DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to new synthetic molecules with agonist activity of human Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), compositions comprising them and uses thereof for the treatment of diseases in which it is useful to induce or increase an immune response.

PRIOR ART

Receptors of immune system cells recognize a large variety of microbial pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, via recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on pathogens' surface.

Such receptors are known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and may be of various typologies, depending on their localization in-cell, in cytosol or on the membrane, and on their function.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute the most well-known and studied family of innate immunity receptors, and have the role of promoting a rapid response to pathological menaces and aiding the development of adaptive immune response, which is the most appropriate and specific defense for such menaces.

In fact, innate immunity response to pathogens can be decisive in determining both the nature and the intensity of adaptive immunity response.

It is for that reason that TLR activators (agonists) have been studied and developed for the treatment of cancer, allergies and infective diseases, comprising adjuvants in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

To date, there are various small molecules able to bind and activate TLR receptors, and some of those are in use as adjuvants: imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 agonists, like imiquimod and resiquimod, as well as Pam2CS-type TLR2/TLR6 agonist and TLR4 agonists such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and aminoalkyl glucosaminide-4-phosphates (AGPs, also referred to as Corixa compounds, CRX).

TLR4 receptor is a highly interesting target for the development of immunostimulants and vaccine adjuvants, as TLR4 stimulation by agonists is the most effective way to activate innate and adaptive immunities.

The natural agonist of TLR4 is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A is the immunologically active portion of LPS.

Lipid A agonistic activity is based on its binding affinity (ability to bind) to the TLR4 co- receptor, Myeloid Differentiation factor 2, MD-2, with the entailed formation of the (TLR4/MD-2/LPS)2 complex on the surface of innate immunity cells, i.e. macrophages and dendritic cells.

The activation process of the TLR4 receptor by LPS begins with the interaction of individual LPS molecules or aggregates in solution with Lipid Binding Protein (LBP), forming a complex with an LPS molecule. Thereafter, the LPS molecule is transferred from LBP to co-receptor CD14, which in turn transfers it from MD-2.

Natural endotoxins of bacteria, like LPS, lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and lipid A, are excessively toxic to be used as adjuvants.

Therefore, synthetic and natural proteins with a structure similar to lipid A, but with attenuated endotoxicity, are interesting candidates as vaccine adjuvants in the perspective of maintaining immunostimulatory activity while eliminating the toxic effects. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) is a molecule identical to lipid A, but with the Ci position stripped of the phosphate group through chemical modification. MPL has -0.1 % of the inflammatory toxicity of the parent molecule, LPS, and is used as adjuvant in a series of vaccines.

However, the MPL adjuvant used nowadays is chemically heterogeneous, as produced directly from natural LPS. The synthetic compounds named AGPs (also known as CRX adjuvants, Corixa) are comprised of a monosaccharide unit linked by glycosidation to a unit of an aminoalkyl aglycone N-acylate.

AGPs are potent agonists of TLR4 and are chemically homogeneous, as produced by chemical synthesis.

A further simplification of the structure of Lipid A still able to activate TLR4 is comprised of the monophosphorylated monosaccharide derivatives mimicking the reducing portion

Compounds GLA 63 and GLA60 (scheme above) are comprised of a glucopyranoside skeleton, phosphorylated in position C ₄ and with a 14-Carbon linear chain in C2 and a branched chain in C ₃ (14 + 14 in GLA 63 or 14 + 12 Carbons in GLA 60) (Motohiro Matsuura, Makoto Kiso and Akira Hasegawa Infect. Immun. 1999, 67(12), 6286-6292). These monosaccharides that partially mimic lipid A and mimic the monosaccharide lipid X, biosynthetic precursor of lipid A, are active in stimulating TLR4-dependent production of cytokines TNF-a and IL-6, in both murine and human cells.

Also compound SDZ MRL 953 demonstrated a potent activity in stimulating the release of inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and TNF-a factor in murine macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes, concomitantly exhibiting a toxicity reduced of a factor of at least 10 ⁴ in galactosamine-sensitized mice compared to the parent endotoxin (Salmonella abortus equi).

In experimental microbial infection models, the compound proved to have a highly protective effect when administered prophylactically either once or thrice in myelo- suppressed or immunocompetent mice.

Doses effective to reach 50% of response with SDZ MRL 953 vary depending on the infective agent and administration route. In all cases, however, EC50 obtained are about 10 ³ times greater than those obtained with endotoxin Salmonella abortus equi.

However, thanks to the very low toxicity, the therapeutic indexes of this molecule, expressed, e.g., as LD25/ED75 were significantly improved compared to the endotoxin and range from about 5 to >500, depending on the infective agent and the administration route.

The compound also proved efficient in inducing tolerance to endotoxins: repeated dosages of the compound induce a transient resistance (≥1 week) to endotoxin-related lethal risks.

All these positive results were also confirmed in a model of advanced sepsis caused by Escherichia coli, in which antibiotic therapy had already proved inefficient: pre-treatment with one dose of SDZ MRL 953 one day prior to microbial inoculation dramatically increased the curative effects of antibiotics administered. For this reason, long-term survival was significantly increased with incremental doses of the immunostimulant in combined therapy.

Precisely for the tolerability demonstrated by SDZ MRL 953 in animals and in vitro, this compound was subsequently tested in human models.

On the basis of the known anti-tumour activity of Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin linked to its immunostimulating properties, Kiani et al. (A. Kiani, A. Tschiersch, E. Gaboriau, F. Otto, A. Seiz, H.-P. Knopf, P. Stutz, L. Farber, U. Haus, C. Galanos, R. Mertelsmann, and R. Engelhardt, Blood, 1997, 1673-1683) conducted a randomized double-blind phase I trial with control medium, administering SDZ MRL 953 in tumour- affected patients in order to assess firstly its biological effects and its safety of administration in humans and, secondly, its influence on the reaction to a subsequent endotoxin (LPS) addition.

SDZ MRL 953 administration proved safe and of excellent tolerability. The same SDZ MRL 953 increases granulocyte counts and serum levels of G-CSF and interleukin-6 (IL- 6), but not of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, I L— 1 b, and IL-8.

Therefore, SDZ MRL 953 has three relevant features, i.e., 1) a high tolerability and low toxicity, 2) the ability to induce G-CSF production, and, as a result, 3) the ability to stimulate an aspecific immune resistance expressed by an increased group of primary defenses in cells.

In spite of these positive results encouraging in the clinical use of SDZ MRL 953, the action mechanism of this molecule has not yet been studied in molecular detail.

In vitro studies suggest that the compound acts independently of co-receptor CD14, as by using monoclonal antibodies for CD-14 the compound-induced TNF-a release in human peripheral blood cells is not blocked.

This in turn seems to be indicative of a direct interaction with compound MD-2/TLR4, and might explain its different cytokine induction profile.

