MOTILE SPERM DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 2 ANTIBODIES AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority benefit to U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 63/076,697, filed September 10, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 63/167,317, filed March 29, 2021, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

[0002] The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing in ASCII text file (Name: 3182_096PC03_Seqlisting_ST25.txt; Size: 40,794 bytes; and Date of Creation: September 7, 2021), filed with the application, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

[0003] The present disclosure relates to antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to Motile Sperm Domain Containing Protein 2 (MOSPD2) and methods of using the same.

BACKGROUND

[0004] Leukocytes are immune system cells involved in defending the body against infectious disease and foreign materials. Monocytes are a type of leukocytes and have critical roles in innate and adaptive immunity, immune surveillance, and particle scavenging. While a subset of monocytes is "resident" and recruited to tissues independently of inflammatory stimuli to assist in steady-state surveillance, woundhealing and resolution of inflammation, the majority (80-90%) of human circulating monocytes are classified as "inflammatory." Circulating monocytes can sense inflammatory stimuli and quickly migrate through the vascular or lymphatic endothelium to the periphery, where they can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) which cooperate with additional cell subsets to promote inflammation. While playing a necessary role in host defense, monocytes are nonetheless identified as critical mediators of inflammatory disorders.

[0005] Chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules play a key role in regulation of leukocyte trafficking. A complex array of chemokine receptors, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are differentially expressed on leukocyte lineages and subsets, regulates which cell types would migrate and to which tissue, under different conditions. Chemokines or chemotactic cytokines are secreted proteins that regulate migration and activation of leukocytes and stromal cells. Binding of chemokines to chemokine receptors activates signaling pathways such as the MAPKZERK and PI3K/AKT pathways, resulting in phosphorylation of ERK and AKT, respectively. In the case of inflammatory monocytes, exit from the bone marrow across a monolayer of endothelial cells (diapedesis) to enter the circulatory system (intravasation) and to migrate to the inflamed tissue is dependent on C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) signaling, in response to activation by chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL) 2 (also known as monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MCP-1) and CCL7 (MCP-3). On the other hand, constitutive migration of resident monocytes to non-inflamed tissues is mostly dependent on CCL3 (also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein- la; MIP-la) and chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1).

[0006] Inhibition of inflammatory cell migration (e.g., leukocyte chemotaxis) towards inflammatory sites is an attractive anti-inflammatory approach to treat chronic diseases. Suppressing the accumulation of unwanted monocytes and/or macrophages in chronically inflamed tissue has therapeutic potential, and migration inhibitors have accordingly demonstrated beneficial therapeutic results in animal models and clinical trials. Nevertheless, there have been several phase II clinical trial failures with chemokine and chemokine receptor antagonists, possibly due to redundancy of the target receptor and the complexity of heterogeneous diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. [0007] Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue. Fibrosis is similar to the process of scarring, in that both involve stimulated cells (e.g., fibroblasts) laying down connective tissue, including collagen and glycosaminoglycans. Fibrogenesis is a dynamic process and occurs in four phases: i) initiation, due to injury of the organ/tissue; ii) inflammation and activation of effector cells; iii) enhanced synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM); and iv) deposition of ECM with progression to end-organ failure.

[0008] Fibrosis can cause severe morbidity and deleterious effects on patients' daily function, activity of daily living (ADL) and quality of life, and can lead to poor prognosis. For example, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic intractable disease associated with worsening and debilitating shortness of breath. IPF patients become oxygen dependent, and have an average median survival time of three years and a five year survival rate of 20% to 40% after diagnosis. Therefore, the development of new therapies for fibrosis is needed.

[0009] Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells from their tissue of origin to other organs, is a result of a multi-step process that involves a number of molecules. Evidence suggests that chemokines and chemokine receptors play an important role in tumor metastasis.

[0010] MOSPD2 is a 518-amino acid long, highly conserved protein with 90% homology between human and mouse. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that MOSPD2 contains a CRAL-TRIO region, named after the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) and the TRIO protein. MOSPD2 also contains a structurally related region to the nematode major sperm protein and one transmembrane region.

[0011] MOSPD2 is expressed on the surface of monocytes that have infiltrated into inflamed tissues and on a variety of tumor types (Int'l Pub. No. WO 2017/021857). It is associated with metastasis of cancer cells and promotes monocyte migration (Int'l Pub. No. WO 2017/021857). Accordingly, inhibition of MOSPD2 (e.g., with anti-MOSPD2 antibodies) has been described as a treatment for inflammatory diseases and disorders (Int'l Pub. No. WO 2017/021855) and for cancer and cancer metastasis (Int'l Pub. No. WO 2017/021857).

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0012] Provided herein is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to Motile Sperm Domain Containing Protein 2 (MOSPD2), comprising: a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having 80% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having 80% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having 80% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10- 18; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having 80% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19- 24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having 80% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0013] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises: a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having 90% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having 90% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having 90% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10- 18; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having 90% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19- 24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having 90% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0014] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises: a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having 95% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having 95% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having 95% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10- 18; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having 95% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19- 24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having 95% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0015] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises: a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0016] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0017] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0018] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0019] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0020] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0021] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0022] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. [0023] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0024] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0025] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0026] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0027] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0028] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:23; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0029] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0030] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0031] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. [0032] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0033] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0034] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0035] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0036] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0037] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0038] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0039] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0040] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. [0041] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0042] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0043] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0044] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0045] Provided herein is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising: a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2- 8; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative amino acid substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25.

[0046] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is a polyclonal, monoclonal, murine, human, humanized, or chimeric antibody.

[0047] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is a Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv, scFv, sdFv fragment, VH domain, VL domain, or a combination thereof.

[0048] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is an IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, a variant thereof, or a combination thereof.

[0049] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof binds to MOSPD2 with a Ka value of from about 1 X 10 ⁵ (1/Ms) to about 7 X 10 ⁶ (1/Ms); a Kd value of from about 1 X 10' ⁴ (1/s) to about 0.4 (1/s); and/or a calculated KD of from about 2 X IO' ¹⁰ (M) to about 6 X IO' ⁸ (M).

[0050] In some aspects, the MOSPD2 is human MOSPD2. In some aspects, the MOSPD2 has an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:26-29. In some aspects, the MOSPD2 has an amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:30-33.

[0051] Provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein.

[0052] Provided herein is a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein. [0053] Provided herein is a cell comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein.

[0054] Provided herein is a method of producing an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising culturing a cell comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein under suitable conditions and isolating the antibody or antigen binding fragment.

[0055] Provided herein is a composition comprising an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, or a cell comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, and a carrier.

[0056] Provided herein is a kit comprising an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, or a cell comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, and an instruction for use.

[0057] Provided herein is a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein.

[0058] Provided herein is a method of inhibiting or preventing migration of an inflammatory cell, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the inflammatory cell is a monocyte or neutrophil.

[0059] Provided herein is a method of treating or preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein.

[0060] Provided herein is a method of treating or preventing fibrosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the fibrosis is liver fibrosis.

[0061] Provided herein is a method of treating or preventing arthritis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic agent. In some aspects, the additional therapeutic agent is methotrexate, baricitinib, hydroxychloroquine, prednisone, etanercept, sulfasalazine, infliximab, adalimumab, ixekizumab, or a combination thereof.

[0062] Provided herein is a method of treating or preventing multiple sclerosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the multiple sclerosis is relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, primary progressive multiple sclerosis, or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic agent. In some aspects, the additional therapeutic agent is teriflunomide, natalizumab, dimethyl fumarate, ocrelizumab, IFNP-la, cladribine, glatiramer acetate, or a combination thereof.

[0063] Provided herein is a method of treating or preventing inflammatory bowel disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the inflammatory bowel disease is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic agent. In some aspects, the additional therapeutic agent is infliximab, vedolizumab, azathioprine, adalimumab, masalazine, or a combination thereof.

