CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to United States Provisional Application Number 62/594,486 filed on December 4, 2017 entitled MODULATORS OF COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY, United States Provisional Application Number 62/629,156 filed on February 12, 2018 entitled MODULATORS OF COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY, United States Provisional Application Number 62/685,314 filed on June 15, 2018 entitled MODULATORS OF COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY, and United States Provisional Application Number 62/769,751 filed on November 20, 2018 entitled MODULATORS OF COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing file, entitled 201 l_1032PCT_SL.txt, was created on December 3, 2018 and is 1,178 bytes in size. The information in electronic format of the Sequence Listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0003] The vertebrate immune response is comprised of adaptive and innate immune components. While the adaptive immune response is selective for particular pathogens and is slow to respond, components of the innate immune response recognize a broad range of pathogens and respond rapidly upon infection. One such component of the innate immune response is the complement system.

[0004] The complement system includes about 20 circulating complement component proteins, synthesized primarily by the liver. Components of this particular immune response were first termed "complement" due to the observation that they complemented the antibody response in the destruction of bacteria. These proteins remain in an inactive form prior to activation in response to infection. Activation occurs by way of a pathway of proteolytic cleavage initiated by pathogen recognition and leading to pathogen destruction. Three such pathways are known in the complement system and are referred to as the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. The classical pathway is activated when an IgG or IgM molecule binds to the surface of a pathogen. The lectin pathway is initiated by the mannan-binding lectin protein recognizing the sugar residues of a bacterial cell wall. The alternative pathway remains active at low levels in the absence of any specific stimuli. While all three pathways differ with regard to initiating events, all three pathways converge with the cleavage of complement component C3. C3 is cleaved into two products termed C3a and C3b. Of these, C3b becomes covalently linked to the pathogen surface while C3a acts as a diffusible signal to promote inflammation and recruit circulating immune cells. Surface- associated C3b forms a complex with other components to initiate a cascade of reactions among the later components of the complement system. Due to the requirement for surface attachment, complement activity remains localized and minimizes destruction to non-target cells.

[0005] Pathogen-associated C3b facilitates pathogen destruction in two ways. In one pathway, C3b is recognized directly by phagocytic cells and leads to engulfment of the pathogen. In the second pathway, pathogen-associated C3b initiates the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In the first step, C3b complexes with other complement components to form the CS-convertase complex. Depending on the initial complement activation pathway, the components of this complex may differ. C5-convertase formed as the result of the classical complement pathway comprises C4b and C2a in addition to C3b. When formed by the alternative pathway, C5-convertase comprises two subunits of C3b as well as one Bb component.

[0006] Complement component C5 is cleaved by either C5-convertase complex into C5a and CSb. C5a, much like C3a, diffuses into the circulation and promotes inflammation, acting as a chemoattractant for inflammatory cells. C5b remains attached to the cell surface where it triggers the formation of the MAC through interactions with C6, C7, C8 and C9. The MAC is a hydrophilic pore that spans the membrane and promotes the free flow of fluid into and out of the cell, thereby destroying it.

[0007] An important component of all immune activity is the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Pathology arises when the immune system is unable to make this distinction. In the case of the complement system, vertebrate cells express proteins that protect them from the effects of the complement cascade. This ensures that targets of the complement system are limited to pathogenic cells. Many complement-related disorders and diseases are associated with abnormal destruction of self cells by the complement cascade. In one example, subjects suffering from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) are unable to synthesize functional versions of the complement regulatory proteins CD55 and CDS9 on hematopoietic stem cells. This results in complement-mediated hemolysis and a variety of downstream complications. Other complement-related disorders and diseases include, but are not limited to, autoimmune diseases and disorders; neurological diseases and disorders; blood diseases and disorders; and infectious diseases and disorders. Experimental evidence suggests that many complement- related disorders are alleviated through inhibition of complement activity. Therefore, there is a need for compositions and methods for selectively blocking complement-mediated cell destruction to treat related indications. The present invention meets this need by providing related compositions and methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) in a subject, wherein the subject has not been previously treated with eculizumab, the method comprising daily self-administration of R5000 by the subject by subcutaneous injection for a period of at least 12 weeks. R5000 may be administered using a pre-loaded syringe. Administration may be at a dose of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.3 mg/kg. An initial loading dose of about 0.3 mg/kg of R5000 may be administered. R5000 may be administered at an initial treatment dose of about 0.1 mg/kg for about 2 weeks and a modified treatment dose of about 0.3 mg/kg thereafter, wherein subject lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are greater than or equal to 1.5 times the upper limit normal (ULN) level during the first two weeks of R5000 administration. R5000 may be administered for at least 24 weeks. R5000 may be administered for at least 36 weeks. The percent hemolysis levels in subject samples may be reduced by about 90% or more after 1 week of R5000 administration. Subject LDH levels may be less than four times the ULN level for greater than 50% of the R5000 administration period. Risk of breakthrough hemolysis may be reduced. The subject may be converted from a transfusion-dependent subject to a transfusion-independent subject during the R5000 administration period. Subject quality of life may be improved, wherein subject quality of life is determined by functional assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT) fatigue score.

[0009] Some methods of the present disclosure include methods of treating PNH in a subject, wherein the subject is undergoing treatment with eculizumab, the method including switching the subject from eculizumab treatment to daily subcutaneous self-administration of RS000 for a period of at least 12 weeks. RS000 may be administered using a pre-loaded syringe. R5000 may be administered at a dose of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.3 mg/kg. R5000 may be administered at an initial treatment dose of about 0.1 mg/kg for about 2 weeks and a modified treatment dose of about 0.3 mg/kg thereafter, wherein subject LDH levels are greater than or equal to 1.5 times the ULN level during the first two weeks of R5000 administration. R5000 may be administered for at least 24 weeks. R5000 may be

administered for at least 36 weeks. Percent hemolysis levels in subject samples may be reduced by about 90% or more after 1 week of R5000 administration. Subject LDH levels may be less than four times the ULN level for greater than 50% of the R5000 administration period. Risk of breakthrough hemolysis may be reduced. The subject may be selected from a transfusion-dependent subject and a transfusion-independent subject. The subject may be a transfusion-independent subject, wherein subject LDH levels are reduced to less than four times the ULN level. Subject LDH levels may be reduced to a level equal to or less than 1.5 times the ULN level. The subject may demonstrate an inadequate response to eculizumab treatment. The inadequate response to eculizumab treatment may be related to ineffective inhibition of C5 cleavage in the subject; low eculizumab dose and/or subject plasma levels; and/or eculizumab clearance in the subject. Eculizumab dose may have been lowered due to subject eculizumab intolerance. Subject eculizumab intolerance may include one or more of fatigue and post-infusion pain. At least one occurrence of breakthrough hemolysis may be controlled by continued treatment with R5000. The method may include screening the subject for at least one risk factor of breakthrough hemolysis, wherein the breakthrough hemolysis is associated with switching from eculizumab treatment to R5000 treatment. The at least one risk factor may include pre-existing C3 -mediated extravascular hemolysis. The at least one risk factor may include transfusion dependence. The at least one risk factor may include subject baseline reticulocyte level greater than or equal to 2 times the ULN level.

[0010] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating PNH in a subject, wherein the subject has received eculizumab treatment within the previous 6 months. The method may include daily self-administration of R5000 by subcutaneous injection for a period of at least 12 weeks, wherein the subject does not receive eculizumab treatment for at least the first 4 weeks of R5000 self-administration. R5000 may be administered using a pre-loaded syringe. R5000 may be administered at a dose of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.3 mg/kg. R5000 may be administered at an initial treatment dose of about 0.1 mg/kg for about 2 weeks and a modified treatment dose of about 0.3 mg/kg thereafter, wherein subject LDH levels are greater than or equal to 1.5 times the ULN level during the first two weeks of R5000 administration. R5000 may be administered for at least 24 weeks. R5000 may be administered for at least 48 weeks. Percent hemolysis levels in subject samples may be reduced by about 90% or more after 1 week of R5000 administration. Subject LDH levels may be less than four times the ULN level for greater than 50% of the R5000 administration period. Risk of breakthrough hemolysis may be reduced. The subject may be selected from a transfusion-dependent subject and a transfusion-independent subject. Transfusion-independent subject LDH levels may be reduced to less than four times the ULN level. LDH levels may be reduced to a level equal to or less than 1.5 times the ULN level. The subject may demonstrate an inadequate response to eculizumab treatment. The inadequate response to eculizumab treatment may be related to ineffective inhibition of C5 cleavage in the subject. The inadequate response to eculizumab treatment may be related to low eculizumab dose and/or low subject plasma eculizumab levels. The inadequate response to eculizumab treatment may be related to eculizumab clearance in the subject. Eculizumab dose may have been lowered due to subject eculizumab intolerance. Subject eculizumab intolerance may include one or more of fatigue and post-infusion pain. The method may include screening the subject for at least one risk factor of breakthrough hemolysis. The breakthrough hemolysis may be associated with switching from eculizumab treatment to R5000 treatment. The at least one risk factor may include pre-existing C3 -mediated extravascular hemolysis. The at least one risk factor may include transfusion dependence. The at least one risk factor may include subject baseline reticulocyte level greater than or equal to 2 times the ULN level.

[0011] The R5000 according to any of the methods described herein may be administered as a salt. The salt may include one or more cations. The cations may include at least one of sodium, calcium, and ammonium.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0012] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of particular embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent from the following description and illustrations in the accompanying figures.

[0013] Fig. 1 is a set of graphs comparing classical and alternative pathway complement activity in patient samples taken throughout the course of treatment with R5000.

[0014] Fig. 2 is a graph showing average LDH levels in patient samples taken throughout the course of treatment with R5000.

[0015] Fig. 3 is a graph showing LDH levels in patient samples taken throughout the course of treatment with R5000.

[0016] Fig. 4 is a graph showing average FACIT fatigue scores obtained during a quality of life assessment of patients treated with R5000. [0017] Fig. 5 is a graph showing changes in eculizumab levels and percent hemolysis in samples taken from patients treated with R5000.

[0018] Fig. 6 is a graph showing LDH levels in transfusion-dependent and transfusion- independent patient samples taken throughout the course of treatment with R5000.

[0019] Fig. 7 is a graph showing LDH levels in patient samples taken throughout the course of treatment with R5000.

[0020] Fig. 8 is a graph showing LDH levels in patient samples taken throughout the course of treatment with R5000.

[0021] Fig. 9 is a graph showing percent hemolysis in patient samples taken across Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies.

[0022] Fig. 10 is a graph showing LDH and hemoglobin levels in patient samples taken throughout the course of treatment with R5000.

[0023] Fig. 11 is graph showing probability of subject early withdrawal from R5000 treatment in transfusion independent subjects versus transfusion-dependent subjects.

[0024] Fig. 12 is a graph showing average reticulocyte counts for subjects grouped by success of treatment switch from eculizumab to R5000.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

I. Compounds and compositions

[0025] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds and compositions which function to modulate complement activity. Such compounds and compositions may include inhibitors that block complement activation. As used herein, "complement activity" includes the activation of the complement cascade, the formation of cleavage products from a complement component such as C3 or C5, the assembly of downstream complexes following a cleavage event, or any process or event attendant to, or resulting from, the cleavage of a complement component, e.g., C3 or C5. Complement inhibitors may include C5 inhibitors that block complement activation at the level of complement component C5. C5 inhibitors may bind C5 and prevent its cleavage, by C5 convertase, into the cleavage products C5a and CSb. As used herein, "Complement component C5" or "C5" is defined as a complex which is cleaved by C5 convertase into at least the cleavage products, C5a and C5b. "C5 inhibitors," as referred to herein, include any compound or composition that inhibits the processing or cleavage of the pre-cleaved complement component C5 complex or the cleavage products of the complement component C5. [0026] It is understood that inhibition of C5 cleavage prevents the assembly and activity of the cytolytic membrane attack complex (MAC) on glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) adherent protein-deficient erythrocytes. In some cases, C5 inhibitors presented herein may also bind C5b, preventing C6 binding and subsequent assembly of the C5b-9 MAC.

Peptide-based compounds

[0027] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure are polypeptides. According to the present invention, any amino acid-based molecule (natural or unnatural) may be termed a "polypeptide" and this term embraces "peptides," ''peptidomimetics,'' and "proteins." "Peptides" are traditionally considered to range in size from about 4 to about 50 amino acids. Polypeptides larger than about 50 amino acids are generally termed "proteins."

[0028] C5 inhibitor polypeptides may be linear or cyclic. Cyclic polypeptides include any polypeptides that have as part of their structure one or more cyclic features such as a loop and/or an internal linkage. In some embodiments, cyclic polypeptides are formed when a molecule acts as a bridging moiety to link two or more regions of the polypeptide. As used herein, the term "bridging moiety" refers to one or more components of a bridge formed between two adjacent or non-adjacent amino acids, unnatural amino acids or non-amino acids in a polypeptide. Bridging moieties may be of any size or composition. In some

embodiments, bridging moieties may comprise one or more chemical bonds between two adjacent or non-adjacent amino acids, unnatural amino acids, non-amino acid residues or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, such chemical bonds may be between one or more functional groups on adjacent or non-adjacent amino acids, unnatural amino acids, non- amino acid residues or combinations thereof. Bridging moieties may include one or more of an amide bond (lactam), disulfide bond, thioether bond, aromatic ring, triazole ring, and hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, bridging moieties include an amide bond between an amine functionality and a carboxylate functionality, each present in an amino acid, unnatural amino acid or non-amino acid residue side chain. In some embodiments, the amine or carboxylate functionalities are part of a non-amino acid residue or unnatural amino acid residue.

[0029] C5 inhibitor polypeptides may be cyclized through the carboxy terminus, the amino terminus, or through any other convenient point of attachment, such as, for example, through the sulfur of a cysteine (e.g., through the formation of disulfide bonds between two cysteine residues in a sequence) or any side-chain of an amino acid residue. Further linkages forming cyclic loops may include, but are not limited to, maleimide linkages, amide linkages, ester linkages, ether linkages, thiol ether linkages, hydrazone linkages, or acetamide linkages.

[0030] In some embodiments, cyclic C5 inhibitor polypeptides of the invention are formed using a lactam moiety. Such cyclic polypeptides may be formed, for example, by synthesis on a solid support Wang resin using standard Fmoc chemistry. In some cases, Fmoc-ASP(allyl)- OH and Fmoc-LYS(alloc)-OH are incorporated into polypeptides to serve as precursor monomers for lactam bridge formation.

[0031] C5 inhibitor polypeptides of the invention may be peptidomimetics. A

'^ptidomimetic" or "polypeptide mimetic" is a polypeptide in which the molecule contains structural elements that are not found in natural polypeptides (i.e.. polypeptides comprised of only the 20 proteinogenic amino acids). In some embodiments, peptidomimetics are capable of recapitulating or mimicking the biological action(s) of a natural peptide. A

peptidomimetic may differ in many ways from natural polypeptides, for example through changes in backbone structure or through the presence of amino acids that do not occur in nature. In some cases, peptidomimetics may include amino acids with side chains that are not found among the known 20 proteinogenic amino acids; non-polypeptide-based bridging moieties used to effect cyclization between the ends or internal portions of the molecule; substitutions of the amide bond hydrogen moiety by methyl groups (N-methylation) or other alkyl groups; replacement of a peptide bond with a chemical group or bond that is resistant to chemical or enzymatic treatments; N- and C-terminal modifications; and/or conjugation with a non-peptidic extension (such as polyethylene glycol, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleoside bases, various small molecules, or phosphate or sulfate groups).

[0032] As used herein, the term "amino acid" includes the residues of the natural amino acids as well as unnatural amino acids. The 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids are identified and referred to herein by either the one-letter or three-letter designations as follows: aspartic acid (Asp:D), isoleucine (Deri), threonine (Thr:T), leucine (Leu:L), serine (Ser:S), tyrosine (Tyr:Y), glutamic acid (Glu:E), phenylalanine (Phe:F), proline (Pro:P), histidine (Ffis:H), glycine (Gly:G), lysine (Lys:K), alanine (Ala:A), arginine (Arg:R), cysteine (Cys:C), tryptophan (Trp:W), valine (Val:V), glutamine (Gln:Q) methionine (Met:M), asparagine (Asn:N). Naturally occurring amino acids exist in their levorotary (L) stereoisomeric forms. Amino acids referred to herein are L-stereoisomers except where otherwise indicated. The term "amino acid" also includes amino acids bearing a conventional amino protecting group (e.g. acetyl or benzyloxycarbonyl), as well as natural and unnatural amino acids protected at the carboxy terminus (e.g., as a (C1-C6) alkyl, phenyl or benzyl ester or amide; or as an alpha-methylbenzyl amide). Other suitable amino and carboxy protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art (See for example, Greene, T. W.; Wutz, P. G. M., Protecting Groups In Organic Synthesis; second edition, 1991, New York, John Wiley & sons, Inc., and documents cited therein, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). Polypeptides and/or polypeptide compositions of the present invention may also include modified amino acids.