The synthesis of compound SDZ MRL 953 is made complex by the fact that the glucosamine core binds, in positions C2, C3 and C ₄ , chains of 3(R)-hydroxymyristic acid as pure enantiomer. 3-hydroxymyristic acid is in fact commercially available as racemate, whereas the pure enantiomer 3(R)- hydroxymyristic acid needs to be first isolated, to then be used in the synthesis. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The Authors of the present invention have surprisingly found that compounds of formula 1

wherein Ri is a saturated Cs-Ci6 aliphatic chain having a =0 on Ci , said chain being free from -OH substituents on C3,

wherein R2 is a saturated Cs-Ci6 aliphatic chain having a =0 on Ci , said chain being free from -OH substituents on C3,

wherein R3 is a saturated Cs-Ci6 aliphatic chain having a =0 on Ci , said chain being free from -OH substituents on C3,

wherein R ₄ is a hydrogen atom (H) or a phosphate group (P0 ₄ ^2_ );

said compounds are particularly effective in activating the TLR4 receptor and require synthesis processes that are less complex compared to compounds of the known art. In fact, the present invention enabled to identify compounds requiring simpler synthetic pathways, that are equally effective, or even more effective compared to those present in the known art.

Therefore, object of the invention are compounds of formula 1 as TLR4 receptor agonists, and their use as active principle or as adjuvant in the treatment of diseases requiring a TLR4 receptor activation, as well as drug or vaccine compositions comprising said compound.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1. Effect of compounds FP11 and FP111 on HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 and HEK-

Blue™ Null2 cells.

HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 (A) and HEK-Blue™ Null2 (B) cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of compounds FP1 1 , FP11 1 , and with LPS (100 ng/mL) and incubated for 16-18 hours. Results were normalized to stimulation with LPS alone, and are expressed as mean of percentage ± ES. of at least three independent experiments.

Figure 2. Dose-response curve of compound FP11 obtained on HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 cells.

HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of compound FP1 1 and of LPS and incubated for 16-18 hours. Results were normalized to maximum activation of the reporter produced by LPS (A) and to maximum activation of the reporter produced by the compound itself (B). Data were fitted to a sigmoidal four-parameter logistic equation in order to determine IC50 values, and expressed as mean of percentage ± ES of at least three independent experiments.

Figure 3. Effect of Compound FP11 on HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 cell viability. HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 cells were treated with the higher concentrations used in the preceding assays and incubated for 16-18 hours. Results were normalized to PBS addition and are expressed as mean of percentage ± ES. of at least three independent experiments.

Figure 4. Binding studies of synthetic compounds FP11 and FP111 with purified human MD-2 receptor

(A-B) Fluorescent measurements demonstrate that FP11 , but not FP1 11 , inhibits the binding of bis-ANS to MD-2 in a dose-dependent manner; (C-D) FP11 , but not FP11 1 , displaces biotinylated LPS from MD-2 hydrophobic pocket in a dose-dependent manner; (E-F) FP11 , but not FP111 , prevents the binding of monoclonal antibody to MD-2 in a dose-dependent manner; (G-H) SPR experiments indicate that FP11 , but not FP11 1 , directly binds MD-2 with a K _D value of 6.5 μΜ

GLOSSARY

To the ends of the present description, the term "TLR4 receptor agonist" denotes a compound that selectively binds to the TLR4 receptor inducing a conformational change of said receptor, in turn generating an intracellular stimulation by triggering a response similar to that induced by the natural ligand of said receptor. In the case of TLR4, the substances described as agonists bind to co-receptor MD-2, in turn non-covalently bound to TLR4, thereby generating the receptorial complex (TLR4/MD-2/agonist)2, which from the cell surface initiates a signal cascade leading to activation of nuclear transcription factors and synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (mainly TNF-a and various interleukin types).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a compound of formula 1

wherein Ri is a saturated Cs-Ci6 aliphatic chain having a =0 on Ci, said chain being free from -OH substituents on C3,

wherein R2 is a saturated Cs-Ci6 aliphatic chain having a =0 on Ci, said chain being free from -OH substituents on C3,

wherein R3 is a saturated Cs-Ci6 aliphatic chain having a =0 on Ci, said chain being free from -OH substituents on C3.

wherein R ₄ is a hydrogen atom (H) or a phosphate group (P0 ₄ ^2_ )

Therefore, according to the present description, each aliphatic chain, Ri, R2, or R3, can have a length of Cs-Ci6.

According to the description, Ri, R2, and R3 can be different from each other or alike to each other.

In one embodiment of the invention, Ri, R2, and R3 are alike to each other.

According to the present description, Ri, R2, or R3 can have or can not have other substituents besides group =0 in Ci position.

In one embodiment, Ri, R2, or R3 have no other substituents besides =0 in Ci position.

According to some possible non-limiting embodiments, the compound of formula 1 could be selected from the following ones:

Compound FP11 : with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = = H

compound FP111 : with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = R ₄ = P0 ^2"

compound FP112: with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = R ₄ = H

compound FP113: with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = R ₄ = P0 ^2"

compound FP114: with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = ₄ = H

compound FP115: with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = ₄ = P0 ^2"

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of the invention is the compound having formula

In the present description, such a compound is also referred to as compound

FP11.

Data reported in the Examples section show the peculiar advantageous features of the above-indicated compounds FP.

According to the present description, and on the basis of experimental data obtained, it is evident that the compounds as described and claimed are effective agonists of TLR4 receptor. By "agonist of a receptor" (receptor agonist) it is meant as is commonly defined in the literature, i.e., a substance able to bind a specific receptor in the binding site for the endogenous ligand. Therefore, as the name suggests, the former competes with the latter for the binding with said site.

Following binding with the natural ligand, the receptor encounters conformational changes that mediate its biological activity at cell level. Agonists are molecules having inherent activity able to mimic ligand effects. When binding to the receptor, they cause conformational changes of an extent similar to those caused by binding with the endogenous ligand.

In the case of the present description, the agonist is an agonist selective for the TLR4 receptor.

Preliminary data (not shown) obtained by the Authors of the invention show that the compounds of formula 1 are more effective than analogous compounds having-OH groups bound on C3 known in the literature, like, e.g., the compound described in the state of the art, similar to the compound FP1 1 but having -OH groups on the C3 of each R chain.

Given the technical features observed for compounds of formula (1) as defined in the present description and in the claims, said compounds are useful as active principles or as adjuvants in diseases benefiting from a TLR4 receptor activation, i.e., in diseases in which an activation of the immune system, particularly of the innate activity, is therapeutic or prophylactic.

Therefore, by diseases requiring or benefiting from a TLR4 receptor activation, diseases are meant whose treatment or whose prevention are improved by a TLR4 receptor activation and by the related innate immune response triggered by the activation of said receptor. A non-limiting example of such diseases is represented by tumours.