[0064] Provided herein is a method of treating or preventing metastasis of cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein.

[0065] Provided herein is a method of treating or preventing cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. [0066] In some aspects, the cancer is breast cancer, cervical cancer, melanoma, myeloid cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, or prostate cancer.

[0067] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is administered to the subject intravenously or subcutaneously.

In some aspects, the subject is human.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0068] Some aspects of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of aspects of the invention.

[0069] Figure 1 (FIG. 1) shows a flow cytometry analysis for surface expression of MOSPD2 on human monocytes.

[0070] Figure 2 (FIG. 2) shows a sensorgram plot of binding to human MOSPD2 with 1- 16 nM of anti-MOSPD2 antibody.

[0071] Figure 3A (FIG. 3A) shows dose response inhibition of monocyte migration with increasing dose of anti-MOSPD2 antibody. The results shown are means of triplicate experiments ± standard deviation. * p<0.001

[0072] Figure 3B (FIG. 3B) shows the calculation of EC50 based on the results in Example 4.

[0073] Figures 4A-4BB (FIGs. 4A-4BB) shows several anti-MOSPD2 antibody variants that significantly inhibit monocyte migration. Results shown are mean of triplicate experiments ± standard deviation. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.

[0074] Figure 5 (FIG. 5) shows liver histology and development of fibrosis following induction of NASH with a HFHC diet and following treatment with control antibody (Control Ab) or anti-MOSPD2 antibodies. Results from two staining protocols, H&E and masson tricorne, are shown, and are representative of 10-11 animals tested.

[0075] Figures 6A-6C (FIGs. 6A-6C) shows staining of CD68+ cells in liver samples of mice fed a control diet (CHOW diet) or an HFHC diet, following treatment with control antibody (Isotype control) or anti-MOSPD2 antibodies. Figure 6D shows quantification of fibrosis areas of these samples. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01. [0076] Figure 7 (FIG. 7) shows the effect of anti-MOSPD2 antibody treatment on disease activity in a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced Colitis mouse model. *p<0.05, ** p<0.005, *** p<0.001. Results shown are from 15 animals.

[0077] Figures 8A-8C (FIGs. 8A-8C) shows the effect of anti-MOSPD2 antibody treatment on IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-12p40 levels in a TNBS-induced Colitis mouse model. *p<0.05.

[0078] Figure 9 (FIG. 9) shows that treatment with an anti-MOSPD2 antibody significantly inhibits migration of monocytes from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. Results shown are from 7 out of 25 patients with different active therapies and disease severities. ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

[0079] Figure 10 (FIG. 10) shows that treatment with an anti-MOSPD2 antibody significantly inhibits migration of monocytes from primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) patients. Results shown are from 7 out of 25 patients with different active therapies and disease severities. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

[0080] Figure 11 (FIG. 11) shows that treatment with an anti-MOSPD2 antibody significantly inhibits migration of monocytes from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

[0081] Figure 12 (FIG. 12) shows that treatment with an anti-MOSPD2 antibody significantly inhibits migration of monocytes from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

[0082] Figures 13A-13D (FIGs. 13A-13D) shows flow cytometry analysis for surface expression of MOSPD2 of different human cancer cell lines.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0083] In order that the present disclosure may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. As used in this application, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, each of the following terms shall have the meaning set forth below. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the application. Definitions

[0084] Various terms relating to aspects of disclosure are used throughout the specification and claims. Such terms are to be given their ordinary meaning in the art, unless otherwise indicated. Other specifically defined terms are to be construed in a manner consistent with the definition provided herein.

[0085] The term "antibody" means an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds to a target, such as a protein, polypeptide, peptide, carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, or combinations of the foregoing through at least one antigen recognition site within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. As used herein, the term "antibody" encompasses intact polyclonal antibodies, intact monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, human antibodies, fusion proteins comprising an antibody, and any other modified immunoglobulin molecule so long as the antibodies exhibit the desired biological activity. An antibody can be of any the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2), based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. The different classes of immunoglobulins have different and well known subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations. Antibodies can be naked or conjugated to other molecules such as toxins, radioisotopes, etc.

[0086] Where not expressly stated, and unless the context indicates otherwise, the term "antibody" includes monospecific, bispecific, or multi-specific antibodies, as well as a single chain antibody.

[0087] An "antigen binding fragment" refers to a portion of an intact antibody that binds to an antigen. An antigen binding fragment can contain an antigen recognition site of an intact antibody (e.g., complementarity determining regions (CDRs) sufficient to specifically bind antigen). Examples of antigen binding fragments of antibodies include, but are not limited to Fab, Fab’, F(ab’)2, and Fv fragments, linear antibodies, and single chain antibodies. An antigen binding fragment of an antibody can be derived from any animal species, such as rodents (e.g., mouse, rat, or hamster) and humans or can be artificially produced.

[0088] A "monoclonal" antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof refers to a homogeneous antibody or antigen binding fragment population involved in the highly specific binding of a single antigenic determinant, or epitope. This is in contrast to polyclonal antibodies that typically include different antibodies directed against different antigenic determinants. The term "monoclonal" antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof encompasses both intact and full-length monoclonal antibodies as well as antibody fragments (such as Fab, Fab’, F(ab’)2, Fv), single chain (scFv) mutants, fusion proteins comprising an antibody portion, and any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen recognition site. Furthermore, "monoclonal" antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof refers to such antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof made in any number of manners including but not limited to by hybridoma, phage selection, recombinant expression, and transgenic animals.

[0089] The term "humanized" antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof refers to forms of non-human (e.g. murine) antibodies or antigen binding fragments that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human (e.g., murine) sequences. Typically, humanized antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof are human immunoglobulins in which residues from the complementary determining region (CDR) are replaced by residues from the CDR of a non-human species (e.g. mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster) that have the desired specificity, affinity, and capability (“CDR grafted”) (Jones et al., Nature 321 : 522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239: 1534-1536 (1988)). In some instances, certain Fv framework region (FR) residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody or fragment from a non-human species that has the desired specificity, affinity, and capability. The humanized antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the Fv framework region and/or within the non-human CDR residues to refine and optimize antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof specificity, affinity, and/or capability. In general, the humanized antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof will comprise variable domains containing all or substantially all of the CDR regions that correspond to the non-human immunoglobulin whereas all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof can also comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region or domain (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. Examples of methods used to generate humanized antibodies are described in U.S. Pat. 5,225,539; Roguska et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 91(3):969-73 (1994), and Roguska et al., Protein Eng. 9(10):895-904 (1996).

[0090] The term "human" antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof means an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof having an amino acid sequence derived from a human immunoglobulin gene locus, where such antibody or antigen binding fragment is made using any technique known in the art. This definition of a human antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof includes intact or full-length antibodies and fragments thereof.

[0091] As used herein, the term "treating" includes abrogating, inhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a condition, substantially ameliorating clinical or aesthetical symptoms of a condition or substantially preventing the appearance of clinical or aesthetical symptoms of a condition.

[0092] The terms "administer," "administering," "administration," and the like, as used herein, refer to methods that can be used to enable delivery of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof to the desired site of biological action (e.g., intravenous administration). Administration techniques that can be employed with the agents and methods described herein are found in e.g., Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, current edition, Pergamon; and Remington’s, Pharmaceutical Sciences, current edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. and Matucci, A. et al., Respiratory Research, 19(1): 154 (2018).

[0093] The terms "subject" and "patient" are used interchangeably and include any animal. Mammals are preferred, including companion (e.g., cat, dog) and farm mammals (e.g., pig, horse, cow), as well as rodents, including mice, rabbits, and rats, guinea pigs, and other rodents. Non-human primates are more preferred, and human are highly preferred.