[0033] "Unnatural" amino acids have side chains or other features not present in the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids listed above and include, but are not limited to: N-methyl amino acids, N-alkyl amino acids, alpha, alpha substituted amino acids, beta-amino acids, alpha-hydroxy amino acids, D-amino acids, and other unnatural amino acids known in the art (See, e.g., Josephson et al ., (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127: 11727-11735; Forster, A.C. et al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 6353-6357; Subtelny et al, (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130: 6131-6136; Hartman, M.C.T. et al. (2007) PLoS ONE 2:e972; and Hartman et al, (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:4356-4361). Further unnatural amino acids useful for the optimization of polypeptides and/or polypeptide compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to l,2,3,4-te1rahydroisoquinoline-l-carboxylic acid, l-amino-2,3- hydro- lH-indene- 1 -carboxy lie acid, homolysine, homoarginine, homoserine, 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, beta-alanine, aminopropionic acid, 2-aminobutyric acid, 4- aminobutyric acid, 5-aminopentanoic acid, 5-aminohexanoic acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 2- aminoheptanoic acid, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, 3-aminoisobutyric acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, desmosine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, N-ethylglycine, N-ethylasparagine, homoproline, hydroxylysine, allo-hydroxylysine, 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline, isodesmosine, allo- isoleucine, N-methylpentylglycine, naphthylalanine, ornithine, pentylglycine, thioproline, norvaline, tert-butylglycine (also known as tert-leucine), phenylglycine, azatryptophan, 5- azatryptophan, 7 -azatryptophan, 4-fluorophenylalanine, penicillamine, sarcosine, homocysteine, 1 -aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid, 1- aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-aminotetrahydro- 2H-pyran-4 -carboxy lie acid, (5)-2-amino-3-(lH-tetrazol-5-yl)propanoic acid,

cyclopentylglycine, c>'clohexylglycine, cyclopropylglycine, η-ω-methyl-arginine, 4- chlorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-fluorotyrosine, 5-fluorotryptophan, 5- chlorotryptophan, citrulline, 4-chloro-homophenylalanine, homophenylalanine, 4- aminomethyl-phenylalanine, 3-aminomethyl-phenylalanine, octylglycine, norleucine, tranexamic acid, 2 -amino pentanoic acid, 2-amino hexanoic acid, 2-amino heptanoic acid, 2- amino octanoic acid, 2-amino nonanoic acid, 2-amino decanoic acid, 2-amino undecanoic acid, 2-amino dodecanoic acid, aminovaleric acid, and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetic acid, pipecolic acid, 2-carboxy azetidine, hexafluoroleucine, 3-FluoiOvaline, 2-amino-4,4-difluoro- 3-methylbutanoic acid, 3-fluoro-isoleucine, 4-fluoroisoleucine, 5-fluoroisoleuciiie, 4-methyl- phenylglycine, 4-ethyl-phenylglycine, 4-isopropyl-phenylglycine, (S)-2-amino-5- azidopentanoic acid (also referred to herein as "X02"), (S)-2-aminohept-6-enoic acid (also referred to herein as "X30"), (S)-2-aminopent-4-ynoic acid (also referred to herein as "X31"), (S)-2-aminopent-4-enoic acid (also referred to herein as "X12"), (5)-2-amino-5-(3- methylguanidino) pentanoic acid, (5)-2-amincH3^4^aminomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid, (.S)-2-amino-3^3^aminomethyl)phenyl)piOpanoic acid, (£>2-amino-4-(2- aminobenzo[i/|oxazol-5-yl)butanoic acid, (S)-leucinol, (S)-valinol, (S)-tert-leucinol, (R)-3- methylbutan-2-amine, (5)-2-methyl-l-phenylpropan-l -amine, and (5)-N,2-dimethyl-l- (pyridin-2-yl)propan- 1 -amine, (5)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-2-yl)propanoic acid, (5)-2-amino-3- (oxazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, (5)-2-ammo-3-(l,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid, (S)-2- amino-3 -( 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3 -y l)propanoic acid, (5)-2-amino-3 -(5 -fluoro- lH-indazol-3 - yl)propanoic acid, and (5)-2-amino-3-(lH-indazol-3-yl)propanoic acid, (5)-2-amino-3- (oxazol-2-yl)butanoic acid, (iS)-2-amino-3-(oxazol-5-yl) butanoic acid, (A>2-amino-3-( 1,3,4- oxadiazol-2-yl) butanoic acid, (5)-2-amino-3-(l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl) butanoic acid, (5)-2- amino-3 -(5 -fluoro- lH-indazol-3-yl) butanoic acid, and (5)-2-amino-3-( lH-indazol-3-yl) butanoic acid, 2-(2'MeOphenyl)-2-amino acetic acid, tetrahydro 3-isoquinolinecarboxylic acid and stereoisomers thereof (including, but not limited, to D and L isomers).

[0034] Additional unnatural amino acids that arc useful in the optimization of

polypeptides or polypeptide compositions of the invention include but are not limited to fluorinated amino acids wherein one or more carbon bound hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine. The number of fluorine atoms included can range from 1 up to and including all of the hydrogen atoms. Examples of such amino acids include but are not limited to 3- fluoroproline, 3,3-difluoroproline, 4-fluoroproline, 4,4-difluoroproline, 3,4-difluroproline, 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoroproline, 4-fluorotryptophan, 5-flurotryptophan, 6-fluorotryptophan, 7- fluorotryptophan, and stereoisomers thereof.

[0035] Further unnatural amino acids that are useful in the optimization of polypeptides of the invention include but are not limited to those that are disubstituted at the a-carbon. These include amino acids in which the two substituents on the a-carbon are the same, for example a-amino isobutyric acid, and 2-amino-2-ethyl butanoic acid, as well as those where the substituents are different, for example a-methylphenylglycine and α-methylproline. Further the substituents on the a-carbon may be taken together to form a ring, for example 1- aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 1- aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid, 1- aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 3 -aminotetrahydrofuran-3 -carboxy lie acid, 3- aminotetrahydropyran-3 -carboxylic acid, 4-aminotetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid, 3- aminopyiTOlidine-3-carboxylic acid, 3-aminopiperidine-3-caiboxylic acid, 4- aminopiperidinnne-4-carboxylix acid, and stereoisomers thereof.

[0036] Additional unnatural amino acids that are useful in the optimization of polypeptides or polypeptide compositions of the invention include but arc not limited to analogs of tryptophan in which the indole ring system is replaced by another 9 or 10 membered bicyclic ring system comprising 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S. Each ring system may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated. The ring system may be substituted by 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4 substituents at any substitutable atom. Each substituent may be independently selected from H, F, CI, Br, CN, COOR, CONRR', oxo, OR, NRR'. Each R and R' may be independently selected from H, C1-C20 alkyl, or C1-C20 alkyl-O-Cl-20 alkyl.

[0037] In some embodiments, analogs of tryptophan (also referred to herein as

"tryptophan analogs") may be useful in the optimization of polypeptides or polypeptide compositions of the invention. Tryptophan analogs may include, but are not limited to 5- fluorotryptophan [(5-F)W], 5-methyl-O-tryptophan [(5-MeO)W], 1-methyltryptophan [(1- Me-W) or (l-Me)W], D-tryptophan (D-Trp), azatryptophan (including, but not limited to 4- azatryptophan, 7-azatryptophan and 5-azatryptophan,) 5 -chlorotryptophan, 4- fluorotryptophan, 6-fluorotryptophan, 7-fluorotryptophan, and stereoisomers thereof. Except where indicated to the contrary, the term "azatryptophan" and its abbreviation, "azaTip," as used herein, refer to 7-azatryptophan.

[0038] Modified amino acid residues useful for the optimization of polypeptides and/or polypeptide compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to those which are chemically blocked (reversibly or irreversibly); chemically modified on their N-terminal amino group or their side chain groups; chemically modified in the amide backbone, as for example, N-methylated, D (unnatural amino acids) and L (natural amino acids)

stereoisomers; or residues wherein the side chain functional groups are chemically modified to another functional group. In some embodiments, modified amino acids include without limitation, methionine sulfoxide; methionine sulfone; aspartic acid-(beta-methyl ester), a modified amino acid of aspartic acid; N-ethylglycine, a modified amino acid of glycine; alanine carboxamide; and/or a modified amino acid of alanine. Unnatural amino acids may be purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), Bachem (Torrance, CA) or other suppliers. Unnatural amino acids may further include any of those listed in Table 2 of US patent publication US 2011/0172126, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0039] The present invention contemplates variants and derivatives of polypeptides presented herein. These include substitutional, insertional, deletional, and covalent variants and derivatives. As used herein, the term "derivative" is used synonymously with the term 'Variant" and refers to a molecule that has been modified or changed in any way relative to a reference molecule or starting molecule.

[0040] Polypeptides of the invention may include any of the following components, features, or moieties, for which abbreviations used herein include: "Ac" and "NH2" indicate acetyl and amidated termini, respectively; "Nvl" stands for norvaline; "Phg" stands for phenylglycine; "Tbg" stands for tert-butylglycine (also known as tert-leucine); "Chg" stands for cyclohexylglycine; "(N-Me)X" stands for the N-methylated form of the amino acid indicated by the letter or three letter amino acid code in place of variable "X" written as N- methyl-X [e.g. (N-Me)D or (N-Me)Asp stand for the N-methylated form of aspartic acid or N-methyl-aspartic acid]; "azaTrp" stands for azatryptophan; "(4-F)Phe" stands for 4- fluorophenylalanine; 'Τ>τ(ΟΜe)" stands for O-methyl tyrosine, "Aib" stands for amino isobutyric acid; "(homo)F" or "(homo)Phe" stands for homophenylalanine; "(2-OMe)Phg" refers to 2-O-methylphenylglycine; "(5-F)W refers to 5-fluorotryptophan; "D-X" refers to the D-stereoisomer of the given amino acid "X" [e.g. (D-Chg) stands for D- cyclohexylglycine]; "(5-MeO)W refers to 5-methyl-O-tryptophan; "homoC" refers to homocysteine; "(1-Me-W)" or "(1-Me)W refers to 1-methyltryptophan; "Nle" refers to norleucine; 'Tiq" refers to atetrahydroisoquinoline residue; "Asp(T)" refers to (5)-2-amino- 3-(lH-tetrazol-5-yl)propanoic acid; "(3-Cl-Phe)" refers to 3-chlorophenylalanine; "[(N-Me-4- F)Phe]" or "(N-Me-4-F)Phe" refers to N-methyl-4-fluorophenylalanine; "(m-Cl-homo)Phe" refers to meta-chloro homophenylalanine; "(des-amino)C" refers to 3-thiopropionic acid; "(alpha-methyl)D" refers to alpha-methyl L-aspartic acid; "2Nal" refers to 2-naphthylalanine; "(3-aminomethyl)Phe" refers to 3-aminomethyl-L-phenyalanine; "Cle" refers to

cycloleucine; "Ac-Pyran" refers to 4-amino-tetrahydro-p>Tan-4-carboxylic acid; "(Lys-C16)" refers to Ν-ε-palmitoyl lysine; "(Lys-C12)" refers to N-e-lauryl lysine; "(Lys-CIO)" refers to N-e-capryl lysine; "(Lys-C8)" refers to Ν-ε-caprylic lysine; "[xXylyl(y, z)]" refers to the xylyl bridging moiety between two thiol containing amino acids where x may be m, p or o to indicate the use of meta-, para- or ortho- dibromoxylenes (respectively) to generate bridging moieties and the numerical identifiers, y and z, place the amino acid position within the polypeptide of the amino acids participating in the cyclization; "[cyclo(y,z)]" refers to the formation of a bond between two amino acid residues where the numerical identifiers, y and z, place the position of the residues participating in the bond; "[cyclo-olefinyl(y,z)]" refers to the formation of a bond between two amino acid residues by olefin metathesis where the numerical identifiers, y and z, place the position of the residues participating in the bond; "[cyclc-tWoalkyl(y,z)]" refers to the formation of a thioether bond between two amino acid residues where the numerical identifiers, y and z, place the position of the residues participating in the bond; "[cyclo-triazolyl(y-z)]" refers to the formation of a triazole ring between two amino acid residues where the numerical identifiers, y and z, place the position of the residues participating in the bond. 'Έ20" refers to N-E-(PEG2-Y-glutamic acid-N-a- octadecanedioic acid) lysine [also known as ( 15,285)- l-amino-7,16,25,30-tetraoxo- 9, 12, 18,21 -tetraoxa-6, 15,24,29-tetraazahexatetracontane- 1 ,28,46-tricarboxylic acid.]

[0041]

B28

[0042] "K14" refers to N-ε-l-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-l-ylidene)-3-methylbu tyl- L-lysine. All other symbols refer to the standard one-letter amino acid code.

[0043] Some C5 inhibitor polypeptides comprise from about 5 amino acids to about 10 amino acids, from about 6 amino acids to about 12 amino acids, from about 7 amino acids to about 14 amino acids, from about 8 amino acids to about 16 amino acids, from about 10 amino acids to about 18 amino acids, from about 12 amino acids to about 24 amino acids, or from about IS amino acids to about 30 amino acids. In some cases, C5 inhibitor polypeptides comprise at least 30 amino acids.

[0044] Some C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure include a C-terminal lipid moiety. Such lipid moieties may include fatty acyl groups (e.g., saturated or unsaturated fatty acyl groups). In some cases, the fatty acyl group may be a palmitoyl group.

[0045] C5 inhibitors having fatty acyl groups may include one or more molecular linkers joining the fatty acids to the peptide. Such molecular linkers may include amino acid residues. In some cases, L-γ glutamic acid residues may be used as molecular linkers. In some cases, molecular linkers may include one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers. PEG linkers of the invention may include from about 1 to about 5, from about 2 to about 10, from about 4 to about 20, from about 6 to about 24, from about 8 to about 32, or at least 32 PEG units.

[0046] C5 inhibitors disclosed herein may have molecular weights of from about 200 g/mol to about 600 g/mol, from about 500 g/mol to about 2000 g/mol, from about 1000 g/mol to about 5000 g/mol, from about 3000 g/mol to about 4000 g/mol, from about 2500 g/mol to about 7500 g/mol, from about 5000 g/mol to about 10000 g/mol, or at least 10000 g/mol.

[0047] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitor polypeptides of the invention include R5000. The core amino acid sequence of R5000 ([cyclo(l,6)]Ac-K-V-E-R-F-D-(N-Me)D-Tbg-Y- azaTrp-E-Y-P-Chg-K; SEQ ID NO: 1) comprises 15 amino acids (all L-amino acids), including 4 unnatural amino acids [N-methyl-aspartic acid or "(N-Me)D", tert-butylglycine or "Tbg", 7-azatryptophan or "azaTrp", and cyclohexylglycine or "Chg"]; a lactam bridge between Kl and D6 of the polypeptide sequence; and a C-terminal lysine reside with a modified side chain, forming aN-e-(PEG24-y-glutamic acid-N-a-hexadecanoyl)lysine residue (also referred to herein as "B28"). The C-terminal lysine side chain modification includes a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) spacer (PEG24), with the PEG24 being attached to an L-γ glutamic acid residue that is derivatized with a palmitoyl group.

[0048] In some embodiments, the present invention includes variants of R5000. In some R5000 variants, the C-terminal lysine side chain moiety may be altered. In some cases, the PEG24 spacer (having 24 PEG subunits) of the C-terminal lysine side chain moiety may include fewer or additional PEG subunits. In other cases, the palmitoyl group of the C- terminal lysine side chain moiety may be substituted with another saturated or unsaturated fatty acid. In further cases, the L-γ glutamic acid linker of the C-terminal lysine side chain moiety (between PEG and acyl groups) may be substituted with an alternative amino acid or non-amino acid linker.

[0049] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors may include active metabolites or variants of R5000. Metabolites may include ω-hydroxylation of the palmitoyl tail. Such variants may be synthesized or may be formed by hydroxylation of an R5000 precursor.

[0050] In some embodiments, R5000 variants may include modifications to the core polypeptide sequence in R5000 that may be used in combination with one or more of the cyclic or C-terminal lysine side chain moiety features of R5000. Such variants may have at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% sequence identity to the core polypeptide sequence of (SEQ ID NO: 1).

[0051] In some cases, R5000 variants may be cyclized by forming lactam bridges between amino acids other than those used in R5000.

[0052] C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure may be developed or modified to achieve specific binding characteristics. Inhibitor binding may be assessed by determining rates of association and/or dissociation with a particular target. In some cases, compounds demonstrate strong and rapid association with a target combined with a slow rate of dissociation. In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure demonstrate strong and rapid association with C5. Such inhibitors may further demonstrate slow rates of dissociation with C5.

[0053] C5 protein-binding C5 inhibitors disclosed herein, may bind to C5 complement protein with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of from about 0.001 nM to about 0.01 nM, from about 0.005 nM to about 0.05 nM, from about 0.01 nM to about 0.1 nM, from about 0.05 nM to about 0.5 nM, from about 0.1 nM to about 1.0 nM, from about 0.5 nM to about 5.0 nM, from about 2 nM to about 10 nM, from about 8 nM to about 20 nM, from about 15 nM to about 45 nM, from about 30 nM to about 60 nM, from about 40 nM to about 80 nM, from about 50 nM to about 100 nM, from about 75 nM to about 150 nM, from about 100 nM to about 500 nM, from about 200 nM to about 800 nM, from about 400 nM to about 1,000 nM or at least 1,000 nM.

[0054] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure block the formation or generation of C5a from C5. In some case, formation or generation of C5a is blocked following activation of the alternative pathway of complement activation. In some cases, C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure block the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Such MAC formation inhibition may be due to C5 inhibitor binding to C5b subunits. C5 inhibitor binding to C5b subunits may prevent C6 binding, resulting in blockage of MAC formation. In some embodiments, this MAC formation inhibition occurs after activation of the classical, alternative, or lectin pathways.

[0055] C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure may be synthesized using chemical processes. In some cases, such synthesis eliminates risks associated with the manufacture of biological products in mammalian cell lines. In some cases, chemical synthesis may be simpler and more cost-effective than biological production processes.

[0056] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitor (e.g., R5000 and/or an active metabolite or variant thereof) compositions may be pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may include at least one of a salt and a buffering agent. The salt may be sodium chloride. The buffering agent may be sodium phosphate. Sodium chloride may be present at a concentration of from about 0.1 mM to about 1000 mM. In some cases, sodium chloride may be present at a concentration of from about 25 mM to about 100 mM. Sodium phosphate may be present at a concentration of from about 0.1 mM to about 1000 mM. In some cases, sodium phosphate is present at a concentration of from about 10 mM to about 100 mM. In some embodiments, C5 inhibitor (e.g., R5000 and/or an active metabolite or variant thereof) may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, e.g., in association with one or more cations (e.g., sodium, calcium, ammonium, etc.).

