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Title:
NOVEL GALACTOSIDE INHIBITOR OF GALECTINS
Document Type and Number:
WIPO Patent Application WO/2022/171561
Kind Code:
A1
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a D-galactopyranose compound of formula (1) wherein the pyranose ring is beta-D-galactopyranose, and these compounds are high affinity galectin-1 and/or 3 inhibitors for use in treatment of inflammation; fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophthalmological fibrosis and fibrosis of the skin and heart; scarring; keloid formation; aberrant scar formation; surgical adhesions; scleroderma; systemic sclerosis; septic shock; cancer, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias and lymphomas, such as T-cell lymphomas; metastasising cancers; autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, intestinal fibrosis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; metabolic disorders; heart disease; heart failure; aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis, pathological angiogenesis, such as ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis, e.g. neovascularization related to cancer; and eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and comeal neovascularization; atherosclerosis; metabolic diseases such as diabetes; type 2 diabetes; insulin resistance; obesity; Diastolic HF; asthma and other interstitial lung diseases, including Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, pulmonary arterial hypertension, RA- ILD, SSc-ILD, Lung disease with fibrosis such as COPD and asthma. Otosclerosis, mesothelioma; liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Liver cirrhosis of various origins, such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic, autoimmune cirrhosis such as primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis, virally induced cirrhosis, cirrhosis induced by genetic disease. Liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer; neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, cognitive impairment, cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, peripheral nephropathy.

Inventors:
PETERSON KRISTOFFER (DK)
ZETTERBERG FREDRIK (DK)
NILSSON ULF (DK)
Application Number:
PCT/EP2022/052856
Publication Date:
August 18, 2022
Filing Date:
February 07, 2022
Export Citation:
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Assignee:
GALECTO BIOTECH AB (DK)
International Classes:
C07H19/052; A61P11/00
Domestic Patent References:
WO2017080973A12017-05-18
WO2016005311A12016-01-14
WO2020260351A12020-12-30
Foreign References:
EP2020067620W2020-06-24
Other References:
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TAMARA DELAINE ET AL: "Galectin-3-Binding Glycomimetics that Strongly Reduce Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis and Modulate Intracellular Glycan Recognition", CHEMBIOCHEM, vol. 17, no. 18, 12 August 2016 (2016-08-12), pages 1759 - 1770, XP055527926, ISSN: 1439-4227, DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600285
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BLANCHARD, H.BUM-ERDENE, K.BOHARI, M. H.YU, X: "Galectin-1 Inhibitors and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications: A Patent Review", EXPERT OPIN. THER.
DALEY, D.MANI, V. R.MOHAN, N.AKKAD, N.OCHI, A.HEINDEL, D. W.LEE, K. B.ZAMBIRINIS, C. P.PANDIAN, G. S. D. B.SAVADKAR, S.: "Dectin-1 Activation on Macrophages by Galectin-9 Promotes Pancreatic Carcinoma and Peritumoral Immune-Tolerance", NAT MED, vol. 23, no. 5, 2017, pages 556 - 567, XP055673218, Retrieved from the Internet DOI: 10.1038/nm.4314
DINGS, R. P. M.MILLER, M. C.GRIFFIN, R. J.MAYO, K. H.: "Galectins as Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Intervention", IJMS, vol. 19, 2018, XP055724535, DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030905
DUBE-DELAROSBIL, C.ST-PIERRE, Y.: "The Emerging Role of Galectins in High-Fatality Cancers", CELL. MOL. LIFE SCI., vol. 75, no. 7, 2017, pages 1215 - 1226, XP036451483, DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2708-5
DRAKE, I.FRYK, E.STRINDBERG, L.LUNDQVIST, A.ROSENGREN, A. H.GROOP, L.AHLQVIST, E.BOREN, J.ORHO-MELANDER, M.JANSSON, P.-A.: "The Role of Circulating Galectin-1 in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Evidence from Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal and Mendelian Randomisation Analyses", DIABETOLOGIA, vol. 65, no. 1, 2022, pages 128 - 139, XP037638333, Retrieved from the Internet DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05594-1
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SETHI, A.SANAM, S.ALVALA, R.ALVALA, M.: "An Updated Patent Review of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 Inhibitors and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications (2016-Present", EXPERT OPIN THER PAT, vol. 31, no. 8, 2021, pages 1 - 13
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WOLF, Y.ANDERSON, A. C.KUCHROO, V. K.: "TIM3 Comes of Age as an Inhibitory Receptor", NAT REV IMMUNOL, vol. 20, no. 3, 2020, pages 173 - 185, XP037115145, Retrieved from the Internet DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0224-6
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Attorney, Agent or Firm:
NEX & PHISTER APS (DK)
Download PDF:
Claims:
We Claim: 1. A D-galactopyranose compound of formula (1) wherein the pyranose ring whereto A1 and R1 is attached is β-D-galactopyranose, A1 is (R4)n-Z1, Wherein Z1 is a five membered heterocycle having at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and is attached to the C3 position of the β-D-galactopyranose; n is 1 or 2, each R4 is independently selected from a) an aryl, such as phenyl or naphthyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; -CONR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R5 and R6 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R9, wherein R9 is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl OH; and R10- CONH- wherein R10 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; -CONR11R12, wherein R11 and R12 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R11 and R12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR13R14, wherein R13 and R14 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R15, wherein R15 is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R16- CONH- wherein R16 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; c) a group selected from H; C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR50R51, wherein R50 and R51 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR52R53, wherein R52 and R53 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR54R55 wherein R54 and R55 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; d) a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR56R57, wherein R56 and R57 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR58R59, wherein R58 and R59 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR60R61 wherein R60 and R61 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; e) Y-W wherein Y is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z1 of A1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, and CR62R63 wherein R62 and R63 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR64R65, wherein R64 and R65 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR66R67, wherein R66 and R67 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR68R69 wherein R68 and R69 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; B1 is (R4a)m-Z2, Wherein Z2 is a five membered heterocycle having at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and is attached to the C3 position of the D-galactopyranose or the C3 position of the cyclohexyl ring; m is 1 or 2, each R4a is independently selected from a) an aryl, such as phenyl or naphthyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; -CONR5aR6a, wherein R5a and R6a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R5a and R6a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR7aR8a, wherein R7a and R8a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R9a, wherein R9a is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl OH; and R10a- CONH- wherein R10a is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR11aR12a, wherein R11a and R12a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R11a and R12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR13aR14a, wherein R13a and R14a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R15a, wherein R15a is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R16a-CONH- wherein R16a is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; c) a group selected from H; C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR50aR51a, wherein R50a and R51a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR52R53, wherein R52a and R53a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR54aR55a wherein R54a and R55a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; d) a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR56aR57a, wherein R56a and R57a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR58aR59a, wherein R58a and R59a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR60aR61a wherein R60a and R61a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; e) Ya-Wa wherein Ya is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z2 of B1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, and CR62aR63a wherein R62a and R63a are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and Wa is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR64aR65a, wherein R64a and R65a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR66aR67a, wherein R66a and R67a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR68aR69a wherein R68a and R69a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; X1 is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, and CR17R18 wherein R17 and R18 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen, or X1 is X1a-X1b wherein X1a and X1b are independently selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, and CR19R20 wherein R19 and R20 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; X2 is O or CH2; R1 is selected from the group consisting of a) H, b) OH, c) OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, phenyl, phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected form OH and halogen, CN, OR21, NR22R23, and CONH2, wherein R21 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R24-CONH- wherein R24 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, R22 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R25-CONH- wherein R25 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, and R23 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R26-CONH- wherein R26 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, d) branched OC3-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, OR27, NR28R29, and CONH2, wherein R27 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R30-CONH- wherein R30 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, R28 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R31- CONH- wherein R31 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, and R29 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R32-CONH- wherein R32 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, e) cyclic OC3-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, OR33, NR34R35, and CONH2, wherein R33 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R36-CONH- wherein R36 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, R34 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R37- CONH- wherein R37 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, and R35 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R38-CONH- wherein R38 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, and f) a fluorine (F); R2 is selected from H or OH R3 is selected from H or CH2OH; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein A1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X5 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose, X3, X4, and X6 are independently selected from CH, N, O and S, provided that the five membered heterocycle is aromatic, X5 is carbon or nitrogen, C1 is a) a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR39R40, wherein R39 and R40 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R39 and R40 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR41R42, wherein R41 and R42 are independently selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R43-CONH- wherein R43 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; or b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; - COOH; -CONR44R45, wherein R44 and R45 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O- cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR46R47, wherein R46 and R47 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R48, wherein R48 is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R49-CONH- wherein R49 is selected from C1- 3 alkyl and cyclopropyl.

3. The compound of claim 2 wherein A1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the triazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose; and C1 is as defined in claim 2. 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein A1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X8 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose, X7 and X9 are independently selected from CH, N, O and S, provided that the five membered heterocycle is aromatic, X8 is CH or N, C2 is a) a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR39aR40a, wherein R39a and R40a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R39a and R40a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR41aR42a, wherein R41a and R42a are independently selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R43a-CONH- wherein R43a is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; or b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; - COOH; -CONR44aR45a, wherein R44a and R45a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O- cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR46aR47a, wherein R46a and R47a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R48a, wherein R48a is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R49a-CONH- wherein R49a is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and C3 is selected from the group consisting of a) H; C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR50R51, wherein R50 and R51 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR52R53, wherein R52 and R53 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR54R55 wherein R54 and R55 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; b) phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR56R57, wherein R56 and R57 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR58R59, wherein R58 and R59 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR60R61 wherein R60 and R61 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; c) Y-W wherein Y is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle of A1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, and CR62R63 wherein R62 and R63 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR64R65, wherein R64 and R65 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR66R67, wherein R66 and R67 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR68R69 wherein R68 and R69 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. 5. The compound of claim 3 wherein A1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the pyrazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose; and C2 and C3 are as defined in claim 4. 6. The compound of any one of claims 1–5 wherein B1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X12 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring; X10, X11 and X13 are independently selected from CH, N, O and S, provided that the five membered heterocycle is aromatic, X12 is CH or N, C4 is a) a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR39bR40b, wherein R39b and R40b are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R39b and R40b together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR41bR42b, wherein R41b and R42b are independently selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R43b-CONH- wherein R43b is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; or b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; - COOH; -CONR44bR45b, wherein R44b and R45b are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O- cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR46bR47b, wherein R46b and R47b are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R48b, wherein R48b is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R49b-CONH- wherein R49b is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. 7. The compound of any one of claims 1–6 wherein B1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the triazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring; and C7 is as defined for R4a in claim 1. 8. The compound of any one of claims 1–6 wherein B1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X15 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring; X14 and X16 are independently selected from CH, N, O and S, provided that the five membered heterocycle is aromatic, X15 is CH or N, C5 is selected from a) a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; - COOH; -CONR39cR40c, wherein R39c and R40c are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R39c and R40c together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR41cR42c, wherein R41c and R42c are independently selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R43c-CONH- wherein R43c is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; or b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR44cR45c, wherein R44c and R45c are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR46cR47c, wherein R46c and R47c are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R48c, wherein R48c is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R49c-CONH- wherein R49c is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and C6 is selected from c) a H; C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR50aR51a, wherein R50a and R51a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR52R53, wherein R52a and R53a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR54aR55a wherein R54a and R55a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; d) a phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR56aR57a, wherein R56a and R57a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR58aR59a, wherein R58a and R59a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR60aR61a wherein R60a and R61a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; e) Ya-Wa wherein Ya is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle of B1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, and CR62aR63a wherein R62a and R63a are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and Wa is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR64aR65a, wherein R64a and R65a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR66aR67a, wherein R66a and R67a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR68aR69a wherein R68a and R69a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. 9. The compound of any one of claims 1-6 wherein B1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the pyrazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring; and C8 is as defined for R4a in claim 1, and C9 is as defined for R4a in claim 1. 10. The compound of any one of claims 1-9 wherein X1 is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, or X1 is X1a-X1b wherein X1a and X1b are independently selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O. 11. The compound of any one of claims 1-10 wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of a) H, b) OH, c) OC1-4 alkyl, d) branched OC3-4 alkyl, e) cyclic OC3-4 alkyl. 12. The compound of any one of claims 1-11 wherein R2 is H or OH. 13. The compound of any one of claims 1-12 wherein R3 is H or CH2OH. 14. The compound of claim 1 selected from any one of the group consisting of: 3,3’-Dideoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3’-[4-(2- hydroxythiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β-D- galactopyranoside, 3-[4-(4-Chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3,3’-dideoxy-3’-[4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]- 1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β-D- galactopyranoside, 3’-[4-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3-[4-(4-chloro-3,5- difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3,3’-dideoxy-1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β-D- galactopyranoside, 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-β- D-galactopyranoside}, 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1- yl]-β-D-galactopyranoside}, 3,3’-Dideoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-3’-[4-(2- hydroxythiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]- 1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β-D- galactopyranoside, 3,3’-Dideoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-3’-[4- (morpholin-4-yl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]- 1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β-D-galactopyranoside, 3,3’-Dideoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-3’-(4- isopropyl-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl)- 1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β-D-galactopyranoside, (2S,3R,4S)-3-Hydroxy-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1- yl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl 3-deoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-2- O-methyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside, (1R,2R,6S)-1-Hydroxy-6-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1- yl]cyclohexan-2-yl 3-deoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-2-O- methyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside, 3-Deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl 3- deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-β-D-galactopyranoside, 1,1’-Selenediyl-bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-β-D- galactopyranoside}, and Bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-β-D- galactopyranos-1-yl} disulfide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvat thereof.