[0094] As used herein, "MOSPD2" refers to any polypeptide classified as Motile Sperm Domain Containing Protein 2. Examples of MOSPD2 include, but are not limited to, the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs:26-29, or any variant thereof (e.g., having a sequence at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:26-29). Other examples of MOSPD2 include, but are not limited to, a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide of any one of SEQ ID NOs:30-33, or any variant thereof (e.g., a polynucleotide having at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:30-33). Polynucleotide sequences encoding MOSPD2 can be codon optimized for expression in a particular organism by methods known in the art. Other examples of MOSPD2 can be identified by searching public databases e.g., BLAST), as well known to one skilled in the art.

[0095] A "constant region" of an antibody refers to the constant region of the antibody light chain or the constant region of the antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination.

[0096] The term "Fc region" is used to define a C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The "Fc region" can be a native sequence Fc region or a variant Fc region. Although the boundaries of the Fc region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to stretch from an amino acid residue at position Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus thereof. The numbering of the residues in the Fc region is that of the EU index as in Kabat. Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1991. The Fc region of an immunoglobulin generally comprises two constant domains, CH2 and CH3.

[0097] By "specifically binds," it is generally meant that an antibody or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof binds to an epitope by its antigen binding domain, and that the binding entails some complementarity between the antigen binding domain and the epitope. According to this definition, an antibody or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof is said to "specifically bind" to an epitope when it binds to that epitope via its antigen binding domain more readily than it would bind to a random, unrelated epitope.

[0098] The term "inflammatory cell" includes, but is not limited to, a leukocyte, granulocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte, mast cell, dendritic cell, or the like.

[0099] The term "percent identity," as known in the art, is a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, "identity" and "sequence identity" also mean the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. "Identity" and "similarity" can be readily calculated by known methods and publicly available resources, including but not limited to those described in: (1) Computational Molecular Biology (Lesk, A. M., Ed.) Oxford University: NY (1988); (2) Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects (Smith, D. W., Ed.) Academic: NY (1993); (3) Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I (Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., Eds.) Humania: NJ (1994);

(4) Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology (von Heinje, G., Ed.) Academic (1987); and

(5) Sequence Analysis Primer (Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., Eds.) Stockton: NY (1991).

[0100] As used in the present disclosure and claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0101] It is understood that wherever aspects of the present disclosure are described herein with the language "comprising," otherwise analogous aspects described in terms of "consisting of' and/or "consisting essentially of' are also provided.

[0102] Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term "or" is understood to be inclusive. The term "and/or" as used in a phrase such as "A and/or B" herein is intended to include both "A and B," "A or B," "A," and "B." Likewise, the term "and/or" as used in a phrase such as "A, B, and/or C" is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

[0103] As used herein, the terms "about" and "approximately," when used to modify a numeric value or numeric range, indicate that deviations of ±10% of the value or range remain within the intended meaning of the recited value or range. As is understood by one skilled in the art, reference to "about" a value or range herein includes (and describes) instances that are directed to that value or range per se. For example, description referring to "about X" includes description of "X."

[0104] Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.

[0105] Throughout this application, various aspects of this invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range, such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies and Antigen Binding Fragments Thereof

[0106] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2. In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of:

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and (vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0107] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0108] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0109] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0110] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. [OHl] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0112] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0113] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON 1; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0114] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0115] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NON; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0116] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0117] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0118] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0119] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:23; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. [0120] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0121] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0122] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0123] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0124] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0125] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0126] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0127] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0128] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. [0129] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0130] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0131] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0132] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0133] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0134] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0135] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7; a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; and a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25.

[0136] In other aspects, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof comprise a constant region. In some aspects, the constant region of the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of a human kappa light chain constant region or a human lambda light chain constant region. In some aspects, the constant region of the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of a human gamma heavy chain constant region. Non-limiting examples of human constant region sequences have been described, e.g., see U.S. Patent No. 5,693,780 and Kabat, EA et al., (1991).

[0137] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1 (e.g., from about 1 to about 20 conservative substitutions, or any value of range of values therein);

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8 (e.g., from about 1 to about 20 conservative substitutions, or any value of range of values therein);

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9 (e.g., from about 1 to about 20 conservative substitutions, or any value of range of values therein);

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 (e.g., from about 1 to about 20 conservative substitutions, or any value of range of values therein);

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 (e.g., from about 1 to about 20 conservative substitutions, or any value of range of values therein); and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25 (e.g., from about 1 to about 20 conservative substitutions, or any value of range of values therein).

[0138] In some aspects, the conservative substitution is a replacement of an amino acid with a different amino acid having similar charge, hydrophobicity and/or size. In some aspects, the conservative substitution is a substitution of one or more of the amino acids in Table 1 for another amino acid in the same class.

Table 1: Examples of Conservative Substitutions

[0139] Methods for making substitutions in an amino acid sequence are known in the art and described, for example, in Yampolsky et al., "The Exchangeability of Amino Acids in Proteins," Genetics. 170(4): 1459-1472; 2005 [0140] An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is preferably monoclonal, and more preferably is a full length antibody comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a derivative or fragment or portion of an antibody that retains the antigen-binding specificity, and also preferably retains most or all of the affinity, of the full length recombinant antibody. For example, derivatives may comprise at least one variable region (either a heavy chain or light chain variable region). Other examples of suitable antibody derivatives and fragments include, without limitation, antibodies with polyepitopic specificity, bispecific antibodies, multi-specific antibodies, diabodies, single-chain molecules, as well as FAb, F(Ab')2, Fd, Fabc, and Fv molecules, single chain (Sc) antibodies, single chain Fv antibodies (scFv), individual antibody light chains, individual antibody heavy chains, fusions between antibody chains and other molecules, heavy chain monomers or dimers, light chain monomers or dimers, dimers consisting of one heavy and one light chain, and other multimers. Single chain Fv antibodies can be multi-valent. All antibody isotypes can be used to produce antibody derivatives, fragments, and portions. Antibody derivatives, fragments, and/or portions can be recombinantly produced and expressed by any cell type, prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

[0141] In a full-length antibody, each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CHI, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy -terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. Typically, the antigen binding properties of an antibody are less likely to be disturbed by changes to FR sequences than by changes to the CDR sequences. Immunoglobulin molecules can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY), class (e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2) or subclass.

[0142] In some aspects, an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is fully human. Fully human antibodies are those where the whole molecule is human or otherwise of human origin, or includes an amino acid sequence identical to a human form of the antibody. Fully human antibodies include those obtained from a human V gene library, for example, where human genes encoding variable regions of antibodies are recombinantly expressed. Fully human antibodies may be expressed in other organisms (e.g., mice and xenomouse technology) or cells from other organisms transformed with genes encoding human antibodies. Fully human antibodies may nevertheless include amino acid residues not encoded by human sequences, e.g., mutations introduced by random or site directed mutations.

[0143] In some aspects, an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises nonimmunoglobulin derived protein frameworks. For example, reference may be made to Ku & Schutz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Set. USA, 92:6552-6 (1995), which describes a four-helix bundle protein cytochrome b562 having two loops randomized to create CDRs, which have been selected for antigen binding.

[0144] In some aspects, the recombinant or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises post-translational modifications or moieties, which may impact antibody activity or stability. These modifications or moieties include, but are not limited to, methylated, acetylated, glycosylated, sulfated, phosphorylated, carboxylated, and amidated moieties and other moieties that are well known in the art. Moieties include any chemical group or combinations of groups commonly found on immunoglobulin molecules in nature or otherwise added to antibodies by recombinant expression systems, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems.

[0145] Examples of side chain modifications contemplated by the disclosure include modifications of amino groups such as by reductive alkylation by reaction with an aldehyde followed by reduction with NaBEE; amidination with methylacetimidate; acylation with acetic anhydride; carbamoylation of amino groups with cyanate; trinitrobenzylation of amino groups with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS); acylation of amino groups with succinic anhydride and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride; and pyridoxylation of lysine with pyridoxal-5-phosphate followed by reduction with NaBEE.

[0146] In some aspects, an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof includes one or more modifications that modulate serum half-life and biodistribution, including without limitation, modifications that modulate the antibody’s interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), a receptor with a key role in protecting IgG from catabolism, and maintaining high serum antibody concentration.