An additional particularly advantageous use of the compound of formula 1 in any one of the embodiments provided in the description or in the claims is that as vaccine adjuvant. In fact, the relevance of immune response adjuvants during vaccine administration is known. Such adjuvants, in fact, substantially increase vaccine effectiveness and development of immunity, in the treated subject, toward antigens present in the vaccine.

Therefore, object of the present invention is also a vaccine composition comprising the compound of formula 1 in any one of the embodiments provided in the description or in the claims.

The vaccine composition according to the invention could therefore comprise the compound of formula 1 as described herein, in any one of the above-listed embodiments, at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one antigenic compound able to induce an immune response to a given pathology.

The composition could be prepared for a single administration of adjuvant and antigen, or for a concomitant administration thereof.

According to another embodiment, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of diseases that require or benefit from a TLR4 receptor activation, comprising the compound of formula 1 in any one of the embodiments provided in the description or in the claims and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Said pharmaceutical composition can also be formulated as association between plural active principles.

According to the present description, said diseases may be cancer, allergies or infective diseases.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention could comprise as sole active principle one or more compounds of formula 1 in any one of the embodiments provided in the description or in the claims, or could also comprise further active principles, such as anti- tumour active principles, kinase inhibitors, cytotoxic compounds and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

The composition could be for oral or injectable use, and suitable conventional carriers and/or excipients for liquid, semiliquid, solid formulations, granules or others can be selected by the technician in the field.

According to the invention, the composition could comprise 0.5 to 10 mg of compound of the invention per daily dosage: 1 to 10 mg of substance per Kg (test on animals).

The compounds of formula 1 , in particular FP11 , can be synthesized in a simpler and industrially scalable way compared to compound SDZ MRL953. The latter requires the insertion of three acyl chains of (R)-3-hydroxymyristic acid. The optically pure compound (R-enantiomer) is not commercially available, as only the racemic mixture is marketed. Moreover, (R)-3-hydroxymyristic acid requires a reaction of protection of the hydroxyl group in 3 position prior to the condensation reaction with the sugar. Compound FP1 1 synthesis is therefore remarkably simplified by the use of non-hydroxylated myristic acid chains.

The compounds provided in the present invention exhibit activities comparable to, if not even better than the above- reported compound SDZ MRL953, despite differences, and can be synthesized in a much simpler and industrially scalable way. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a method of synthesis for the preparation of compounds of formula 1 wherein Ri is a saturated Cs-Ci6 aliphatic chain having a =0 on Ci , said chain being free from -OH substituents on C3,

wherein R2 is a saturated Cs-Ci6 aliphatic chain having a =0 on Ci , said chain being free from -OH substituents on C3,

wherein R3 is a saturated Cs-Ci6 aliphatic chain having a =0 on Ci , said chain being free from -OH substituents on C3.

wherein R ₄ is a hydrogen atom (H) or a phosphate group (P0 ₄ ^2_ )

wherein each aliphatic chain, Ri , R2, or R3, can have a length of Cs-Ci6.

According to the present description, Ri , R2, or R3 can have or can not have other substituents besides group =0 in Ci position.

In one embodiment, Ri , R2, or R3 have no other substituents besides group =0 in Ci position.

According to some possible non-limiting embodiments, the compound of formula

1 could be selected from the following:

compound FP 1 1 : with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = R = H

compound FP11 1 : with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = R ₄ = P0 ^2"

compound FP112: with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = C=OCn H ₂ 3 R ₄ = H

compound FP113: with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = C=OCn H ₂ 3 R ₄ = P0 ^2"

compound FP114: with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = R ₄ = H

compound FP115: with Ri = R ₂ = R ₃ = R ₄ = P0 ^2"

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of the invention is the compound having formula

Also referred to herein as FP11.

The synthetic method enabling to obtain the compounds having formula 1 , like, e.g., FP11 and the variants indicated herein as FP11 1-115, comprises the following steps (also reported in Scheme 1):

1) transformation of the amine group of glucosamine into azide by reaction with trifluoromethansulfonic (triflic) azide;

2) selective protection of C ₄ and C6 hydroxyls on the sugar of said glucosamine forming para-methoxybenzylidene cyclic acetal by reaction with para-methoxybenzaldehyde dimethylacetal in the presence of camphorsulfonic acid (CSA); the forming of said benzylidene can also be carried out from para-methoxybenzaldehyde in the presence of a catalyst acid;

3) protection of the anomeric carbon (Ci) as tert-butyldisilyl (TBS) ether, e.g., by reaction with TBS chloride in the presence of imidazole;

4) acylation of C2 and C3 positions with a Cs-Ci6 linear chain carboxylic acid in the presence of condensing agents, such as, e.g., 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) in the presence of Λ/,Λ/'-dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP);

5) regioselective opening of the 4,6-paramethoxybenzylidene in reducing conditions to give para-methoxybenzyl ether in C6 position via reaction with sodium cyanoborohydride and hydrochloric acid;

6) acylation of the C ₄ position by reaction with a Cs-Ci6 linear chain carboxylic acid in the presence of condensing agents, e.g. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) in the presence of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP);

7) desylilation of the (anomeric) hydroxyl on Ci by reaction with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF);

8) phosphorylation of position Ci by reaction with dibenzyl-diisopropylphosphoramidite and imidazolium triflate, followed by phosphorous oxidation by the use of meta- chloroperbenzoic acid;

9) deblocking the para-methoxybenzyl ether in C6 and simultaneously deprotecting the benzyl groups on the phosphates by hydrogenation in the presence of palladium-carbon catalyst.

The above-described method enables the synthesis/preparation of monophosphorylated derivatives of the compounds of formula 1 , like FP1 1 , FP112 and FP114.

Alternatively, to have the compounds with two phosphate groups in positions Ci and C6, after phosphorylation of the position described in 8), the following steps are carried out: 10) deblocking the para-methoxybenzyl ether in C6 by catalytic hydrogenation with a Pd/C catalyst

1 1) phosphorylation in C6 by reaction with dibenzyl-/V,A/-diisopropylphosphoramidite and imidazolium triflate, followed by phosphorous oxidation by the use of meta- chloroperbenzoic acid; and,

12) deprotection of benzyl groups on the phosphates by catalytic hydrogenation with a Pd/C catalyst.

According to the present description, the protection of hydroxyls at 2) can be carried out according to techniques commonly used by the technician in the field, like, e.g., reaction with paramethoxy acetaldheyde or dimethyl acetal thereof in the presence of a catalyst acid like camphorsulfonic acid (CSA).

The protection of the anomeric carbon at 3) can be carried out by any suitable technique known to a technique in the field, like, e.g., sylilation of the hydroxyl on Ci by reaction with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF).

Acylation by condensation with various linear-chain carboxylic acids at 4) and/or 6) enables the synthesis of variants with Carbon chains of different length on C2 and C3 positions, depending on the acids used.