[0057] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitor (e.g., R5000 and/or an active metabolite or variant thereof) compositions may include from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 4000 mg/mL of a C5 inhibitor. In some cases, C5 inhibitors are present at a concentration of from about 1 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL.

Pre-loaded syringes

[0058] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions of the present disclosure may be provided in the form of a pre-loaded syringe. As used herein, a "pre-loaded syringe" refers to a delivery device for injection administration, wherein the device is manufactured, prepared, packaged, stored, and/or distributed with a payload to be injected that is included within the device. Due to cyclic peptide stability, cyclic peptide inhibitors are especially well suited for manufacture, storage, and distribution in pre-loaded syringes. Further, pre-loaded syringes are especially well suited for self-administration (i.e., administration by a subject, without the aid of a medical professional). Self-administration represents a convenient way for subjects to obtain treatments without relying on medical professionals who may be located at a distance or are otherwise difficult to access. This makes self-administration options well suited for treatments requiring frequent injections (e.g., daily injections).

[0059] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides pre-loaded syringes for delivery of complement inhibitors. The pre-loaded syringes may include complement inhibitor compositions formulated for injection. The compositions may be formulated for subcutaneous injection. The complement inhibitors may include cyclic peptides. In some embodiments, the pre-loaded syringes include C5 inhibitors. The C5 inhibitors may include R5000 or a variant or derivative thereof. The R5000 may be included in pre-loaded syringes in a solution of phosphate buffered saline. The R5000 may be present in the solution at a concentration of from about 4 mg/ml to about 400 mg/ml. In some embodiments, pre-loaded syringes include a 40 mg/ml solution of R5000 in PBS. In some embodiments, the syringes may include a volume of from about 0.1 ml to about 1 ml or from about 0.5 ml to about 2 ml. The solution may include a preservative.

[0060] Pre-loaded syringes may include ULTRA SAFE PLUS™ passive needle guards (Becton Dickenson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Other pre-loaded syringes include injection pens. Injection pens may be multi-dose pens. Some pre-loaded syringes include a needle. In some embodiments, the needle gauge is from about 20 to about 34. The needle gauge may be from about 29 to about 31.

Isotopic variations

[0061] Polypeptides of the present invention may comprise one or more atoms that are isotopes. As used herein, the term "isotope" refers to a chemical element that has one or more additional neutrons. In one embodiment, polypeptides of the present invention may be deuterated. As used herein, the term "deuterated" refers to a substance that has had one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by deuterium isotopes. Deuterium isotopes are isotopes of hydrogen. The nucleus of hydrogen contains one proton while deuterium nuclei contain both a proton and a neutron. Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be deuterated in order to change a physical property, such as stability, or to allow them to be used in diagnostic and experimental applications.

II. Methods of Use

[0062] Provided herein are methods of modulating complement activity using compounds and/or compositions of the invention. Therapeutic indications

[0063] An important component of all immune activity (innate and adaptive) is the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Pathology arises when the immune system is unable to make this distinction. In the case of the complement system, vertebrate cells express inhibitory proteins that protect them from the effects of the complement cascade and this ensures that the complement system is directed against microbial pathogens. Many complement-related disorders and diseases are associated with abnormal destruction of self-cells by the complement cascade.

[0064] Methods of the invention include methods of treating complement-related disorders with compounds and compositions of the invention. A "complement-related disorder," as referred to herein, may include any condition related to dysfunction of the complement system, e.g., cleavage or processing of a complement component such as C5.

[0065] In some embodiments, methods of the invention include methods of inhibiting complement activity in a subject. In some cases, the percentage of complement activity inhibited in a subject may be at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least, 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or at least 99.9%. In some cases, this level of inhibition and/or maximum inhibition of complement activity may be achieved by from about 1 hour after an administration to about 3 hours after an

administration, from about 2 hours after an administration to about 4 hours after an administration, from about 3 hours after an administration to about 10 hours after an administration, from about 5 hours after an administration to about 20 hour after an administration, or from about 12 hours after an administration to about 24 hours after an administration. Inhibition of complement activity may continue throughout a period of at least 1 day, of at least 2 days, of at least 3 days, of at least 4 days, of at least 5 days, of at least 6 days, of at least 7 days, of at least 2 weeks, of at least 3 weeks, or at least 4 weeks. In some cases, this level of inhibition may be achieved through daily administration. Such daily administration may include administration for at least 2 days, for at least 3 days, for at least 4 days, for at least 5 days, for at least 6 days, for at least 7 days, for at least 2 weeks, for at least 3 weeks, for at least 4 weeks, for at least 2 months, for at least 4 months, for at least 6 months, for at least 1 year, or for at least 5 years. In some cases, subjects may be

administered compounds or compositions of the present disclosure for the life of such subjects. [0066] In some embodiments, methods of the invention include methods of inhibiting C5 activity in a subject. "C5-dependent complement activity" or "C5 activity," as used herein refers to activation of the complement cascade through cleavage of C5, the assembly of downstream cleavage products of C5, or any other process or event attendant to, or resulting from, the cleavage of C5. In some cases, the percentage of C5 activity inhibited in a subject may be at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least, 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, or at least 99.9%.

[0067] In some embodiments, methods of the invention may include methods of inhibiting hemolysis by administering one or more compounds or compositions of the invention to a subject or patient in need thereof. According to some such methods, hemolysis may be reduced by from about 25% to about 99%. In other embodiments, hemolysis is reduced by from about 10% to about 40%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 30% to about 60%, from about 50% to about 90%, from about 75% to about 95%, from about 90% to about 99%, or from about 97% to about 99.5%. In some cases, hemolysis is reduced by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95%.

[0068] According to some methods, the percent inhibition of hemolysis is from about >90% to about >99% (e.g., >91%, >92%, >93%, >94%, >95%, >96%, >97%, >98%). In some cases, this level of inhibition and/or maximum inhibition of hemolysis may be achieved by from about 1 hour after an administration to about 3 hours after an administration, from about 2 hours after an administration to about 4 hours after an administration, from about 3 hours after an administration to about 10 hours after an administration, from about 5 hours after an administration to about 20 hour after an administration or from about 12 hours after an administration to about 24 hours after an administration. Inhibition of hemolysis activity levels may continue throughout a period of at least 1 day, of at least 2 days, of at least 3 days, of at least 4 days, of at least 5 days, of at least 6 days, of at least 7 days, of at least 2 weeks, of at least 3 weeks, or at least 4 weeks. In some cases, this level of inhibition may be achieved through daily administration. Such daily administration may include administration for at least 2 days, for at least 3 days, for at least 4 days, for at least 5 days, for at least 6 days, for at least 7 days, for at least 2 weeks, for at least 3 weeks, for at least 4 weeks, for at least 2 months, for at least 4 months, for at least 6 months, for at least 1 year, or for at least 5 years. In some cases, subjects may be administered compounds or compositions of the present disclosure for the life of such subjects. [0069] C5 inhibitors may be used to treat one or more indications, wherein few or no adverse effects occur as a result of the C5 inhibitor treatment. In some cases, no adverse cardiovascular, respiratory, and/or central nervous system (CNS) effects occur. In some cases, no changes in heart rate and/or arterial blood pressure occur. In some cases, no changes to respiratory rate, tidal volume, and/or minute volume occur.

[0070] By "lower" or "reduce" in the context of a disease marker or symptom is meant a significant decrease in such level, often statistically significant. The decrease can be, for example, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or more, and is preferably down to a level accepted as within the range of normal for an individual without such disorder.

[0071] By "increase" or "raise" in the context of a disease marker or symptom is meant a significant rise in such level, often statistically significant. The increase can be, for example, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or more, and is preferably up to a level accepted as within the range of normal for an individual without such disorder.

[0072] A treatment or preventive effect is evident when there is a significant

improvement, often statistically significant, in one or more parameters of disease status, or by a failure to worsen or to develop symptoms where they would otherwise be anticipated. As an example, a favorable change of at least 10% in a measurable parameter of disease, and preferably at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or more can be indicative of effective treatment. Efficacy for a given compound or composition can also be judged using an experimental animal model for the given disease as known in the art. When using an experimental animal model, efficacy of treatment is evidenced when a statistically significant modulation in a marker or symptom is observed.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

[0073] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) with compounds or compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention. PNH is a rare complement-related disorder caused by an acquired mutation in the phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class A (PIG-A) gene that originates from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (Pu, J.J. et al., Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Jun;4(3):219-24). PNH is characterized by bone marrow disorder, hemolytic anemia and thrombosis. The PIG-A gene product is necessary for the production of a glycolipid anchor, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), utilized to tether proteins to the plasma membrane. Two complement-regulatory proteins responsible for protecting cells from lytic activity of the terminal complement complex, CD55 (decay accelerating factor) and CD59 (membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis), become nonfunctional in the absence of GPI. This leads to C5 activation and accumulation of specific complement proteins on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) leading to complement-mediated destruction of these cells.

[0074] Patient with PNH initially present with hemoglobinuria, abdominal pain, smooth muscle dystonia, and fatigue, e.g., PNH-related symptoms or disorders. PNH is also characterized by intravascular hemolysis (the primary clinical manifestation of the disease) and venous thrombosis. Venous thrombosis may occur in unusual sites, including, but not limited to hepatic, mesenteric, cerebral, and dermal veins. (Parker, C. et al., 2005. Blood. 106: 3699-709 and Parker, C.J., 2007. Exp Hematol. 35: 523-33). Currently, eculizumab (SOLIRIS®, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, CT), a C5 inhibitor monoclonal antibody, is the only approved treatment for PNH.

[0075] Treatment with eculizumab results in an adequate control of intravascular hemolysis in most PNH patients (Schrezenmeier, H. et al., 2014. Haematologica. 99: 922-9). However, Nishimura and colleagues have described 11 patients in Japan (3.2% of patients with PNH) who have mutations in the C5 gene that prevent binding of eculizumab to C5 and do not respond to treatment with the antibody (Nishimura, J-I. et al., 2014. N Engl J Med. 370: 632-9). Further, eculizumab is administered every 2 weeks as an IV infusion under the supervision of a healthcare professional, which is inconvenient and poses a burden to patients.

[0076] Long-term IV administration has the potential to lead to serious complications such as infections, local thrombosis, hematomas, and progressively reduced venous access.

Additionally, eculizumab is a large protein, and is associated with risk of immunogenicity and hypersensitivity. Finally, while eculizumab binds C5 and prevents C5b generation, any C5b generated through incomplete inhibition can initiate MAC formation and cause hemolysis.

[0077] The peripheral blood of patients with PNH can vary in the proportions of normal and abnormal cells. The disease is sub-classified according to the International PNH Interest Group based on clinical features, bone marrow characteristics, and the percentage of GPI-AP- deficient polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). As GPI-AP-deficient red blood cells are more sensitive to destruction in PNH patients, the flow cytometry analysis of PMNs is considered more informative (Parker, C.J., 2012. Curr Opin Hematol. 19: 141-8). Flow cytometry analysis in classic PNH shows 50 to 100% GPI-AP-deficient PMNs.

[0078] The hemolytic anemia of PNH is independent of autoantibodies (Coombs negative) and results from uncontrolled activation of the Alternative Pathway (AP) of complement. [0079] In some embodiments, compounds and composition, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the present invention are particularly useful in the treatment of PNH. Such compounds and compositions may include CS inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or an active metabolite or variant thereof). C5 inhibitors of the invention, useful for treatment of PNH may, in some cases, block the cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b. In some cases, C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure may be used as an alternative to eculizumab therapy for PNH. Unlike eculizumab, the C5 inhibitors disclosed herein may bind C5b, preventing C6 binding and subsequent assembly of the C5b-9 MAC.

[0080] In some cases, R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof, alone or in compositions, may be used to treat PNH in subjects. Such subjects may include subjects who have had inadequate responses to, intolerance to, adverse effects with, been unresponsive to, demonstrated reduced responsiveness with, or demonstrated resistance to other treatments (e.g., with eculizumab). In some embodiments, treatment with compounds and compositions of the present disclosure may inhibit hemolysis of PNH erythrocytes in a dose dependent manner.

[0081] In some embodiments, R5000 and/or an active metabolite or variant thereof is administered in substitution of eculizumab. In some embodiments, R5000 and/or an active metabolite or variant thereof is administered in combination with eculizumab in a regimen which may involve parallel or serial treatment.

[0082] Based on sequence and structural data, R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof may be particularly useful for the treatment of PNH in the limited number of patients with polymorphisms in the CS gene that prevent binding of eculizumab to C5. Such patients may include those with a single missense C5 heterozygous mutation, c.2654G->A, which predicts the polymorphism p.Arg885His (R885H; for a description of this and other polymorphisms at position 885, see Nishimura, J. et al., N Engl J Med. 2014. 370(7):632-9, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). This mutation disrupts the ability of eculizumab to bind to C5 in carriers of the mutation. R5000, however, is capable of binding C5 carrying the R885H substitution. Accordingly, in some

embodiments, methods of the present disclosure include inhibiting C5 activity and/or treating PNH in subjects carrying the polymorphism p.Arg885His.

[0083] Like eculizumab, R5000 blocks the proteolytic cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b. Unlike eculizumab, R5000 can also bind to CSb and block association with C6, preventing the subsequent assembly of the MAC. Therefore, advantageously any C5b that arises from incomplete inhibition by R5000 is prevented from binding C6 and completing assembly of the MAC.

[0084] In some cases, R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof may be used as a therapeutic alternative to eculizumab for patients with PNH and may offer added efficacy without the inconvenience and liabilities of IV administration and known risks of immunogenicity and hypersensitivity associated with monoclonal antibodies. Further, the serious complications of long-term IV administration, such as infections, loss of venous access, local thrombosis, and hematomas, may be overcome by R5000 given by subcutaneous (SC) injection.

[0085] In some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure include C5 inhibitor- based PNH treatment in subjects that have or have not been previously treated with eculizumab. Some subjects may have received eculizumab treatment in the previous 6 months. CS inhibitor-based treatment may include treatment with R5000 and/or metabolites or variants thereof. According to some methods, subjects are switched from eculizumab treatment to R5000 treatment. C5 inhibitors may be administered two or more times at regular intervals. The intervals may be from about every hour to about every 12 hours, from about every 2 hours to about every 24 hours, from about every 4 hours to about every 36 hours, from about every 8 hours to about every 48 hours, from about every 12 hours to about every 60 hours, from about every 18 hours to about every 72 hours, from about every 30 hours to about every 84 hours, from about every 40 hours to about every 96 hours, from about every 50 hours to about every 108 hours, from about every 60 hours to about every 120 hours, from about every 70 hours to about every 132 hours, from about every 80 hours to about every 168 hours, from about every day to about every week, from about every week to about every month, or longer than every month. C5 inhibitor administration may include administering C5 inhibitors at an initial loading dose. The initial loading dose may be from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, from about 0.0S mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, from about 0.2 mg/kg to about 4 mg/kg, from about 0.3 mg/kg to about S mg/kg, from about 0.6 mg/kg to about 6 mg/kg, from about 1.5 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg. C5 inhibitor administration may include administering C5 inhibitors at an initial treatment dose. The initial treatment dose may include administering C5 inhibitors two or more times at regular intervals after the initial loading dose. The initial treatment dose may be from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, from about 0.2 mg/kg to about 4 mg/kg, from about 0.3 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, from about 0.6 mg/kg to about 6 mg/kg, from about 1.5 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg. Initial treatment doses may be substituted with modified treatment doses after a period of administration with the initial treatment dose. The period may be from about 1 day to about 10 days, from about 1 week to about 3 weeks, from about 2 weeks to about 4 weeks, or more than 4 weeks. The modified treatment dose may be from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, from about 0.2 mg/kg to about 4 mg/kg, from about 0.3 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, from about 0.6 mg/kg to about 6 mg/kg, from about 1.5 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg. The modified treatment dose may include an increase in C5 inhibitor levels administered. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the subject may be monitored over the course of treatment. Initial treatment doses may be substituted with modified treatment doses based on changes in LDH levels observed. In some aspects, subjects are transitioned to a modified treatment dose after LDH levels equal to or less than 1.5 times the upper limit normal are detected. In some embodiments, hemolysis in subject serum is reduced. In some embodiments, no adverse events (e.g., injection reactions or systemic infections) are observed in response to treatment. C5 inhibitor administration may include self-administration (e.g., using an auto-injector device). The self-administration may include administration using a pre-loaded syringe. The pre-loaded syringe may include a solution of R5000. The self-administration may be monitored, for example, by a medical professional. In some aspects, the self-administration may be remotely monitored. Monitoring may be carried out using a smart device.

[0086] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating PNH in subjects by daily self-administration of R5000 by subcutaneous injection. The subject may or may not have been previously treated with eculizumab. Subjects previously treated with eculizumab may have been treated with eculizumab in the previous 6 months. According to some methods, subjects are switched from eculizumab treatment to R5000 treatment. Daily self-administration may be carried out for a period of at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 6 weeks, at least 8 weeks, at least 10 weeks, at least 12 weeks, at least 16 weeks, at least 20 weeks, at least 24 weeks, at least 36 weeks, or at least 48 weeks. R5000 may be administered using a pre-loaded syringe. Pre-loaded syringes may include

ULTRASAFE PLUS™ passive needle guards (Becton Dickenson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Administration may be at a dose of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.3 mg/kg. Administration may include an initial loading dose. The initial loading dose may include about 0.3 mg/kg of R5000. R5000 may be administered at an initial treatment dose of about 0.1 mg/kg for about 2 weeks. The initial treatment dose may be adjusted to a modified treatment dose based on subject LDH levels. Where subject LDH levels are greater than or equal to 1.5 times the ULN during the first two weeks of R5000 administration, the initial treatment dose may be adjusted to a modified treatment dose of about 0.3 mg/kg. Hemolysis levels in subject samples may be reduced by from about 5% to about 20%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 60% to about 90%, from about 80% to about 95%, from about 85% to about 98%, from about 88% to about 99%, or from about 97% to 100%. The reduction may occur after 1 day of treatment, after 1 week of treatment, after 2 weeks of treatment, or more than 2 weeks after treatment. The reduction may be sustained throughout the course of treatment. The reduction may persist after treatment ends or is modified. In some embodiments, LDH levels are less than four times the ULN level for greater than 50% of the R5000 administration period. In some embodiments, risk of breakthrough hemolysis is reduced.

