCTTTATCAATTAGGTTATATA GATAGAGTTACAAAGATTCTTGAAGAATTGAAAATTTCATATAAAATATTTACAG ATGTAGAACCAGATCCAACCCTAGCTACAGCTAAAAAAGGTGCAGAAGAATTGTT ATCATTTAATCCAGATACTATTATAGCAGTTGGTGGTGGTTCAGCAATGGATGCT GCTAAGATTATGTGGGTAATGTATGAACATCCGGAAGTAAGATTTGAAGATTTAG CTATGAGATTTATGGATATAAGAAAGAGAGTATATACTTTTCCTAAGATGGGTGA AAAAGCAATGATGATTTCTGTTGCAACATCAGCAGGAACAGGATCAGAAGTAACA CCTTTTGCAGTAATTACTGATGAAAAAACAGGAGCTAAATATCCATTAGCTGATT ATGAATTAACTCCAAATATGGCTATAATTGATGCTGAACTTATGATGGGTATGCC AAAAGGATTAACAGCAGCTTCAGGAATAGATGCACTAACTCATGCAATAGAAGCT TATGTATCAATAATGGCTTCAGAATATACTAATGGATTAGCGTTAGAAGCAATAA GATTGATATTTAAGTATTTACCAATAGCTTACAGTGAAGGAACAACAAGTATAAA GGCAAGAGAAAAAATGGCGCATGCTTCAACAATAGCTGGTATGGCATTTGCTAAT GCATTTTTAGGAGTATGTCATTCAATGGCACATAAATTAGGATCAACTCATCACG TACCACATGGCATTGCCAATGCACTACTTATAAATGAAGTTATAAAATTTAATGC AGTAGAAAATCCAAGAAAACAAGCTGCATTTCCACAATATAAGTATCCAAATATA AAAAAGAGATATGCTAGAATAGCAGATTACCTTAACTTAGGTGGGTCAACAGACG ATGAAAAAGTACAATTATTAATAAATGCTATAGATGAATTAAAAGCTAAGATAAA TATTCCAGAAAGTATTAAAGAAGCAGGAGTAACAGAAGAAAAATTTTATGCTACT TTAGATAAAATGTCAGAATTAGCTTTTGATGATCAATGTACAGGTGCAAACCCTA GATATCCATTAATAAGTGAAATAAAACAAATGTATGTAAATGCATTTTAA