[0147] An antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof may be labelled, bound, or conjugated to any chemical or biomolecule moieties. Labelled antibodies may find use in therapeutic, diagnostic, or basic research applications. Such labels/conjugates can be detectable, such as fluorochromes, electrochemiluminescent probes, quantum dots, radiolabels, enzymes, fluorescent proteins, luminescent proteins, and biotin. The labels/conjugates may be chemotherapeutic agents, toxins, isotopes, and other agents used for treating conditions such as the killing of cancer cells. Chemotherapeutic agents may be any which are suitable for the purpose for which the antibody is being used.

[0148] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof can be derivatized by known protecting/blocking groups to prevent proteolytic cleavage or enhance activity or stability.

[0149] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is a polyclonal, monoclonal, murine, human, humanized, or chimeric antibody.

[0150] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is a Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv, scFv, sdFv fragment, VH domain, VL domain, or a combination thereof.

[0151] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is an IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD, a variant thereof, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is an IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, a variant thereof, or a combination thereof.

[0152] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof binds to MOSPD2 with a Ka value of from about 1 X 10 ⁵ (1/Ms) to about 7 X 10 ⁶ (1/Ms); a Kd value of from about 1 X 10' ⁴ (1/s) to about 0.4 (1/s); and/or a calculated KD of from about 2 X IO' ¹⁰ (M) to about 6 X IO' ⁸ (M).

[0153] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment that specifically binds to MOSPD2 wherein the MOSPD2 is human MOSPD2.

[0154] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2 having an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:26-29 or an amino acid sequence having about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:26-29. [0155] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2 having an amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:30-33 or an amino acid sequence having about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:30-33.

[0156] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that competes for binding to MOSPD2 with an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. Competition for binding can be determined using assays known to one of skill in the art, including but not limited to, ELISA competitive assays, surface plasmon resonance, and Scatchard analysis.

[0157] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein that specifically binds to MOSPD2. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein that specifically binds to MOSPD2. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a cell comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein that specifically binds to MOSPD2, or a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein that specifically binds to MOSPD2.

[0158] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of producing an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising culturing a cell comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein that specifically binds to MOSPD2 under suitable conditions and isolating the antibody or antigen binding fragment.

Compositions and Kits

[0159] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a composition comprising an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a composition comprising an antibody or antigen binding fragment comprising (i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID

NO: 9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0160] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a composition comprising an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18; (v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25.

[0161] In some aspects, the composition comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein and a carrier. In some aspects, the carrier is a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the compound is administered. Examples of a carrier include, but are not limited to, liquids, such as water and oils. Water, aqueous solution saline, and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.

[0162] In some aspects, the composition is formulated for administration as an injection or infusion. Routes of administration by injection or infusion include intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrathecal and subcutaneous.

[0163] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, a vector comprising such a nucleic acid, or a cell comprising such a nucleic acid or vector. In some aspects, the composition further comprises a carrier.

[0164] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a kit comprising (i) an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein, a nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described herein, a vector comprising such a nucleic acid, or a cell comprising such as nucleic acid or vector; and (ii) an instruction for use.

[0165] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a composition comprising an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein and one or more additional active agents.

Methods of Use

[0166] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment, comprising (i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID

NO: 9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0167] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25.

[0168] In some aspects, the inflammatory disease or disorder is an idiopathic inflammatory disease or disorder, a chronic inflammatory disease or disorder, an acute inflammatory disease or disorder, an autoimmune disease or disorder, an infectious disease or disorder, an inflammatory malignant disease or disorder, an inflammatory transplantation-related disease or disorder, an inflammatory degenerative disease or disorder, a disease or disorder associated with a hypersensitivity, an inflammatory cardiovascular disease or disorder, an inflammatory cerebrovascular disease or disorder, a peripheral vascular disease or disorder, an inflammatory glandular disease or disorder, an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease or disorder, an inflammatory cutaneous disease or disorder, an inflammatory hepatic disease or disorder, an inflammatory neurological disease or disorder, an inflammatory musculo-skeletal disease or disorder, an inflammatory renal disease or disorder, an inflammatory reproductive disease or disorder, an inflammatory systemic disease or disorder, an inflammatory connective tissue disease or disorder, necrosis, an inflammatory implant-related disease or disorder, an inflammatory aging process, an immunodeficiency disease or disorder, or an inflammatory pulmonary disease or disorder.

[0169] In some aspects, the hypersensitivity is Type I hypersensitivity, Type II hypersensitivity, Type III hypersensitivity, Type IV hypersensitivity, immediate hypersensitivity, antibody mediated hypersensitivity, immune complex mediated hypersensitivity, T lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity, delayed type hypersensitivity, helper T lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity, cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity, TH1 lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity, or TH2 lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity.

[0170] In some aspects, the inflammatory cardiovascular disease or disorder is an occlusive disease or disorder, atherosclerosis, a cardiac valvular disease, stenosis, restenosis, in-stent-stenosis, myocardial infarction, coronary arterial disease, acute coronary syndromes, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, myocardial ischemia, thrombosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Takayasu's arteritis, Kawasaki syndrome, antifactor VIII autoimmune disease or disorder, necrotizing small vessel vasculitis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg and Strauss syndrome, pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis, crescentic glomerulonephritis, antiphospholipid syndrome, antibody induced heart failure, thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, cardiac autoimmunity, Chagas' disease or disorder, or anti-helper T lymphocyte autoimmunity.

[0171] In some aspects, the inflammatory cerebrovascular disease or disorder is stroke, cerebrovascular inflammation, cerebral hemorrhage, or vertebral arterial insufficiency.

[0172] In some aspects, the peripheral vascular disease or disorder is gangrene, diabetic vasculopathy, thrombosis, diabetic retinopathy, or diabetic nephropathy.

[0173] In some aspects, the autoimmune disease or disorder is systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, Bechet's disease, autoimmune diabetes, Hashimoto's disease, psoriasis, primary myxedema, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis, chronic active hepatitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, uveitis, vasculitides, or heparin induced thrombocytopenia.

[0174] In some aspects, the inflammatory glandular disease or disorder is a pancreatic disease or disorder, Type I diabetes, thyroid disease or disorder, Graves' disease or disorder, thyroiditis, spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, idiopathic myxedema, ovarian autoimmunity, autoimmune anti-sperm infertility, autoimmune prostatitis, or Type I autoimmune polyglandular syndrome.

[0175] In some aspects, the inflammatory cutaneous disease or disorder is acne, autoimmune bullous skin disease or disorder, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus foliaceus, contact dermatitis, or drug eruption. [0176] In some aspects, the inflammatory hepatic disease or disorder is autoimmune hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, or biliary cirrhosis.

[0177] In some aspects, the inflammatory neurological disease or disorder is Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, myasthenia gravis, motor neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, autoimmune neuropathy, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, paraneoplastic neurological disease or disorder, paraneoplastic cerebellar atrophy, non-paraneoplastic stiff man syndrome, progressive cerebellar atrophy, Rasmussen's encephalitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Sydeham chorea, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, dysimmune neuropathy, acquired neuromyotonia, arthrogryposis multiplex, Huntington's disease, AIDS associated dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, an inflammatory retinal disease or disorder, an inflammatory ocular disease or disorder, optic neuritis, spongiform encephalopathy, migraine, headache, cluster headache, or stiff-man syndrome.

[0178] In some aspects, the inflammatory connective tissue disease or disorder is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), autoimmune myositis, primary Sjogren's syndrome, smooth muscle autoimmune disease or disorder, myositis, tendinitis, a ligament inflammation, chondritis, a joint inflammation, a synovial inflammation, carpal tunnel syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, a skeletal inflammation, an autoimmune ear disease or disorder, or an autoimmune disease or disorder of the inner ear.

[0179] In some aspects, the inflammatory renal disease or disorder is autoimmune interstitial nephritis.