The condensing agents at 4) or 6) can be any suitable condensing agent known to the technician in the field, like, e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or 1-Ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC).

According to the present description, it is possible to use C10-C16 linear chain carboxylic acids; in one embodiment, leading to the synthesis of compound FP11 , myristic acid is used in both steps.

The regioselective opening in reducing conditions according to 5) can be carried out according to any suitable technique commonly used by the technician in the field, like, e.g., sodium cyanoborohydride and hydrochloric acid.

The process of synthesis according to the invention enables to make in an easy and industrially scalable way the compounds of formula 1.

Object of the invention is also a process for the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations or of vaccine compositions comprising the steps of the above process, and at least one step wherein the product obtained at 9) or 12) in a pharmaceutically acceptable form is mixed with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant or excipient.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Synthesis of Compound FP11 and of Compound FP111

Compound FP1 1 , agonist of TLR4 (scheme below) having three myristic acid chains (C14) linked at positions C2, C3 and C ₄ of the sugar and a phosphate group in Ci in a- anomeric configuration.

This compound is free from hydroxy I groups on C ₃ of the lipophilic chains

The compound FP11 1 , having a second phosphate group in C6, was also synthesized.

Compounds FP1 1 and FP11 1 were synthesized according to the reaction scheme reported below.

Commercially available D-glucosamine was first of all transformed, through 5 steps, into intermediate 5, which has two myristic acid chains in C2 and C3, and is protected as p- methoxybenzylidene in positions C ₄ and C6.

Regioselective opening of the benzyldene ring with sodium cyanoborohydride and HCI enables to obtain the compound 6 with a free hydroxyl in position 4.

The third esterification in this position, followed by Ci deprotection with TBAF provides intermediate 8.

From this common intermediate, phosphorylation produces intermediate 9, which in turn, subjected to hydrogenation, is deblocked of all benzyl groups, on the phosphate, and paramethoxybenzyl groups, on C6, to yield compound FP11 ; otherwise, hydrogenation before phosphorylation frees also position 6, enabling the insertion of two phosphate groups, whose deprotection yields compound FP11 1.

Scheme 1. Reagents and conditions: (a) CuS0 ₄ , TEA, Py:H ₂ 0, 0°C, 30 min, then TfN ₃ , Py, 0°C- ->rt, O.N., quant.; (b) p-MeOPhCH(OMe) ₂ , CSA, anhydrous DMF, 40 °C, 8h, 68%; (c) TBSCI, imidazole, anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, 1 .5 h, 62%; (d) PPh ₃ , THF/H2O, 60°C, 2h, quant.; (e) myristic acid, EDC, DMAP, anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, O.N., 73%; (f) NaCNBhh, 4 A MS, anhydrous THF, rt, 1 h., then HCI 1 M in dioxane, 45 min, 85%; (g) myristic acid, DCC, DMAP, anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, 1 h, 98%; (h) TBAF (1 M in THF), AcOH, anhydrous THF, -15°C->rt, 30 min, 87%; (i) (BnO) ₂ PNiPr2, imidazolium triflate, anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, 30 min, then m-CPBA, 0°C->rt, O.N., 55%; (j) I) H ₂ , Pd/C, anhydrous MeOH / anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, O.N., II) Et ₃ N, III) IRA 120 H ⁺ resin, IV) IR 120 Na ⁺ resin, 82%; (k) H ₂ , Pd/C, anhydrous MeOH / anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, O.N., 95%; (I) (BnO) ₂ PNiPr ₂ , imidazolium triflate, anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, 1 h 30 min, then m-CPBA, 0°C->rt, O.N., 44%; (m) I) H ₂ , Pd/C, anhydrous MeOH / anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, O.N., II) Et ₃ N, III) IRA 120 H ⁺ resin , IV) IR 120 Na ⁺ resin, 68%.

Example 2. FP11 and FP11 1 monosaccharides were tested for their ability to activate TLR4 in HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 cells.

HEK-BlueTM hTLR4 cells are HEK cells transfected so as to stably express human receptors hTLR4, hMD-2, and hCD14 for endotoxin recognition. In addition, said cells have a reporter gene encoding for a secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) placed under the control of specific transcription factors (NF-κΒ and AP-1) activated by the TLR4 signaling pathway. Therefore, the presence of LPS or of an agonist of TLR4 causes receptor dimerization, activation of the signaling pathway and of transcription factors NF- KB and AP-1 , and finally SEAP production and secretion into the culture medium. SEAP levels can be subsequently quantitated by incubating the medium with compound p- nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) and monitoring with a spectrophotometer the formation of p-nitrophenol chromogenic product at 405 nm.

The test conducted on HEK-BlueTM hTLR4 cells shows that compound FP11 is able to induce activation of NF-κΒ e AP-1 at concentrations of >5 μΜ. Conversely, compound FP11 1 proved completely inactive, demonstrating how the number of phosphate groups plays a crucial role in determining the agonist activity of the compound (Figure 1A). In order to be certain that the agonist effect of compound FP11 be due to the interaction with the TLR4 receptor, the compounds were tested on the HEK-Blue™ Null2 cell line. Said line expresses the same reporter gene of HEK-BlueTM hTLR4 cells (SEAP), but has none of the receptors involved in endotoxin recognition (TLR4, MD-2, CD14). Both compounds tested proved unable to activate transcription factors NF-κΒ and AP-1 , demonstrating how FP11 effect is due to interaction with the LPS receptor complex (Figure 1 B).

Example 3

Assessment of extent of TLR4 agonist activity of Compound FP11

To determine the extent of the agonist activity of compound FP1 1 , two dose-response curves were constructed (Figure 2): the first curve shows FP11 activity in connection with LPS (Figure 2A), whereas the second curve indicates the compound activity normalized on its maximum TLR4 activation power (Figure 2B). EC50 value calculated for FP1 1 (12.35 μΜ) is remarkably greater than that of LPS (0.13 nM), causing a more moderate activation of TLR4 signaling pathway.

Example 4

Assessment of Compound FP11 cytotoxicity

Finally, compound FP11 cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) viability assay. HEK-BlueTM hTLR4 cells were treated with the highest compound concentrations used in the preceding assay (25 and 50 μΜ). The MTT assay reveals that compound FP1 1 is not toxic at the concentrations assayed. Example 5

Binding studies of synthetic Compounds FP11 and FP111 with purified human MD- 2 receptor

Interaction studies of synthetic molecules FP1 1 and FP1 11 with purified human MD-2 receptor were carried out by using four different techniques: two ELISA method-based assays with blocked MD-2, a fluorescent molecule displacement assay and SPR measurements.