SEQ ID NO: 108 Clostridium carbo idi orans alcohol dehydrogenase adh

AA sequence

MKVTNVKFJIMKKMOEVONAQKKFGSFTOEOVDEIFROAALAANSARIDLAKMAVE

ETKMGIVEDKVTKNHFVAEYIYNKY NEKTCGIT!ERDEGFG VKIAEPVGVIAAV

IPTTNPTSTAIFKALLALKTRNGI IFSPHPRAK CTIAAAKLVLDAAVKAGAPKG

IIGWIDEPSIELSQIVMKEAD11LATGGPGMVKAAYSSGK AIGVGPGNT ALID

ESADIKMAVNSILLSK FDNG ICASEQSWVVDSIYEEVKKEFAHRGAYILSKD

ETTKVGKILLWGTLNAGIVGQSAYKIAEMAGV VPEDAKVLIGEVKSVEHSBEP

FSHBKLSFVLA YRAKNTOEALLKAGRLVELGGMGHTSVLYWAITO

ETMKTGRTLINMPSAQGAIGDIY F BAPSLTLGCGS GGNSVSENVGPKHLLNI

KSVAERRENMLWFRVPEKVYFKYGSLGVALKELDILDKKKVFIVTDKVLYQLGYI

DRVTKILEELKISYK FTDVEPDPTLATA KGAEELLSFNPDTT IAVGGGSAMDA

A I WVMYEHPEVRFEDLAMRFMDIRKRVYTFPKMGEKAMMISVATSAGTGSEVT

PFAVITDEKTGAKYPLADYELTPNMAIIDAEL MGMPKGLTAASGIDALTHAIEA

YVS IM SEYTNGLALEAIRL IFKYLP IAYSEGTTS IKARE MAHASTIAGMAFAN

AFLGVCHSMAHKLGS HHVPHGIANALLINEVIKFNAVENPRKQAAFPQYKYPNI

KKRYARIADYLNLGGSTDDE VQLLINAIDELKA INIPESIKEAGVTEEKFYAT

LDKMSELAFDDQCTGANPRYPLISEI KQMYVNAF

SEQ ID NO: 109 Escherichia coli soluble pyridine nucleotide

transhydrogenase NT sequence

ATGCCACATTCCTACGATTACGATGCCATAGTAATAGGTTCCGGCCCCGGCGGCGAAGGC GCTGCAATGGGCCTGGTTAAGCAAGGTGCGCGCGTCGCAGTTATCGAGCGTTATCAAAAT GTTGGCGGCGGTTGCACCCACTGGGGCACCATCCCGTCGAAAGCTCTCCGTCACGCCGTC AGCCGCATTATAGAATTCAATCAAAACCCACTTTACAGCGACCATTCCCGACTGCTCCGC TCTTCTTTTGCCGATATCCTTAACCATGCCGATAACGTGATTAATCAACAAACGCGCATG CGTCAGGGATTTTACGAACGTAATCACTGTGAAATATTGCAGGGAAACGCTCGCTTTGTT GACGAGCATACGTTGGCGCTGGATTGCCCGGACGGCAGCGTTGAAACACTAACCGCTGAA AAATTTGTTATTGCCTGCGGCTCTCGTCCATATCATCCAACAGATGTTGATTTCACCCAT CCACGCATTTACGACAGCGACTCAATTCTCAGCATGCACCACGAACCGCGCCATGTACTT ATCTATGGTGCTGGAGTGATCGGCTGTGAATATGCGTCGATCTTCCGCGGTATGGATGTA AAAGTGGATCTGATCAACACCCGCGATCGCCTGCTGGCATTTCTCGATCAAGAGATGTCA GATTCTCTCTCCTATCACTTCTGGAACAGTGGCGTAG GATTCGTCACAACGAAGAGTAC GAGAAGATCGAAGGCTGTGACGATGGTGTGATCATGCATCTGAAGTCGGGTAAAAAACTG AAAGCTGACTGCCTGCTCTATGCCAACGGTCGCACCGGTAATACCGATTCGCTGGCGTTA CAGAACATTGGGCTAGAAACTGACAGCCGCGGACAGCTGAAGGTCAACAGCATGTATCAG ACCGCACAGCCACACGTTTACGCGGTGGGCGACGTGATTGGTTATCCGAGCCTGGCGTCG GCGGCCTATGACCAGGGGCGCAT GCCGCGCAGGCGC GGTAAAAGGCGAAGCCACCGCA CATCTGATTGAAGATATCCCTACCGGTATTTACACCATCCCGGAAATCAGCTCTGTGGGC AAAACCGAACAGCAGCTGACCGCAATGAAAG GCCATATGAAGTGGGCCGCGCCCAGTTT AAACATCTGGCACGCGCACAAATCGTCGGCATGAACG GGGCACGCTGAAAATTTTGTTC CATCGGGAAACAAAAGAGATTCTGGGTATTCACTGCTTTGGCGAGCGCGCTGCCGAAATT AT CATATCGGTCAGGCGATTATGGAACAGAAAGGTGGCGGCAACACTATTGAGTACTTC GTCAACACCACCTTTAACTACCCGACGATGGCGGAAGCCTATCGGGTAGCTGCGTTAAAC GGTTTAAACCGCCTGTTTTAA