[0180] In some aspects, the inflammatory reproductive disease or disorder is repeated fetal loss, ovarian cyst, or a menstruation associated disease or disorder.

[0181] In some aspects, the inflammatory systemic disease or disorder is systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, or cachexia.

[0182] In some aspects, the infectious disease or disorder is a chronic infectious disease or disorder, a subacute infectious disease or disorder, an acute infectious disease or disorder, a viral disease or disorder, a bacterial disease or disorder, a protozoan disease or disorder, a parasitic disease or disorder, a fungal disease or disorder, a mycoplasma disease or disorder, gangrene, sepsis, a prion disease or disorder, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or severe acute respiratory syndrome. [0183] In some aspects, the inflammatory transplantation-related disease or disorder is graft rejection, chronic graft rejection, subacute graft rejection, acute graft rejection hyperacute graft rejection, or graft versus host disease or disorder.

[0184] In some aspects, the implant is a prosthetic implant, a breast implant, a silicone implant, a dental implant, a penile implant, a cardiac implant, an artificial joint, a bone fracture repair device, a bone replacement implant, a drug delivery implant, a catheter, a pacemaker, an artificial heart, an artificial heart valve, a drug release implant, an electrode, or a respirator tube.

[0185] In some aspects, the inflammatory pulmonary disease or disorder is asthma, allergic asthma, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or disorder, sarcoidosis, or bronchitis.

[0186] In some aspects, the inflammatory disease or disorder is vascular inflammation in a subject suffering from a chronic autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease. In some aspects, the chronic autoimmune or inflammatory disease is psoriasis. In some aspects, the vascular inflammation is associated with a cardiovascular disease, a peripheral vascular disease, a coronary artery disease, a cerebral vascular disease, a renal artery stenosis, an ischemic disease, or an aortic aneurism. In some aspects, the vascular inflammation is associated with an ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, unstable angina, stable angina, or stroke. In other aspects, the vascular inflammation is inflammation of a carotid artery. In other aspects, the vascular inflammation is inflammation of an aorta.

[0187] In some aspects, the inflammatory disease or disorder is inflammation associated with an implant. In some aspects, the inflammation associated with an implant is a local inflammation or a systemic inflammatory reaction. In some aspects, the implant is a silicone, a saline, a metal, a plastic, or a polymeric implant. In some aspects, the implant is a cosmetic implant, a prosthetic implant, a subdermal implant, a transdermal implant, a bone replacement implant, or a bone fracture repair device. In some aspects, the implant is a drug delivery implant or a drug release implant. In other aspects, the implant is an artificial joint, an artificial heart, an artificial heart valve, a testicular prosthesis, a breast implant, a dental implant, an ocular implant, a cochlear implant, a penile implant, a cardiac implant, a catheter, an implantable urinary continence device, a pacemaker, an electrode, a Hernia support device, or a respirator tube. [0188] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of inhibiting or preventing migration of an inflammatory cell (e.g., a monocyte or neutrophil), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of inhibiting or preventing migration of an inflammatory cell (e.g., a monocyte or neutrophil), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID

NO: 9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25. [0189] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of inhibiting or preventing migration of an inflammatory cell (e.g., a monocyte or neutrophil), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25.

[0190] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), steatohepatitis, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), steatohepatitis, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID

NO: 9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0191] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), steatohepatitis, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9; (iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25.

[0192] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing fibrosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing fibrosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID

NO: 9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0193] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing fibrosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25.

[0194] In some aspects, the fibrosis is liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, lung fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis), skin fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), cystic fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, cirrhosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, medastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, or arthrofibrosis. In some aspects, the kidney fibrosis is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or glomerulosclerosis. [0195] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID

NO: 9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25. [0196] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis), comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25.

[0197] In some aspects, the arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, or psoriatic arthritis. In some aspects, the rheumatoid arthritis is chronic rheumatoid arthritis or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

[0198] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing multiple sclerosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing multiple sclerosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1; (ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID

NO: 9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0199] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing multiple sclerosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9; (iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25.

[0200] In some aspects, the multiple sclerosis is relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic agent. In some aspects, the method comprises an additional therapeutic agent is teriflunomide, natalizumab, dimethyl fumarate, ocrelizumab, IFNP-la, cladribine, glatiramer acetate, or a combination thereof.

[0201] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing colitis or inflammatory bowel disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing colitis or inflammatory bowel disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID

NO: 9; (iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0202] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing colitis or inflammatory bowel disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25. [0203] In some aspects, the inflammatory bowel disease is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic agent. In some aspects, the additional therapeutic agent is infliximab, vedolizumab, azathioprine, adalimumab, masalazine, or a combination thereof.

[0204] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing cancer or metastasis of cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment described herein. In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing cancer or metastasis of cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID

NO: 9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and (vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:25.

[0205] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing cancer or metastasis of cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to MOSPD2, comprising

(i) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs:2-8 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NOs:2-8;

(iii) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:9;

(iv) a light chain CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10-18 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs:10-18;

(v) a light chain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 19-24; and

(vi) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 or a sequence having one or more conservative substitutions in SEQ ID NO:25.

[0206] In some aspects, the cancer is bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, gall bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, cervical cancer, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, hematopoietic cancer, cancer of mesenchymal origin, cancer of central or peripheral nervous system, endometrial cancer, head and neck cancer, glioblastoma, malignant ascites, neuroendocrine cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, or recurrent or primary cancers.

[0207] In some aspects, the lung cancer is a small-cell lung cancer or a non-small-cell lung cancer. [0208] In some aspects, the skin cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell cancer, melanoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Merkel cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, keratoacanthoma, spindle cell tumors, sebaceous carcinomas, microcystic adnexal carcinoma, Paget's disease of the breast, atypical fibroxanthoma, leiomyosarcoma, or angiosarcoma.

[0209] In some aspects, the hematopoietic cancer is a hematopoietic cancer of lymphoid lineage. In some aspects, the hematopoietic cancer of lymphoid lineage is leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell-lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma or Burkitt's lymphoma.

[0210] In some aspects, the hematopoietic cancer is a hematopoietic cancer of myeloid lineage. In some aspects, the hematopoietic cancer of myeloid lineage is acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and promyelocytic leukemia.

[0211] In some aspects, the cancer of mesenchymal origin is fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, or bone sarcoma.

[0212] In some aspects, the cancer of the central or peripheral nervous system is astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, glioma, schwannomas, or glioblastoma.

[0213] In some aspects, the cancer is anal cancer, bone cancer, gastrointestinal stomal cancer, gestational trophoblastic disease, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, keratoacanthoma, malignant mesothelioma, multicentric castleman disease, multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms, myeloproliferative neoplasms, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer, penile cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, seminoma, soft tissue sarcoma, stomach (gastric) cancer, testicular cancer, teratocarcinoma, thyroid follicular cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, Wilms tumor and other childhood kidney cancers, or xeroderma pigmentosum.