MD-2 - bound fluorescent molecule displacement assay

It has been demonstrated that compound 1 , 1 '-Bis(anilino)-4,4'-bis (naphtalene)-8,8' disulfonate (bis-ANS) binds MD-2 and is displaced by LPS (Mancek-Keber, M. and R. Jerala, Structural similarity between the hydrophobic fluorescent probe and lipid A as a ligand of MD-2. Faseb j, 2006. 20(11): p. 1836-42). bis-ANS presumably binds the same hydrophobic pocket of MD-2 accountable for the binding of lipid A lipophilic chains; therefore, TLR4 modulators that interact with MD-2 compete with compound bis-ANS, and are able to displace it from MD-2. FP1 1 causes a concentration-dependent decrease of compound bis-ANS fluorescence, indicating a competitive- type binding of FP11 to MD- 2 (Figure 3A). FP1 11 is not able to induce a decrease of compound bis-ANS fluorescence at the assayed concentrations (Figure 3B).

Experiments of biotinylated LPS displacement from MD-2 hydrophobic pocket

The ability to displace LPS from MD-2 hydrophobic pocket was assessed by using an ELISA assay. Molecules FP1 1 and FP11 1 were added at increasing concentrations to MD-2 which had previously been incubated with biotinylated LPS. FP11 exhibits the ability to displace biotinylated LPS from MD-2 hydrophobic pocket in a dose-dependent manner, with a 55% displacement obtained at a concentration of 160 μΜ (Figure 3C). FP11 1 was unable to displace biotinylated LPS at the highest concentration assayed, of 160 μΜ (Figure 3D).

Anti-MD-2 antibody competition experiments The direct binding of molecules FP11 and FP1 11 to MD-2 was analyzed by using a monoclonal antibody binding MD-2, but not LPS-bound MD-2 (Viriyakosol, S., et al., Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human soluble MD-2 protein. Hybridoma (Larchmt), 2006. 25(6): p. 349-57).

Anti-MD-2 monoclonal antibody (9B4) specifically binds an epitope near the MD-2 hydrophobic pocket, which is available for 9B4 antibody binding only when the MD-2 hydrophobic pocket is empty. Compound FP11 is accountable for a decrease of 9B4 antibody binding to MD-2 equal to 95% at a concentration of 20 μΜ (Figure 3E). FP11 1 was unable to cause a decrease of 9B4 antibody binding at the concentration of 20 μΜ (Figure 3F).

Characterization of binding between MD-2 and the molecules by using surface plasmon resonance

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments enable the study of direct interactions between the molecules to be characterized and MD-2. SPR data show binding interactions between FP11 and MD-2, and the results indicate that FP11 , but not FP11 1 , directly binds MD-2 with a K _D value of 6.5 μΜ (Figure 3G-H).

These results obtained from the 4 in vitro assays on purified MD-2 receptor clearly demonstrate that FP11 directly binds the MD-2 hydrophobic pocket, whereas the molecule FP1 11 does not bind MD-2.

POSSIBLE SYNTHESIS PATHWAYS OF THE OTHER COMPOUNDS INDICATED IN THE CLAIMS: FP112, FP113, FP1 14, FP115

Scheme 2. Reagents and conditions: (e) RC(0)CI, DMAP, anhydrous pyridine, 0°C->rt; (f) NaCNBHs, 4 A MS, anhydrous THF, then HCI 1 M in dioxane; (g) RC(0)CI, DMAP, anhydrous pyridine, 0°C->rt; (h) TBAF (1 M in THF), AcOH, anhydrous THF, -15°C->rt; (i) (BnO) ₂ PNiPr ₂ , imidazolium triflate, anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, then m-CPBA, 0°C->rt; 0) 0 H ₂ , Pd/C, anhydrous MeOH / anhydrous CH2CI2, rt, II) Et ₃ N, III) IRA 120 H ⁺ resin, IV) IR 120 Na ⁺ resin; (k) H ₂ , Pd/C, anhydrous MeOH / anhydrous CH ₂ CI ₂ , rt; (I) (BnO) ₂ PNiPr ₂ , imidazolium triflate, anhydrous CH ₂ CI ₂ , rt, then m-CPBA, 0°C->rt; (m) I) H ₂ , Pd/C, anhydrous MeOH / anhydrous CH ₂ CI ₂ , rt, , II) Et ₃ N, III) IRA 120 H ⁺ resin, IV) IR 120 Na ⁺ resin.

Materials and methods

CHEMISTRY

All reagents were available on the market and used without further purifications, unless noted otherwise.

When dry solvents were used, the reactions were carried out in stove-dried glassware under light argon pressure.

The reactions were magnetically stirred.

The reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel. TLC was performed on 60 F254 plates of silica gel (Merck). Spot revealing was carried out using UV light (254 nm) or a molibdate development solution [aqueous H2SO4 (5%) with (ΝΗ ₄ ) ₆ Μο ₄ 0 ₇ -4Η ₂ 0 (4%) and 0.2% Ce(S0 ₄ ) ₂ ] or a H ₂ S0 ₄ solution [ H ₂ 0 (45%) 6 EtOH (45%) with aqueous H ₂ SO ₄ (10%)], followed by heating to 120°C.

A flash column chromatography was performed on 230-400 mesh (Merck) silica gel. The petroleum ether used as eluent in the chromatography has a boiling range of 40- 60°C.

¹ H and ¹³ C NMR spectra were recorded with a Varian 400 MHz Mercury instrument at 298 K. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm downfield from TMS as internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded with an ESI-MS triple quadrupole instrument (API2000 QTrap model, Applied Biosystems).

1-0-tert-butyldimethylsylil-2-deoxy-6-0-(4-methoxybenzyl) - 4-O-tetradecanoyl 3-0- tetradecanoyl-2-tetradecanoylamino- β -D-glucopiranoside (7). Myristic acid (144 mg, 0.63 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH ₂ CI ₂ (3 mL) and DCC (195 mg, 0.95 mmol) was added. After 30 min, compound 6 (scheme 1 above) (263 mg, 0.32 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous CH ₂ CI ₂ (2 mL) and DMAP (39 mg, 0.32 mmol) were added and the mixture was mixed at room temperature for 1 hour. Precipitate was removed by filtration and solvents evaporated under vacuum. The raw product was purified by flash chromatography (petroleum ether-AE 9: 1) to yield compound 7 (scheme 1 above) as a white solid (323 mg, 98%).

¹ H-NMR: (400 MHz, CDCI ₃ , 25 °C, TMS): δ= 7.23 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 1 H, 2x H-ortho), 6.85 (d, 3J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 1 H, 2x H-meta), 5.30 (d, 1 H, NH), 5.15 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 10.2 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 5.03 (t, 3J(H,H) = 9.6 Hz, 1 H, H-4), 4.77 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 8.1 Hz, 1 H, H-1), 4.45 (s, 2H, CH2-PMP), 3.96 - 3.85 (m, 1 H, H-2), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH ₃ ), 3.66 - 3.58 (m, 1 H, H- 5), 3.51 (m, 2H, H-6a, H-6b), 2.23 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 7.8 Hz, 2H, CH ₂ a-chain1), 2.14 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H, CH ₂ a-chain2), 2.10 - 2.02 (m, 2H, CH ₂ a-chain3), 1.63 - 1.43 (m, 6H, ΟΗ ₂ β- chains1 ,2,3), 1.24 (m, 60H, 30xCH2), 0.94 - 0.79 (m, 15H, 2xCH ₃ - chains1 ,2 ,t-Bu-Si), 0.12 (s, 3H; CH ₃ -Si), 0.08 (s, 3H; CH ₃ -Si).