SEQ ID NO: 110 Escherichia coli soluble pyridine nucleotide

transhydrogenase AA sequence

MPHSYDYDAIVIGSGPGGEGAAMGLVKQGARVAVIERYQNVGGGCTHWGTIPSKA LRHAVSRIIEFNQNPLYSDHSRLLRSSFADILNHADNVINQQTRMRQGFYERNHC

ElbQGNARFVDEHTLAbDCPDGSVETLTAEKFVlACGSRPYHPTDVDFTHPRIYD SDSILSMHHEPRHVLIYGAGVIGCEYASIFRGMDVKVDLINTRDRLLAFLDOEMS DSLSYHFWNSGWIRHNEEYEKIEGCDDGVIMHLKSGKKLKADCLLYANGRTGNT DSLALQNIGLETDSRGQLKVNSMYQTAQPHVYAVGDVIGYPSLASAAYDQGRIAA QALVKGEATAHLIEDIPTGIYTIPEISSVGKTEQQLTAMKVPYEVGRAQFKHLAR AQIVGMNVGTLKILFHRETKEILGIHCFGERAAEIIHIGQAI EQKGGGNTIEYF VN'i' 'FNYPT AEAYRVAALNGLNRLF

SEQ ID NO: 111 Forward primer to amplify fucA and fucO

C TTTAATAAGGAGATATACCATGGAACGAAATAAACTTGC

SEQ ID NO: 112 Reverse primer to amplify fucA and fucO

GGTTATTCCTCCTTATTTAGAGCTCTAAACGAATTCTTACCAGGCG GTATGGTAAA

SEQ ID NO: 113 Forward primer to amplify fucK

GAATTCGTTTAGAGCTCTAAATAAGGAGGAATAACCATGATGAAACAAGAAGTTA T

SEQ ID NO: 114 Reverse primer to amplify fucK

GAGCT CGGTACCCGGGGATCCAAAAAACCCCTCAAGACCC

SEQ ID NO: 115 Forward primer to amplify thl

CTGTTGTTATATTGTAATGATGTATGCAAGAGGGATAAA

SEQ ID NO: 116 Reverse primer to amplify thl

TATATCTCCTTCTTAAAGTTCATAAATCACCCCGTTGC

SEQ ID NO: 117 Forward primer to amplify fucO ATGGCTAACAGAATGATTCTG

SEQ ID NO: 118 Reverse primer to amplify fucO

TTACCAGGCGGTATGGTAAAGCT

SEQ ID NO: 119 Forward primer to amplify atoA/D

CTGTTGTTATATTGTAATGATGTATGCAAGAGGGATAAA

SEQ ID NO: 120 Reverse primer to amplify atoA/D

TATATCTCCTTCTTAAAGTTCATAAATCACCCCGTTGC

[00624] The foregoing detailed description has been given for clearness of understanding only and no unnecessary limitations should be understood there from as modifications will be obvious to those skilled in the art.

[00625] While the disclosure has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the disclosure following, in general, the principles of the disclosure and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the disclosure pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth and as follows in the scope of the appended claims,

[00626] The disclosures, including the claims, figures and/or drawings, of each and every patent, patent application, and publication cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

NUMBERED EMBODIMENTS OF THE DISCLOSURE

[00627] Particular subject matter contemplated by the present disclosure is set out in the below numbered embodiments. . A recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xyiose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-fagatose 3-epimerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-ribulose;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulokinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose from (a) to D-ribuiose-1 -phosphate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribulose- -phosphate from (b) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA;

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

. The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (g) to isopropanoi. The recombinant microorganism of claim 2, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyluiose to D- xylulose-5-phosphate;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycolic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1-4, wherein an endogenous D~xyiose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiulose.

A recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xyiose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylulose 1 -kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyluiose to D- xylulose-1-phosphate;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylulose-1 -phosphate from (a) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP); (c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (b) to MEG;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fhiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl- CoA;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacety!-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (d) to acetoacetate; and/or

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (e) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

. The recombinant microorganism of claim 6, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (f) to isopropanol,

. The recombinant microorganism of claim 7, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene.

. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 6-8, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xy!ulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiuiose to D- xylulose-5-phosphate; (b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to g!ycolic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

0. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 8-9, wherein an endogenous D-xy!ose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyluiose.