15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of the previous claims and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable additive.

Description:
NOVEL GALACTOSIDE INHIBITOR OF GALECTINS

Technical field

The present invention relates to novel compounds, the use of said compounds as medicament and for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases or disorders such as but not limited to cancers; fibrosis; scarring; keloid formation; aberrant scar formation; surgical adhesions; pathological angiogenesis; eye diseases; HTV-1 diseases; inflammation or transplant rejection in mammals. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said novel compounds.

Background Art

Galectins are proteins with a characteristic carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). This is a tightly folded b-sandwich of about 130 amino acids (about 15 kDa) with the two defining features 1) a b -galactose binding site and 2) sufficient similarity in a sequence motif of about seven amino acids, most of which (about six residues) make up the b-galactose binding site. Galectins are synthesized as cytosolic proteins from where they can be targeted to the nucleus, specific cytososlic sites, or secreted to engage in mechanisms effecting physiological functions such as inflammation, immune responses, cell -migration and autophagy. (Johannes et. al 2018) There are now over 9319 publications on galectins in PubMed, with most, as mentioned above, about galectins-1 (>1989) and -3 (>4791). Evidence from literature suggests roles for galectins in e.g. fibrosis, inflammation and cancer (Dings et. al., Dube-Delarosbil et. al 2017).

Galectin-1 is widely expressed in many cell types and tissues (www.proteinatlas.org) being involved in mechanisms such as apoptosis, adhesion and migration, cell transformation, invasion and metastasis immune escape and angiogenesis. Upregulation of galectin 1 has also been associated with cancer (Dings et. al. 2018), inflammation (Sundblad et. al., 2017) fibrotic disease (Kathiriya et. al 2017, Wu et. al. 2019 and Bennet et. al 2019) and diabetes (Drake et. al. 2022). Example of small molecule ligands including b-D-galactopyranoside were recently reviewed and examplified in Blanchard et. al 2016 and Sethi et. al 2021).

Galectin-3 is widely expressed in many cell types and tissues (www.proteinatlas.org) being involved in mechanisms such as apoptosis, adhesion and migration, cell transformation, invasion and metastasis immune escape and 10224PC00 angiogenesis. Upregulation of galectin 3 has also been associated with cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disease, fibrotic disease and diabetes (Dings et. al. 2018, Slack et. al.2020, Li et. al.2016) Example of small molecule ligands including β-D-galactopyranoside were recently reviewed and examplified in Blanchard et. al 2014 and Sethi et. al 2021. Summary of the invention The compounds of the present invention are novel β-D-galactopyranose compounds that unexpectedly have shown high affinity for galectin-1 and /or -3 and are considered novel potent drug candidates. In broad first aspect the present invention concerns a β-D-galactopyranose compound of formula (1) wherein the pyranose ring whereto A 1 and R 1 is attached is β-D-galactopyranose, A 1 is (R 4 ) n -Z 1 , Wherein Z 1 is a five membered heterocycle having at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and is attached to the C3 position of the β-D-galactopyranose; n is 1 or 2, each R 4 is independently selected from a) an aryl, such as phenyl or naphthyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; -CONR 5 R 6 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5 and R 6 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9 , wherein R 9 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10 - CONH- wherein R 10 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; -CONR 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15 , wherein R 15 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16 - CONH- wherein R 16 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; c) a group selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50 R 51 , wherein R 50 and R 51 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52 and R 53 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54 R 55 wherein R 54 and R 55 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; d) a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56 R 57 , wherein R 56 and R 57 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58 R 59 , wherein R 58 and R 59 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60 R 61 wherein R 60 and R 61 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; e) Y-W wherein Y is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 1 of A 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62 R 63 wherein R 62 and R 63 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64 R 65 , wherein R 64 and R 65 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66 R 67 , wherein R 66 and R 67 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68 R 69 wherein R 68 and R 69 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; B 1 is (R 4a ) m -Z 2 , Wherein Z 2 is a five membered heterocycle having at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, and N and is attached to the D-galactopyranose or the cyclohexyl ring; m is 1 or 2, each R 4a is independently selected from a) an aryl, such as phenyl or naphthyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; -CONR 5a R 6a , wherein R 5a and R 6a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5a and R 6a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7a R 8a , wherein R 7a and R 8a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9a , wherein R 9a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10a - CONH- wherein R 10a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11a R 12a , wherein R 11a and R 12a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11a and R 12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13a R 14a , wherein R 13a and R 14a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15a , wherein R 15a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16a -CONH- wherein R 16a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; c) a group selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50a R 51a , wherein R 50a and R 51a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52a and R 53a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR 54a R 55a wherein R 54a and R 55a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; d) a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56a R 57a , wherein R 56a and R 57a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58a R 59a , wherein R 58a and R 59a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60a R 61a wherein R 60a and R 61a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; e) Y a -W a wherein Y a is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 2 of B 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62a R 63a wherein R 62a and R 63a are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W a is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64a R 65a , wherein R 64a and R 65a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66a R 67a , wherein R 66a and R 67a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR 68a R 69a wherein R 68a and R 69a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; X 1 is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, and CR 17 R 18 wherein R 17 and R 18 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen, or X 1 is X 1a -X 1b wherein X 1a and X 1b are independently selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 19 R 20 wherein R 19 and R 20 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; X 2 is O or CH2; R 1 is selected from the group consisting of a) H, b) OH, c) OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, phenyl, phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected form OH and halogen, CN, OR 21 , NR 22 R 23 , and CONH2, wherein R 21 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R 24 -CONH- wherein R 24 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, R 22 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R 25 -CONH- wherein R 25 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, and R 23 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH 3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH 2 CH 3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R 26 -CONH- wherein R 26 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, d) branched OC 3-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, OR 27 , NR 28 R 29 , and CONH 2 , wherein R 27 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH 2 CH 3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R 30 -CONH- wherein R 30 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, R 28 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH 3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH 2 CH 3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R 31 - CONH- wherein R 31 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, and R 29 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R 32 -CONH- wherein R 32 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, e) cyclic OC3-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, OR 33 , NR 34 R 35 , and CONH 2 , wherein R 33 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R 36 -CONH- wherein R 36 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH 2 CH 3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R 37 - CONH- wherein R 37 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, and R 35 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, a halogen, methyl optionally substituted with a F, OCH3 optionally substituted with a F, OCH2CH3 optionally substituted with a F, OH, and R 38 -CONH- wherein R 38 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, and f) a fluorine (F); R 2 is selected from H or OH R 3 is selected from H or CH 2 OH; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In an embodiment A 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X 5 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose, X 3 , X 4 , and X 6 are independently selected from CH, N, O and S, provided that the five membered heterocycle is aromatic, X 5 is carbon or nitrogen, C 1 is a) a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR 39 R 40 , wherein R 39 and R 40 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R 39 and R 40 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 41 R 42 , wherein R 41 and R 42 are independently selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 43 -CONH- wherein R 43 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; or b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; - COOH; -CONR 44 R 45 , wherein R 44 and R 45 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O- cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46 R 47 , wherein R 46 and R 47 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48 , wherein R 48 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49 -CONH- wherein R 49 is selected from C 1- 3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, A 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the triazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose; and C 1 is as defined in the above aspects and embodiments. In a further embodiment A 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X 8 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose, X 7 and X 9 are independently selected from CH, N, O and S, provided that the five membered heterocycle is aromatic, X 8 is CH or N, C 2 is a) a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR 39a R 40a , wherein R 39a and R 40a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R 39a and R 40a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 41a R 42a , wherein R 41a and R 42a are independently selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 43a -CONH- wherein R 43a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; or b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; - COOH; -CONR 44a R 45a , wherein R 44a and R 45a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O- cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46a R 47a , wherein R 46a and R 47a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48a , wherein R 48a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49a -CONH- wherein R 49a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and C 3 is selected from the group consisting of a) H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50 R 51 , wherein R 50 and R 51 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52 and R 53 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54 R 55 wherein R 54 and R 55 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; b) phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56 R 57 , wherein R 56 and R 57 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58 R 59 , wherein R 58 and R 59 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR 60 R 61 wherein R 60 and R 61 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; c) Y-W wherein Y is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle of A 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62 R 63 wherein R 62 and R 63 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64 R 65 , wherein R 64 and R 65 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66 R 67 , wherein R 66 and R 67 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68 R 69 wherein R 68 and R 69 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. Typically, A 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the pyrazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose; and C 2 and C 3 are as defined in the above aspects and embodiments. In a still further embodiment B 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X 12 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring; X 10 , X 11 and X 13 are independently selected from CH, N, O and S, provided that the five membered heterocycle is aromatic, X 12 is CH or N, C 4 is a) a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR 39b R 40b , wherein R 39b and R 40b are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R 39b and R 40b together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 41b R 42b , wherein R 41b and R 42b are independently selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 43b -CONH- wherein R 43b is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; or b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; - COOH; -CONR 44b R 45b , wherein R 44b and R 45b are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O- cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46b R 47b , wherein R 46b and R 47b are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48b , wherein R 48b is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49b -CONH- wherein R 49b is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. In a further embodiment B 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the triazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring; and C 7 is as defined for R 4a in the above aspects and embodiments. In a further embodiment B 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X 15 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring; X 14 and X 16 are independently selected from CH, N, O and S, provided that the five membered heterocycle is aromatic, X 15 is CH or N, C 5 is selected from a) a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; - COOH; -CONR 39c R 40c , wherein R 39c and R 40c are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R 39c and R 40c together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 41c R 42c , wherein R 41c and R 42c are independently selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 43c -CONH- wherein R 43c is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; or b) a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 