[0087] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure (e.g., R5000) may be administered to subjects with PNH, wherein the subjects have been treated previously with eculizumab. Such subjects may include those having received eculizumab treatment in the previous 6 months. Some such subjects may demonstrate an inadequate response to eculizumab treatment (including prior or ongoing treatment). As used herein, an "inadequate response to eculizumab treatment" refers to ineffective or insufficient inhibition of C5 cleavage and/or hemolysis in a subject receiving eculizumab administration, elevated or unstable lactate dehydrogenase levels, or subject eculizumab intolerance. "Eculizumab intolerance" by a subject, as referred to herein, is an inability to be treated with eculizumab due to susceptibility to or occurrence of adverse effects of treatment that may include, but are not limited to, negative health effects (e.g., pain, swelling, inflammation, fatigue, and post- infusion pain). Inadequate response to eculizumab treatment may be related to ineffective inhibition of C5 cleavage in a subject; low eculizumab dose and/or low subject plasma eculizumab levels; and/or eculizumab clearance (e.g., metabolic breakdown or other removal through metabolic activity) in a subject. Some subjects may be inadequate responders to eculizumab because eculizumab dose has been lowered, in some instances due to subject intolerance to eculizumab.

[0088] It has been reported that eculizumab does not completely abolish C5 activity in vitro under conditions that mimic strong activation, potentially leaving patients vulnerable to inadequate disease control (see Brodsky et al., 2017. Blood 129; 922-923 and Harder et al., 2017. Blood. 129:970-980). This is referred to as residual C5 activity. Residual C5 activity may be due to inability of eculizumab to prevent C5 association with the alternative pathway C5-convertase (comprising two subunits of C3b as well as one Bb component). In some embodiments, R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof may be used to inhibit association between CS and alternative pathway C5-convertase.

[0089] Residual CS activity may also exist where strong complement activation results in C5 cleavage before eculizumab can bind. Like eculizumab, R5000 and active metabolites or variants thereof bind to C5 and inhibit cleavage of C5 and activation of the terminal complement cascade. R5000, however, binds CS at a different site than eculizumab and therefore has a distinct molecular mechanism of inhibition. Further, RS000 may associate with CSb after cleavage to prevent subsequent hemolysis. In some embodiments, RS000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof may be used to improve complement inhibition under conditions where some hemolytic activity persists during or after treatment with eculizumab. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting residual CS activity by contacting CS with R5000 and/or an active metabolite thereof. The C5 may be C5 of a subject with PNH. The C5 may be CS of a subject with a C5 polymorphism (e.g., pArg885His). In some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure include treating subjects with PNH, wherein residual CS activity remains after prior or current treatment with eculizumab, by administering R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof.

[0090] Previous studies have shown that two distinct patient populations emerge after 3 years of eculizumab treatment: (1) transfusion-dependent; and (2) transfusion-independent (see Hillmen et al., Br J Hematol 2013). 'Transfusion-dependent" patients, as referred to herein, are those receiving at least one blood transfusion in the previous 6 months (at the end of the third year of treatment). 'Transfusion-independent" patients, as referred to herein, are those who did not require a blood transfusion during the previous 6 months (at the end of the third year of treatment). According to the study, 80% of those treated for 3 years were transfusion-independent, while 20% were transfusion-dependent. In some embodiments, CS inhibitors of the present disclosure (e.g., RS000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) may be used to treat transfusion-dependent or transfusion-independent subjects. Subjects may be converted from transfusion-dependent subjects to a transfusion-independent subjects during a period of RS000 administration. In some embodiments, transfusion-independent subject LDH levels are reduced to less than four times the ULN level in response to RS000 treatment. The reduced levels may be equal to or less than 1.5 times the ULN level. [0091] In some embodiments, the risk of breakthrough hemolysis in subjects may be reduced through treatment with C5 inhibitors disclosed herein (e.g., R5000). Breakthrough hemolysis refers to one or more incidence of increased hemolysis after initial control of hemolysis through treatment. In some embodiments, increased hemolysis occurring during breakthrough hemolysis may be controlled by continued CS inhibitor treatment. The C5 inhibitor may be R5000. The continued treatment may include an increased dose of R5000.

[0092] In some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure include methods of treating PNH in subjects by switching subject treatment from eculizumab to R5000 administration, wherein the subjects are first screened for risk of breakthrough hemolysis associated with the switch in treatments. The screening may include screening for at least one risk factor of breakthrough hemolysis associated with switching from eculizumab treatment to R5000 treatment. Such risk factors may include pre-existing C3 -mediated extravascular hemolysis experienced by candidates for treatment switch. Risk factors may include status as transfusion-dependent while undergoing previous eculizumab treatment. In some embodiments, subject baseline reticulocyte level may be a risk factor. Baseline reticulocyte levels associated with risk may include levels greater than or equal to 2 times the ULN level.

[0093] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating PNH in subjects having received eculizumab treatment within the previous 6 months, the methods including daily subcutaneous administration of R5000. The administration may be self- administration by injection (e.g., using a pre-loaded syringe). The administration may be over a period of at least 12 weeks. Subjects may be fully switched from eculizumab treatment to R5000 treatment or treatments may include some overlap of eculizumab and R5000 treatments. In some embodiments, subjects are not treated with eculizumab during at least the first 4 weeks of R5000 treatment.

[0094] RS000 treatment may increase subject quality of life (QOL). Changes in QOL may be assessed according to known methods, including, but not limited to, by functional assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT) fatigue scores as described in Webster, K. et al. 2003. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1:79.

Inflammatory Indications

[0095] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat subjects with diseases, disorders and/or conditions related to inflammation. Inflammation may be upregulated during the proteolytic cascade of the complement system. Although inflammation may have beneficial effects. excess inflammation may lead to a variety of pathologies (Markiewski et al. 2007. Am J Pathol. 17: 715-27). Accordingly, compounds and compositions of the present invention may be used to reduce or eliminate inflammation associated with complement activation.

Sterile inflammation

[0096] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the present invention may be used to treat, prevent or delay development of sterile inflammation. Sterile inflammation is inflammation that occurs in response to stimuli other than infection. Sterile inflammation may be a common response to stress such as genomic stress, hypoxic stress, nutrient stress or endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by a physical, chemical, or metabolic noxious stimuli. Sterile inflammation may contribute to pathogenesis of many diseases such as, but not limited to, ischemia-induced injuries, rheumatoid arthritis, acute lung injuries, drug-induced liver injuries, inflammatory bowel diseases and/or other diseases, disorders or conditions. Mechanism of sterile inflammation and methods and compositions for treatment, prevention and/or delaying of symptoms of sterile inflammation may include any of those taught by Rubartelli et al. in Frontiers in Immunology, 2013, 4:398-99, Rock et al. in Annu Rev Immunol. 2010, 28:321-342 or in United States Patent No. 8,101,586, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and sepsis

[0097] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat and/or prevent systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). SIRS is inflammation affecting the whole body. Where SIRS is caused by an infection, it is referred to as sepsis. SIRS may also be caused by non-infectious events such as trauma, injury, burns, ischemia, hemorrhage and/or other conditions. Among negative outcomes associated with SIRS and/or sepsis is multi-organ failure (MOF).

Complement inhibition at the C3 level in Gram-negative sepsis significantly protects the organs against E co/;-induced progressive MOF, but also hinders bacterial clearance.

Compounds and compositions described herein include C5 complement component inhibitors that may be administered to subjects with sepsis to provide the benefits of organ protection without detrimentally altering bacterial clearance.

[0098] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating sepsis. Sepsis may be induced by microbial infection. The microbial infection may include at least one Gram-negative infectious agent. As used herein, the term "infectious agent" refers to any entity that invades or otherwise infects a cell, tissue, organ, compartment, or fluid of a sample or subject. In some cases, infectious agents may be bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Gram negative infectious agents are Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative infectious agents may include, but are not limited to E. coli.

[0099] Methods of treating sepsis may include the administration of one or more C5 inhibitors to a subject. The C5 inhibitor may be R5000. According to some methods, complement activation may be reduced or prevented. Reduction or prevention of complement activity may be determined by detecting one or more products of complement activity in a subject sample. Such products may include CS cleavage products (e.g., CSa and CSb) or downstream complexes formed as a result of C5 cleavage (e.g., CSb-9). In some

embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating sepsis with R5000, wherein levels of C5a and/or C5b-9 are reduced or eliminated in the subject and/or in at least one sample obtained from the subject. For example, C5a and/or C5b-9 levels may be reduced in subjects administered R5000 (or in samples obtained from such subjects) by from about 0% to about 0.05%, from about 0.01% to about 1%, from about 0.05% to about 2%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 50% to about 100% when compared to subjects (or subject samples) not treated with R5000 (including subjects treated with other complement inhibitors) or when compared to the same subject (or subject samples) during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment.

[0100] In some embodiments, C5b-9 levels reduced by R5000 treatment are C5b-9 levels associated with one or more of the classical pathway of complement activation, the alternative pathway of complement activation, and the lectin pathway of complement activation.

[0101] In some embodiments, the presence, absence, and/or levels of one or more factors associated with sepsis may be modulated by administering R5000 to a subject with sepsis. The presence or absence of such factors may be determined using assays for their detection. Changes in factor levels may be determined by determining the level of such factors in a subject with sepsis after R5000 treatment and comparing those levels to earlier levels in the same subject (either before R5000 treatment or during one or more earlier periods of treatment) or to levels in subjects that are not treated with R5000 (including subjects with sepsis that receive no treatment or subjects that receive some other form of treatment). Comparisons may be presented by percentage differences in factor levels between R5000 treated subjects and subjects not treated with R5000.

[0102] C5 cleavage product may include any proteins or complexes that may result from C5 cleavage. In some cases, C5 cleavage products may include, but are not limited to, C5a and C5b. C5b cleavage product may go on to form a complex with complement proteins C6, C7, C8, and C9 (referred to herein as "C5b-9"). Accordingly, C5 cleavage products that include C5b-9 may be detected and/or quantitated to determine whether complement activity has been reduced or prevented. Detection of C5b-9 deposition may be carried out, for example, through the use of the WIESLAB® ELISA (Euro Diagnostic^ Malmo, Sweden) kit. Quantitation of cleavage products may be measured in "complement arbitrary units" (CAU) as described by others (e.g., see Bergseth G etai, 2013. Mol Immunol. 56:232-9, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety).

[0103] In some embodiments, treating sepsis with a C5 inhibitor (e.g., R5000) may reduce or prevent C5b-9 production.

[0104] According to the present invention, administration of R5000 to a subject may result in modulation of bacterial clearance in the subject and/or in at least one sample obtained from the subject. Bacterial clearance, as referred to herein, is the partial or complete removal/reduction of bacteria from a subject or sample. Clearance may occur by way of killing or otherwise rendering bacteria incapable of growth and/or reproduction. In some cases, bacterial clearance may occur through bacterial lysis and/or immune destruction (e.g., through phagocytosis, bacterial cell lysis, opsonization, etc.). According to some methods, bacterial clearance in subjects treated with C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000) may have no effect or a beneficial effect on bacterial clearance. This may occur due to the absence of or a decreased effect on C3b levels with CS inhibition. In some embodiments, methods of treating sepsis with R5000 may avoid interference with C3b-dependent opsonization or enhance C3b- dependent opsonization.

[0105] In some cases, bacterial clearance with R5000 treatment may be enhanced in comparison to bacterial clearance in an untreated subject or in a subject treated with another form of complement inhibitor, for example, a C3 inhibitor. In some embodiments, subjects with sepsis that are treated with R5000 may experience 0% to at least 100% enhanced bacterial clearance when compared to bacterial clearance in subjects not treated with R5000 (including subjects treated with other complement inhibitors) or when compared to earlier bacterial clearance levels in the same subject before treatment with R5000 or during an earlier treatment period with R5000. For example, bacterial clearance in subjects treated with R5000 and/or in at least one sample obtained from such subjects may be enhanced by from about 0% to about 0.05%, from about 0.01% to about 1%, from about 0.05% to about 2%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 50% to about 100% when compared to subjects not treated with R5000 (including subjects treated with other complement inhibitors) and/or when compared to samples obtained from such subjects or when compared to the same subject during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment and/or when compared to samples obtained from the same subject during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment.

[0106] Bacterial clearance may be measured in a subject by directly measuring bacterial levels in the subject and/or a subject sample or by measuring one or more indicators of bacterial clearance (e.g., levels of bacterial components released after bacterial lysis).

Bacterial clearance levels may then be determined by comparison to a previous measurement of bacterial/indicator levels or to bacterial/indicator levels in a subject receiving no treatment or a different treatment. In some cases, colony forming units (cfu) from collected blood (e.g., to generate cfu/ml of blood) are examined to determine bacterial levels.

[0107] In some embodiments, sepsis treatment with R5000 may be carried out with no effect on phagocytosis or without substantial impairment of phagocytosis. This may include neutrophil-dependent and/or monocyte-dependent phagocytosis. Unimpaired or substantially unimpaired phagocytosis with R5000 treatment may be due to limited or non-existent changes to C3b levels with R5000 treatment.

[0108] Oxidative burst is a C5a-dependent process, characterized by the production of peroxide by certain cells, particularly macrophages and neutrophils, following challenge by a pathogen (see Mollnes T. E. etal, 2002. Blood 100, 1869-1877, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety).

[0109] In some embodiments, oxidative burst may be reduced or prevented in subjects with sepsis after treatment with R5000. This may be due to a decrease in C5a levels with R5000-dependent C5 inhibition. Oxidative burst may be reduced in subjects administered R5000 by from about 0% to about 0.05%, from about 0.01% to about 1%, from about 0.05% to about 2%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 50% to about 100% when compared to subjects not treated with R5000 (including subjects treated with other complement inhibitors) or when compared to the same subject during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment.

[0110] Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of bacterial cell coats that is a known immune stimulator. Complement-dependent bacteriolysis can lead to release of LPS, contributing to inflammatory responses, such as those characteristic of sepsis. In some embodiments, treatment of sepsis with R5000 may reduce LPS levels. This may be due to a decrease in complement-mediated bacteriolysis with inhibition of C5-dependent complement activity. In some embodiments, LPS levels may be reduced or eliminated in subjects administered R5000 (or in samples obtained from such subjects) by from about 0% to about 0.05%, from about 0.01% to about 1%, from about 0.05% to about 2%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 50% to about 100% when compared to subjects (or subject samples) not treated with R5000 (including subjects treated with other complement inhibitors) or when compared to the same subject (or subject samples) during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment.

[0111] In some embodiments, LPS levels may be reduced by 100% in subjects (or subject samples) with sepsis that are treated with R5000 as compared to subjects (or subject samples) with sepsis that are not treated with R5000 (including subjects receiving one or more other forms of treatment) or when compared to the same subject (or subject sample) during a pre- treatment period or an earlier period of treatment.

[0] 12] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, sepsis-induced levels of one or more cytokine may be reduced with R5000 treatment. Cytokines include a number of cell signaling molecules that stimulate immune responses to infection. "'Cytokine storm" is a dramatic upregulation of at least four cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), that may result from bacterial infection and contribute to sepsis. C5a is known to induce the synthesis and activity of these cytokines. Inhibitors of C5, may therefore reduce cytokine levels by reducing levels of C5a. Cytokine levels may be evaluated in subjects or subject samples to evaluate the ability of C5 inhibitors to reduce the levels of one or more inflammatory cytokines upregulated during sepsis. IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and/or TNFa levels may be decreased in subjects administered R5000 by from about 0% to about 0.05%, from about 0.01% to about 1%, from about 0.05% to about 2%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 50% to about 100% when compared to subjects not treated with R5000 (including subjects treated with other complement inhibitors) or when compared to the same subject during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment. In some embodiments, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and/or TNFa levels may be reduced by 100% in subjects with sepsis that are treated with R5000 as compared to subjects with sepsis that are not treated with R5000 (including subjects receiving one or more other forms of treatment) or when compared to the same subject during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment.

[0113] One complication associated with sepsis is dysregulation of coagulation and/or fibrinolysis pathways (Levi M., et ai, 2013. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 39, 559- 66; Rittirsch D., et al., 2008. Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 776-87; and Dempfle C, 2004. A Thromb Haemost. 91(2):213-24, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). While controlled local activation of these pathways is important for defending against pathogens, systemic, uncontrolled activation may be harmful.

Complement activity associated with bacterial infection may promote coagulation and/or fibrinolysis dysregulation due to increased host cell and tissue damage associated with MAC formation. In some embodiments, treatment of sepsis with R5000 may normalize coagulation and/or fibrinolysis pathways.

[0114] Dysregulation of coagulation and/or fibrinolysis associated with sepsis may include disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). DIC is a condition that results in tissue and organ damage due to activation of coagulation and blood clot formation in small blood vessels. This activity reduces blood flow to tissues and organs and consumes blood factors necessary for coagulation in the rest of the body. The absence of these blood factors in the blood stream may lead to uncontrolled bleeding in other parts of the body. In some embodiments, treatment of sepsis with R5000 may reduce or eliminate DIC.

[0115] Coagulation dysfunction associated with sepsis may be detected by measuring the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and/or prothrombin time (FT). These are tests performed on plasma samples to determine whether coagulation factor levels are low. In subjects with DIC, APTT and/or PT are prolonged due to reduced levels of coagulation factors. In some embodiments, subject treatment of sepsis with R5000 may lower and/or normalize APTT and/or PT in samples obtained from treated subjects.