1. A recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethyiene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xylose and glucose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose reductase or aldose reductase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to xylitoi and at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylitoi dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of xylitoi to D-xylulose;

(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xylulose, and wherein the microorganism further expresses one or more of the following:

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-tagatose 3-epimerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose from (a) or (b) to D-ribulose;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribuiokinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose from (c) to D-ribulose- -phosphate;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D~ribulose-1 -phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D- ribulose-1 -phosphate from (d) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP); (f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycoialdehyde reductase or metby!g!yoxa! reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycoialdehyde from (e) to MEG;

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fhiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl- CoA;

(h) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (g) to acetoacetate; and/or

(i) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (h) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

2. The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 1 , wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (i) to isopropanol.

3. The recombinant microorganism of claim 12, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene.

4. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 11-13, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xy!ulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiuiose to D- xylulose-5-phosphate; and (b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an alkaline phosphatase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose-5- phosphate to D-xylulose.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 11-14, wherein the microorganism is a fungus.

A recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethyiene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xyiose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to D-xylonolactone;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylonolactonase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylonolactone from (a) to D-xylonafe;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucieic acid molecule encoding a xylonate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyionate from (b) to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xyionate from (c) to giycolaldehyde and pyruvate;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a giycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde from (d) to MEG;

(f) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA;

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (f) to acetoacetate; and/or

(h) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (g) to acetone; wherein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acetyi-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced,

7. The recombinant microorganism of claim 16, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (h) to isopropanol.

8. The recombinant microorganism of claim 17, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene.

9. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D- xylulose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to glycolic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

0. A recombinant microorganism capable of co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and acetone from exogenous D-xyiose, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to D~xylonate; (b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylonate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of D~xylonafe from (a) to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a 2~keto-3-deoxy~D~pentonate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xy!onate from (b) to glycola!dehyde and pyruvate;

(d) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA;

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or

(g) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

vv'herein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

1. The recombinant microorganism of claim 20, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (g) to isopropanoi.

2. The recombinant microorganism of claim 21 , wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

3. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 20-22, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of: (a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D- xylu!ose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycoialdehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycoialdehyde to glyeoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 or claim 1 1 , wherein the D- tagatose 3-epimerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp., Mesorhizobium sp. or Rhodobacter sp.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 24, wherein the microorganism is selected from Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas sp. ST-24, Mesorhizobium ioti or Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 24, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is dte and/or C1 KKR1.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 or claim 1 1 , wherein the D- ribulokinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coii.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 27, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucK.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 or claim 1 1 , wherein the D- ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coii.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 29, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucA.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1 , 6, 1 1 , 18 or 20, wherein the glycoialdehyde reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from E. coli or S. cerevisiae.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 31 , wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is selected from fucO, yqhD, dkgA (yqhE), dkgB (yafB), yeaE, yghZ, gidA and/or GRE2.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1 , 8, 1 1 , 16 or 20, wherein the thioiase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., E. coli and Marinobaciersp.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 33, wherein the microorganism is selected from Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, Bacillus cereus, E. coli and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 33, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is th!A and/or atoB.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1 , 6, 1 1 , 16 or 20, wherein the acetafe:acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp. or E. coli.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 36, wherein the microorganism is Clostridium acetobutylicum.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 36, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetate:acetoacefyl-CoA transferase is atoA and/or atoD,

The recombinant microorganism of claim 36, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetate:acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is ctfA and/or ctfB.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1 , 6, 1 1 , 16 or 20, wherein the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The recombinant microorganism of claim 40, wherein the microorganism is selected from Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium ceiluiolyticum, Bacillus polymyxa, Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas putida.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 40, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 2, 7, 12, 17 or 21 , wherein the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Burkholderia sp, Alcaligenes sp., Clostridium sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Phytomonas sp., Rhodococcus sp., Methanobacterium sp., Methanogenium sp., Entamoeba sp., Trichomonas sp., and Tritrichomonas sp.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 43, wherein the microorganism is selected from Burkholderia sp. AIU 852, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Clostridium ragsdalei, Clostridium beijerinckii, Thermoanaerobacter brockii, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus (Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum), Rhodococcus ruber Methanobacterium paiustre, methanogenic archaea Methanogenium liminatans, parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica, parasitic protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus and human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 43, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is adhB or EhAdhl