¹³ C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3, 25 °C, TMS) δ 173.90, 172.60, 172.26, 159.14, 129.98, 129.27, 129.25, 113.67, 96.38, 73.50, 73.19, 72.31 , 69.32, 56.27, 55.23, 55.22, 36.91 , 34.18, 34.1 1 , 31.92, 29.67, 29.65, 29.49, 29.47, 29.36, 29.31 , 29.29, 29.17, 29.13, 26.40, 25.58, 24.94, 24.79, 22.70, 22.68, 17.88, 14.13, -4.02, -5.23.

2-deoxy-6-0-(4-methoxybenzyl)- 4-O-tetradecanoyl 3-0-tetradecanoyl-2- tetradecanoylamino- β -D-glucopiranoside (compound 8, scheme 1 above).

Compound 7, scheme 1 above (323 mg, 0.31 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (15 ml_), cooled to -15 °C, and a solution of TBAF (107 mg, 0.34 mmol) and AcOH (22 μΙ, 0.39 mmol) in THF (340 μΙ_) was added. The reaction was mixed at -15° C for 10 min, then left warming to room temperature and left mixing at room temperature for 30 min. The solution was diluted in water and extracted with CH ₂ CI ₂ . Organic layer was dried with Na ₂ S04, filtered, and solvents were evaporated under vacuum. The raw product was purified by flash chromatography (petroleum ether-AE 7:3) to yield compound 8 as a red oil (250 mg, 87%).

¹ H-NMR: (400 MHz, CDC , 25 °C, TMS): 7.24 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 8.7 Hz, 1 H, 2x H-ortho), 6.85 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 1 H, 2x H-meta), 5.71 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 9.5 Hz, 1 H, H-1), 5.34 - 5.23 (m, 2H, NH, H-3), 5.07 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 9.9 Hz, 1 H, H-4), 4.45 (s, 2H, CH ₂ -PMP), 4.32 - 4.24 (m, 1 H, H-2), 4.19 - 4.11 (m, 1 H, H-5), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH ₃ ), 3.55 - 3.38 (m, 1 H, H-6a, H-6b), 3.02 - 2.84 (bs, 1 H, OH), 2.22 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H, CH ₂ a-chain1), 2.18 - 2.05 (m, 4H, CH ₂ a-chain2,3), 1.68 - 1.41 (m, 6H, Ch^-chains1 ,2,3), 1.24 (m, 60H, 30xCH ₂ ), 0.88 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 6.7 Hz, 9H, 3xCH ₃ - chains1 ,2)

¹³ C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI ₃ , 25 °C, TMS) δ 174.18, 173.02, 172.22, 129.58, 129.49, 1 13.74, 91.68, 73.17, 70.49, 68.84, 68.72, 55.22, 52.09, 36.73, 34.22, 34.10, 31.92, 29.70, 29.67, 29.66, 29.51 , 29.36, 29.31 , 29.27, 29.16, 25.58, 24.86, 22.69, 14.13, 14.12, 4.99, -1.60.

1-0-dibenzylphosphoryl-2-deoxy-6-0-(4-methoxybenzyl)- 4-O-tetradecanoyl 3-0- tetradecanoyl-2-tetradecanoylamino- a -D-glucopiranoside (compound 9, scheme 1 above).

Compound 8 (100 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH2CI2 (1.8 mL), then imidazolium triflate (83 mg, 0.32 mmol) and dibenzyl /V,/V-diisopropyl phosphoramidite (108 μΙ, 0.32 mmol) were added and the reaction was mixed at room temperature for 30 min. The solution was then cooled in ice bath, and mCPBA (93 mg, 0.54 mmol) was added. The reaction was mixed at room temperature overnight, then the mixture was diluted with CH2CI2, washed with a saturated NaHC03 solution and saline. Organic layer was dried on anhydrous Na2S04, filtered, and solvents were evaporated under vacuum. The raw product was purified by flash chromatography (petroleum ether-AE 8:2) yielding compound 9 as a brown solid (70 mg, 55%).

¹ H-NMR: (400 MHz, CDC , 25 °C, TMS): δ= 7.42 - 7.27 (m, 10H, H-benzyl) 7.17 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 8.5 Hz, 2H, 2x H-ortho-PMB) 6.80 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H, 2x H-mefa-PMB) 5.71 (dd, ³ J(H,H) = 5.7, 3.3 Hz, 1 H, H-1) 5.57 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 9.1 Hz, 1 H, NH) 5.24 - 5.14 (m, 2H, H-3, H-4) 5.1 1 - 4.95 (m, 4H, 2XCH ₂ (benzyl)) 4.45 - 4.23 (m, 3H, CH ₂ (PMB), H-2) 4.05 (m, 1 H, H-5) 3.76 (s, 3H, OCH ₃ ) 3.38 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 3.4 Hz, 2H, H6a, H6b) 2.21 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H, CH ₂ a-chain1) 2.14 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 7.5 Hz, 2H, CH ₂ a- chain2) 1.85 (m, 2H, CH ₂ a- chain3) 1.50 (m, 4H, Ο^β-οΙ^ίηεΙ ^) 1.46 - 1.36 (m, 2H, ΟΗ ₂ β- chain3) 1.27 (m, 60H, 30xCH ₂ chains) 0.88 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 6.6 Hz, 9H, 3xCH ₃ chains)

1 ³ C NMR (101 MHz, CDCb, 25 °C, TMS) δ 174.05 , 173.02, 171.89, 159.14, 129.48, 128.71 , 128.64, 128.54, 128.04, 127.97, 127.93, 113.65, 90.78, 83.82, 75.02, 73.14, 70.99, 69.73, 69.21 , 67.79, 55.17, 36.30, 34.14, 31.92, 31.10, 29.66, 29.51 , 29.36, 29.16, 28.41 , 25.36, 24.84, 22.71 , 14.12, 5.16.

1- O-Phosphoryl -2-deoxy-4-0-tetradecanoyl 3-0-tetradecanoyl-2-tetradecanoylamino- a -D-glucopiranoside (FP11)

Compound 9 (25 mg, 0.021 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH ₂ CI ₂ / MeOH 1 :2 (1.3 ml_), and added in catalytic amount Pd on activated coal. The reaction mixture was mixed at room temperature under H2 atmosphere overnight. Triethylamine (80 μΙ_) was added to the reaction mixture and the suspension was filtered with a syringe filter. The triethylammonium salt was dissolved in CH2CI2 /MeOH1 :2 (3 ml_) and treated first with an Amberlite IRA 120 H ⁺ exchange resin and then with an IR 120 Na ⁺ exchange resin to remove triethylamine and form the sodium salt, yielding compound FP11 as a white solid (16 mg, 82%).