[0116] Coagulation dysfunction associated with sepsis may further be evaluated through analysis of thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex levels and/or leukocyte expression of Tissue Factor (TF) mRNA. Increased levels of TAT complex and leukocyte expression of TF mRNA are associated with coagulation dysfunction and are consistent with DIC. In some embodiments, treatment of sepsis with R5000 may result in a reduction in TAT levels and/or leukocyte TF mRNA levels of from about 0.005% to about 0.05%, from about 0.01% to about 1%, from about 0.05% to about 2%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 50% to about 100% when compared to subjects not treated with R5000 (including subjects treated with other complement inhibitors) or when compared to the same subject during a pre- treatment period or an earlier period of treatment. In some embodiments, TAT levels and/or leukocyte TF mRNA levels may be reduced by 100% in subjects with sepsis that are treated with R5000 as compared to subjects with sepsis that are not treated with R5000 (including subjects receiving one or more other forms of treatment) or when compared to the same subject during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment.

[0117] Factor XII is a factor important for normal coagulation in plasma. Factor XII levels may be decreased in plasma samples taken from subjects with coagulation dysfunction (e.g., DIC) due to consumption of Factor ΧΠ associated with coagulation in small blood vessels. In some embodiments, sepsis treatment with R5000 may reduce Factor XII consumption.

Accordingly, Factor XII levels may be increased in plasma samples taken from subjects with sepsis after R5000 treatment. Factor XII levels may be increased in plasma samples by from about 0.005% to about 0.05%, from about 0.01% to about 1%, from about 0.05% to about 2%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 50% to about 100% when compared to subjects not treated with R5000 (including subjects treated with other complement inhibitors) or when compared to plasma samples taken from the same subject during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment. In some embodiments, Factor XII levels may be increased by 100% in plasma samples from subjects with sepsis that are treated with R5000 as compared to plasma samples from subjects with sepsis that arc not treated with R5000 (including subjects receiving one or more other forms of treatment) or when compared to plasma samples taken from the same subject during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment.

[0118] Fibrinolysis is the breakdown of fibrin due to enzymatic activity, a process critical for clot formation. Fibrinolysis dysregulation may occur in severe sepsis and is repotted to affect normal clotting in baboons challenged with E. coli (P. de Boer J.P., et al., 1993. Circulatory shock. 39, 59-67, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). Plasma indicators of sepsis-dependent fibrinolysis dysfunction (including, but not limited to fibrinolysis dysfunction associated with DIC) may include, but are not limited to decreased fibrinogen levels (indicating a reduced ability to form fibrin clots), increased tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels, increased plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) levels, increased plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) levels, increased fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products, and increased D-dimer levels. In some embodiments, treatment of sepsis with R5000 may result in a decrease in plasma fibrinogen levels and/or an increase in plasma levels of tPA, PAI-1, PAP, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product, and/or D-dimer of from about 0.005% to about 0.05%, from about 0.01% to about 1%, from about 0.05% to about 2%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 60%, from about 25% to about 75%, from about 50% to about 100% when compared to levels in plasma samples from subjects not treated with R5000 (including subjects treated with other complement inhibitors) or when compared to levels in plasma samples taken from the same subject during a pre-treatment period or an earlier period of treatment. In some embodiments, sepsis-associated decrease in plasma fibrinogen levels and/or a sepsis- associated increase in plasma levels of tPA, PAI-1, PAP, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product, and/or D-dimer may differ by at least 10,000% when compared to levels in plasma samples from subjects with sepsis that are treated with R5000.

[0119] Another consequence of overactive complement activity associated with sepsis is a reduction in red blood cells due to complement-dependent hemolysis and/or C3b-dependent opsonization. Methods of treating sepsis with R5000 according to the present disclosure may include reducing complement-dependent hemolysis. One method of evaluating complement- dependent hemolysis associated with sepsis involves obtaining a complete blood cell count. Complete blood cell counts may be obtained through automated processes that count the cell types present in blood samples. Results from complete blood cell count analysis typically include levels of hematocrit, red blood cell (RBC) counts, white blood cell (WBC) counts, and platelets. Hematocrit levels are used to determine the percentage of blood (by volume) that is made up of red blood cells. Hematocrit levels, platelet levels, RBC levels, and WBC levels may be reduced in sepsis due to hemolysis. In some embodiments, treatment of sepsis with R5000 increases hematocrit levels, platelet levels, RBC levels, and/or WBC levels. Increases may be immediate or may occur overtime with treatment (e.g., single or multiple dose treatments). [0120] In some embodiments, subject treatment with R5000 may decrease leukocyte (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages) activation associated with sepsis. "Activation," as used herein in the context of leukocytes refers to mobilization and/or maturation of these cells to carryout associated immune functions. Decreased leukocyte activation with R5000 treatment may be determined by assessing the subject treated or a sample obtained from the subject treated.

[0121] In some embodiments, treatment of sepsis with R5000 may improve one or more vital signs in subjects being treated. Such vital signs may include, but are not limited to, heart rate, mean systemic arterial pressure (MSAP), respiration rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature.

[0122] In some embodiments, treatment of sepsis with R5000 may stabilize or reduce capillary leak and/or endothelial barrier dysfunction associated with sepsis (i.e., to maintain or improve capillary- leak and/or endothelial barrier dysfunction). Stabilization or reduction of capillary leak and/or endothelial barrier dysfunction may be determined by measuring total plasma protein levels and/or plasma albumin levels. An increase in either level in comparison to plasma levels associated with sepsis may indicate reduced capillary leak. Accordingly, treatment of sepsis with R5000 may increase levels of total plasma protein and/or plasma albumin.

[0123] Methods of the present disclosure may include methods of treating sepsis with R5000, wherein levels of one or more acute phase proteins are reduced. Acute phase proteins are proteins produced by the liver under inflammatory condition. R5000 treatment may reduce inflammation associated with sepsis and lead to decreased production of acute phase proteins by the liver.

[0124] According to some methods of the invention, sepsis-induced organ damage and/or organ dysfunction may be reduced, reversed, or prevented by treatment with R5000.

Indicators that may be reduced with improved organ function may include, but are not limited to plasma lactate (demonstrating improved vascular perfusion and clearance), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (both indicating improved kidney function), and liver transaminases (indicating improved liver function). In some embodiments, febrile response, risk of secondary infection and/or risk of sepsis reoccurrence is reduced in subjects treated for sepsis with R5000.

[0125] Methods of the present disclosure may include preventing sepsis-related death and/or improving survival time of subjects afflicted with sepsis through treatment with R5000. Improved survival time may be determined through comparison of survival time in R5000-treated subjects to survival time in un-treated subjects (including subjects treated with one or more other forms of treatment). In some embodiments, survival times are increased by at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 2 weeks, at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 4 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 5 years, or at least 10 years.

[0126] In some embodiments, administration of R5000 is carried out in a single dose. In some embodiments, administration of R5000 is carried out in multiple doses. For example, R5000 administration may include administration of an initial dose, followed by one or more repeat doses. Repeat doses may be administered from about 1 hour to about 24 hours, from about 2 hours to about 48 hours, from about 4 hours to about 72 hours, from about 8 hours to about 96 hours, from about 12 hours to about 36 hours, or from about 18 hours to about 60 hours after a previous dose. In some cases, repeat doses may be administered 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, or more than 6 months after a previous dose. In some cases, repeat doses may be administered as needed to stabilize or reduce sepsis or to stabilize or reduce one or more effects associated with sepsis in a subject. Repeat doses may include the same amount of R5000 or may include a different amount.

[0127] Compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to control and/or balance complement activation for prevention and treatment of SIRS, sepsis and/or MOF. The methods of applying complement inhibitors to treat SIRS and sepsis may include those in U.S. publication No. US2013/0053302 or in United States Patent No. 8,329,169, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

[0128] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat and/or prevent development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is a widespread inflammation of the lungs and may be caused by trauma, infection (e.g., sepsis), severe pneumonia and/or inhalation of harmful substances. ARDS is typically a severe, life-threatening complication. Studies suggest that neutrophils may contribute to development of ARDS by affecting the accumulation of polymorphonuclear cells in the injured pulmonary alveoli and interstitial tissue of the lungs. Accordingly, compounds and compositions of the invention may be administered to reduce and/or prevent tissue factor production in alveolar neutrophils.

Compounds and compositions of the invention may further be used for treatment, prevention and/or delaying of ARDS, in some cases according to any of the methods taught in International publication No. WO2009/014633, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Periodontitis

[0129] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat or prevent development of periodontitis and/or associated conditions. Periodontitis is a widespread, chronic inflammation leading to the destruction of periodontal tissue which is the tissue supporting and surrounding the teeth. The condition also involves alveolar bone loss (bone that holds the teeth). Periodontitis may be caused by a lack of oral hygiene leading to accumulation of bacteria at the gum line, also known as dental plaque. Certain health conditions such as diabetes or malnutrition and/or habits such as smoking may increase the risk of periodontitis. Periodontitis may increase the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, diabetes, osteoporosis, pre-term labor, as well as other health issues. Studies demonstrate a correlation between periodontitis and local complement activity. Periodontal bacteria may either inhibit or activate certain components of the complement cascade. Accordingly, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat periodontitis and associated diseases and conditions. Complement activation inhibitors and treatment methods may include any of those taught by Hajishengallis in Biochem Pharmacol. 2010, 15; 80(12): 1 and Lambris or in US publication No. US2013/0344082, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Dermatomyositis

[0130] In some embodiments, compounds, compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, and/or methods of the invention may be used to treat dermatomyositis.

Dermatomyositis is an inflammatory myopathy characterized by muscle weakness and chronic muscle inflammation. Dermatomyositis often begins with a skin rash that is associated concurrently or precedes muscle weakness. Compounds, compositions, and/or methods of the invention may be used to reduce or prevent dermatomyositis.

Wounds and injuries

[0131] Compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat and/or promote healing of different types of wounds and/or injuries. As used herein, the term "injury" typically refers to physical trauma, but may include localized infection or disease processes. Injuries may be characterized by harm, damage or destruction caused by external events affecting body parts and/or organs. Wounds are associated with cuts, blows, burns and/or other impacts to the skin, leaving the skin broken or damaged. Wounds and injuries are often acute but if not healed properly they may lead to chronic complications and/or inflammation.

Wounds and burn wounds

[0132] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat and/or to promote healing of wounds. Healthy skin provides a waterproof, protective barrier against pathogens and other environmental effectors. The skin also controls body temperature and fluid evaporation. When skin is wounded these functions are disrupted making skin healing challenging.

Wounding initiates a set of physiological processes related to the immune system that repair and regenerate tissue. Complement activation is one of these processes. Complement activation studies have identified several complement components involved with wound healing as taught by van de Goot et al. in J Bum Care Res 2009, 30:274-280 and Cazander et al. Clin Dev Immunol, 2012, 2012:534291, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some cases, complement activation may be excessive, causing cell death and enhanced inflammation (leading to impaired wound healing and chronic wounds). In some cases, compounds and compositions of the present invention may be used to reduce or eliminate such complement activation to promote wound healing. Treatment with compounds and compositions of the invention may be carried out according to any of the methods for treating wounds disclosed in International publication number WO2012/174055, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Head trauma

[0133] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat and/or promote healing of head trauma. Head traumas include injuries to the scalp, the skull or the brain. Examples of head trauma include, but are not limited to concussions, contusions, skull fracture, traumatic brain injuries and/or other injuries. Head traumas may be minor or severe. In some cases, head trauma may lead to long term physical and/or mental complications or death. Studies indicate that head traumas may induce improper intracranial complement cascade activation, which may lead to local inflammatory responses contributing to secondary brain damage by development of brain edema and/or neuronal death (Stahel et al. in Brain Research Reviews, 1998, 27: 243- 56, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). Compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to treat head trauma and/or to reduce or prevent related secondary complications. Methods of using compounds and compositions of the invention to control complement cascade activation in head trauma may include any of those taught by Holers et al. in United States Patent No. 8,911,733, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Crush injury

[0134] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat and/or promote healing of crush injuries. Crush injuries are injuries caused by a force or a pressure put on the body causing bleeding, bruising, fractures, nerve injuries, wounds and/or other damages to the body. Compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to reduce complement activation following crush injuries, thereby promoting healing after crush injuries (e.g. by promoting nerve regeneration, promoting fracture healing, preventing or treating inflammation, and/or other related complications). Compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to promote healing according to any of the methods taught in United States Patent No. 8,703,136;

International Publication Nos. WO2012/162215; WO2012/174055; or US publication No. US2006/0270590, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Ischemia'reperfusion injury

[0135] In some embodiments, compounds, compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, and/or methods of the present disclosure may be used to treat injuries associated with ischemia and/or reperfusion. Such injuries may be associated with surgical intervention (e.g., transplantation). Accordingly, compounds, compositions, and/or methods of the present disclosure may be used to reduce or prevent ischemia and/or reperfusion injuries.

Autoimmune disease

[0136] The compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat subjects with autoimmune diseases and/or disorders. The immune system may be divided into innate and adaptive systems, referring to nonspecific immediate defense mechanisms and more complex antigen-specific systems, respectively. The complement system is part of the innate immune system, recognizing and eliminating pathogens. Additionally, complement proteins may modulate adaptive immunity, connecting innate and adaptive responses. Autoimmune diseases and disorders are immune abnormalities causing the system to target self tissues and substances. Autoimmune disease may involve certain tissues or organs of the body. Compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to modulate complement in the treatment and/or prevention of autoimmune diseases. In some cases, such compounds and compositions may be used according to the methods presented in Ballanti et al. Immunol Res (2013) 56:477-491, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) and catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome (CAPS)

[0137] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) by complement activation control. APS is an autoimmune condition caused by anti-phospholipid antibodies that cause the blood to clot. APS may lead to recurrent venous or arterial thrombosis in organs, and complications in placental circulations causing pregnancy-related complications such as miscarriage, still birth, preeclampsia, premature birth and/or other complications. Catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is an extreme and acute version of a similar condition leading to occlusion of veins in several organs simultaneously. Studies suggest that complement activation may contribute to APS- related complications including pregnancy-related complications, thrombotic (clotting) complications, and vascular complications. Compound and compositions of the invention may be used to treat APS -related conditions by reducing or eliminating complement activation. In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to treat APS and/or APS-related complications according to the methods taught by Salmon et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(Suppl II):ii46-H50 and Mackworth- Young in Clin Exp Immunol 2004, 136:393-401, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Cold agglutinin disease

[0138] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat cold agglutinin disease (CAD), also referred to as cold agglutinin-mediated hemolysis. CAD is an autoimmune disease resulting from a high concentration of IgM antibodies interacting with red blood cells at low range body temperatures [Engelhardt et al. Blood, 2002, 100(5): 1922-23]. CAD may lead to conditions such as anemia, fatigue, dyspnea, hemoglobinuria and/or acrocyanosis. CAD is related to robust complement activation and studies have shown that CAD may be treated with complement inhibitor therapies. Accordingly, the present invention provides methods of treating CAD using compounds and compositions of the invention. In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to treat CAD according to the methods taught by Roth et al in Blood, 2009, 113:3885-86 or in International publication No. WO2012/139081, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Myasthenia gravis

[0139] In some embodiments, compounds, compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, and/or methods of the invention may be used to treat Myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare complement-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies targeting proteins that are critical for the normal transmission of electrical signals from nerves to muscles. Although the prognosis of MG is generally benign, in 10% to 15% of patients disease control either cannot be achieved with current therapies, or results in severe side effects of immunosuppressive therapy. This severe form of MG is known as refractory MG (rMG), and affects approximately 9,000 individuals in the United States.

[0140] Patients present with muscle weakness that characteristically becomes more severe with repeated use and recovers with rest. Muscle weakness can be localized to specific muscles, such as those responsible for eye movements, but often progresses to more diffuse muscle weakness. rMG may even become life-threatening when muscle weakness involves the diaphragm and the other chest wall muscles responsible for breathing. This is the most feared complication of rMG, known as myasthenic crisis, and requires hospitalization, intubation, and mechanical ventilation. Approximately 15% to 20% of patients experience a myasthenic crisis within two years of diagnosis.

[0141] The most common target of autoantibodies in MG is the acetylcholine receptor, or AChR, located at the neuromuscular junction, the point at which a motor neuron transmits signals to a skeletal muscle fiber. Binding of anti-AChR autoantibodies to the muscle endplate results in activation of the classical complement cascade and deposition of MAC on the post-synaptic muscle fiber leading to local damage to the muscle membrane, and reduced responsiveness of the muscle to stimulation by the neuron. Eculizumab was recently approved as a treatment for adult MG patients with AChR autoantibodies. [0142] Inhibition of terminal complement activity may be used to block complement- mediated damage resulting from MG and/or rMG. In some embodiments, compounds and/or compositions of the present disclosure may be used to treat MG and/or rMG. Such methods may be used to inhibit CS activity to reduce or prevent neuromuscular issues associated with MG and/or rMG.

Guillain-Barre syndrome

[0143] In some embodiments, compounds, compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of the invention may be used to treat Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). GBS is an autoimmune disease involving autoimmune attack of the peripheral nervous system. Compounds, compositions, and/or methods of the invention may be used to reduce or prevent peripheral nervous issues associated with GBS.