The recombinant microorganism of claim 8, wherein the D-xylulose 1- kinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Homo sapiens.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 46, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose 1-kinase is ketohexokinase C (khk-C). The recombinant microorganism of claim 6, wherein the D-xylulose-1- phosphate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Homo sapiens,

The recombinant microorganism of claim 48, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose-1 -phosphate aldolase is aldolase B (ALDOB).

The recombinant microorganism of claim 11 , wherein the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Hypocrea sp,, Saccharomyces sp., Pachyso!en sp., Pichia sp., Candida sp., Aspergiiius sp., Neurospora sp., and Cryptococcus sp.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 50, wherein the microorganism is selected from Hypocrea jecorina, S. cerevisiae, Pachyso!en tannophilus, Pichia stipitis, Pichia quercuum, Candida shehatae, Candida tenuis, Candida tropica!is, Aspergiiius niger, Neurospora crassa and Cryptococcus iactaiivorus.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 50, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is xyh or GRE3.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 1 , wherein the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pichia sp. , Saccharomyces sp., Giuconobacter sp., Ga!actocandida sp., Neurospora sp., and Serratia sp. The recombinant microorganism of claim 53, wherein the microorganism is selected from Pichia stipitis, S. cerevisiae, Giuconobacter oxydans, Ga!actocandida mastotermitis, Neurospora crassa and Serratia marcescens.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 53, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylitoi dehydrogenase is xy!2 or xdhl . The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 1 , wherein the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coii. The recombinant microorganism of claim 58, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is xyiA.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 16 or claim 20, wherein the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacter sp., Ha!oarcula sp., Haioferax sp., Ha!orubrum sp. and Trichoderma sp.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 58, wherein the microorganism is selected from Caulobacter crescentus, Haioarcu!a marismoriui, Haioferax volcanii, Halorubrum !acusprodundi and Trichoderma reesei.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 58, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is selected from xyiB, xdh or xydl

The recombinant microorganism of claim 16, wherein the xylonolactonase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Caulobacter sp. and Haioferax sp.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 61 , wherein the microorganism is selected from Cauiobacter crescentus, Haioferax voicanii and Haioferax gibbonsii.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 61 , wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase is xylC.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 16 or claim 20, wherein the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Cauiobacter sp., Haioferax sp., Suifoiobus sp, and E. coii.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 64, wherein the microorganism is selected from Cauiobacter crescentus, Haioferax voicanii, E. coii and Suifoiobus soifataricus.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 64, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xyionate dehydratase is selected from xyiD, yjhG, yagF and xad. The recombinant microorganism of claim 16 or claim 20, wherein the 2- keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp. and E. coli.

The recombinant microorganism of claim 67, wherein the microorganism is E, coli,

The recombinant microorganism of claim 67, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is selected from yjhH and yagE.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1 , 6, 1 1 , 16 or 20, wherein MEG is produced through the conversion of giycolaldehyde in a C~ 2 branch pathway and acetone is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C-3 branch pathway.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 2, 7, 12, 17 or 21 , wherein MEG is produced through the conversion of giycolaldehyde in a C- 2 branch pathway and I PA is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C-3 branch pathway.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 3, 8, 13, 18 or 22, wherein MEG is produced through the conversion of giycolaldehyde in a C- 2 branch pathway and propene is produced through the conversion of DHAP or pyruvate in a C-3 branch pathway.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 70-72, wherein at least a portion of the excess NADH produced in the C-3 branch is used as a source of reducing equivalents in the C-2 branch.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 70-72, wherein at least a portion of the excess NADH produced in the C-3 branch is used to produce ATP.