44c R 45c , wherein R 44c and R 45c are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46c R 47c , wherein R 46c and R 47c are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48c , wherein R 48c is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49c -CONH- wherein R 49c is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and C 6 is selected from a) a H; C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50a R 51a , wherein R 50a and R 51a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52a and R 53a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54a R 55a wherein R 54a and R 55a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; b) a phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56a R 57a , wherein R 56a and R 57a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58a R 59a , wherein R 58a and R 59a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60a R 61a wherein R 60a and R 61a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; c) Y a -W a wherein Y a is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle of B 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, and CR 62a R 63a wherein R 62a and R 63a are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W a is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64a R 65a , wherein R 64a and R 65a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66a R 67a , wherein R 66a and R 67a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68a R 69a wherein R 68a and R 69a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment B 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the pyrazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring; and C 8 is as defined is for R 4a in the above aspects and embodiments, and C 9 is as defined for R 4a in the above aspects and embodiments. In a still further embodiment X 1 is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, or X 1 is X 1a -X 1b wherein X 1a and X 1b are independently selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O. In a further embodiment X 2 is O. Alternatively, X 2 is CH 2 . In a still further embodiment R 1 is selected from the group consisting of a) H, b) OH, c) OC 1-4 alkyl, d) branched OC 3-4 alkyl, and e) cyclic OC 3-4 alkyl. In a further embodiment R 2 is H. Alternatively, R 2 is OH. In a still further embodiment R 3 is H. Alternativly, R 3 is CH 2 OH. In a further embodiment the compound of formula (1) is selected from any one of the group consisting of: 3,3’-Dideoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol -1-yl]-3’-[4-(2- hydroxythiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-1,1'-sulfanediyl -di-β-D- galactopyranoside, 3-[4-(4-Chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3, 3’-dideoxy-3’-[4- (2-hydroxythiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-1,1'-sulfaned iyl-di-β-D- galactopyranoside, 3’-[4-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3-[4-(4 -chloro-3,5- difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3,3’-dideoxy-1,1'-s ulfanediyl-di-β-D- galactopyranoside, 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2 -pyrazol-1-yl]-β- D-galactopyranoside}, 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl) -1H-1,2-pyrazol-1- yl]-β-D-galactopyranoside}, 3,3’-Dideoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1 -yl]-3’-[4-(2- hydroxythiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-1,1'-sulfanediyl -di-β-D- galactopyranoside, 3,3’-Dideoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1 -yl]-3’-[4- (morpholin-4-yl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β -D-galactopyranoside, 3,3’-Dideoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1 -yl]-3’-(4- isopropyl-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β-D-gala ctopyranoside, (2S,3R,4S)-3-Hydroxy-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyr azol-1- yl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl 3-deoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-2- O-methyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside, (1R,2R,6S)-1-Hydroxy-6-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyr azol-1- yl]cyclohexan-2-yl 3-deoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-2- O- methyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside, 3-Deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-β-D-gala ctopyranosyl 3- deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-β-D-galact opyranoside, 1,1’-Selenediyl-bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2- pyrazol-1-yl]-β-D- galactopyranoside}, and Bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-β-D - galactopyranos-1-yl} disulfide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvat thereof. In a further aspect the present invention relates to a compound of formula (1) for use as a medicine. In a still further aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of the previous claims and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable additive, such as a carrier and/or excipient. In a further aspect the present invention relates to a compound of formula (1) of the present invention for use in a method for treating a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin-1 and/or -3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human. In a further embodiment the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammation; fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophthalmological fibrosis and fibrosis of the skin and heart; scarring; keloid formation; aberrant scar formation; surgical adhesions; scleroderma; systemic sclerosis; septic shock; cancer, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias and lymphomas, such as T-cell lymphomas; metastasising cancers; autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, intestinal fibrosis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; metabolic disorders; heart disease; heart failure; aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis, pathological angiogenesis, such as ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis, e.g. neovascularization related to cancer; and eye diseases, such as age- related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization; atherosclerosis; metabolic diseases such as diabetes; type 2 diabetes; insulin resistance; obesity; Diastolic HF; asthma and other interstitial lung diseases, including Hermansky- Pudlak syndrome, pulmonary arterial hypertension, RA-ILD, SSc-ILD, Lung disease with fibrosis such as COPD and asthma. Otosclerosis, mesothelioma; liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Liver cirrhosis of various origins, such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic, autoimmune cirrhosis such as primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis, virally induced cirrhosis, cirrhosis induced by genetic disease. Liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer; neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, cognitive impairment, cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, peripheral nephropathy. In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a method for treatment of a disease or disorder relating to the binding of a galectin-1 and/or -3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula (1) of the present invention is administered to a mammal in need of said treatment. In a further embodiment the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammation; fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophthalmological fibrosis and fibrosis of the skin and heart; scarring; keloid formation; aberrant scar formation; surgical adhesions; scleroderma; systemic sclerosis; septic shock; cancer, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias and lymphomas, such as T-cell lymphomas; metastasising cancers; autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, intestinal fibrosis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; metabolic disorders; heart disease; heart failure; aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis, pathological angiogenesis, such as ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis, e.g. neovascularization related to cancer; and eye diseases, such as age- related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization; atherosclerosis; metabolic diseases such as diabetes; type 2 diabetes; insulin resistance; obesity; Diastolic HF; asthma and other interstitial lung diseases, including Hermansky- Pudlak syndrome, pulmonary arterial hypertension, RA-ILD, SSc-ILD, Lung disease with fibrosis such as COPD and asthma. Otosclerosis, mesothelioma; liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Liver cirrhosis of various origins, such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic, autoimmune cirrhosis such as primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis, virally induced cirrhosis, cirrhosis induced by genetic disease. Liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer; neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, cognitive impairment, cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, peripheral nephropathy. Another aspect of the present invention concerns combination therapy involving administering a compound of formula (I) of the present invention together with a therapeutically active compound different from the compound of formula (I) (interchangeable with “a different therapeutically active compound”). In one embodiment the present invention relates to a combination of a compound of formula (I) and a different therapeutically active compound for use in treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin-1 and/or -3 to a ligand in a mammal. Such disorders are disclosed below. In an embodiment of the present invention, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I) of the present invention is administered to a mammal in need thereof in combination with a different therapeutically active compound. In a further embodiment, said combination of a compound of formula (I) together with a different therapeutically active compound is administered to a mammal suffering from a disorder selected from the group consisting of inflammation; fibrosis, such as pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophthalmological fibrosis and fibrosis of the skin and heart; scarring; keloid formation; aberrant scar formation; surgical adhesions; septic shock; cancer, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias and lymphomas, such as T-cell lymphomas; metastasising cancers; autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus; metabolic disorders; heart disease; heart failure; pathological angiogenesis, such as ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis, e.g. neovascularization related to cancer; and eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization; atherosclerosis; metabolic diseases such as diabetes; type 2 diabetes; insulin resistens; obesity; Diastolic HF; asthma and other interstitial lung diseases, including Hermansky- Pudlak syndrome, mesothelioma; liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A non-limiting group of cancers given as examples of cancers that may be treated, managed and/or prevented by administration of a compound of formula (I) in combination with a different therapeutically active compound is selected from: colon carcinoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangeosarcoma, lymphangeoendothelia sarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystandeocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioblastomas, neuronomas, craniopharingiomas, schwannomas, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroama, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, leukemias and lymphomas, acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelocytic polycythemia vera, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and heavy chain disease, acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's Disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, rectum cancer, urinary cancers, uterine cancers, oral cancers, skin cancers, stomach cancer, brain tumors, liver cancer, laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, mammary tumors, childhood-null acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), thymic ALL, B-cell ALL, acute myeloid leukemia, myelomonocytoid leukemia, acute megakaryocytoid leukemia, Burkitt's lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and T cell leukemia, small and large non-small cell lung carcinoma, acute granulocytic leukemia, germ cell tumors, endometrial cancer, gastric cancer, cancer of the head and neck, chronic lymphoid leukemia, hairy cell leukemia and thyroid cancer. In some aspects of the present invention, the administration of at least one compound of formula (I) of the present invention and at least one additional therapeutic agent demonstrates therapeutic synergy. In some aspects of the methods of the present invention, a measurement of response to treatment observed after administering both at least one compound of formula (I) of the present invention and the additional therapeutic agent is improved over the same measurement of response to treatment observed after administering either the at least one compound of formula (I) of the present invention or the additional therapeutic agent alone. A further aspect of the present invention concerns combination therapy involving administering a compound of formula (I) of the present invention together with an anti-fibrotic compound different form the compound of formula (I) to a mammal in need thereof. In a further embodiment, such anti-fibrotic compound may be selected from the following non-limiting group of anti-fibrotic compounds: pirfenidone, nintedanib, simtuzumab (GS-6624, AB0024), BG00011 (STX100), PRM-151, PRM-167, PEG-FGF21, BMS-986020, FG-3019, MN-001, IW001, SAR156597, GSK2126458, PAT-1251 and PBI-4050. A still further aspect of the present invention concerns combination therapy involving administering a compound of formula (I) in combination with a further conventional cancer treatment such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or treatment with immunostimulating substances, gene therapy, treatment with antibodies and treatment using dendritic cells, to a mammal in need thereof. In an embodiment the compound of formula (I) is administered together with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from an antineoplastic chemotherapy agent. In a further embodiment, the antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agent is selected from: all-trans retinoic acid, Actimide, Azacitidine, Azathioprine, Bleomycin, Carboplatin, Capecitabine, Cisplatin, Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine, Daunorubicin, Docetaxel, Doxifluridine, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Etoposide, Fludarabine, Fluorouracil, Gemcitabine, Hydroxyurea, Idarubicin, Irinotecan, Lenalidomide, Leucovorin, Mechlorethamine, Melphalan, Mercaptopurine, Methotrexate, Mitoxantrone, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Pemetrexed, Revlimid, Temozolomide, Teniposide, Thioguanine, Valrubicin, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vindesine and Vinorelbine. In one embodiment, a chemotherapeutic agent for use in the combination of the present agent may, itself, be a combination of different chemotherapeutic agents. Suitable combinations include FOLFOX and IFL. FOLFOX is a combination which includes 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin, and oxaliplatin. IFL treatment includes irinotecan, 5-FU, and leucovorin. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the further conventional cancer treatment includes radiation therapy. In some embodiments, radiation therapy includes localized radiation therapy delivered to the tumor. In some embodiments, radiation therapy includes total body irradiation. In other embodiments of the present invention the further cancer treatment is selected from the group of immunostimulating substances e.g. cytokines and antibodies. Such cytokines may be selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to: GM-CSF, type I IFN, interleukin 21, interleukin 2, interleukin 12 and interleukin 15. The antibody is preferably an immunostimulating antibody such as anti-CD40 or anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. The immunostimulatory substance may also be a substance capable of depletion of immune inhibitory cells (e.g. regulatory T-cells) or factors, said substance may for example be E3 ubiquitin ligases. E3 ubiquitin ligases (the HECT, RING and U-box proteins) have emerged as key molecular regulators of immune cell function, and each may be involved in the regulation of immune responses during infection by targeting specific inhibitory molecules for proteolytic destruction. Several HECT and RING E3 proteins have now also been linked to the induction and maintenance of immune self-tolerance: c-Cbl, Cbl-b, GRAIL, Itch and Nedd4 each negatively regulate T cell growth factor production and proliferation. In some embodiments of the present invention the compound of formula (I) is administered together with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from a checkpoint inhibitor. In some embodiments of the invention, the checkpoint inhibitor is acting on one or more of the following, non-limiting group of targets: CEACAM1, galectin-9, TIM3, CD80, CTLA4, PD-1, PD-L1, HVEM, BTLA, CD160, VISTA, B7- H4, B7-2, CD155, CD226, TIGIT, CD96, LAG3, GITF, OX40, CD137, CD40, IDO, and TDO. These are known targets and some of these targets are described in Melero et al., Nature Reviews Cancer (2015). Examples of check point inhibitors administered together with the compound of formula (1) are Anti-PD-1: Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Cemiplimab. Anti-PD-L1: Atezolizumab, Avelumab, Durvalumab and one Anti-CTLA-4: Ipilimumab. Each one of these check point inhibitors can be made the subject of an embodiment in combination with any one of the compounds of formula (1). In some embodiments of the present invention the compound of formula (I) is administered together with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from an inhibitor of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). In some embodiments of the present invention the compound of formula (I) is administered together with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from one or more inhibitors of the CTLA4 pathway. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of the CTLA4 pathway is selected from one or more antibodies against CTLA4. In some embodiments of the present invention the compound of formula (I) is administered together with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from one or more inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L pathway. In some embodiments, the one or more inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L pathway are selected from one or more antibodies or antibody fragments against PD-1, PD-L1, and/or PD-L2, or other ways by which an anti-PD1 antibodies can be induced such as mRNA based introduction of genetic material which sets forth in-body production of anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 antibodies or fragments of such antibodies. In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising the step a1 where C 1 , C 4 and X 1 are defined as above under formula 1; a1) Reacting a compound of the formula I wherein Y 1 -Y 6 are protective groups such as acetates with a base, such as triethylamine, LiOH or sodium methoxide in a suitable solvent, such as methanol and water to provide a compound of the formula II. In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula IV or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising the step a2 where C 1 , C 4 , X 1 , X 2 , R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are defined as above under formula 1; a2) Reacting a compound of the formula III wherein Y 7 , Y 8 and Y 9 are protective groups such as acetates with a base, such as triethylamine, LiOH or sodium methoxide in a suitable solvent, such as methanol and water to provide a compound of the formula IV. In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising the step a3 where C 2 , C 3 , C 5 , C 6 and X 1 are defined as above under formula 1; a3) Reacting a compound of the formula V with a compound of formula C 3 -CO-CC 2 - CN(Me) 2 in the presence of an acid such as HCl in a solvent such as ethanol optionally at elevated temperature (above room temperature) yielding an intermediate that is further reacted with C 6 -CO-CC 5 -CN(Me) 2 in the presence of an acid such as HCl in a solvent such as ethanol optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of the formula VI. In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula VIII or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising the step a4 where C 2 , C 3 , C 5 , C 6 , X 1 , X 2 , R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are defined as above under formula 1; a4) Reacting a compound of the formula VII with a compound of the formula C 3 -CO- CC 2 -CN(Me) 2 in the presence of an acid such as HCl in a solvent such as ethanol optionally at elevated temperature (above room temperature) yielding an intermediate that is further reacted with C 6 -CO-CC 5 -CN(Me) 2 in the presence of an acid such as HCl in a solvent such as ethanol optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of the formula VIII. In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula X or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising the step a5 where C 1 , C 5 , C 6 and X 1 are defined as above under formula 1; a5) Reacting a compound of the formula IX with a compound of the formula such as C 6 -CO-CC 5 -CN(Me) 2 in the presence of an acid such as HCl in a solvent such as ethanol optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of the formula X. In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising the step a6 where C 1 , C 4 and X 1 are defined as above under formula 1 and Y 1 -Y 6 are protective groups such as acetates; a6) Reacting a compound of the formula XI wherein Y 10 -Y 15 are protective groups such as acetates with a compound of the formula C 1 -CC-H or C 1 -CC-TMS in an inert solvent, such as DMF or acetonitrile, using a base, such as diisopropylethylamine, catalyzed by a cupper salt such as CuI, optionally using a reagent such as CsF, optionally at elevated temperature (above room temperature) yielding an intermediate, which is further reacted with a compound of the formula C 4 -CC-H or C 4 -CC-TMS in an inert solvent, such as DMF or acetonitrile, using a base, such as diisopropylethylamine, catalyzed by a cupper salt such as CuI, optionally using a reagent such as CsF, optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of the formula I. In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising the steps a7-a11 wherein X 1 , is defined as above under formula 1; a7) Reacting a compound of the formula XI wherein Y 10 -Y 15 are protective groups such as acetates with a base, such as triethylamine, LiOH or sodium methoxide in a suitable solvent, such as methanol and water to give a compound of the formula XII. a8) Reacting a compound of the formula XII with a reagent such as benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal in the presence of an acid, such as D(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid, in an inert solvent such as DMF optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of formula XIII wherein Y 16 and Y 17 together form a protecting group such as benzylidene. a9) Reacting a compound of the formula XIII with a reducing agent such as triphenylphosphine in an inert solvent such as THF and water optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of formula XIV. a10) Reacting a compound of the formula XIV with N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-3-(4- cyanophenyl)oxaziridine in an inert solvent such as DCM to give a compound of formula XV wherein Y 18 is a protective group such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl. a11) Reacting a compound of the formula XV with an acid such as TFA in an inert solvent such as DCM to give a compound of formula V. In a still further aspect, the present invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula IX or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising the steps a12-a17 wherein C 1 and X 1 , are defined as above under formula 1; a12) Reacting a compound of the formula XI wherein Y 10 -Y 15 are protective groups such as acetates with a compound of formula C 1 -CC-H or C 1 -CC-TMS in an inert solvent, such as DMF or acetonitrile, using a base, such as diisopropylethylamine, catalyzed by a cupper salt such as CuI, optionally using a reagent such as CsF, optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of the formula XVI. a13) Reacting a compound of the formula XVI wherein Y 10 -Y 15 are protective groups such as acetates with a base, such as triethylamine, LiOH or sodium methoxide in a suitable solvent, such as methanol and water to give a compound of the formula XVII. a14) Reacting a compound of the formula XVII with a reagent such as benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal in the presence of an acid such as D(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid, in an inert solvente such as DMF optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of formula XVIII wherein Y 19 and Y 20 together form a protecting group such as benzylidene. a15) Reacting a compound of the formula XVIII with a reducing agent such as triphenylphosphine in an inert solvent such as THF and water optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of formula XIX. a16) Reacting a compound of the formula XIX with N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-3-(4- cyanophenyl)oxaziridine in an inert solvent such as DCM to give a compound of formula XX wherein Y 21 is a protective group such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl. a17) Reacting a compound of the formula XX with an acid such as TFA in an inert solvent such as DCM to give a compound of formula IX. In a still further aspect the present invention relates to a process of preparing a compound of formula XXII or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising the step a18 where C 2 is defined as above under formula 1; a18) Reacting a compound of the formula XXI with phosphorus oxychloride in a solvent, such as DMF, optionally at elevated temperature, followed by reacting the product with a base, such as sodium carbonate in solvents, such as water and toluene, optionally at elevated temperature to give a compound of the formula XXII. Detailed Description of the invention The present compounds of formula (1) differ from prior art compounds particularly in that the pyranose ring is β-D-galactopyranose. It is important to emphasize that alpha and beta anomers are very different isomers and it is by no means considered to be obvious to the skilled person to expect same or similar activity of both anomers. Consequently, alpha and beta anomers do not in general posses the same activity, and this is common knowledge to the skilled person. The compounds of the present invention are novel β-D-galactopyranose compounds that unexpectedly have shown very high affinity and specificity for galectin-1 and/or -3, and typically have a higher specificity for galectin-3 over galectin-1, and are considered novel potent drug candidates. In broad aspect the present invention concerns a β-D-galactopyranose compound of formula (1) Wherein A 1 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , X 1 , X 2 and B 1 are as defined in the above aspects and embodiments. In a first embodiment A 1 is (R 4 ) n -Z 1 , wherein n is 1. In a further embodiment, when n is 1, Z 1 is a five membered heterocycle containing 2 or 3 nitrogens, such as a pyrazole or triazole. In a still further embodiment, when n is 1, R 4 is a phenyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; -CONR 5 R 6 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5 and R 6 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9 , wherein R 9 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10 - CONH- wherein R 10 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, the phenyl is substituted with one, two or three substituents. In a further embodiment, when n is 1, R 4 is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; -CONR 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15 , wherein R 15 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16 - CONH- wherein R 16 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, the heteroaryl is substituted with one, two or three substituents. In a still further embodiment, when n is 1, R 4 is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15 , wherein R 15 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16 -CONH- wherein R 16 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, the heterocycloalkyl is substituted with one, two or three substituents. In a further embodiment, when n is 1, R 4 is a group selected from Y-W wherein Y is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 1 of A 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62 R 63 wherein R 62 and R 63 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64 R 65 , wherein R 64 and R 65 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66 R 67 , wherein R 66 and R 67 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68 R 69 wherein R 68 and R 69 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment A 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X 5 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose, and C 1 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 and X 6 are as defined in the above aspects and embodiments. In an embodiment X 5 is selected from CH or N, typically N. In a further embodiment X 3 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a further embodiment X 4 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a further embodiment X 6 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a further embodiment C 1 is a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR 39 R 40 , wherein R 39 and R 40 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R 39 and R 40 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 41 R 42 , wherein R 41 and R 42 are independently selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 43 -CONH- wherein R 43 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. In another embodiment C 1 is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; -CONR 44 R 45 , wherein R 44 and R 45 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46 R 47 , wherein R 46 and R 47 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48 , wherein R 48 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49 - CONH- wherein R 49 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. In a further embodiment C 1 is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; -CONR 44 R 45 , wherein R 44 and R 45 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46 R 47 , wherein R 46 and R 47 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48 , wherein R 48 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49 -CONH- wherein R 49 is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, A 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the triazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose; and C 1 is a phenyl substituted with one, two or three substituents selected from halogen, such as a phenyl substituted with three substituents selected from F and Cl. In a second embodiment A 1 is (R 4 ) n -Z 1 , wherein n is 2. In a further embodiment, when n is 2, Z 1 is a five membered heterocycle containing 2 or 3 nitrogens, such as a pyrazole or triazole. In a still further embodiment, when n is 2, one R 4 is a phenyl optionally substituted with a group, such as one, two or three substituents, selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; -CONR 5 R 6 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5 and R 6 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9 , wherein R 9 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10 -CONH- wherein R 10 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4 is a group selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50 R 51 , wherein R 50 and R 51 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52 and R 53 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54 R 55 wherein R 54 and R 55 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when n is 2, one R 4 is a phenyl optionally substituted with a group, such as one, two or three substituents, selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; -CONR 5 R 6 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5 and R 6 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9 , wherein R 9 is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10 -CONH- wherein R 10 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4 is a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56 R 57 , wherein R 56 and R 57 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58 R 59 , wherein R 58 and R 59 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60 R 61 wherein R 60 and R 61 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when n is 2, one R 4 is a phenyl optionally substituted with a group, such as one, two or three substituents, selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; -CONR 5 R 6 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5 and R 6 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9 , wherein R 9 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10 -CONH- wherein R 10 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4 is a group selected from Y-W wherein Y is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 1 of A 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62 R 63 wherein R 62 and R 63 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64 R 65 , wherein R 64 and R 65 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66 R 67 , wherein R 66 and R 67 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68 R 69 wherein R 68 and R 69 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when n is 2, one R 4 is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15 , wherein R 15 is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16 -CONH- wherein R 16 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4 is a group selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50 R 51 , wherein R 50 and R 51 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52 and R 53 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54 R 55 wherein R 54 and R 55 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when n is 2, one R 4 is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15 , wherein R 15 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16 -CONH- wherein R 16 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4 is a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene- 2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56 R 57 , wherein R 56 and R 57 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58 R 59 , wherein R 58 and R 59 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60 R 61 wherein R 60 and R 61 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when n is 2, one R 4 is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15 , wherein R 15 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16 -CONH- wherein R 16 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4 is a group selected from Y-W wherein Y is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 1 of A 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62 R 63 wherein R 62 and R 63 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64 R 65 , wherein R 64 and R 65 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66 R 67 , wherein R 66 and R 67 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68 R 69 wherein R 68 and R 69 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when n is 2, one R 4 is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15 , wherein R 15 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16 -CONH- wherein R 16 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4 is a group selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50 R 51 , wherein R 50 and R 51 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52 and R 53 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54 R 55 wherein R 54 and R 55 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when n is 2, one R 4 is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15 , wherein R 15 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16 -CONH- wherein R 16 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4 is a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene- 2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56 R 57 , wherein R 56 and R 57 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58 R 59 , wherein R 58 and R 59 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60 R 61 wherein R 60 and R 61 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when n is 2, one R 4 is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15 , wherein R 15 is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16 -CONH- wherein R 16 is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4 is a group selected from Y-W wherein Y is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 1 of A 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62 R 63 wherein R 62 and R 63 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64 R 65 , wherein R 64 and R 65 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66 R 67 , wherein R 66 and R 67 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68 R 69 wherein R 68 and R 69 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment A 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X 8 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose, and C 2 , C 3 , X 7 , X 8 , and X 9 are as defined in the above aspects and embodiments. In an embodiment X 8 is CH or N, typically N. In a further embodiment X 7 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a still further embodiment X 9 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a further embodiment C 2 is a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR 39a R 40a , wherein R 39a and R 40a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R 39a and R 40a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 41a R 42a , wherein R 41a and R 42a are independently selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 43a -CONH- wherein R 43a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. In a still further embodiment C 2 is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; -CONR 44a R 45a , wherein R 44a and R 45a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46a R 47a , wherein R 46a and R 47a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48a , wherein R 48a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49a -CONH- wherein R 49a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. In a further embodiment C 2 is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; -CONR 44a R 45a , wherein R 44a and R 45a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46a R 47a , wherein R 46a and R 47a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48a , wherein R 48a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49a -CONH- wherein R 49a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. In a still further embodiment C 3 is selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50 R 51 , wherein R 50 and R 51 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52 and R 53 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54 R 55 wherein R 54 and R 55 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment C 3 is selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56 R 57 , wherein R 56 and R 57 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58 R 59 , wherein R 58 and R 59 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60 R 61 wherein R 60 and R 61 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment C 3 is selected from Y-W wherein Y is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle of A 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62 R 63 wherein R 62 and R 63 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64 R 65 , wherein R 64 and R 65 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66 R 67 , wherein R 66 and R 67 are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68 R 69 wherein R 68 and R 69 are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. Typically, A 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the pyrazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose; C 2 is phenyl substituted with one, two or three substitutents selected from halogen; and C 3 is H. In a first embodiment B 1 is (R 4a )m-Z 2 , wherein m is 1. In a further embodiment, when m is 1, Z 2 is a five membered heterocycle containing 2 or 3 nitrogens, such as a pyrazole or triazole. In a still further embodiment, when m is 1, R 4a is a phenyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; - CONR 5a R 6a , wherein R 5a and R 6a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5a and R 6a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7a R 8a , wherein R 7a and R 8a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9a , wherein R 9a is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10a -CONH- wherein R 10a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, the phenyl is substituted with one, two or three substituents. In a still further embodiment, when m is 1, R 4a is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11a R 12a , wherein R 11a and R 12a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11a and R 12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13a R 14a , wherein R 13a and R 14a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15a , wherein R 15a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16a -CONH- wherein R 16a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, the heteroaryl is substituted with one, two or three substituents. In a still further embodiment, when m is 1, R 4a is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11a R 12a , wherein R 11a and R 12a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11a and R 12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13a R 14a , wherein R 13a and R 14a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15a , wherein R 15a is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16a -CONH- wherein R 16a is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, the heterocycloalkyl is substituted with one, two or three substituents. In a further embodiment, when m is 1, R 4a is a group selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50a R 51a , wherein R 50a and R 51a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52a and R 53a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54a R 55a wherein R 54a and R 55a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when m is 1, R 4a is a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56a R 57a , wherein R 56a and R 57a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58a R 59a , wherein R 58a and R 59a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60a R 61a wherein R 60a and R 61a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment, when m is 1, R 4a is a group selected from Y a -W a wherein Y a is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 2 of B 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62a R 63a wherein R 62a and R 63a are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W a is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64a R 65a , wherein R 64a and R 65a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66a R 67a , wherein R 66a and R 67a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68a R 69a wherein R 68a and R 69a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment B 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X 12 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring. In a further embodiment X 10 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a still further embodiment X 11 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a further embodiment X 13 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a still further embodiment X 12 is CH or N, preferably N. In a further embodiment C 4 is a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR 39b R 40b , wherein R 39b and R 40b are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R 39b and R 40b together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 41b R 42b , wherein R 41b and R 42b are independently selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 43b -CONH- wherein R 43b is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, C 4 is a phenyl substituted with one, two or three groups selected from a halogen. In a further embodiment C 4 is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; -CONR 44b R 45b , wherein R 44b and R 45b are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46b R 47b , wherein R 46b and R 47b are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48b , wherein R 48b is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49b -CONH- wherein R 49b is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, C 4 is a heteroaryl, such as a thiazolyl, substituted with one, two or three groups selected from OH and NH 2 . In a further embodiment C 4 is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; -CONR 44b R 45b , wherein R 44b and R 45b are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46b R 47b , wherein R 46b and R 47b are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48b , wherein R 48b is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49b -CONH- wherein R 49b is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, C 4 is a heterocycloalkyl, such as a morpholinyl. In a further embodiment C 4 is a group selected from H; C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50a R 51a , wherein R 50a and R 51a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52a and R 53a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54a R 55a wherein R 54a and R 55a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. Typically, C 4 is a C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, such as a C 1-4 alkyl, e.g. isopropyl. In a second embodiment B 1 is (R 4a )m-Z 2 , wherein m is 2. In a further embodiment, when m is 2, Z 2 is a five membered heterocycle containing 2 or 3 nitrogens, such as a pyrazole or triazole. In a still further embodiment, when m is 2, one R 4a is a phenyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; - CONR 5a R 6a , wherein R 5a and R 6a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5a and R 6a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7a R 8a , wherein R 7a and R 8a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9a , wherein R 9a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10a -CONH- wherein R 10a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4a is a group selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50a R 51a , wherein R 50a and R 51a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O2)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52a and R 53a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54a R 55a wherein R 54a and R 55a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment, when m is 2, one R 4a is a phenyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; - CONR 5a R 6a , wherein R 5a and R 6a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5a and R 6a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7a R 8a , wherein R 7a and R 8a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9a , wherein R 9a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10a -CONH- wherein R 10a is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4a is a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene- 2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56a