[0214] In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic agent. In some aspects, the additional therapeutic agent is an anticancer agent. In some aspects, the anticancer agent is Abiraterone Acetate, Abitrexate (Methotrexate), Abraxane (Paclitaxel Albumin-stabilized Nanoparticle Formulation), ABVD, ABVE, ABVE-PC, AC, AC-T, Adcetris (Brentuximab Vedotin), ADE, Ado- Trastuzumab Emtansine, Adriamycin (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride), Adrucil (Fluorouracil), Afatinib Dimaleate, Afinitor (Everolimus), Akynzeo (Netupitant and Palonosetron Hydrochloride), Aldara (Imiquimod), Aldesleukin, Alemtuzumab, Alimta (Pemetrexed Disodium), Aloxi (Palonosetron Hydrochloride), Ambochlorin (Chlorambucil), Amboclorin (Chlorambucil), Aminolevulinic Acid, Anastrozole, Aprepitant, Aredia (Pamidronate Disodium), Arimidex (Anastrozole), Aromasin (Exemestane), Arranon (Nelarabine), Arsenic Trioxide, Arzerra (Ofatumumab), Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi, Avastin (Bevacizumab), Axitinib, Azacitidine, BEACOPP, Becenum (Carmustine), Beleodaq (Belinostat), Belinostat, Bendamustine Hydrochloride, BEP, Bevacizumab, Bexarotene, Bexxar (Tositumomab and 1 131 Iodine Tositumomab), Bicalutamide, BiCNU (Carmustine), Bleomycin, Blinatumomab, Blincyto (Blinatumomab), Bortezomib, Bosulif (Bosutinib), Bosutinib, Brentuximab Vedotin, Busulfan, Busulfex (Busulfan), Cabazitaxel, Cabozantinib-S-Malate, CAF, Campath (Alemtuzumab), Camptosar (Irinotecan Hydrochloride), Capecitabine, CAPOX, Carboplatin, Carboplatin-Taxol, Carfilzomib, Carmubris (Carmustine), Carmustine, Carmustine Implant, Casodex (Bicalutamide), CeeNU (Lomustine), Ceritinib, Cerubidine (Daunorubicin Hydrochloride), Cervarix (Recombinant HPV Bivalent Vaccine), Cetuximab, Chlorambucil, Chlorambucil-Prednisone, CHOP, Cisplatin, Clafen (Cyclophosphamide), Clofarabine, CMF,Cometriq (Cabozantinib-S-Malate), COPP, COPP-AB V, Cosmegen (Dactinomycin), Crizotinib, CVP, Cyclophosphamide, Cyfos (Ifosfamide), Cyramza (Ramucirumab), Cytarabine, Cytarabine, Liposomal, Cytosar-U (Cytarabine), Cytoxan (Cyclophosphamide), Dabrafenib, Dacarbazine, Dacogen (Decitabine), Dactinomycin, Dasatinib, Daunorubicin Hydrochloride, Decitabine, Degarelix, Denileukin Diftitox, Denosumab, DepoCyt (Liposomal Cytarabine), DepoFoam (Liposomal Cytarabine), Dexrazoxane Hydrochloride, Dinutuximab, Docetaxel, Doxil (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome), Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome, Dox-SL (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome), DTIC-Dome (Dacarbazine), Efudex (Fluorouracil), Elitek (Rasburicase), Ellence (Epirubicin Hydrochloride), Eloxatin (Oxaliplatin), Eltrombopag Olamine, Emend (Aprepitant), Enzalutamide, Epirubicin Hydrochloride, EPOCH, Erbitux (Cetuximab), Eribulin Mesylate, Erivedge (Vismodegib), Erlotinib Hydrochloride, Erwinaze (Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi), Etopophos (Etoposide Phosphate), Etoposide, Etoposide Phosphate, Evacet (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome), Everolimus, Evista (Raloxifene Hydrochloride), Exemestane, Fareston (Toremifene), Farydak (Panobinostat), Faslodex (Fulvestrant), FEC, Femara (Letrozole), Filgrastim, Fludara (Fludarabine Phosphate), Fludarabine Phosphate, Fluoroplex (Fluorouracil), Fluorouracil, Fol ex (Methotrexate), Folex PFS (Methotrexate), Folfiri, Folfiri-Bevacizumab, Folfiri- Cetuximab, Folfirinox, Folflox, Folotyn (Pralatr exate), FU-LV, Fulvestrant, Gardasil (Recombinant HPV Quadrivalent Vaccine), Gardasil 9 (Recombinant HPV Nonavalent Vaccine), Gazyva (Obinutuzumab), Gefitinib, Gemcitabine Hydrochloride, Gemcitabine- Cisplatin, Gemcitabine-Oxaliplatin, Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin, Gemzar (Gemcitabine Hydrochloride), Gilotrif (Afatinib Dimaleate), Gleevec (Imatinib Mesylate), Gliadel (Carmustine Implant), Gliadel wafer (Carmustine Implant), Glucarpidase, Goserelin Acetate, Halaven (Eribulin Mesylate), Herceptin (Trastuzumab), HPV Bivalent Vaccine, Recombinant, HPV Nonavalent Vaccine, Recombinant, HPV Quadrivalent Vaccine, Recombinant, Hycamtin (Topotecan Hydrochloride), Hyper-CVAD, Ibrance (Palbociclib), Ibritumomab Tiuxetan, Ibrutinib, ICE, Iclusig (Ponatinib Hydrochloride), Idamycin (Idarubicin Hydrochloride), Idarubicin Hydrochloride, Idelalisib, Ifex (Ifosfamide), Ifosfamide, Ifosfamidum (Ifosfamide), Imatinib Mesylate, Imbruvica (Ibrutinib), Imiquimod, Inlyta (Axitinib), Intron A (Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2b), Iodine 131 Tositumomab and Tositumomab, Ipilimumab, Iressa (Gefitinib), Irinotecan Hydrochloride, Istodax (Romidepsin), Ixabepilone, Ixempra (Ixabepilone), Jakafi (Ruxolitinib Phosphate), Jevtana (Cabazitaxel), Kadcyla (Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine), Keoxifene (Raloxifene Hydrochloride), Kepivance (Palifermin), Keytruda (Pembrolizumab), Kyprolis (Carfilzomib), Lanreotide Acetate, Lapatinib Ditosylate, Lenalidomide, Lenvatinib Mesylate, Lenvima (Lenvatinib Mesylate), Letrozole, Leucovorin Calcium, Leukeran (Chlorambucil), Leuprolide Acetate, Levulan (Aminolevulinic Acid), Linfolizin (Chlorambucil), LipoDox (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome), Liposomal Cytarabine, Lomustine, Lupron (Leuprolide Acetate), Lupron Depot (Leuprolide Acetate), Lupron Depot-Ped (Leuprolide Acetate), Lupron Depot-3 Month (Leuprolide Acetate), Lupron Depot-4 Month (Leuprolide Acetate), Lynparza (Olaparib), Marqibo (Vincristine Sulfate Liposome), Matulane (Procarbazine Hydrochloride), Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride, Megace (Megestrol Acetate), Megestrol Acetate, Mekinist (Trametinib), Mercaptopurine, Mesna, Mesnex (Mesna), Methazolastone (Temozolomide), Methotrexate, Methotrexate LPF (Methotrexate), Mexate (Methotrexate), Mexate-AQ (Methotrexate), Mitomycin C, Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride, Mitozytrex (Mitomycin C), MOPP, Mozobil (Plerixafor), Mustargen (Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride), Mutamycin (Mitomycin C), Myleran (Busulfan), Mylosar (Azacitidine), Mylotarg (Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin), Nanoparticle Paclitaxel (Paclitaxel Albumin-stabilized Nanoparticle Formulation), Navelbine (Vinorelbine Tartrate), Nelarabine, Neosar (Cyclophosphamide), Netupitant and Palonosetron Hydrochloride, Neupogen (Filgrastim), Nexavar (Sorafenib Tosylate), Nilotinib, Nivolumab, Nolvadex (Tamoxifen Citrate), Nplate (Romiplostim), Obinutuzumab, OEPA, Ofatumumab, OFF, Olaparib, Omacetaxine Mepesuccinate, Oncaspar (Pegaspargase), Ontak (Denileukin Diftitox), Opdivo (Nivolumab), OPP A, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Paclitaxel Albumin-stabilized Nanoparticle Formulation, PAD, Palbociclib, Palifermin, Palonosetron Hydrochloride, Pamidronate Disodium, Panitumumab, Panobinostat, Paraplat (Carboplatin), Paraplatin (Carboplatin), Pazopanib Hydrochloride, Pegaspargase, Peginterferon Alfa-2b, PEG-Intron (Peginterferon Alfa-2b), Pembrolizumab, Pemetrexed Disodium, Perjeta (Pertuzumab), Pertuzumab, Platinol (Cisplatin), Platinol-AQ (Cisplatin), Plerixafor, Pomalidomide, Pomalyst (Pomalidomide), Ponatinib Hydrochloride, Pralatrexate, Prednisone, Procarbazine Hydrochloride, Proleukin (Aldesleukin), Prolia (Denosumab), Promacta (Eltrombopag Olamine), Provenge (Sipuleucel-T), Purinethol (Mercaptopurine), Purixan (Mercaptopurine), Radium 223 Dichloride, Raloxifene Hydrochloride, Ramucirumab, Rasburicase, R-CHOP, R-CVP, Recombinant Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Bivalent Vaccine, Recombinant Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Nonavalent Vaccine, Recombinant Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Quadrivalent Vaccine, Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2b, Regorafenib, R-EPOCH, Revlimid (Lenalidomide), Rheumatrex (Methotrexate), Rituxan (Rituximab), Rituximab, Romidepsin, Romiplostim, Rubidomycin (Daunorubicin Hydrochloride), Ruxolitinib Phosphate, Sclerosol Intrapleural Aerosol (Talc), Siltuximab, Sipuleucel-T, Somatuline Depot (Lanreotide Acetate), Sorafenib Tosylate, Sprycel (Dasatinib), STANFORD V, Sterile Talc Powder (Talc), Steritalc (Talc), Stivarga (Regorafenib), Sunitinib Malate, Sutent (Sunitinib Malate), Sylatron (Peginterferon Alfa- 2b), Sylvant (Siltuximab), Synovir (Thalidomide), Synribo (Omacetaxine Mepesuccinate), TAC, Tafinlar (Dabrafenib), Talc, Tamoxifen Citrate, Tarabine PFS (Cytarabine), Tarceva (Erlotinib Hydrochloride), Targretin (Bexarotene), Tasigna (Nilotinib), Taxol (Paclitaxel), Taxotere (Docetaxel), Temodar (Temozolomide), Temozolomide, Temsirolimus, Thalidomide, Thalomid (Thalidomide), Thiotepa, Toposar (Etoposide), Topotecan Hydrochloride, Toremifene, Torisel (Temsirolimus), Tositumomab and 1 131 Iodine Tositumomab, Totect (Dexrazoxane Hydrochloride), TPF, Trametinib, Trastuzumab, Treanda (Bendamustine Hydrochloride), Trisenox (Arsenic Trioxide), Tykerb (Lapatinib Ditosylate), Unituxin (Dinutuximab), Vandetanib, VAMP, Vectibix (Panitumumab), VelP, Velban (Vinblastine Sulfate), Velcade (Bortezomib), Velsar (Vinblastine Sulfate), Vemurafenib, VePesid (Etoposide), Viadur (Leuprolide Acetate), Vidaza (Azacitidine), Vinblastine Sulfate, Vincasar PFS (Vincristine Sulfate), Vincristine Sulfate, Vincristine Sulfate Liposome, Vinorelbine Tartrate, VIP, Vismodegib, Voraxaze (Glucarpidase), Vorinostat, Votrient (Pazopanib Hydrochloride), Wellcovorin (Leucovorin Calcium), Xalkori (Crizotinib), Xeloda (Capecitabine), XELIRI, XELOX, Xgeva (Denosumab), Xofigo (Radium 223 Dichloride), Xtandi (Enzalutamide), Yervoy (Ipilimumab), Zaltrap (Ziv-Aflibercept), Zelboraf (Vemurafenib), Zevalin (Ibritumomab Tiuxetan), Zinecard (Dexrazoxane Hydrochloride), Ziv-Aflibercept, Zoladex (Goserelin Acetate), Zoledronic Acid, Zolinza (Vorinostat), Zometa (Zoledronic Acid), Zydelig (Idelalisib), Zykadia (Ceritinib), or Zytiga (Abiraterone Acetate).