The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1 , 6, 1 1 , 16 or 20, wherein the co-produced MEG and acetone comprise a yield potential greater than 90% of the thermodynamic maximum yield potential without carbon fixation. 78. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 2, 7, 12, 17 or 21 , wherein the co-produced MEG and I PA comprise a yield potential greater than 90% of the thermodynamic maximum yield potential without carbon fixation.

77. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 3, 8, 13, 18 or 22, wherein the co-produced MEG and propene comprise a yield potential greater than 90% of the thermodynamic maximum yield potential without carbon fixation.

78. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1 , 6, 1 1 , 18 or 20, wherein excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and acetone is maximized.

79. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 2, 7, 12, 17 or 21 , wherein excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and IPA is maximized.

80. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 3, 8, 13, 18 or 22, wherein excess biomass formation is minimized and production of MEG and propene is maximized,

81. A method of producing MEG and a three carbon compound using a recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the method comprises cultivating the recombinant microorganism in a culture medium containing a feedstock providing a carbon source until the MEG and the three carbon compound is produced.

82. A method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-tagatose 3-epimerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose to D-ribuiose;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribuiokinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribuiose from (a) to D-ribuiose-1 -phosphate; (c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulose-1 P aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose-1- phosphate from (b) to glyco!aldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl~CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA;

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or

(g) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

vv'herein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (g) to isopropanol.

84. The method of claim 83, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene.

85. The method of any one of claims 82-84, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xy!ulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiuiose to D- xylulose-5-phosphate; (b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to g!yco!ic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

88. The method of any one of claims 82-85, wherein an endogenous D-xylose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D-xyiulose.

87. A method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xyiose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylulose 1- kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyluiose to D-xylulose-1- phosphate;

(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylulose-1- phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xy!ulose-1- phosphafe from (a) to glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphafe (DHAP);

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (b) to MEG;

(d) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA;

(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (d) to acetoacetate; and/or

(f) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (e) to acetone; wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced,

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (f) to isopropanoi.

89. The method of claim 88, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

90. The method of any one of claims 87-89, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiulose to D- xyluiose-5-phosphate;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycolic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

91. The method of any one of claims 87-89, wherein an endogenous D-xylose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiose to D-xyiulose.

92. A method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xylose and glucose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose reductase or aldose reductase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to xylitol and at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylite! dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of xylito! to D-xy!ulose;

(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D~xyiulose, and wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(c) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-tagatose 3-epimerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyiuiose from (a) or (b) to D-ribulose;

(d) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D- ribulokinase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose from (c) to D- ribulose-1-phosphate;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a D-ribulose-1- phosphate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of D-ribulose-1- phosphate from (d) to giycola!dehyde and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP);

(f) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a g!ycolaldehyde reductase or methy!giyoxal reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycoialdehyde from (e) to MEG;

(g) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyi-CoA;

(h) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (g) to acetoacetate; and/or

(i) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (h) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate DHAP is converted to acety!-CoA through the endogenous giycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced. 93. The method of claim 92, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (i) to isopropanol.

94. The method of claim 93, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanol to propene.

95. The method of any one of claims 92-94, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylulose-5-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of D~xyluiose to D- xylulose-5-phosphate; and

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding an alkaline phosphatase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylulose-5- phosphate to D-xylulose.

98. The method of any one of claims 92-95, wherein the microorganism is a fungus,

97. A method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to D-xylonolactone;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xyionolactonase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xyionolactone from (a) to D-xylonate; (c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylonate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of D~xylonafe from (b) to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate;

(d) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a 2~keto-3-deoxy~D~pentonate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xyionate from (c) to giycolaldehyde and pyruvate;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a giycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of giycolaldehyde from (d) to MEG;

(f) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fhiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA;

(g) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (f) to acetoacetate; and/or

(h) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (g) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

98. The method of claim 97, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (h) to isopropanoi.

99. The method of claim 98, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

100. The method of any one of claims 97-99, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of: (a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D- xylulose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to glycoiic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

. A method of producing a recombinant microorganism that produces or accumulates MEG and acetone from exogenous D-xylose, comprising introducing into the recombinant microorganism and/or overexpressing one or more of the following:

(a) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of D- xylose to D-xylonate;

(b) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a xylonate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of D~xylonate from (a) to 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate;

(c) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a 2~keto-3-deoxy~D~pentonate aldolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate from (b) to glycolaldehyde and pyruvate;

(d) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a glycolaldehyde reductase that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde from (c) to MEG;

(e) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a thiolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA;

(f) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetate: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA from (e) to acetoacetate; and/or (g) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetoacetate decarboxylase that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate from (f) to acetone;

wherein the produced intermediate pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous glycolysis pathway in the microorganism, and wherein MEG and acetone are co-produced.

102. The method of claim 101 , wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of acetone from (g) to isopropanoi.

103. The method of claim 102, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of isopropanoi to propene.

104. The method of any one of claims 101-103, wherein the method further comprises introducing into the recombinant microorganism one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a D-xylose isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose to D- xylulose;

(b) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase A that catalyzes the conversion of glycolaldehyde to giycolic acid; and

(c) a deletion, insertion, or loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a lactate dehydrogenase A that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

105. The method of claim 82 or claim 92, wherein the D-tagatose 3- epimerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp., Mesorhizobium sp, or Rhodobacter sp. 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the microorganism is selected from Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas sp. ST-24, Mesorhizobium ioti or Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

107. The method of claim 105, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is dte and/or C1 KKR1.

108. The method of claim 82 or claim 92, wherein the D-ribuiokinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from £. coii.

109. The method of claim 108, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucK.

110. The method of claim 82 or claim 92, wherein the D-ribulose-1- phosphate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E, coii,

11 1. The method of claim 1 0, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is fucA.

112. The method of any one of claims 82, 87, 92, 97 or 101 , wherein the giycolaidehyde reductase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from E. coii or S. cerevisiae.

113. The method of claim 1 2, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is selected from fucO, yqhD, dkgA (yqhE), dkgB (yafB), yeaE, yghZ, gldA and/or GRE2.

1 4. The method of any one of claims 82, 87, 92, 97 or 101 , wherein the thioiase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Ciostridium sp., Bacii!us sp. or Marinobacier sp.

1 15. The method of claim 1 14, wherein the microorganism is selected from Clostridium aceiobufy!icum, Ciostridium thermosaccharoiyticum, Baciiius cereus, E. coii and Marinobacier hydrocarbonociasticus.

116. The method of claim 1 14, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules is thIA and/or atoB. 117. The method of any one of claims 82, 87, 92, 97 or 101 , wherein the acetate :acetoacetyl-CoA transferase or hydrolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp. or E. coii.

118. The method of claim 1 17, wherein the microorganism is Clostridium acetobutyiicum.

1 9. The method of claim 1 17, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetate:acetoacetyl-CoA transferase is atoA and/or atoD.

120. The method of claim 1 17, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecule encoding the acetate:acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase is ctfA and/or ctfB.

121. The method of any one of claims 82, 87, 92, 97 or 101 , wherein the acetoacetate decarboxylase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Clostridium sp., Bacillus sp., Chromobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp.

122. The method of claim 121 , wherein the microorganism is selected from Clostridium acetobutyiicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium celiuloiyticum, Bacillus polymyxa, Chromobacterium vioiaceum and Pseudomonas putida.

123. The method of claim 121 , wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the acetoacetate decarboxylase is adc.

124. The method of any one of claims 83, 88, 93, 98 or 102, wherein the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Burkholderia sp, Alcaiigenes sp., Clostridium sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Phytomonas sp., Rhodococcus sp., Methanobacterium sp., Methanogenium sp., Entamoeba sp., Trichomonas sp., and Tritrichomonas sp.

125. The method of claim 124, wherein the microorganism is selected from Burkholderia sp. AiU 652, Alcaiigenes eutrophus, Clostridium ragsdalei, Clostridium beijerinckii, Thermoanaerobacter brockii, Thermoanaerobacter ethanoiicus (Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum), Rhodococcus ruber, Methanobacterium palustre, meihanogenic archaea Methanogenium liminatans, parasitic protist Entamoeba histoiytica, parasitic protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus and human parasite Trichomonas vaginaiis.