R 57a , wherein R 56a and R 57a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O2)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58a R 59a , wherein R 58a and R 59a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O2)NR 60a R 61a wherein R 60a and R 61a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment, when m is 2, one R 4a is a phenyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; a spiro heterocycle; -COOH; - CONR 5a R 6a , wherein R 5a and R 6a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 5a and R 6a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 7a R 8a , wherein R 7a and R 8a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 9a , wherein R 9a is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl OH; and R 10a -CONH- wherein R 10a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4a is a group selected from from Y a -W a wherein Y a is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 2 of B 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62a R 63a wherein R 62a and R 63a are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W a is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64a R 65a , wherein R 64a and R 65a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66a R 67a , wherein R 66a and R 67a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68a R 69a wherein R 68a and R 69a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment, when m is 2, one R 4a is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11a R 12a , wherein R 11a and R 12a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11a and R 12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13a R 14a , wherein R 13a and R 14a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15a , wherein R 15a is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16a -CONH- wherein R 16a is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4a is a group selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50a R 51a , wherein R 50a and R 51a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52a and R 53a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54a R 55a wherein R 54a and R 55a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment, when m is 2, one R 4a is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11a R 12a , wherein R 11a and R 12a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11a and R 12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13a R 14a , wherein R 13a and R 14a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15a , wherein R 15a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16a -CONH- wherein R 16a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4a is a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56a R 57a , wherein R 56a and R 57a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58a R 59a , wherein R 58a and R 59a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60a R 61a wherein R 60a and R 61a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment, when m is 2, one R 4a is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 11a R 12a , wherein R 11a and R 12a are independently selected from H, C1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11a and R 12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13a R 14a , wherein R 13a and R 14a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15a , wherein R 15a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16a -CONH- wherein R 16a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4a is a group selected from Y a -W a wherein Y a is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 2 of B 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62a R 63a wherein R 62a and R 63a are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W a is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64a R 65a , wherein R 64a and R 65a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66a R 67a , wherein R 66a and R 67a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68a R 69a wherein R 68a and R 69a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment, when m is 2, one R 4a is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; - COOH; -CONR 11a R 12a , wherein R 11a and R 12a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11a and R 12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13a R 14a , wherein R 13a and R 14a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15a , wherein R 15a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16a -CONH- wherein R 16a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4a is a group selected from H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50a R 51a , wherein R 50a and R 51a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52a and R 53a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54a R 55a wherein R 54a and R 55a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment, when m is 2, one R 4a is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; - COOH; -CONR 11a R 12a , wherein R 11a and R 12a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11a and R 12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13a R 14a , wherein R 13a and R 14a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15a , wherein R 15a is selected from H and C1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16a -CONH- wherein R 16a is selected from C1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4a is a group selected from phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 -alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56a R 57a , wherein R 56a and R 57a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58a R 59a , wherein R 58a and R 59a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60a R 61a wherein R 60a and R 61a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment, when m is 2, one R 4a is a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; - COOH; -CONR 11a R 12a , wherein R 11a and R 12a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, or R 11a and R 12a together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 13a R 14a , wherein R 13a and R 14a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C(=O)-R 15a , wherein R 15a is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 16a -CONH- wherein R 16a is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and the second R 4a is a group selected from Y a -W a wherein Y a is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle Z 2 of B 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62a R 63a wherein R 62a and R 63a are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W a is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64a R 65a , wherein R 64a and R 65a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66a R 67a , wherein R 66a and R 67a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68a R 69a wherein R 68a and R 69a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment B 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the triazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring; and C 7 is a heteroaryl, such as thiazolyl, optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from OH and NH 2 . Typically, C 7 is a thiazolyl substituted with one group selected from OH and NH 2 . In a further embodiment B 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the X 15 atom of the five membered heterocycle that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring. In an embodiment X 14 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a further embodiment X 16 is selected from CH, N, O and S, typically CH and N. In a still further embodiment X 15 is CH or N, typically N. In a further embodiment C 5 is selected from a phenyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; CN; -COOH; -CONR 39c R 40c , wherein R 39c and R 40c are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, or R 39c and R 40c together with the nitrogen may form a heterocycloalkyl; C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 41c R 42c , wherein R 41c and R 42c are independently selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 43c -CONH- wherein R 43c is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. Typically, C 5 is selected from a phenyl substituted with one, two or three groups selected from a halogen. In a still further embodiment C 5 is selected from a heteroaryl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 44c R 45c , wherein R 44c and R 45c are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46c R 47c , wherein R 46c and R 47c are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48c , wherein R 48c is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49c -CONH- wherein R 49c is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. In a further embodiment C 5 is selected from a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from a halogen; a spiro heterocycle; CN; -COOH; - CONR 44c R 45c , wherein R 44c and R 45c are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl; C1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; OC 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted with a F; O-cyclopropyl, optionally substituted with a F; NR 46c R 47c , wherein R 46c and R 47c are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl, C(=O)-R 48c , wherein R 48c is selected from H and C 1-3 alkyl; OH; and R 49c -CONH- wherein R 49c is selected from C 1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl. In a still further embodiment C 6 is selected from a H; C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2-alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 50a R 51a , wherein R 50a and R 51a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1- 6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 52 R 53 , wherein R 52a and R 53a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 54a R 55a wherein R 54a and R 55a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a further embodiment C 6 is selected from a phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C 2 - alkynyl; OH; OC1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 56a R 57a , wherein R 56a and R 57a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 58a R 59a , wherein R 58a and R 59a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 60a R 61a wherein R 60a and R 61a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment C 6 is selected from Y a -W a wherein Y a is linked to the 5 membered heterocycle of B 1 and is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO 2 , O, C=O, and CR 62a R 63a wherein R 62a and R 63a are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, or halogen; and W a is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthalinyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxainyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydrobenzothiophene-2,2-dioxide, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, or thiadiazolyl; optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; halogen; CN; C2- alkynyl; OH; OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; SH; SC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; NR 64a R 65a , wherein R 64a and R 65a are independently selected from H, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, C(O)C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and S(O 2 )C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; S(O 2 )C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C 1-6 alkenyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)C 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; COOH; C(O)OC 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)OC 3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with a halogen; C(O)NR 66a R 67a , wherein R 66a and R 67a are independently selected from H, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen; and S(O 2 )NR 68a R 69a wherein R 68a and R 69a are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with a halogen, and cyclopropyl optionally substituted with a halogen. In a still further embodiment B 1 is wherein the asterix * indicates the nitrogen atom of the pyrazole ring that is covalently attached to the galactopyranose or cyclohexyl ring. In an embodiment C 8 is a phenyl optionally substituted with one, two or three halogens, such as one, two or three F. In another embodiment C 8 is a heterocycloalkyl, such as morpholinyl, optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from halogen or C 1-4 alkyl. Typically, C 8 is a morpholinyl. In a still other embodiment C 8 is a C 1-6 alkyl, such as C 1-4 alkyl, e.g. isopropyl. In a further embodiment C 9 is selected from H or C1-6 alkyl, such as H. In a still further embodiment X 1 is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O, such as S, SO, or SO2. In a further embodiment X 1 is X 1a -X 1b wherein X 1a and X 1b are independently selected from the group consisting of S, Se, SO, SO2, O, C=O. In one embodiment X 1a is selected from S, SO, or SO2, such as S. In a further embodiment X 1b is selected from S, SO, or SO2, such as S. Typically, X 1 is S-S. In a further embodiment X 2 is O. Alternatively, X 2 is CH2. In a still further embodiment R 1 is H. In a further embodiment R 1 is OH. In a still further embodiment R 1 is OC 1-4 alkyl, such as OCH 3 . In a still further embodiment R 2 is H. Alternatively, R 2 is OH. In a further aspect the present invention concerns a β-D-galactopyranose compound of formula (1) selected from any one of the exemplified compounds of examples 1-14, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The skilled person will understand that it may be necessary to adjust or change the order of steps in the processes herein, and such change of order is encompassed by the aspects of the process as described above in the reaction schemes and accompanying description of the process steps. Furthermore, the skilled person will understand that the processes described above and hereinafter the functional groups of intermediate compounds may need to be protected by protecting groups. Functional groups that it is desirable to protect include hydroxy, amino and carboxylic acid. Suitable protecting groups for hydroxy include optionally substituted and/or unsaturated alkyl groups (e.g. methyl, allyl, benzyl or tert-butyl), trialkyl silyl or diarylalkylsilyl groups (e.g. t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldipheylsilyl or trimethylsilyl), AcO(acetoxy), TBS(t-butyldimethylsilyl), TMS(trimethylsilyl), PMB (p-methoxybensyl), and tetrahydropyranyl. Suitable proteting groups for carboxylic acid include (C 1-6 )-alkyl or benzyl esters. Suitable protecting groups for amino include t-butyloxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy-methyl or 2-trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl (Teoc). Suitable protecting groups for S include S- C(=N)NH 2 , TIPS. The protection and deprotection of functional groups may take place before or after any reaction in the above-mentioned processes. Furthermore the skilled person will appreciate, that, in order to obtain compounds of the invention in an alternative, and on some occasions more convenient manner, the individual process steps mentioned hereinbefore may be performed in different order, and/or the individual reactions may be performed at a different stage in the overall route (i.e. substituents may be added to and/or chemical transformations performed upon, different intermediates to those mentioned hereinbefore in conjunction with a particular reaction). This may negate, or render necessary, the need for protecting groups. In a still further embodiment the compound (1) is on free form. “On free form” as used herein means a compound of formula (1), either an acid form or base form, or as a neutral compound, depending on the substitutents. The free form does not have any acid salt or base salt in addition. In one embodiment the free form is an anhydrate. In another embodiment the free form is a solvate, such as a hydrate. In a further embodiment the compound of formula (1) is a crystalline form. The skilled person may carry out