¹ H-NMR: (400 MHz, CD ₃ OD, 25 °C, TMS) δ= 5.47 (dd, ³ J(H,H) = 6.7, 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.34 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 10.0 Hz, 1 H, H-3), 5.09 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 9.9 Hz, 1 H, H-4) 4.28 (dd, ³ J(H,H) = 10.8, 2.5 Hz, 1 H, H-2), 4.14 - 4.06 (m, 1 H, H-5), 3.66 (m, 1 H, H-6a) 3.56 (m, 1 H, H-6b) 2.39 - 2.10 (m, 6H, 3x CH ₂ a-chains) 1.55 (s, 6H, 3χΟΗ ₂ β-οη3ίη3) 1.29 (m, 60H, 30xCH ₂ catene) 0.89 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 6.6 Hz, 9H, 3x CH ₃ -chains

¹³ C NMR (101 MHz, CDC , 25 °C, TMS) 131 ,65, 109,99, 92,21 , 73,52, 34.14, 31.99, 31.96, 29.88, 29.80, 29.74, 29.71 , 29.48, 29.43, 29.32, 24.94, 24.89, 22.71 , 14.16, 14.13, 1.03, 1.02.

ESI-MS: [M]- m/z = 888.6; found: m/z = 888.7

2- deoxy-4-0-tetradecanoyl 3-0-tetradecanoyl-2-tetradecanoylamino-fi-D- glucopiranoside (compound 10, scheme 1 above).

Compound 8 (120 mg, 0.129 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH2CI2 /MeOH 1 :2 (8 ml_) and was added in catalytic amount Pd on activated coal. The reaction mixture was mixed at room temperature under H2 atmosphere overnight. Solvents were evaporated under vacuum, yielding compound 10 as a white solid (100 mg, 95%). ¹ H-NMR: (400 MHz, CDCb, 25 °C, TMS): δ 6.09 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 9.1 Hz, 1 H, H-1 a) 5.34 (t, 3J(H,H) = 10.1 Hz, 1 H, H-3) 5.02 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 9.7 Hz, 1 H, H-4) 4.21 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 9.1 Hz, 1 H, H-2) 4.04 (m, 1 H, H-5) 3.67 (m, 1 H, H-6a) 3.56 (m, 1 H, H-6b) 2,25 (m, 4H, CH ₂ a- chains1 ,2) 2, 1 1 (m, 4H, CH ₂ a-chain3) 1.52 (m, 6H, CH^-chains1 ,2,3) 1.23 (m, 60H, 30xCH ₂ ) 0.86 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 6.6 Hz, 9H, CH ₃ -chains1 ,2,3)

¹³ C NMR (101 MHz, CDCb, 25 °C, TMS): δ 174.15, 173.64, 173.17, 91.38, 70.30, 69.67, 68.57, 68.47, 61.17, 52.46, 36.71 , 34.20, 34.15, 31.92, 31.88, 29.73, 29.71 , 29.68, 29.56, 29.55, 29.49, 29.41 , 29.38, 29.37, 29.30, 29.20, 29.17, 25.61 , 24.97, 24.93, 22.70, 22.68, 14.12, 14.11 ,

1, 6-0-dibenzylphosphoryl-2-deoxy- 4-0-tetradecanoyl 3-0-tetradecanoyl-2- tetradecanoylamino- a -D-glucopiranoside (11).

Compound 10 (50 mg, 0.062 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH ₂ CI ₂ (1.0 mL), then imidazolium triflate (72 mg, 0.28 mmol) and dibenzyl /V,/V-diisopropil fosforamidite (91 μΙ,

0.27 mmol) were added and the reaction was mixed at room temperature for 1.5 hours.

The solution was then cooled in an ice bath and mCPBA (85 mg, 0.49 mmol). The reaction was mixed at room temperature overnight, then the mixture was diluted with

CH ₂ CI ₂ , washed with a saturated NaHC03 solution and saline. Organic layer was dried on anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, and solvents were evaporated under vacuum. The raw product was purified by flash chromatography (petroleum ether-AE 8:2), yielding compound 11 as a brown compound (36 mg, 44%).

¹ H-NMR: (400 MHz, CDCb, 25 °C, TMS): δ 7.44 - 7.21 (m, 20H, 4x Ar-H) 5.64 (dd, ³ J(H,H) = 6.0, 3.3 Hz, 1 H, Η-1 β) 5.61 (d, ³ J(H,H) = 9.3 Hz, 1 H, NH) 5.20 - 5.10 (m, 2H, H-3, H-5) 5.10 - 4.96 (m, 9H, 4x CH ₂ -Ph, H-4) 4.33 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 9.8 Hz, 1 H, H-2) 3.92 (m, 2H, H-6a, H-6b) 2,20 (m, 4H, CH ₂ a-chains1 ,2) 1.95 - 1.77 (m, 2H, CH ₂ a-chain3) 1.49 (m, 4H, CH^-chains1 ,2) 1.47 - 1.36 (m, 2H, CH^-chain3) 1.27 (m, 60H, 30xCH ₂ ) 0.88 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 6.6 Hz, 9H, CH ₃ -chains1 ,2,3)

¹³ C NMR (101 MHz, CDCb, 25 °C, TMS) δ 173.95, 171.72, 151.63, 128.86, 128.77, 128.73, 128.54, 128.53, 128.49, 128.47, 128.10, 128.03, 127.96, 127.89, 109.99, 70.16, 69.88, 69.71 , 69.44, 69.38, 66.67, 34.1 1 , 31.92, 29.67, 29.51 , 29.37, 29.31 , 29.24, 29.16, 25.39, 24.85, 22.69, 14.13, 14.12.

1, 6-O-Phosphoryl -2-deoxy-4-0-tetradecanoyl 3-0-tetradecanoyl-2- tetradecanoylamino- a -D-glucopiranoside (FP111 )

Compound 11 (33 mg, 0.028 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH ₂ CI ₂ / MeOH 1 :2 (1.3 mL), and was added in catalytic amount Pd on activated coal. The reaction mixture was mixed at room temperature under H2 atmosphere overnight. Then, triethylamine (80 μΙ_) was added to the reaction mixture, and the suspension was filtered with a syringe filter. The triethylammonium salt was dissolved in ChbCb/MeOH 1 :2 (3 mL) and treated first with an Amberlite IRA 120 H ⁺ exchange resin and then with an IR 120 Na ⁺ exchange resin to remove triethylamine and form the sodium salt, yielding FP11 1 as a white solid (20 mg, 68%).