Vascular indications

[0144] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat vascular indications affecting blood vessels (e.g., arteries, veins, and capillaries). Such indications may affect blood circulation, blood pressure, blood flow, organ function and/or other bodily functions.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (IMA)

[0145] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat and/or prevent thrombotic

microangiopathy (TMA) and associated diseases. Microangiopathies affect small blood vessels (capillaries) of the body causing capillary walls to become thick, weak, and prone to bleeding and slow blood circulation. TMAs tend to lead to the development of vascular thrombi, endothelial cell damage, thrombocytopenia, and hemolysis. Organs such as the brain, kidney, muscles, gastrointestinal system, skin, and lungs may be affected. TMAs may arise from medical operations and/or conditions that include, but are not limited to, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), renal disorders, diabetes and/or other conditions. TMAs may be caused by underlying complement system dysfunction, as described by Meri et al. in European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2013, 24: 496-502, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Generally, TMAs may result from increased levels of certain complement components leading to thrombosis. In some cases, this may be caused by mutations in complement proteins or related enzymes. Resulting complement dysfunction may lead to complement targeting of endothelial cells and platelets leading to increased thrombosis. In some embodiments, TMAs may be prevented and/or treated with compounds and compositions of the invention. In some cases, methods of treating TMAs with compounds and compositions of the invention may be carried out according to those described in US publication Nos. US2012/0225056 or US2013/0246083, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

[0146] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) by controlling complement activation. DIC is a pathological condition where the clotting cascade in blood is widely activated and results in formation of blood clots especially in the capillaries. DIC may lead to an obstructed blood flow of tissues and may eventually damage organs. Additionally, DIC affects the normal process of blood clotting that may lead to severe bleeding. Compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to treat, prevent or reduce the severity of DIC by modulating complement activity. In some cases compounds and compositions of the invention may be used according to any of the methods of DIC treatment taught in US Patent No. 8,652,477, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Vasculitis

[0147] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat vasculitis. Generally, vasculitis is a disorder related to inflammation of blood vessels, including veins and arteries, characterized by white blood cells attacking tissues and causing swelling of the blood vessels. Vasculitis may be associated with an infection, such as in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, or autoimmunity. An example of autoimmunity associated vasculitis is Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis. ANCA vasculitis is caused by abnormal antibodies attacking the body's own cells and tissues. ANCAs attack the cytoplasm of certain white blood cells and neutrophils, causing them to attack the walls of the vessels in certain organs and tissues of the body. ANCA vasculitis may affect skin, lungs, eyes and/or kidney. Studies suggest that ANCA disease activates an alternative complement pathway and generates certain complement components that create an inflammation amplification loop resulting in a vascular injury (Jennette et al. 2013, Semin Nephrol. 33(6): 557-64, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat ANCA vasculitis by inhibiting complement activation.

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

[0148] In some embodiments, compounds, compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, and/or methods of the present disclosure may be useful for treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). aHUS is a rare disease caused by unchecked complement activation characterized by blood clot formation in small blood vessels. There are around 1,000 patients in the United States. Around 33-40% of patients die or progress to end-stage renal disease after the first signs of the disease emerge, even with plasma exchange/infusion interventions. About 79% of all aHUS patients die, require kidney dialysis or have permanent kidney damage within three years of diagnosis. Eculizumab is currently the only approved therapy.

[0149] In some embodiments, R5000 may be useful for reducing or preventing complement activation associated with aHUS by reducing complement activation in these patients.

Neurological indications

[0150] The compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent, treat and/or ease the symptoms of neurological indications, including, but not limited to neurodegenerative diseases and related disorders.

Neurodegeneration generally relates to a loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. These disorders may be treated by inhibiting the effect of complement on neuronal cells using compounds and compositions of the invention. Neurodegenerative related disorders include, but are not limited to, Amyelotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

[0151] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent, treat and/or ease the symptoms of ALS. ALS is a fatal motor neuron disease characterized by the degeneration of spinal cord neurons, brainstems and motor cortex. ALS causes loss of muscle strength leading eventually to a respiratory failure. Complement dysfunction may contribute to ALS, and therefore ALS may be prevented, treated and/or the symptoms may be reduced by therapy with compounds and compositions of the invention targeting complement activity. In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to promote nerve regeneration. In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used as complement inhibitors according to any of the methods taught in US publication No. US2014/0234275 or

US2010/0143344, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Alzheimer 's disease

[0152] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat Alzheimer's disease by controlling complement activity. Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with symptoms that may include disorientation, memory loss, mood swings, behavioral problems and eventually loss of bodily functions. Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by extracellular brain deposits of amyloid that are associated with inflammation-related proteins such as complement proteins (Sjoberg et al. 2009. Trends in Immunology. 30(2): 83- 90, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used as complement inhibitors according to any of the Alzheimer's treatment methods taught in US publication No.

US2014/0234275, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Kidney-related indications

[0153] The compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to treat certain diseases, disorders and/or conditions related to kidneys, in some cases by inhibiting complement activity. Kidneys are organs responsible for removing metabolic waste products from the blood stream. Kidneys regulate blood pressure, the urinary system, and homeostatic functions and are therefore essential for a variety of bodily functions. Kidneys may be more seriously affected by inflammation (as compared to other organs) due to unique structural features and exposure to blood. Kidneys also produce their own complement proteins which may be activated upon infection, kidney disease, and renal transplantations. In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used as complement inhibitors in the treatment of certain diseases, conditions, and/or disorders of the kidney according to the methods taught by Quigg, J Immunol 2003;

171:3319-24, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Lupus Nephritis

[0154] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat lupus nephritis by inhibiting complement activity. Lupus nephritis is a kidney inflammation caused by an autoimmune disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Symptoms of lupus nephritis include high blood pressure; foamy urine; swelling of the legs, the feet, the hands, or the face; joint pain; muscle pain; fever; and rash. Lupus nephritis may be treated by inhibitors that control complement activity, including compounds and compositions of the present invention. Methods and compositions for preventing and/or treating Lupus nephritis by complement inhibition may include any of those taught in US publication No.

US2013/0345257 or United States Patent No. 8,377,437, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, compounds and/or compositions of the present disclosure may be used to prevent and/or treat lupus nephritis by binding C5 and preventing the progression of kidney disease in lupus nephritis. The binding to C5 may prevent and/or treat lupus nephritis by preventing C5 activity and blocking complement mediated damage to the kidney cells.

Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN)

[0155] In some embodiments, compounds and composition, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat membranous

glomerulonephritis (MGN) disorder by inhibiting the activation of certain complement components. MGN is a disorder of the kidney that may lead to inflammation and structural changes. MGN is caused by antibodies binding to a soluble antigen in kidney capillaries (glomerulus). MGN may affect kidney functions, such as filtering fluids and may lead to kidney failure. Compounds and compositions of the invention may be used according to methods of preventing and/or treating MGN by complement inhibition taught in U.S.

publication No. US2010/0015139 or in International publication No. WO2000/021559, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Hemodialysis complications

[0156] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat complications associated with hemodialysis by inhibiting complement activation. Hemodialysis is a medical procedure used to maintain kidney function in subjects with kidney failure. In hemodialysis, the removal of waste products such as creatinine, urea, and free water from blood is performed externally. A common complication of hemodialysis treatment is chronic inflammation caused by contact between blood and the dialysis membrane. Another common complication is thrombosis referring to a formation of blood clots that obstructs the blood circulation. Studies have suggested that these complications are related to complement activation.

Hemodialysis may be combined with complement inhibitor therapy to provide means of controlling inflammatory responses and pathologies and/or preventing or treating thrombosis in subjects going through hemodialysis due to kidney failure. Methods of using compounds and compositions of the invention for treatment of hemodialysis complications may be carried out according to any of the methods taught by DeAngelis et al in Immunobiology, 2012, 217(11): 1097-1105 or by Kourtzelis et al. Blood, 2010, 116(4):631-639, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Ocular diseases

[0157] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat certain ocular related diseases, disorders and/or conditions. In a healthy eye the complement system is activated at a low level and is continuously regulated by membrane-bound and soluble intraocular proteins that protect against pathogens. Therefore the activation of complement plays an important role in several complications related to the eye and controlling complement activation may be used to treat such diseases. Compounds and compositions of the invention may be used as complement inhibitors in the treatment of ocular disease according to any of the methods taught by Jha et al. in Mol Immunol. 2007; 44(16): 3901-3908 or in US Patent No. 8,753,625, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

[0158] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by inhibiting ocular complement activation. AMD is a chronic ocular disease causing blurred central vision, blind spots in central vision, and/or eventual loss of central vision. Central vision affects ability to read, drive a vehicle and/or recognize faces. AMD is generally divided into two types, non-exudative (dry) and exudative (wet). Dry AMD refers to the deterioration of the macula which is the tissue in the center of the retina. Wet AMD refers to the failure of blood vessels under the retina leading to leaking of blood and fluid. Several human and animal studies have identified complement proteins that are related to AMD and novel therapeutic strategies included controlling complement activation pathways, as discussed by Jha et al. in Mol Immunol. 2007; 44(16): 3901-8. Methods of the invention involving the use of compounds and compositions of the invention for prevention and/or treatment of AMD may include any of those taught in US publication Nos.

US2011/0269807 or US2008/0269318, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Corneal disease

[0159] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat corneal diseases by inhibiting ocular complement activation. The complement system plays an important role in protection of the cornea from pathogenic particles and/or inflammatory antigens. The cornea is the outermost front part of the eye covering and protecting the iris, pupil and anterior chamber and is therefore exposed to external factors. Corneal diseases include, but are not limited to, keratoconus, keratitis, ocular herpes and/or other diseases. Corneal complications may cause pain, blurred vision, tearing, redness, light sensitivity and/or corneal scarring. The complement system is critical for corneal protection, but complement activation may cause damage to the corneal tissue after an infection is cleared as certain complement compounds are heavily expressed. Methods of the present invention for modulating complement activity in the treatment of corneal disease may include any of those taught by Jha et al. in Mol Immunol. 2007; 44(16): 3901-8, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Autoimmune uveitis

[0160] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat uveitis, which is an inflammation of the uveal layer of the eye. Uvea is the pigmented area of the eye comprising the choroids, iris and ciliary body of the eye. Uveitis causes redness, blurred vision, pain, synechia and may eventually cause blindness. Studies have indicated that complement activation products are present in the eyes of patients with autoimmune uveitis and complement plays an important role in disease development. In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used to treat and/or prevent uveitis according to any of the methods identified in Jha et al. in Mol Immunol. 2007. 44(16): 3901-8, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Diabetic retinopathy

[0161] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat diabetic retinopathy which is a disease caused by changes in retinal blood vessels in diabetic patients. Retinopathy may cause blood vessel swelling and fluid leaking and/or growth of abnormal blood vessels. Diabetic retinopathy affects vision and may eventually lead to blindness. Studies have suggested that activation of complement has an important role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used according to methods of diabetic retinopathy treatment described in Jha et al. Mol Immunol. 2007; 44(16): 3901-8, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)

[0162] In some embodiments, compounds, compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, and/or methods of the invention may be used to treat neuromyelitis optica (NMO). NMO is an autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of the optic nerve.

Compounds and/or methods of the invention may be used to prevent nerve destruction in subjects with NMO.

Sjogren 's syndrome

[0163] In some embodiments, compounds, compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, and/or methods of the invention may be used to treat Sjorgren's syndrome. Sjorgren's syndrome is an ocular disease characterized by dry eyes that may burn and/or itch. It is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system targets glands in the eyes and mouth responsible for moisturizing those regions. Compounds, compositions, and/or methods of the present disclosure may be used to treat and/or reduce the symptoms of Sjorgren's syndrome.

Pre-eclampsia and HELLP- syndrome

[0164] In some embodiments, compounds and compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention may be used to prevent and/or treat pre-eclampsia and/or HELLP (abbreviation standing for syndrome features of 1) hemolysis, 2) elevated liver enzymes and 3) low platelet count) syndrome by complement inhibitor therapy. Pre- eclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy with symptoms including elevated blood pressure, swelling, shortness of breath, kidney dysfunction, impaired liver function and/or low blood platelet count. Pre-eclampsia is typically diagnosed by a high urine protein level and high blood pressure. HELLP syndrome is a combination of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet conditions. Hemolysis is a disease involving rupturing of red blood cells leading to the release of hemoglobin from red blood cells. Elevated liver enzymes may indicate a pregnancy-induced liver condition. Low platelet levels lead to reduced clotting capability, causing danger of excessive bleeding. HELLP is associated with a pre-eclampsia and liver disorder. HELLP syndrome typically occurs during the later stages of pregnancy or after childbirth. It is typically diagnosed by blood tests indicating the presence of the three conditions it involves. Typically HELLP is treated by inducing delivery.

[0165] Studies suggest mat complement activation occurs during HELLP syndrome and pre-eclampsia and that certain complement components are present at increased levels during HELLP and pre-eclampsia. Complement inhibitors may be used as therapeutic agents to prevent and/or treat these conditions. Compounds and compositions of the invention may be used according to methods of preventing and/or treating HELLP and pre-eclampsia taught by Heager et al. in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1992, 79(1): 19-26 or in International publication No. WO201/078622, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Formulations

[0166] In some embodiments, compounds or compositions, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions, of the invention are formulated in aqueous solutions. In some cases, aqueous solutions further include one or more salt and/or one or more buffering agent. Salts may include sodium chloride which may be included at concentrations of from about 0.05 mM to about 50 mM, from about 1 mM to about 100 mM, from about 20 mM to about 200 mM, or from about 50 mM to about 500 mM. Further solutions may comprise at least 500 mM sodium chloride. In some cases, aqueous solutions include sodium phosphate. Sodium phosphate may be included in aqueous solutions at a concentration of from about 0.005 mM to about 5 mM, from about 0.01 mM to about 10 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 50 mM, from about 1 mM to about 100 mM, from about 5 mM to about 150 mM, or from about 10 mM to about 250 mM. In some cases, at least 250 mM sodium phosphate concentrations are used. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions may include C5 inhibitor (e.g., R5000 and/or an active metabolite or variant thereof) prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, e.g., in association with one or more cations (e.g., sodium, calcium, ammonium, etc.).

[0167] Compositions of the invention may include C5 inhibitors at a concentration of from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 0.2 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 2 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, from about 1 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 15 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL, from about 25 mg/mL to about 75 mg/mL, from about 50 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, or from about 100 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL. In some cases, compositions of the invention include C5 inhibitors at a concentration of at least 400 mg/mL.

[0168] Compositions of the invention may comprise C5 inhibitors at a concentration of approximately, about or exactly any of the following values: 0.001 mg/mL, 0.2 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 75 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, or 400 mg/mL. In some cases, compositions of the invention include C5 inhibitors at a concentration of at least 40 mg/mL.

[0169] In some embodiments, compositions of the invention include aqueous

compositions including at least water and a C5 inhibitor (e.g., a cyclic C5 inhibitor polypeptide). Aqueous C5 inhibitor compositions of the invention may further include one or more salt and/or one or more buffering agent. In some cases, aqueous compositions of the invention include water, a cyclic C5 inhibitor polypeptide, a salt, and a buffering agent.

[0170] Aqueous C5 inhibitor formulations of the invention may have pH levels of from about 2.0 to about 3.0, from about 2.5 to about 3.5, from about 3.0 to about 4.0, from about 3.5 to about 4.5, from about 4.0 to about 5.0, from about 4.5 to about 5.5, from about 5.0 to about 6.0, from about 5.5 to about 6.5, from about 6.0 to about 7.0, from about 6.5 to about 7.5, from about 7.0 to about 8.0, from about 7.5 to about 8.5, from about 8.0 to about 9.0, from about 8.5 to about 9.5, or from about 9.0 to about 10.0.

[0171] In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention are prepared according to good manufacturing practice (GMP) and/or current GMP (cGMP). Guidelines used for implementing GMP and/or cGMP may be obtained from one or more of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). Dosage and administration

[0172] For treatment of human subjects, C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) may be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions.

Depending on the subject to be treated, the mode of administration, and the type of treatment desired (e.g., prevention, prophylaxis, or therapy) C5 inhibitors may be formulated in ways consonant with these parameters. A summary of such techniques is found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (2005); and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, 1988-1999, Marcel Dekker, New York, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0173] C5 inhibitors of the present invention (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) may be provided in a therapeutically effective amount. In some cases, a therapeutically effective amount of a C5 inhibitor of the invention may be achieved by administration of a dose of from about 0.1 mg to about 1 mg, from about 0.5 mg to about 5 mg, from about 1 mg to about 20 mg, from about 5 mg to about 50 mg, from about 10 mg to about 100 mg, from about 20 mg to about 200 mg, or at least 200 mg of one or more C5 inhibitors.

[0174] In some embodiments, subjects may be administered a therapeutic amount of a C5 inhibitor (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) based on the weight of such subjects. In some cases, C5 inhibitors are administered at a dose of from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 2.0 mg/kg, from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 5.0 mg/kg, from about 0.03 mg/kg to about 3.0 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 2.0 mg/kg, from about 0.2 mg/kg to about 3.0 mg/kg, from about 0.4 mg/kg to about 4.0 mg/kg, from about 1.0 mg/kg to about 5.0 mg/kg, from about 2.0 mg/kg to about 4.0 mg/kg, from about 1.5 mg/kg to about 7.5 mg/kg, from about 5.0 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg, from about 7.5 mg/kg to about 12.5 mg/kg, from about 10 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, from about 15 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 20 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, from about 30 mg/kg to about 60 mg/kg, from about 40 mg/kg to about 80 mg/kg, from about 50 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or at least 100 mg/kg. Such ranges may include ranges suitable for administration to human subjects. Dosage levels may be highly dependent on the nature of the condition; drug efficacy; the condition of the patient; the judgment of the practitioner; and the frequency and mode of administration. In some embodiments, R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof may be administered at a dose of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg. In some cases R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof may be administered at a dose of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg.