126. The method of claim 124, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase is adhB or EhAdht

127. The method of claim 87, wherein the D-xyiuiose 1 -kinase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from Homo sapiens.

128. The method of claim 127, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the D-xylulose 1-kinase is ketohexokinase C (khk-C).

129. The method of claim 87, wherein the D-xylulose-1-phosphate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucieic acid molecules obtained from Homo sapiens.

130. The method of claim 129, wherein the one or more nucieic acid molecules encoding the D-xyiuiose- 1 -phosphate aldolase is aldolase B (ALDOB).

131. The method of claim 92, wherein the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is encoded by one or more nucieic acid moiecuies obtained from a microorganism selected from Hypocrea sp, Saccharomyces sp., Pachysoien sp., Pichia sp. , Candida sp., Aspergillus sp. , Neurospora sp., and Cryptococcus sp.

132. The method of claim 131 , wherein the microorganism is selected from Hypocrea jecorina, S. cerevisiae, Pachysoien tannophilus, Pichia stipitis, Pichia quercuum, Candida shehatae, Candida tenuis, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa and Cryptococcus lactativorus.

133. The method of claim 131 , wherein the one or more nucieic acid molecules encoding the xylose reductase or aldose reductase is xyi1 or GRE3.

134. The method of claim 92, wherein the xylitoi dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucieic acid moiecuies obtained from a microorganism selected from Pichia sp., Saccharomyces sp., Gluconobacter sp., Ga!actocandida sp,, Neurospora sp., and Serratia sp,

135. The method of claim 134, wherein the microorganism is selected from Pichia stipitis, S. cerevisiae, Gluconobacter oxydans, Gaiactocandida mastotermitis, Neurospora crassa and Serratia marcescens.

136. The method of claim 134, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylitol dehydrogenase is xy!2 or xdhl

137. The method of claim 92, wherein the xylose isomerase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from E. coii.

138. The method of claim 137, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose isomerase is xyiA.

139. The method of claim 97 or claim 101 , wherein the xylose dehydrogenase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Cauiobacter sp., Haloarcuia sp., Haioferax sp., Haiorubrum sp. and Trichoderma sp.

140. The method of claim 139, wherein the microorganism is selected from Cauiobacter crescentus, Haloarcuia marismortui, Haioferax volcanii, Haiorubrum iacusprodundi and Trichoderma reesei.

141. The method of claim 139, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylose dehydrogenase is selected from xylB, xdh or xydl .

142. The method of claim 97, wherein the xylonolactonase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Cauiobacter sp. and Haioferax sp.

143. The method of claim 142, wherein the microorganism is selected from Cauiobacter crescentus, Haioferax volcanii and Haioferax gibbonsii,

144. The method of claim 142, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonolactonase is xylC.

145. The method of claim 97 or claim 101 , wherein the xyionate dehydratase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Cauiobacter sp., Haloferax sp., Sulfolobus sp. and E. co!i.

146. The method of claim 145, wherein the microorganism is selected from Cauiobacter crescenius, Haloferax volcanii, E. coll and Sulfolobus solfataricus.

147. The method of claim 145, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the xylonate dehydratase is selected from xylD, yjhG, yagF and xad.

148. The method of claim 97 or claim 101 , wherein the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D- pentonate aldolase is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules obtained from a microorganism selected from Pseudomonas sp. and £. coll.

149. The method of claim 148, wherein the microorganism is E. coll.

150. The method of claim 148, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase is selected from yjhH and yagE.

151. A recombinant microorganism co-producing monoethylene glycol (MEG) and a three carbon compound.

152. The recombinant microorganism of claim 151 , wherein the three carbon compound is acetone.

153. The recombinant microorganism of claim 151 , wherein the three carbon compound is isopropanol.

154. The recombinant microorganism of claim 151 , wherein the three carbon compound is propene.