[0215] In some aspects of any of the methods described herein, the subject is a human. In some aspects, the subject is a mammal. In some aspects, the subject is a veterinary animal (e.g., a dog, cat, bird, mouse, horse, sheep, cow, goat, or the like).

EXAMPLES

[0216] Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate some aspects of the disclosure in a non-limiting fashion.

EXAMPLE 1

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies

[0217] Anti-MOSPD2 monoclonal antibodies were generated according to the following methods. For each antibody, an endotoxin-free DNA preparation of the heavy and light chain was introduced into the pTXsl expression construct. By using a proprietary Xten transfection protocol, the plasmids were then transiently transfected in the proprietary XtenCHO cells (80ml-culture). Culture medium samples were collected when the viability dropped <50% (14 days post-transfection), and the antibodies were then purified on a protein G resin by using the following standard method: (i) clarification by 0.22pm filtration, (ii) equilibration, binding, and washing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.5, (iii) elution by pH shift with Tris-Glycine pH 2.7, (iv) neutralization with Tris- Hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) pH 8.5, and (v) pool of the fractions of interest and buffer exchange vs. PBS pH 7.5. Yields were estimated using Octet RED95 instrument. Purity was determined based on non-reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The antibodies generated are listed in Table 2.

Table 2: Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies

[0218] The KD of the anti-MOSPD2 antibodies was determined using Biacore T200. The antigen (10 pg/ml) was immobilized on a CM5 sensor chip. A solution containing antibodies at 2-fold increasing concentrations (1-32 nM) was flown over the CM5 chip. Response captured over time was showing the progress of the interaction and association/dissociation cycle. The kinetics parameters and affinity were calculated using BIAevaluation software. The values obtained are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Binding Properties of Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies

EXAMPLE 2

Binding of Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies to Surface Expressed Human MOSPD2

[0219] A study was performed to evaluate the binding of anti-MOSPD2 antibodies (i.e., antibody SI 1 (#8) in Table 2 of Example 1) to MOSPD2 in its native form in human monocytes. For that, red blood cells were lysed from 250pl of human peripheral blood. Leukocytes were stained with an isotype control antibody or 2pg of anti-MOSPD2 antibody, followed by incubation with FITC conjugated anti-CD14 antibody (Ipg) for gating on monocytes and a secondary APC conjugated anti-human Fey antibody (1 :200). Analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The results in Figure 1 gated on CD14 positive cells show that anti-MOSPD2 antibody binds surface expressed MOSPD2 on human monocytes. EXAMPLE 3

Binding Affinities of Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies

[0220] A study to determine the binding affinity profile an anti-MOSPD2 antibodies (i.e., antibody Si l (#8) in Table 2 of Example 1) was conducted. For this, human MOSPD2 (10 pg/ml) was immobilized on CM5 sensor chip. Anti-MOSPD2 antibody at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 nM was contacted over the CM5 chip and the response was captured over time, showing the progress of the interaction and association/dissociation cycle. Regeneration between different antibody concentrations was performed to remove all remaining bound antibody from chip. The kinetics parameters and affinity were calculated using BIAevaluation software.

[0221] The results show that the anti-MOSPD2 antibody binds to MOSPD2 with a Ka value of 9.51 >< 10 ⁵ , Kd value of 1.32* 10' ³ and a calculated KD of 1.39>< 10' ⁹ M. In addition, a sensorgram showed a dose-response relationship with smooth and consistent curves (Figure 2).