[0175] In some cases, C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) are provided at concentrations adjusted to achieve a desired level the C5 inhibitor in a sample, biological system, or subject (e.g., plasma level in a subject). In some cases, desired concentrations of C5 inhibitors in a sample, biological system, or subject may include concentrations of from about 0.001 μΜ to about 0.01 μΜ, from about 0.005 μΜ to about 0.05 μΜ, from about 0.02 uM to about 0.2 uM, from about 0.03 μΜ to about 0.3 μΜ, from about 0.05 μΜ to about 0.5 uM, from about 0.01 uM to about 2.0 uM, from about 0.1 uM to about 50 μΜ, from about 0.1 uM to about 10 μΜ, from about 0.1 μΜ to about 5 μΜ, from about 0.2 μΜ to about 20 μΜ, from about 5 μΜ to about 100 uM, or from about 15 μΜ to about 200 uM. In some cases, desired concentrations of C5 inhibitors in subject plasma may be from about 0.1 μg/mL to about 1000 μg/mL. The desired concentration of C5 inhibitors in subject plasma may be from about 0.01 μg/mL to about 2 μg/mL from about 0.02 μg/mL to about 4 μg/mL, from about 0.05 μg/mL to about 5 μg/mL, from about 0.1 μg/mL to about 1.0 μg/mL, from about 0.2 μg/mLL to about 2.0 μg/mL, from about 0.5 μg/mL to about 5 μg/mL, from about 1 μg/mL to about 5 μg/mL, from about 2 μg/mL to about 10 μg/mL, from about 3 μg/mL to about 9 μg/mL,, from about 5 μg/mL to about 20 μg/mL, from about 10 μg/mL to about 40 μg/mL, from about 30 μg/mL to about 60 μg/mL, from about 40 μg/mL to about 80 μg/mL, from about 50 μg/mL to about 100 ug/mL, from about 75 μg/mL to about 150 μg/mL, or at least 150 μg/mL. In other embodiments, C5 inhibitors are administered at a dose sufficient to achieve a maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of at least 0.1 μg/mL at least 0.5 μg/mL, at least 1 μg/mL,, at least 5 μg/mL at least 10 μg/mL, at least 50 μg/mL, at least 100 μg/mL or at least 1000 μg/mL.

[0176] In some embodiments, doses sufficient to sustain C5 inhibitor levels of from about 0.1 μg/mL, to about 40 μg/mL are provided to reduce hemolysis in a subject by from about 25% to about 99%.

[0177] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) are administered daily at a dose sufficient to deliver from about 0.1 mg/day to about 60 mg/day per kg weight of a subject. In some cases, the Cmax achieved with each dose is from about 0.1 μg/mL, to about 1000 μg/mL,. In such cases, the area under the curve (AUC) between doses may be from about 200 μg/mL to about 10,000 μg/mL .

[0178] According to some methods of the present disclosure, C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) are provided at concentrations needed to achieve a desired effect. In some cases, compounds and compositions of the invention are provided at an amount necessary to reduce a given reaction or process by half. The concentration needed to achieve such a reduction is referred to herein as the half maximal inhibitory concentration, or "ICso." Alternatively, compounds and compositions of the invention may be provided at an amount necessary to increase a given reaction, activity or process by half. The concentration needed for such an increase is referred to herein as the half maximal effective concentration or "ECso."

[0179] C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) may be present in amounts totaling 0.1-95% by weight of the total weight of the composition. In some cases, C5 inhibitors are provided by intravenous (IV) administration. In some cases, C5 inhibitors arc provided by subcutaneous (SC) administration.

[0180] SC administration of C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) may, in some cases, provide advantages over IV administration. SC administration may allow patients to provide self-treatment. Such treatment may be advantageous in that patients could provide treatment to themselves in their own home, avoiding the need to travel to a provider or medical facility. Further, SC treatment may allow patients to avoid long-term complications associated with IV administration, such as infections, loss of venous access, local thrombosis, and hematomas. In some embodiments, SC treatment may increase patient compliance, patient satisfaction, quality of life, reduce treatment costs and/or drug requirements.

[0181] In some cases, daily SC administration provides steady-state C5 inhibitor concentrations that are reached within 1-3 doses, 2-3 doses, 3-5 doses, or 5-10 doses. In some cases, daily SC doses of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.3 mg/kg may achieve sustained C5 inhibitor levels greater than or equal to 2.5 ug/mL and/or inhibition of complement activity of greater than 90%.

[0182] C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) may exhibit slow absorption kinetics (time to maximum observed concentration of greater than 4- 8 hours) and high bioavailability (from about 75% to about 100%) after SC administration.

[0183] In some embodiments, dosage and/or administration are altered to modulate the half-life (tin) of C5 inhibitor levels in a subject or in subject fluids (e.g., plasma). In some cases, ti/2 is at least 1 hour, at least 2 hrs, at least 4 hrs, at least 6 hrs, at least 8 hrs, at least 10 hrs, at least 12 hrs, at least 16 hrs, at least 20 hrs, at least 24 hrs, at least 36 hrs, at least 48 hrs, at least 60 hrs, at least 72 hrs, at least 96 hrs, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 8 days, at least 9 days, at least 10 days, at least 11 days, at least 12 days, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least 6 weeks, at least 7 weeks, at least 8 weeks, at least 9 weeks, at least 10 weeks, at least 11 weeks, at least 12 weeks, or at least 16 weeks.

[0184] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) may exhibit long terminal tin. Extended terminal tin may be due to extensive target binding and/or additional plasma protein binding. In some cases, C5 inhibitors exhibit tin values greater than 24 hours in both plasma and whole blood. In some cases, C5 inhibitors do not lose functional activity after incubation in human whole blood at 37°C for 16 hours.

[0185] In some embodiments, dosage and/or administration are altered to modulate the steady state volume of distribution of C5 inhibitors. In some cases, the steady state volume of distribution of C5 inhibitors is from about 0.1 mL/kg to about 1 mL/kg, from about 0.5 mL/kg to about 5 mL/kg, from about 1 mL/kg to about 10 mL/kg, from about 5 mL/kg to about 20 mL/kg, from about 15 mL/kg to about 30 mL/kg, from about 10 mL/kg to about 200 mL/kg, from about 20 mL/kg to about 60 mL/kg, from about 30 mL/kg to about 70 mL/kg, from about 50 mL/kg to about 200 mL/kg, from about 100 mL/kg to about 500 mL/kg, or at least 500 mL/kg. In some cases, the dosage and/or administration of C5 inhibitors is adjusted to ensure that the steady state volume of distribution is equal to at least 50% of total blood volume. In some embodiments, C5 inhibitor distribution may be restricted to the plasma compartment.

[0186] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) exhibit a total clearance rate of from about 0.001 mL/hr/kg to about 0.01 mL/hr/kg, from about 0.005 mL/hr/kg to about 0.05 mL/hr/kg, from about 0.01 mL/hr/kg to about 0.1 mL/hr/kg, from about 0.05 mL/hr/kg to about 0.5 mL/hr/kg, from about 0.1 mL/hr/kg to about 1 mL/hr/kg, from about 0.5 mL/hr/kg to about 5 mL/hr/kg, from about 0.04 mL/hr/kg to about 4 mL/hr/kg, from about 1 mL/hr/kg to about 10 mL/hr/kg, from about 5 mL/hr/kg to about 20 mL/hr/kg, from about 15 mL/hr/kg to about 30 mL/hr/kg, or at least 30 mL/hr/kg.

[0187] Time periods for which maximum concentration of C5 inhibitors in subjects (e.g., in subject serum) are maintained (Tmax values) may be adjusted by altering dosage and/or administration (e.g., subcutaneous administration). In some cases, C5 inhibitors have Tmax values of from about 1 min to about 10 min, from about 5 min to about 20 min, from about 15 min to about 45 min, from about 30 min to about 60 min, from about 45 min to about 90 min, from about 1 hour to about 48 hrs, from about 2 hrs to about 10 hrs, from about 5 hrs to about 20 his, from about 10 hrs to about 60 hrs, from about 1 day to about 4 days, from about 2 days to about 10 days, or at least 10 days.

[0188] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) may be administered without off-target effects. In some cases, C5 inhibitors do not inhibit hERG (human ether-a-go-go related gene), even with concentrations less than or equal to 300 μΜ. SC injection of C5 inhibitors with dose levels up to 10 mg/kg may be well tolerated and not result in any adverse effects of the cardiovascular system (e.g., elevated risk of prolonged ventricular repolarization) and/or respiratory system.

[0189] C5 inhibitor doses may be determined using the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) observed in another species. Such species may include, but are not limited to monkeys, rats, rabbits, and mice. In some cases, human equivalent doses (HEDs) may be determined by allometric scaling from NOAELs observed in other species. In some cases, HEDs result in therapeutic margins of from about 2 fold to about 5 fold, from about 4 fold to about 12 fold, from about S fold to about 15 fold, from about 10 fold to about 30 fold, or at least 30 fold. In some cases, therapeutic margins are determined by using exposure in primates and estimated human Cmax levels in humans.

[0190] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitors of the present disclosure allow for a rapid washout period in cases of infection where prolonged inhibition of the complement system prove detrimental.

[0191] C5 inhibitor administration according to the invention may be modified to reduce potential clinical risks to subjects. Infection with Neisseria meningitidis is a known risk of C5 inhibitors, including eculizumab. In some cases, risk of infection with Neisseria meningitides is minimized by instituting one or more prophylactic steps. Such steps may include the exclusion of subjects who may already be colonized by these bacteria. In some cases, prophylactic steps may include coadministration with one or more antibiotics. In some cases, ciprofloxacin may be coadministered. In some cases, ciprofloxacin may be coadministered orally at a dose of from about 100 mg to about 1000 mg (e.g., 500 mg).

[0192] In some embodiments, C5 inhibitor administration may be carried out using an auto-injector device. Such devices may allow for self-administration (e.g., daily

administration). The auto-injector device may include a pre-loaded syringe, wherein the preloaded syringe includes a solution of R5000. The R5000 may be present in the pre-loaded syringe at a concentration of from about 4 mg/ml to about 400 mg/ml. The R5000 may be provided in a PBS solution. The solution may include a preservative. [0193] In some embodiments, R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof may be co-administered with eculizumab. Co-administration may be carried out to reduce residual C5 activity associated with eculizumab treatment alone (e.g., due to incomplete inhibition).

[0194] In some embodiments, CS inhibitors (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) are administered at a frequency of every hour, every 2 hrs, every 4 hrs, every 6 hrs, every 12 hrs, every 18 hrs, every 24 hrs, every 36 hrs, every 72 hrs, every 84 hrs, every 96 hrs, every 5 days, every 7 days, every 10 days, every 14 days, every week, every two weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every month, every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 5 months, every 6 months, every year, or at least every year. In some cases, C5 inhibitors are administered once daily or administered as two, three, or more sub- doses at appropriate intervals throughout the day.

[0195] In some embodiments, CS inhibitors are administered in multiple daily doses. In some cases, CS inhibitors are administered daily for 7 days. In some cases, CS inhibitors are administered daily for 7 to 100 days. In some cases, CS inhibitors are administered daily for at least 100 days. In some cases, CS inhibitors are administered daily for an indefinite period.

[0196] CS inhibitors delivered intravenously may be delivered by infusion over a period of time, such as over a 5 minute, 10 minute, 15 minute, 20 minute, or 25 minute period. The administration may be repeated, for example, on a regular basis. In some embodiments, C5 inhibitor administration is repeated hourly, daily, weekly, biweekly (i.e., every two weeks), every three weeks, every four weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6 weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, monthly, every two months, every three months, every four months, every 5 months, every 6 months, every 8 months, every year, or less than once per year. In some

embodiments, repeat CS inhibitor administration is carried out over a period of from about 1 to about 10 days, from about 1 to about 6 weeks, from about 4 to about 10 weeks, from about 6 to about 12 weeks, from about 8 to about 24 weeks, from about 16 to about 36 weeks, from about 20 to about 48 weeks, from about 40 to about 80 weeks, from about 60 to about 100 weeks, from about 80 to 200 weeks, from about 100 to about 300 weeks, or more than 300 weeks. After an initial treatment regimen, treatments may be administered on a less frequent basis. For example, after biweekly administration for three months, administration may be repeated once per month, for six months or a year or longer. Administration C5 inhibitor may reduce, lower, increase or alter binding or any physiologically deleterious process (e.g., in a cell, tissue, blood, urine or other compartment of a patient) by at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80 % or at least 90% or more. [0197] Before administration of a full dose of the C5 inhibitor and/or C5 inhibitor composition, patients can be administered a smaller dose, such as 5% of a full dose, and monitored for adverse effects, such as an allergic reaction or infusion reaction, or for elevated lipid levels or blood pressure. In another example, the patient can be monitored for unwanted immunostimulatory effects, such as increased cytokine (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, or IL-10) levels.

[0198] Genetic predisposition plays a role in the development of some diseases or disorders. Therefore, a patient in need of a C5 inhibitor may be identified by taking a family history, or, for example, screening for one or more genetic markers or variants. A healthcare provider, such as a doctor, nurse, or family member, may analyze family history before prescribing or administering a therapeutic composition of the present invention.

III. Kits

[0199] Any of the C5 inhibitors described herein (e.g., R5000 and/or active metabolites or variants thereof) may be provided as part of a kit. In a non-limiting example, CS inhibitors may be included in a kit for treating a disease. The kit may include a vial of sterile, dry CS inhibitor powder, sterile solution for dissolving the dried powder, and a syringe for infusion set for administering the CS inhibitor.

[0200] When CS inhibitors are provided as a dried powder it is contemplated that between 10 micrograms and 1000 milligrams of CS inhibitor, or at least or at most those amounts are provided in kits of the invention

[0201] Typical kits may include at least one vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe and/or other container or device, into which the CS inhibitor formulations are placed, preferably, suitably allocated. Kits may also include one or more secondary containers with sterile, pharmaceutically acceptable buffer and/or other diluent.

[0202] In some embodiments, compounds or compositions of the invention are provided in borosilicate vials. Such vials may include a cap (e.g., a rubber stopper). In some cases, caps include FLUROTEC® coated rubber stoppers. Caps may be secured in place with an overseal, including, but not limited to an aluminum flip-off overseal.

[0203] Kits may further include instructions for employing the kit components as well the use of any other reagent not included in the kit. Instructions may include variations that can be implemented. IV. Definitions

[0204] Bioavailability: As used herein, the term "bioavailability" refers to the systemic availability of a given amount of a compound (e.g., C5 inhibitor) administered to a subject. Bioavailability can be assessed by measuring the area under the curve (AUC) or the maximum serum or plasma concentration (Cmax) of the unchanged form of a compound following administration of the compound to a subject. AUC is a determination of the area under the curve when plotting the serum or plasma concentration of a compound along the ordinate (Y -axis) against time along the abscissa (X-axis). Generally, the AUC for a particular compound can be calculated using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art and/or as described in G. S. Banker, Modern Pharmaceutics, Drugs and the

Pharmaceutical Sciences, v. 72, Marcel Dekker, New York, Inc., 1996, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0205] Biological system: As used herein, the term "biological system" refers to a cell, a group of cells, a tissue, an organ, a group of organs, an organelle, a biological fluid, a biological signaling pathway (e.g., a receptor-activated signaling pathway, a charge-activated signaling pathway, a metabolic pathway, a cellular signaling pathway, etc.), a group of proteins, a group of nucleic acids, or a group of molecules (including, but not limited to biomolecules) that carry out at least one biological function or biological task within cellular membranes, cellular compartments, cells, cell cultures, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, multicellular organisms, biological fluids, or any biological entities. In some embodiments, biological systems are cell signaling pathways comprising intracellular and/or extracellular signaling biomolecules. In some embodiments, biological systems include proteolytic cascades (e.g., the complement cascade).

[0206] Buffering agent: As used herein, the term "buffering agent" refers to a compound used in a solution for the purposes of resisting changes in pH. Such compounds may include, but are not limited to acetic acid, adipic acid, sodium acetate, benzoic acid, citric acid, sodium benzoate, maleic acid, sodium phosphate, tartaric acid, lactic acid, potassium metaphosphate, glycine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium phosphate, sodium citrate, and sodium tartrate.

[0207] Clearance rate : As used herein, the term "clearance rate" refers to the velocity at which a particular compound is cleared from a biological system or fluid.

[0208] Compound: As used herein, the term "compound," refers to a distinct chemical entity. In some embodiments, a particular compound may exist in one or more isomeric or isotopic forms (including, but not limited to stereoisomers, geometric isomers and isotopes). In some embodiments, a compound is provided or utilized in only a single such form. In some embodiments, a compound is provided or utilized as a mixture of two or more such forms (including, but not limited to a racemic mixture of stereoisomers). Those of skill in the art will appreciate that some compounds exist in different forms, show different properties and/or activities (including, but not limited to biological activities). In such cases it is within the ordinary skill of those in the art to select or avoid particular forms of a compound for use in accordance with the present invention. For example, compounds that contain

asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms.

[0209] Cyclic or Cyclized: As used herein, the term "cyclic" refers to the presence of a continuous loop. Cyclic molecules need not be circular, only joined to form an unbroken chain of subunits. Cyclic polypeptides may include a "cyclic loop," formed when two amino acids are connected by a bridging moiety. The cyclic loop comprises the amino acids along the polypeptide present between the bridged amino acids. Cyclic loops may comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more amino acids.

[0210] Downstream event As used herein, the term "downstream" or "downstream event," refers to any event occurring after and/or as a result of another event. In some cases, downstream events are events occurring after and as a result of CS cleavage and/or complement activation. Such events may include, but are not limited to generation of C5 cleavage products, activation of MAC, hemolysis, and hemolysis-related disease (e.g., PNH).

[0211] Equilibrium dissociation constant: As used herein, the term "equilibrium dissociation constant" or "Kx>" refers to a value representing the tendency of two or more agents (e.g., two proteins) to reversibly separate. In some cases, KD indicates a concentration of a primary agent at which half of the total levels of a secondary agent are associated with the primary agent.

[0212] Half-life: As used herein, the term '¾alf-life" or "tin" refers to the time it takes for a given process or compound concentration to reach half of a final value. The "terminal half- life" or "terminal tin" refers to the time needed for the plasma concentration of a factor to be reduced by half after the concentration of the factor has reached a pseudo-equilibrium.

[0213] Hemolysis: As used herein, the term hemolysis" refers to the destruction of red blood cells.

[0214] Identity: As used herein, the term "identity," when referring to polypeptides or nucleic acids, refers to a comparative relationship between sequences. The term is used to describe the degree of sequence relatedness between polymeric sequences, and may include the percentage of matching monomelic components with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (i.e., "algorithms"). Identity of related polypeptides can be readily calculated by known methods. Such methods include, but are not limited to, those described previously by others (Lesk, A. ML, ed., Computational Molecular Biology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Smith, D. W., ed.,

Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Academic Press, New York, 1993; Griffin, A. M. et al., ed., Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; von Heinje, G., Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, Academic Press, 1987; Gribskov, M. et al., ed., Sequence Analysis Primer, M. Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo et al., Applied Math, S1AM J, 1988, 48, 1073).