1 H-NMR: (400 MHz, CD ₃ OD, 25 °C, TMS): 5.53 (dd, ³ J(H,H) = 6.3, 3.2 Hz, 1 H, Η-1 β) 5.32 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 10.8 Hz, 1 H, H-3) 5.14 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 9.8 Hz, 1 H, H-4) 4.32 (dt, ³ J(H,H) = 10.9, 3.1 Hz, 1 H, H-2) 4.28 - 4.21 (m, 1 H, H-5) 4.12 - 3.97 (m, 2H, H-6a, H-6b) 2.48 - 2.06 (m, 6H, CH ₂ a-chains1 ,2,3) 1.71 - 1.47 (m, 6H, Cr^-chains1 ,2,3) 1.29 (s, 60H, 30xCH ₂ ) 0.90 (t, ³ J(H,H) = 6.6 Hz, 9H, CH ₃ -chains1 ,2,3)

1 ³ C NMR (101 MHz, CD ₃ OD, 25 °C, TMS) δ 175.10, 172.94, 172.30, 127.68, 70.50, 69.44, 69.37, 68.31 , 51.52, 48.20, 35.57, 33.65, 33.46, 31.71 , 31.68, 29.47, 29.45, 29.28, 29.20, 29.12, 29.10, 29.02, 28.85, 28.80, 25.61 , 24.50, 24.45, 22.35, 13.06, 13.05, -5.54. ESI-MS: [M+H] ⁺ m/z = 968.6; found: m/z = 968.7 Biology

Preparation of stock solution of the compounds

In order to obtain a 10 mM stock solution of the concentrated compounds, a milligram of each compound was resuspended in the solvent indicated in the table below: FP1 1 934.18 Eihano!:DMSO 1 : 1

FP1 11 1058.12 Ethanol:DMSO 1 : 1

The solution was stirred to complete dissolution of the compound.

HEK-B!ue™ cells assay

HEK-Blue ™ hTLR4 cells (InvivoGen) were cultured according to manufacturer's instruction.

Briefly, cells were cultured in DM EM high glucose medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2mM glutamine, antibiotics and 1XHEK-Blue ™ Selection (InvivoGen).

Cells were detached using a cell scraper, counted and seeded in a 96-well multiwell plate at a density of 4x10 ⁴ cells per well.

After overnight incubation (37 °C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity), the culture medium was replaced by DM EM without Phenol Red, with addition of the compound to be tested. The cells were incubated overnight.

The SEAP-containing supernatants were collected and incubated with para- nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) for 2-4 h in the dark at room temperature.

The wells' optical density was determined using a microplate reader set at 405 nm.

The results were normalized with positive control (LPS alone) and expressed as a mean of percentage ± SEM of at least three independent experiments.

MTT cell viability assay

HEK-Blue™ hTLR4 cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM glutamine and antibiotics.

Cells were seeded in 100 of DMEM without Phenol Red at a density of 4* 10 ⁴ cells per well and incubated overnight (37 °C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity).

Cells were treated with the higher dose of compound used in the previous experiments and incubated overnight. MTT solution (5 mg/mL in PBS) was added to each well, and after 3 h incubation, 0.1 N HCI in 2-propanol solution was used to dissolve formazan crystals.

Formazan concetration was determined by measuring the absorbance at 570 nm. The results were normalized with untreated control (PBS) and expressed as the mean of percentage ± SEM of three independent experiments.

Antibody-sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Binding of Compounds to MD-2 The method of antibody-sandwich ELISA for the detection of the binding of compounds to MD-2 was modified from a previous study [5].

A microtiter plate was coated overnight at 4°C with 100 μΙ_Λ/νβΙΙ of 5 μg/mL of chicken polyclonal anti-MD-2 antibodies, diluted in 50 mM Na2CC>3 buffer, pH 9.6, and blocked with 1 % BSA in PBS. After washing, 1 μΜ MD-2 with tested compounds was added and incubated for 2 h.

Mouse anti-MD-2 mAb (0.1 μg/mL 9B4) and goat antimouse IgG conjugated with HRP (0.1 μg/mL) in PBS were added, followed by detection at 420 nm after the addition of 100 μί of ABTS (Sigma).

Chicken anti-MD-2 polyclonal antibodies were prepared against recombinant MD-2 by GenTel (Madison, Wl, USA), monoclonal mouse anti-MD-9B4 antibodies were from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA), and secondary goat antimouse IgG conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Fluorescence spectroscopy assay

Fluorescence was measured on PerkinElmer fluorimeter LS 55 (PerkinElmer, UK) as previously described ^[5] .

All measurements were done at 20°C in a 5 x 5 mm quartz glass cuvette (Hellma Suprasil, Mullheim, Germany). MD-2 protein (200 nM) and 1 , 1 '-Bis(anilino)-4,4'-bis (naphtalene)-8,8' disulfonate (bis-ANS, 200 nM) were mixed and incubated until reaching stable relative fluorescence units (RFUs) emitted at 420-550 nm under excitation at 385 nm.

Compounds, at different concentrations, were then added, followed by relative fluorescence unit (RFU) measurement at 420-550 nm. LPS Displacement Assay The ability of the compounds to displace LPS from MD-2 hydrophobic pocket was determined by ELISA.

A microtiter plate was coated overnight at 4°C with 100 μίΛ/νβΙΙ of 5 μg/mL chicken polyclonal anti-MD-2 antibodies, diluted in 50 mM Na2CC>3 buffer, pH 9.6, and blocked with 1 % BSA in PBS. After washing, 1 μΜ MD-2 with biotin-labeled LPS was added and incubated for 2 h. After washing, the compounds were added at different concentrations and incubated for 1.5 h.

After washing, 0.5 μg/mL HRP-conjugated streptavidin (Sigma) in PBS was added, followed by detection at 420 nm after the addition of 100 μί of ABTS (Sigma). Chicken anti-MD-2 polyclonal antibodies were prepared against recombinant MD-2 by GenTel (Madison, Wl, USA),

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) analysis

The binding affinity of the compounds to recombinant MD-2 was determined using a Biacore X100 with an NTA sensor chip (Biacore, GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden).

Briefly, 0.5 μΜ MD-2 (in 50 mM TRIS, 150 mM NaCI, 0.5% Tween 20, pH 7.5) was immobilized onto the sensor chip previously activated with 1 min pulse of 10 mM NiSCU.

The first flow cell was used as a reference surface to control nonspecific binding.

Both flow cells were incubated with the analyte (in PBS, 5% DMSO, 5% EtOH, pH 7.5) at a flow rate of 10 μίΑτιίη at 25 °C at increasing concentrations. The data were analyzed with Biacore Evaluation software. KD values were calculated by global fitting of the equilibrium binding responses from various concentrations of analytes using a 1 : 1

Langmuir binding model.