EXAMPLE 4

In-Vitro Dose Ranging Efficacy and EC50 for Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies

[0222] Experiments were conducted to demonstrate dose ranging efficacy and determine the concentration in which anti-MOSPD2 antibodies affect monocyte migration by half of maximal response, i.e., ECso. SDF-1 and MCP-1 (100 ng/ml) were placed in the lower chamber of a QCM 24-well migration assay plate. Human primary monocytes (3xl0 ⁵ ) were pre-incubated for 30min with 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 or 10 pg/ml anti-MOSPD2 antibody or with 10 pg/ml of an IgGl control antibody. Monocytes were then seeded in the upper chamber for 3h, after which the number of cells that migrated to the lower compartment was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The data in Figures 3 A-3B demonstrate that significant inhibition of migration could be reached at a dose as low as 0.5pg/ml. Moreover, the ECso for the antibody was in the low nM range. EXAMPLE 5

In-Vitro Efficacy Studies With Variants of Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies

[0223] Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effect on monocyte migration by different anti-MOSPD2 antibodies. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 (MCP-1) (100 ng/ml) were placed in the lower chamber of a QCM 24-well migration assay plate. Human primary monocytes (3xl0 ⁵ ) were preincubated for 30 min with 10 pg/ml of anti-MOSPD2 antibody or with 10 pg/ml of an IgGl control antibody. Monocytes were then seeded in the upper chamber for 3h, after which the number of cells that migrated to the lower compartment was determined by FACS. The data in Figures 4A-4BB demonstrates that all anti-MOSPD2 antibodies tested significantly inhibited migration of monocytes. The numbering of the antibodies in Figures 4A-4BB corresponds to the numbering of antibodies in Table 2.

EXAMPLE 6

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies Reduce Inflammation and Fibrosis in HFHC NASH Mouse Model

[0224] Mice were fed a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet combined with water enriched with fructose and sucrose for 18 weeks to induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or a control diet (CHOW diet). From week 10, mice were treated once a week intraperitoneally with 500 pg of anti-MOSPD2 antibody or a control antibody (Control Ab) for 9 weeks. Following treatment, livers were harvested from the mice, and samples were stained with haemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) or masson trichome and the histology was evaluated for presence of fatty liver, inflammation and fibrosis. As shown in Figure 5, treatment with anti-MOSPD2 antibodies reduced inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. EXAMPLE 7

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies Reduce Monocyte Accumulation and Fibrosis in HFHC NASH Mouse Model

[0225] Mice were fed a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet combined with water enriched with fructose and sucrose for 18 weeks to induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or a control diet (CHOW diet). From week 10, mice were treated once a week intraperitoneally with 500 pg of anti-MOSPD2 antibody or a control antibody (Isotype control) for 9 weeks. Following treatment, livers were harvested from the mice, and immunohistochemical staining was performed on 4pm sections. Sections were dewaxed and pretreated with epitope-retrieval solution at pH=6 for 10 minutes followed by 30 minutes incubation with anti CD68 antibody (1 :400). The Leica Refine-HRP kit was used for detection. Histology evaluation was performed with the Olympus BX60 microscope.

[0226] Staining results are shown in Figures 6A-6C, and the percent fibrosis area is shown in Figure 6D. Figures 6A-6D show anti-MOSPD2 antibodies reduced accumulation of CD68+ cells (i.e., monocytes) and fibrosis.

EXAMPLE 8

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibody Treatment Significantly Ameliorates Disease Activity in the TNBS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model

[0227] Colitis was induced in mice using trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Twenty- four hours after fasting, 100 pl of a solution containing 1.4% TNBS in 50% ethanol was administered into the rectum through a polyurethane catheter with a 21G in diameter inserted 4 cm into the colon (day 0). Then, the anus of the mice was pinched, and the mice were inverted for 3-4 min by grabbing the tail. On days -2, 0 and 3, mice were treated intraperitoneally with 500 pg of anti-MOSPD2 antibody or a control antibody (Isotype control). Disease activity index (DAI) was calculated based on the scoring method shown in Table 4. EXAMPLE 9

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibody Treatment Significantly Ameliorates Disease Activity in the TNBS- Induced Colitis Mouse Model

[0228] Colitis was induced in mice using trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Twenty- four hours after fasting, 100 pl of a solution containing 1.4% TNBS in 50% ethanol was administered into the rectum through a polyurethane catheter with a 21G in diameter inserted 4 cm into the colon (day 0). Then, the anus of the mice was pinched, and the mice were inverted for 3-4 min by grabbing the tail. On days -2, 0 and 3, mice were treated intraperitoneally with 500 pg of anti-MOSPD2 antibody or a control antibody (Isotype control). Disease activity index (DAI) was calculated based on the scoring method shown in Table 4.

Table 4: DAI Scoring Method

[0229] At the end of the experiment, 1 cm of colon from the anus and up was washed and place in a 24 well plate with 1 ml medium. Supernatants were collected and tested for cytokines by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).

[0230] As shown in Figures 7 and 8A-8C, anti-MOSPD2 antibodies significantly ameliorates colitis disease activity, and reduces the inflammatory mediators, IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-12p40. EXAMPLE 10

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies Significantly Inhibit Migration of Monocytes from RRMS Patients

[0231] SDF-1 and MCP-1 (100 ng/ml) were placed in the lower chamber of a QCM 24- well migration assay plate. Human primary monocytes (3x10 ⁵ ) from relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients were pre-incubated for 30 min with lOpg/ml of anti- MOSPD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or with 10 pg/ml of an IgGl control antibody. Monocytes were then seeded in the upper chamber for 3h, after which the number of cells that migrated to the lower compartment was determined by FACS.

[0232] As shown in Figure 9, anti-MOSPD2 antibodies significantly inhibit migration of monocytes from RRMS patients having different active therapies and disease severities.

EXAMPLE 11

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies Significantly Inhibit Migration of Monocytes from PPMS and SPMS Patients

[0233] SDF-1 and MCP-1 (lOOng/ml) were placed in the lower chamber of a QCM 24- well migration assay plate. Human primary monocytes (3x10 ⁵ ) from primary progressive or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS or SPMS, respectively) patients were pre-incubated for 30 min with 10 pg/ml of anti-MOSPD2 mAb or with 10 pg/ml of an IgGl control antibody. Monocytes were then seeded in the upper chamber for 3h, after which the number of cells that migrated to the lower compartment was determined by FACS. As shown in Figure 10, anti-MOSPD2 antibodies significantly inhibit migration of monocytes from PPMS and SPMS patients.

EXAMPLE 12

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies Significantly Inhibit Migration of Monocytes from RA and PsA Patients

[0234] SDF-1 and MCP-1 (100 ng/ml) were placed in the lower chamber of a QCM 24- well migration assay plate. Human primary monocytes (3x10 ⁵ ) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients were pre-incubated for 30 min with 10 pg/ml of anti-MOSPD2 mAh or with 10 pg/ml of an IgGl control antibody. Monocytes were then seeded in the upper chamber for 3h, after which the number of cells that migrated to the lower compartment was determined by FACS. As shown in Figure 11 anti-MOSPD2 antibodies significantly inhibit migration of monocytes from RA and psoriatic arthritis PsA patients.

EXAMPLE 13

Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies Significantly Inhibit Migration of Monocytes from Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Patients

[0235] SDF-1 and MCP-1 (lOOng/ml) were placed in the lower chamber of a QCM 24- well migration assay plate. Human primary monocytes (3x10 ⁵ ) from ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease patients were pre-incubated for 30 min with 10 pg/ml of anti-MOSPD2 mAb or with 10 pg/ml of an IgGl control antibody. Monocytes were then seeded in the upper chamber for 3h, after which the number of cells that migrated to the lower compartment was determined by FACS. As shown in Figure 12 anti-MOSPD2 antibodies significantly inhibit migration of monocytes from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients.

EXAMPLE 14

Binding of Anti-MOSPD2 Antibodies to MOSPD2 on Human Cancer Cell Lines

[0236] Studies were performed to evaluate the binding of anti-MOSPD2 antibodies to MOSPD2 expressed on human cancer cells. For that, cervical cancer (Hela), triple negative (TN) breast cancer (MDA-231), melanoma (A2058) and myeloid (U937) cell lines (IxlO ⁶ ) were stained with an isotype control antibody or humanized anti-MOSPD2 antibody (2pg) followed by incubation with a secondary APC conjugated anti-human Fey antibody (1 :200). Analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The results in Figures BAUD show that anti-MOSPD2 antibodies bind surface expressed MOSPD2 on different cancer cell lines.

[0237] The following sequences in Table 5 are part of the present disclosure. Table 5: Sequences

[0238] All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this application are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.