[0215] Inhibitor. As used herein, the term "inhibitor" refers to any agent that blocks or causes a reduction in the occurrence of a specific event; cellular signal; chemical pathway; enzymatic reaction; cellular process; interaction between two or more entities; biological event; disease; disorder; or condition.

[0216] Initial loading dose: As used herein, an "initial loading dose" refers to a first dose of a therapeutic agent that may differ from one or more subsequent doses. Initial loading doses may be used to achieve an initial concentration of a therapeutic agent or level of activity before subsequent doses are administered.

[0217] Intravenous: As used herein, the term "intravenous" refers to the area within a blood vessel. Intravenous administration typically refers to delivery of a compound into the blood through injection in a blood vessel (e.g., vein).

[0218] In vitro: As used herein, the term "in vitro" refers to events that occur in an artificial environment (e.g., in a test tube or reaction vessel, in cell culture, in a Petri dish, etc.), rather than within an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe).

[0219] In vivo: As used herein, the term "/» v/vo" refers to events that occur within an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe or cell or tissue thereof).

[0220] Lactam bridge: As used herein, the term "lactam bridge" refers to an amide bond that forms a bridge between chemical groups in a molecule. In some cases, lactam bridges are formed between amino acids in a polypeptide.

[0221] Linker: The term "linker" as used herein refers to a group of atoms (e.g., 10-1,000 atoms), molecule(s), or other compounds used to join two or more entities. Linkers may join such entities through covalent or non-covalent (e.g., ionic or hydrophobic) interactions. Linkers may include chains of two or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) units. In some cases, linkers may be cleavable. [0222] Minute volume: As used herein, the term "minute volume" refers to the volume of air inhaled or exhaled from a subject's lungs per minute.

[0223] Non-proteinogenic: As used herein, the term "non-proteinogenic" refers to any unnatural proteins, such as those with unnatural components, such as unnatural amino acids.

[0224] Patient: As used herein, "patient" refers to a subject who may seek or be in need of treatment, requires treatment, is receiving treatment, will receive treatment, or a subject who is under the care of a trained professional for a particular disease or condition.

[0225] Pharmaceutical composition: As used herein, the term "pharmaceutical composition" refers to a composition comprising at least one active ingredient (e.g., a C5 inhibitor) in a form and amount that permits the active ingredient to be therapeutically effective.

[0226] Pharmaceutically acceptable: The phrase ''pharmaceutically acceptable" is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

[0227] Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients: The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient," as used herein, refers any ingredient other than active agents (e.g., active agent R5000 and/or active metabolites thereof or variants thereof) present in a pharmaceutical composition and having the properties of being substantially nontoxic and non-inflammatory in a patient. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a vehicle capable of suspending or dissolving the active agent. Excipients may include, for example: antiadherents, antioxidants, binders, coatings, compression aids, disintegrants, dyes (colors), emollients, emulsifiers, fillers (diluents), film formers or coatings, flavors, fragrances, glidants (flow enhancers), lubricants, preservatives, printing inks, sorbents, suspending or dispersing agents, sweeteners, and waters of hydration. Exemplary excipients include, but are not limited to: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate (dibasic), calcium stearate, croscarmellose, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, citric acid, crospovidone, cysteine, ethylcellulose, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, maltitol, mannitol, methionine,

methylcellulose, methyl paraben, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, povidone, pregelatinized starch, propyl paraben, retinyl palmitate, shellac, silicon dioxide, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium citrate, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, starch (com), stearic acid, sucrose, talc, titanium dioxide, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, and xylitol.

[0228] Plasma compartment: As used herein, the term '"plasma compartment ^' ' refers to intravascular space occupied by blood plasma.

[0229] Salt: As used herein, the term "salt" refers to a compound made up of a cation with a bound anion. Such compounds may include sodium chloride (NaCl) or other classes of salts including, but not limited to acetates, chlorides, carbonates, cyanides, nitrites, nitrates, sulfates, and phosphates. Salts may include active agents associated with one or more ions (e.g., sodium, ammonium, calcium, etc.). In some embodiments, salts include R5000 (or an active metabolite or variant thereof) in association with one or more cations (e.g., sodium, ammonium, calcium, etc.).

[0230] Sample: As used herein, the term "sample" refers to an aliquot or portion taken from a source and/or provided for analysis or processing. In some embodiments, a sample is from a biological source such as a tissue, cell or component part (e.g., a body fluid, including but not limited to blood, mucus, lymphatic fluid, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, amniotic fluid, amniotic cord blood, urine, vaginal fluid and semen). In some embodiments, a sample may be or comprise a homogenate, lysate or extract prepared from a whole organism or a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts, or a fraction or portion thereof, including but not limited to, for example, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, lymph fluid, the external sections of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, tumors, or organs. In some embodiments, a sample is or comprises a medium, such as a nutrient broth or gel, which may contain cellular components, such as proteins. In some embodiments, a ''primary" sample is an aliquot of the source. In some embodiments, a primary sample is subjected to one or more processing (e.g., separation, purification, etc.) steps to prepare a sample for analysis or other use.

[0231] Subcutaneous: As used herein, the term "subcutaneous" refers to the space underneath the skin. Subcutaneous administration is delivery of a compound beneath the skin.

[0232] Subject As used herein, the term "subject" refers to any organism to which a compound in accordance with the invention may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical subjects include animals (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, porcine subjects, non-human primates, and humans).

[0233] Substantially: As used herein, the term "substantially" refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term "substantially" is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.

[0234] Therapeutically effective amount: As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" means an amount of an agent to be delivered (e.g., C5 inhibitor) that is sufficient, when administered to a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition, to treat, improve symptoms of, diagnose, prevent, and/or delay the onset of the disease, disorder, and/or condition.

[0235] Tidal volume: As used herein, the term "tidal volume" refers to the normal lung volume of air displaced between breaths (in the absence of any extra effort).

[0236] Tmax\ As used herein, the term "Tmax" refers to the time period for which maximum concentration of a compound in a subject or fluid is maintained.

[0237] Treating: As used herein, the term 'treating" refers to partially or completely alleviating, ameliorating, improving, relieving, delaying onset of, inhibiting progression of, reducing severity of, and/or reducing incidence of one or more symptoms or features of a particular disease, disorder, and/or condition. Treatment may be administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease, disorder, and/or condition and/or to a subject who exhibits only early signs of a disease, disorder, and/or condition for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology associated with the disease, disorder, and/or condition.

[0238] Treatment dose: As used herein, "treatment dose" refers to one or more doses of a therapeutic agent administered in the course of addressing or alleviating a therapeutic indication. Treatment doses may be adjusted to maintain a desired concentration or level of activity of a therapeutic agent in a body fluid or biological system.

[0239] Volume of distribution: As used herein, the term "volume of distribution" or "Vdfet" refers to a fluid volume required to contain the total amount of a compound in the body at the same concentration as in the blood or plasma. The volume of distribution may reflect the extent to which a compound is present in the extravascular tissue. A large volume of distribution reflects the tendency of a compound to bind to tissue components compared with plasma protein components. In a clinical setting, Vdist can be used to determine a loading dose of a compound to achieve a steady state concentration of that compound. V. Equivalents and scope

[0240] While various embodiments of the invention have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0241] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments in accordance with the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims.

[0242] In the claims, articles such as "a," "an," and "the" may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include "or" between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.

[0243] It is also noted that the term "comprising" is intended to be open and permits but does not require the inclusion of additional elements or steps. When the term "comprising" is used herein, the terms "consisting of and "or including" are thus also encompassed and disclosed.

[0244] Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, it is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or subrange within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0245] In addition, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Since such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the compositions of the invention (e.g., any nucleic acid or protein encoded thereby; any method of production; any method of use; etc.) can be excluded from any one or more claims, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.

[0246] All cited sources, for example, references, publications, databases, database entries, and art cited herein, are incorporated into this application by reference, even if not expressly stated in the citation. In case of conflicting statements of a cited source and the instant application, the statement in the instant application shall control.

[0247] Section and table headings are not intended to be limiting.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Preparation of R5000 aqueous solution

[0248] Polypeptides were synthesized using standard solid-phase Fmoc/tBu methods. The synthesis was performed on a Liberty automated microwave peptide synthesizer (CEM, Matthews NC) using standard protocols with Rink amide resin, although other automated synthesizers without microwave capability may also be used. All amino acids were obtained from commercial sources. The coupling reagent used was 2-{6-chloro- 1 -H-benzotriazole- lyl)- 1 , 1 ,3,3 ,-tetramethylaminium hexafluorophosphate (HCTU) and the base was diisopropylethylamine (DIEA). Polypeptides were cleaved from resin with 95% TFA, 2.5% TIS and 2.5% water for 3 hours and isolated by precipitation with ether. The crude polypeptides were purified on a reverse phase preparative HPLC using a CI 8 column, with an acetonitrile/water 0.1% TFA gradient from 20%-50% over 30 min. Fractions containing pure polypeptides were collected and lyophilized and all polypeptides were analyzed by LC- MS.

[0249] R5000 (SEQ ID NO: 1), as described in International Publication Number WO2017/105939, was prepared as a cyclic peptide containing 15 amino acids (4 of which are unnatural amino acids), an acetylated N-terminus, and a C-terminal carboxylic acid. The C- terminal lysine of the core peptide has a modified side chain, forming a N-8-(PEG24-Y- glutamic acid-N-a-hexadecanoyl) lysine reside. This modified side chain includes a polyethyleneglycol spacer (PEG24) attached to an L-y glutamic acid residue mat is derivatized with a palmitoyl group. The cyclization of R5000 is via a lactam bridge between the side-chains of L-Lysl and L-Asp6. All of the amino acids in R5000 are L-amino acids. R5000 has a molecular weight of 3562.23 g/mol and a chemical formula of C172H278N24O55.

[0250] Like eculizumab, R5000 blocks the proteolytic cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b. Unlike eculizumab, R5000 can also bind to C5b and block C6 binding which prevents the subsequent assembly of the MAC. [0251] R5000 was prepared as an aqueous solution for injection containing 40 mg/mL of R5000 in a formulation of 50 mM sodium phosphate and 76 mM sodium chloride at a pH of 7.0. The resulting composition was used to prepare a medicinal product, in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs), the medicinal product including a 1 ml syringe with a 29 gauge, ½ inch staked needle placed within a self-administration device (ULTRASAFE PLUS™, Becton Dickenson, Franklin Lakes, NJ).

Example 2. Dose-finding study

[0252] A dose-finding study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, preliminary efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of R5000 was carried out in patients with PNH. The study was an open-label 12-week study with long-term extension. The study program was conducted globally and designed to address 3 PNH populations: (Cohort A) eculizumab naive subjects; (Cohort B) subjects who had received treatment with eculizumab for at least 6 months prior to screening; and (Cohort C) subjects who had received treatment with eculizumab for at least 6 months prior to screening with evidence of inadequate response (lactate dehydrogenase level > 1.5 times the upper limit normal). Patients received R5000 by subcutaneous injection with a loading dose of 0.3 mg/kg on Day 1 followed by a daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg for the first two weeks. From the week 2 visit onward, where the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was equal to or greater than 1.5 times the upper limit normal (ULN), the daily dose was increased to 0.3 mg/kg. A primary efficacy endpoint of the study was to achieve a change in LDH level from baseline to the mean level from week 6 to week 12 of the study.

Cohort A

[0253] Study population details for Cohort A are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Cohort A study population

[0254] In Cohort A, patient samples were tested for complement activity using assays testing both classical and alternative pathway activity (representative example in Fig. 1). Alternative pathway activity based on C5b-9 deposition was measured by WIESLAB® ELISA (Euro Diagnostic^ Malmo, Sweden) according to manufacturer instructions and expressed as percent complement activity. Classical pathway activity was assessed by hemolytic activity. Hemolytic activity was tested using a sheep red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis assay. This assay tests the functional capability of complement components of the classical pathway to lyse sheep RBCs pre -coated with rabbit anti-sheep RBC antibodies. When antibody-coated RBCs are incubated with test serum, the classical pathway of complement is activated and hemolysis results and is monitored by release of hemoglobin. Antibody-sensitized sheep red blood cells were used as the vehicle for lysis in this assay and patient samples were tested for hemolytic activity. Rapid, near complete, and sustained inhibition of complement activity (classical pathway and alternative pathway) was observed with R5000 treatment over 24 weeks.

[0255] Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels from Cohort A declined sharply with initial treatment and remained close to the 1.5x ULN level through week 12 of the study and through week 36 of the long-term extension study (See Fig. 2). LDH levels were reduced from baseline to the mean level from weeks 6-12 of the study. The levels observed were similar to those observed with eculizumab treatment as reported by others (see Hillmen et al., N Engl J Med 2006 and U.S. FDA/CDER (2007) BLA 125166 Pharmacometerics Review of Eculizumab/SOLIRIS®). A 32 year old male Caucasian patient with the highest baseline LDH level [2,435 units per liter (U/L)] was the most responsive to R5000 treatment (see Fig. 3), with an 88% reduction in LDH levels from baseline.

[0256] Of the patients in Cohort A, all successfully completed 12 weeks of dosing. Of those that were transfusion dependent, 50% of those completing a minimum of 12 weeks dosing with R5000 did not require transfusions during treatment. Also, patients exhibited an increase in quality of life (QOL) as assessed by functional assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT) fatigue scores (see Fig. 4). Patient survey results indicated that average patient satisfaction ranged between "satisfied" and 'Very satisfied" with subcutaneous self- injection administration.

Cohort B

[0257] Study population characteristics for Cohort B arc presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Cohort B study population

[0258] Previous studies have shown that two distinct patient populations emerge after 3 years of eculizumab treatment: (1) transfusion-dependent; and (2) transfusion-independent (see Hillmen et al., Br J Hematol 2013). Transfusion-dependent patients were those receiving at least one blood transfusion in the previous 6 months (at the end of the third year of treatment). Transfusion-independent patients were those who did not require a blood transfusion during the previous 6 months. According to the study, 80% of those treated for 3 years were transfusion-independent, while 20% were transfusion-dependent. In the present study, the Cohort is overrepresented by poor responders to eculizumab who remain transfusion-dependent on long-term therapy (69% in study vs. 20% observed by Hillmen et al.).

[0259] Near complete, sustained, and uninterrupted inhibition of complement activity was observed by sheep RBC hemolysis assay during the eculizumab 'Vashout" period, which exceeded the level of inhibition present at the week 0 eculizumab trough (see Fig. 5). In transfusion-independent patients, the switch to R5000 resulted in stable LDH levels with no episodes of breakthrough hemolysis in 4 of the 5 patients, while breakthrough hemolysis was observed in 7 of the 11 transfusion-dependent patients from this cohort (Fig. 6). Patients with breakthrough hemolysis were all able to revert back to eculizumab therapy between weeks 4 and 10 of the study, without complications. Two patients from each of the transfusion- dependent and transfusion-independent groups remained under treatment during the long- term extension study and continued to exhibit LDH levels at or near the 1.5 ULN level for up to 48 weeks. An example of a patient with successful switching from eculizumab to R5000, with no LDH excursions through 6 months, is shown in Fig. 7. This patient was a 28 year old transfusion-independent male Caucasian who had been receiving eculizumab treatment for 7 years. Cohort C

[0260] Of the patients who were inadequate responders to eculizumab and have a history of elevated LDH levels, all three patients (two transfusion-independent and one transfusion- dependent) completed 12 weeks of dosing and maintained stable mean LDH levels.

[0261] The first patient in Cohort C, a 53 year old male Caucasian, had elevated LDH levels and documented intolerance to eculizumab (4S0 mg every 2 weeks) as characterized by fatigue and post-infusion pain. After switching to R5000, the patient's LDH levels were well- controlled through 16 weeks (see Fig. 8) and pain medications were down-titrated.

Combined analysis

[0262] 0.3 mg/kg doses of R5000 demonstrated consistent and effective levels of hemolysis inhibition with greater than or equal to 95% inhibition at trough (Fig. 9).

Breakthrough intravascular hemolysis leading to early withdrawal and reversion to eculizumab therapy was observed in 7/12 (58%) of transfusion-dependent switch subjects, but only in 1/7 (14%) of transfusion-dependent subjects. Across all transfusion-independent patients switching from eculizumab to R5000 (n=7), pooled from both Cohort B and C, mean LDH and hemoglobin levels were stable (see Fig. 10). Breakthrough hemolysis in subjects switching from eculizumab to R5000 coincided with washout of eculizumab below therapeutic levels, occurring between weeks 4 and 10 (see Fig. 11). Post-hoc analysis of study data also confirmed that absolute reticulocyte count <2x ULN at the time of switching may be used to predict success of switch to R5000 during washout (see Fig. 12). These study results indicate that pre-existing C3 -mediated extravascular hemolysis is a major risk factor for breakthrough intravascular hemolysis for subjects switching from eculizumab to R5000. Accordingly, methods of treating subjects with R5000 that include switching subject treatment from eculizumab treatment to R5000 treatment may include confirming lack of preexisting C3-mediated extravascular hemolysis in such subjects prior to switching. Such methods may exclude subjects based on transfusion-dependence and/or elevated

reticulocytes.

Safety and tolerability

[0263] After over 500 patient-weeks, no dosing interruptions, down-titrations, or discontinuations were necessary due to issues with tolerability. Similarly, no meningococcal infections or thromboembolic events were observed. 100% self-administration compliance was observed by remote monitoring (via smartphone). A majority of adverse events observed were deemed unrelated to R5000 with the most common related adverse event being headache. Finally, out of greater than 3,500 self-administered injections, only 9 mild (grade 1) instances of injection-site redness (ISR) were observed. These findings support the use of 0.3 mg/kg doses of R5000 in future treatments.