tests in order to find polymorphs, and such polymorphs are intended to be encompassed by the term “crystalline form” as used herein. Whenever a “compound of formula (1)” is used herein it means the compound of formula (1) in any form incl the free form or as a salt thereof, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. When the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions herein disclosed are used for the above treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound is administered to a mammal in need of said treatment. The term “C 1-x alkyl” as used herein means an alkyl group containing 1-x carbon atoms, e.g. C1-5 or C1-6, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl. The term “branched C 3-6 alkyl” as used herein means a branched alkyl group containing 3-6 carbon atoms, such as isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, 3- methylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3- dimethylbutyl. The term “C 3-x cycloalkyl” as used herein means a cyclic alkyl group containing 3-x carbon atoms, e.g. C3-6 or C3-7, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and 1-methylcyclopropyl. The term “C 5-7 cycloalkyl” as used herein means a cyclic alkyl group containing 5-7 carbon atoms, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl. The term “Oxo” as used herein means an oxygen atom with double bonds, also indicated as =O. The term “CN” as used herein means a cyano group. The term “halogen” as used herein means Cl, F, Br or I. The term “halo-C 1-6 alkyl” as used herein means one or more halogens linked to a C 1-6 alkyl, such as CF 3 , CH(Cl)CHF 2 . The term “C 1-6 alkoxy” as used herein means an oxygen linked to a C 1-6 alkyl, such as methoxy or ethoxy. The term “C1-6 alkylthio” as used herein means a sulphur linked to a C1-6 alkyl, such as thiomethoxy or thioethoxy. The term “halo-C 1-6 alkoxy” as used herein means one or more halogens linked to a C1-6 alkoxy, such as CH(F2)CH(Br)O-. The term “C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl” as used herein means a C 1-6 alkoxy linked to a carbonyl, such as methoxycarbonyl (CH 2 OC(=O)). The term “a five or six membered heteroaromatic ring” as used herein means one five membered heteroaromatic ring or one six membered heteroaromatic ring. The five membered heteroaromatic ring contains 5 ring atoms of which one to four are heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S. The six membered heteroaromatic ring contains 6 ring atoms of which one to five are heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Examples include thiophene, furan, pyran, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole, isooxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine and pyridazine. When such heteroaromatic rings are substituents, they are termed thiophenyl, furanyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isooxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyridazinyl. Also included are oxazoyl, thiazoyl, thiadiazoly, oxadiazoyl, and pyridonyl. The term “a heterocycle, such as heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl” as used herein means a heterocycle consisting of one or more 3-7 membered ring systems containing one or more heteroatoms and wherein such ring systems may optionally be aromatic. The term “a heteroaryl” as used herein means a mono or bicyclic aromatic ringsystem containing one or more heteroatoms, such as 1-10, e.g., 1-6, selected from O, S, and N, including but not limited to oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridonyl, pyrimidonyl, quinolinyl, azaquionolyl, isoquinolinyl, azaisoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, azaquinazolinyl, bensozazoyl, azabensoxazoyl, bensothiazoyl, or azabensothiazoyl. The term “a heterocycloalkyl” as used herein means a mono or bicyclic 3-7 membered alifatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms, such as 1-7, e.g., 1-5, selected from O, S, and N, including but not limited to piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrothipyranyl, or piperidonyl. The term “a spiro heterocycle” as used herein means a two-ring system connected by a common carbon atom, and containing from 5 to 12 ring members wherein from 2 to 11 are carbon atoms and at least one is a heteroatom, such as a hetero atom selected from one or more N, S, O; one example is N-(2-oxa)-6- azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl. The term “treatment” and “treating” as used herein means the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a condition, such as a disease or a disorder. The term is intended to include the full spectrum of treatments for a given condition from which the patient is suffering, such as administration of the active compound to alleviate the symptoms or complications, to delay the progression of the disease, disorder or condition, to alleviate or relief the symptoms and complications, and/or to cure or eliminate the disease, disorder or condition as well as to prevent the condition, wherein prevention is to be understood as the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating the disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of the active compounds to prevent the onset of the symptoms or complications. The treatment may either be performed in an acute or in a chronic way. The patient to be treated is preferably a mammal; in particular, a human being, but it may also include animals, such as dogs, cats, cows, sheep and pigs. The term “a pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein is used to specify that the salt is suitable for use in the human or animal body. An example list of pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be found in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use, P. H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth, editors, Weinheim/Zurich:Wiley-VCH/VHCA, 2002. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula (1) includes such salts that may be formed within the human or animal body after administration of said compound to said human or animal body. The term "a therapeutically effective amount" of a compound of formula (1) of the present invention as used herein means an amount sufficient to cure, alleviate or partially arrest the clinical manifestations of a given disease and its complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as "therapeutically effective amount". Effective amounts for each purpose will depend on the severity of the disease or injury as well as the weight and general state of the subject. It will be understood that determining an appropriate dosage may be achieved using routine experimentation, by constructing a matrix of values and testing different points in the matrix, which is all within the ordinary skills of a trained physician or veterinary. In a still further aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of formula (1) and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable additive, such as a carrier or an excipient. As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable additive” is intended without limitation to include carriers, excipients, diluents, adjuvant, colorings, aroma, preservatives etc. that the skilled person would consider using when formulating a compound of the present invention in order to make a pharmaceutical composition. The adjuvants, diluents, excipients and/or carriers that may be used in the composition of the invention must be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the compound of formula (1) and the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition, and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. It is preferred that the compositions shall not contain any material that may cause an adverse reaction, such as an allergic reaction. The adjuvants, diluents, excipients and carriers that may be used in the pharmaceutical composition of the invention are well known to a person skilled within the art. As mentioned above, the compositions and particularly pharmaceutical compositions as herein disclosed may, in addition to the compounds herein disclosed, further comprise at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise from 1 to 99 % by weight of said at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier and from 1 to 99 % by weight of a compound as herein disclosed. The combined amount of the active ingredient and of the pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier may not constitute more than 100% by weight of the composition, particularly the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, only one compound as herein disclosed is used for the purposes discussed above. In some embodiments, two or more of the compounds as herein disclosed are used in combination for the purposes discussed above. The composition, particularly pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound set forth herein may be adapted for oral, intravenous, topical, intraperitoneal, nasal, buccal, sublingual, or subcutaneous administration, or for administration via the respiratory tract in the form of, for example, an aerosol or an air-suspended fine powder. Therefore, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, powders, nanoparticles, crystals, amorphous substances, solutions, transdermal patches or suppositories. Further embodiments of the process are described in the experimental section herein, and each individual process as well as each starting material constitutes embodiments that may form part of embodiments. The above embodiments should be seen as referring to any one of the aspects (such as ‘method for treatment’, ‘pharmaceutical composition’, ‘compound for use as a medicament’, or ‘compound for use in a method’) described herein as well as any one of the embodiments described herein unless it is specified that an embodiment relates to a certain aspect or aspects of the present invention. All references, including publications, patent applications and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference was individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and was set forth in its entirety herein. All headings and sub-headings are used herein for convenience only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. Any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents as used in the context of describing the invention are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Unless otherwise stated, all exact values provided herein are representative of corresponding approximate values (e.g., all exact exemplary values provided with respect to a particular factor or measurement can be considered to also pro-vide a corresponding approximate measurement, modified by "about," where appropriate). All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise indicated. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any element is essential to the practice of the invention unless as much is explicitly stated. The citation and incorporation of patent documents herein is done for convenience only and does not reflect any view of the validity, patentability and/or enforceability of such patent documents. The term “and/or” as used herein is intended to mean both alternatives as well as each of the alternatives individually. For instance, the expression “xxx and/or yyy” means “xxx and yyy”; “xxx”; or “yyy”, all three alternatives are subject to individual embodiments. The description herein of any aspect or embodiment of the invention using terms such as “comprising”, “having”, “including” or “containing” with reference to an element or elements is intended to provide support for a similar aspect or embodiment of the invention that “consists of”, “consists essentially of”, or “substantially comprises” that particular element or elements, unless otherwise stated or clearly contradicted by context (e.g., a composition described herein as comprising a particular element should be understood as also describing a composition consisting of that element, unless otherwise stated or clearly contradicted by context). The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples that, however, are not to be construed as limiting the scope of protection. The features disclosed in the foregoing description and in the following examples may, both separately and in any combination thereof, be material for realizing the invention indiverse forms thereof. Experimental procedures (Evaluation of Kd values) The affinity of Example 1-14 for galectins were determined by a fluorescence anisotropy assay where the compound was used as an inhibitor of the interaction between galectin and a fluorescein tagged saccharide probe as described Sörme, P., Kahl-Knutsson, B., Huflejt, M., Nilsson, U. J., and Leffler H. (2004) Fluorescence polarization as an analytical tool to evaluate galectin-ligand interactions. Anal. Biochem.334: 36-47, (Sörme et al., 2004) and Monovalent interactions of Galectin-1 By Salomonsson, Emma; Larumbe, Amaia; Tejler, Johan; Tullberg, Erik; Rydberg, Hanna; Sundin, Anders; Khabut, Areej; Frejd, Torbjorn; Lobsanov, Yuri D.; Rini, James M.; et al, From Biochemistry (2010), 49(44), 9518-9532, (Salomonsson et al., 2010).

Synthesis of Examples and intermediates General experimental: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on a 400 MHz Bruker AVANCE Ш 500 instrument or a Varian instrument at 400 MHz, at 25 °C. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm (d) using the residual solvent as internal standard. Peak multiplicities are expressed as follow: s, singlet; d, doublet; dd, doublet of doublets; t, triplet; dt, doublet of triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; br s, broad singlet. LC-MS were acquired on an Agilent 1200 HPLC coupled with an Agilent MSD mass spectrometer operating in ES (+) ionization mode. Column: XBridge C18 (4.6 × 50 mm,3.5 μm) or SunFire C18 (4.6 × 50 mm, 3.5 μm). Solvent A water + 0.1% TFA and solvent B Acetonitrile + 0.1% TFA or solvent A water (10 mM Ammonium hydrogen carbonate) and solvent B Acetonitrile. Wavelength: 254 nM. Alternatively, LC-MS were acquired on an Agilent 1100 HPLC coupled with an Agilent MSD mass spectrometer operating in ES (+) ionization mode. Column: Waters symmetry 2.1 x 30 mm C18 or Chromolith RP-182 x 50 mm. Solvent A water + 0.1% TFA and solvent B Acetonitrile + 0.1% TFA. Wavelength 254 nm. Preparative HPLC was performed on a Gilson 215. Flow: 25 mL/min Column: XBrige prep C1810 μm OBD (19 × 250 mm) column. Wavelength: 254 nM. Solvent A water (10 mM Ammonium hydrogen carbonate) and solvent B Acetonitrile. Alternatively, preparative HPLC were acquired on a Gilson system. Flow: 15 ml/min Column: kromasil 100-5-C18 column. Wavelength: 220 nm. Solvent A water + 0.1% TFA and solvent B Acetonitrile + 0.1% TFA. The following abbreviations are used aq: aqueous Calcd: Calculated MeCN: Acetonitrile CuI: Copper Iodide DCM: Dichloromethane DIPEA: Diisopropylethylamine DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide ESI-MS: Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry EtOAc or EA: Ethylacetate Et 3 N: Triethylamine h: hour(s) HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography LC: Liquid Chromatography MeCN: Acetonitrile mL: milliliter MeOH: Methanol MeOD: Deuterated methanol mm: millimeter mM: millimolar MS: Mass spectroscopy nm: nanometer NaOMe: Sodium methoxide N 2 : Nitrogen gas NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance PE: petroleum ether pH: acidity Prep: preparative rt: room temperature TFA: trifluoroacetic acid THF: Tetrahydrofuran TMS: Trimethylsilyl UV: Ultraviolet Å: Ångström Synthesis of examples 1-5 and 14 from their respective intermediates 1-5. Synthesis of examples 6-13 are made as described in process steps a1) to a18) above. Example 1 3,3’-Dideoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol -1-yl]-3’-[4-(2- hydroxythiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-1,1'-sulfanediyl -di-β-D- galactopyranoside To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-azido-3-deoxy- -D- galactopyranoside) (described in van Scherpenzeel, M; Moret, E. E.; Ballell, L.; Liskamp, R. M. J.; Nilsson, U. J.; Leffler, H.; Pieters, R. J. Synthesis and Evaluation of New Thiodigalactoside-Based Chemical Probes to Label Galectin-3. ChemBioChem, 2009, 10, 1724-1733 as well as in PCT/EP2020/067620 filed 24 June 2020) (400 mg, 0.61 mmol), 4-(2-trimethylsilylethynyl)thiazol-2-ol (120 mg, 0.61 mmol) and CuI (24 mg, 0.12 mmol) in MeCN (4 mL) DIPEA (0.14 mL, 0.78 mmol) followed by TBAF (61 µL, 1 M in THF, 0.061 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred 6 h at 50 °C. The mixture was purified by chromatography (SiO 2 , EtOAc). The obtained material (358 mg) was dissolved together with 3,4,5-trifluorophenylacetylene (156 mg, 0.68 mmol) and CuI (18 mg, 0.09 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL). To the solution DIPEA (0.10 mL, 0.59 mmol) followed by TBAF (50 µL, 1 M in THF, 0.050 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred 6 h at 50 °C. The mixture was purified by chromatography (SiO 2 , EtOAc). The obtained material (81 mg) was stirred 90 min at rt in MeOH (1.5 mL) and NaOMe (0.25 mL, 1 M). The mixture was purified by chromatography (SiO2, EtOAc/MeOH) and further purification by prep HPLC (C 18 , H 2 O/MeCN/0.1 % TFA) to afford the title compound (40 mg, 10 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C 25 H 26 F 3 N 7 O 9 S 2 ] [M+H] + : 690.1; found: 690.2. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.66 – 7.56 (m, 2H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 4.97 – 4.86 (m, 4H), 4.60 (t, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (t, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (s, 2H), 3.91 – 3.78 (m, 4H), 3.71 (dd, J = 11.2, 4.4 Hz, 2H). Example 2 3-[4-(4-Chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3, 3’-dideoxy-3’-[4-(2- hydroxythiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-1,1'-sulfanediyl -di-β-D- galactopyranoside To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-azido-3-deoxy- -D- galactopyranoside) (400 mg, 0.61 mmol), 4-(2-trimethylsilylethynyl)thiazol-2-ol (120 mg, 0.61 mmol), 4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenylacetylene (150 mg, 0.61 mmol) and CuI (24 mg, 0.12 mmol) in MeCN (6 mL) DIPEA (0.14 mL, 0.78 mmol) followed by TBAF (61 µL, 1 M in THF, 0.061 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred 3 h at 50 °C. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc, water and HCl (2 mL, 1 M), and the organic phase was dried and evaporated. The residue was first purified by prep HPLC (C 18 , H 2 O/MeCN/0.1 % TFA), then by chromatography (SiO 2 , PE/EtOAc). The obtained material (64 mg) was stirred 30 min at rt in MeOH (3.0 mL) and NaOMe (0.5 mL, 1 M). The mixture was purified by chromatography (SiO2, EtOAc/MeOH) to afford the title compound (43 mg, 10 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C 25 H 26 ClF 2 N 7 O 9 S 2 ] [M+H] + : 706.1; found: 706.2. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) δ 8.61 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 4.97 – 4.88 (m, 4H), 4.61 (t, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (t, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 3.92 – 3.78 (m, 4H), 3.72 (dd, J = 11.3, 4.5 Hz, 2H). Example 3 3’-[4-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3-[4-(4 -chloro-3,5- difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3,3’-dideoxy-1,1'-s ulfanediyl-di-β-D- galactopyranoside To a solution of 3’-azido-3-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triaz ol-1-yl]- 3,3’-dideoxy-1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β-D-galactopyranoside (32 mg, 0.055 mmol), 4-(2- trimethylsilylethynyl)thiazol-2-amine (16 mg, 0.083 mmol) and CuI (1.1 mg, 0.0055 mmol) in MeCN (0.5 mL) DIPEA (19 µL, 0.78 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred 42 h at 50 °C. The mixture was purified by prep HPLC (C 18 , H 2 O/MeCN/0.1 % TFA) to afford the title compound (22 mg, 57 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C 25 H 27 ClF 2 N 8 O 8 S 2 ] [M+H] + : 705.1; found: 705.2. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) δ 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 4.97 – 4.89 (m, 4H), 4.67 – 4.57 (m, 2H), 4.17 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.92 – 3.79 (m, 4H), 3.72 (dt, J = 11.4, 3.7 Hz, 2H). Example 4 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2 -pyrazol-1-yl]-β-D- galactopyranoside} To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-{4,6-O-benzylidene-3-[(2-tert- butoxycarbonyl)hydrazinyl]-3-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranoside} (85 mg, 0.11 mmol) in EtOH (4 mL) 3-(dimethylamino)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)prop-2-enal (47 mg, 0.25 mmol) and concentrated HCl (0.2 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred 2 h at 80 °C. The mixture was evaporated and purified by preparative HPLC (MeCN/H2O (10 mmol/L NH 4 HCO 3 ), X-Select 10 μm 19*250 mm, 20 mL/min, UV 254) to afford the title compound (6.88 mg, 10 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C 30 H 32 F 2 N 4 O 8 S] [M+H] + : 647.2; found: 648.8. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.25 (s, 2H), 7.90 (s, 2H), 7.42 – 7.27 (m, 6H), 6.93 – 6.87 (m, 2H), 4.85 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.66 (t, J = 10.0 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (dd, J = 10.8, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 2H), 3.87 – 3.77 (m, 4H), 3.73 – 3.68 (m, 2H). Example 5 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-{3-deoxy-3-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl) -1H-1,2-pyrazol-1-yl]-β- To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-{4,6-O-benzylidene-3-[(2-tert- butoxycarbonyl)hydrazinyl]-3-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranoside} (55 mg, 0.072 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) TFA (0.2 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The mixture was evaporated and dissolved in EtOH (4 mL). 3-(Dimethylamino)-2-(3,4,5- trifluorophenyl)prop-2-enal (49.6 mg, 0.22 mmol) and concentrated HCl (0.2 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred 2 h at 80 °C. The mixture was evaporated and purified by preparative HPLC (MeCN/H 2 O (10 mmol/L NH 4 HCO 3 ), X-Select 10 μm 19*250 mm, 20 mL/min, UV 254) to afford the title compound (8.08 mg, 16 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C30H28F6N4O8S] [M+H] + : 719.2; found: 718.8. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) δ 8.25 (s, 2H), 7.90 (s, 2H), 7.53 – 7.20 (m, 4H), 4.85 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.64 (t, J = 10.1 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (dd, J = 10.4, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 2H), 3.87 – 3.77 (m, 4H), 3.71 (dd, J = 16, 8.8 Hz, 2H). Examples 6-13 are made as described in process steps a1) to a18) above. Example 14 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-{3-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3- deoxy-β To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-azido-3-deoxy- -D- galactopyranoside) (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 2-(4-chloro-2,3- difluorophenyl)ethynyltrimethylsilane (77.8 mg, 0.32 mmol) and CuI (2.9 mg, 0.12 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) DIPEA (0.079 mL, 0.45 mmol) followed by TBAF (15 µL, 1 M in THF, 0.015 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred overnight at 50 °C. Additional CuI (2.9 mg, 0.12 mmol) and TBAF (15 µL, 1 M in THF, 0.015 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred 3 h at 50 °C. The mixture was diluted with MeOH and water and purified by prep HPLC (C 18 , H 2 O/MeCN/0.1 % TFA). The obtained material was stirred overnight at 35 °C in MeOH (5 mL) and NaOMe (60.6 µL, 5 M in THF, 0.30 mmol). The mixture was purified by prep HPLC (C 18 , H 2 O/MeCN/0.1 % TFA) to afford the title compound (13 mg, 11 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C 28 H 26 Cl 2 F 4 N 6 O 8 S] [M+H] + : 753.1; found: 753.0. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) δ 8.56 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (s, 2H), 7.40 (s, 2H), 4.99 – 4.81 (m, 6H), 4.16 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.93 – 3.81 (m, 4H), 3.72 (dd, J = 10.4, 3.0 Hz, 2H). Intermediate 3 3’-Azido-3-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triaz ol-1-yl]-3,3’-dideoxy- 1,1'-sulfanediyl-di-β-D-galactopyranoside To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-azido-3-deoxy- -D- galactopyranoside) (1.00 g, 1.51 mmol), 4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenylacetylene (370 mg, 1.51 mmol) and CuI (29 mg, 0.15 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) DIPEA (0.52 mL, 3.0 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred 3 h at 50 °C. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and brine. The organic phase was dried, evaporated, and purified by chromatography (SiO2, PE/EtOAc). The obtained material (700 mg) was stirred 14 h at rt in MeOH (21 mL) and NaOMe (7 mL, 1 M). The mixture was neutralized with acetic acid, evaporated, and purified by HPLC (C 18 , H 2 O/MeCN/0.1 % TFA) to afford the product (204 mg, 23 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C20H23ClF2N6O8S] [M+H] + : 581.1; found: 581.2. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) δ 8.58 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.95 – 4.88 (m, 2H), 4.77 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (t, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.04 – 3.97 (m, 2H), 3.90 – 3.58 (m, 6H), 3.39 (dd, J = 9.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H). Intermediate 4 3-(Dimethylamino)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)prop-2-enal To a cooled (0 °C) solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (2134 mg, 29.2 mmol) and phosphoryl trichloride (4029 mg, 26.3 mmol) 2-(3-fluorophenyl)acetic acid (900 mg, 5.84 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at 60-70 °C. After cooling to rt, the mixture was slowly added to a mixture of ice and water with external cooling and ice intermittently to keep the temperature <10 °C. K 2 CO 3 was added slowly until pH = 11 was achieved. Small quantities of ethanol (2 mL) were added to control frothing. To the alkaline mixture toluene (30 mL) was added, and the mixture was refluxed for 1.5 h and cooled to rt. The aqueous layer was extracted with an additional 40 mL of toluene. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried using Na 2 SO 4 and evaporated. The obtained solid was recrystallized from hexane to give the product (560 mg, 50 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C 11 H 12 FNO] [M+H] + : 194.1; found: 194.2. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.02 (s, 1H), 7.26 – 7.21 (m, 1H), 6.96 – 6.66 (m, 4H), 2.80 (s, 6H). 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-(3-azido-3-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranosi de) To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-azido-3-deoxy- -D- galactopyranoside) (800 mg, 1.21 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) NaOMe (65.4 mg, 1.21 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred 2 h at rt. The mixture was evaporated and purified by chromatography (MeOH/DCM = 0/1~1/3, Silica-CS 20 g, 25 mL/min, silica gel, UV 254) to afford the product (280 mg, 57 %). 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d 4 ) δ 4.71 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (dd, J = 11.6, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (dd, J = 11.6, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.58 – 3.53 (m, 2H), 3.34 (dd, J = 10.0, 2.8 Hz, 2H). 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-(3-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-β -D-galactopyranoside) To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-(3-azido-3-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranosi de) (410 mg, 1.00 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) benzaldehyde dimethylacetal (489 mg, 3.21 mmol) and D(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid (70 mg, 0.30 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred 3 h at 60 °C. The mixture was evaporated and purified by chromatography (DCM/EtOAc=10/1~3/2, Silica-CS 12 g, 20 mL/min, silica gel, UV 254) to afford the product (300 mg, 51 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C 26 H 28 N 6 O 8 S] [M+NH 4 ] + : 602.2; found: 602.2. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.50 – 7.39 (m, 4H), 7.25 – 7.16 (m, 6H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 4.55 (td, J = 9.6, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (dd, J = 12.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (dd, J = 12.8, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.58 – 3.49 (m, 4H), 3.42 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 2H). 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis-(3-amino-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-β -D-galactopyranoside) To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-(3-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-β -D- galactopyranoside) (300 mg, 0.51 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and water (2 mL) triphenylphosphine (1.01 g, 4.11 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at 50 °C. The was evaporated and purified by column chromatography (MeOH/DCM = 0/1~2/3, Silica-CS 12 g, 20 mL/min, silica gel, UV 254) to the product (220 mg, 81 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C26H32N2O8S] [M+H] + : 533.2; found: 533.0. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.41 – 7.35 (m, 4H), 7.33 – 7.23 (m, 6H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 4.31 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (d, J = 12.4, 2H), 4.16 (t, J = 10.2 Hz, 2H), 4.13 – 4.09 (m, 2H), 4.02 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 2.64 (dd, J = 9.6, 2.8 Hz, 2H). 1,1’-Sulfanediyl-bis- 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-[(2-tert-butoxycarbonyl)hydrazinyl]- 3- deoxy-β-D-galactopyranoside To a solution of 1,1’-sulfanediyl-bis-(3-amino-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-β -D- galactopyranoside) (220 mg, 0.41 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) tert-butyl 3-(4- cyanophenyl)oxaziridine-2-carboxylate (224 mg, 0.91 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The was evaporated and purified by column chromatography (MeOH/DCM = 0/1~1/5, Silica-CS 12 g, 20 mL/min, silica gel, UV 254) to give the product (180 mg, 57 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C 36 H 50 N 4 O 12 S] [M+H] + : 763.3; found: 763.0. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.41 – 7.09 (m, 10H), 6.60 (s, 2H), 5.48 (s, 2H), 4.48 – 4.45 (m, 2H), 4.38 – 4.31 (m, 4H), 4.27 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 2H), 4.02 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 3.55 – 3.45 (m, 6H), 2.86 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (s, 18H). Intermediate 5 3-(Dimethylamino)-2-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)prop-2-enal To a cooled (0 °C) solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (913 mg, 12.5 mmol) and phosphoryl trichloride (1724 mg, 11.2 mmol) 2-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)acetic acid (475 mg, 2.50 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at 60-70 °C. After cooling to rt, the mixture was slowly added to a mixture of ice and water with external cooling and ice intermittently to keep the temperature <10 °C. K2CO3 was added slowly until pH = 11 was achieved. Small quantities of ethanol were added to control frothing. To the alkaline mixture toluene (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was refluxed for 1.5 h and cooled to rt. The aqueous layer was extracted with an additional 20 mL of toluene. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried using Na 2 SO 4 and evaporated. The obtained solid was recrystallized from hexane to give the product (320 mg, 56 %). ESI-MS m/z calcd for [C 11 H 10 F 3 NO] [M+H] + : 230.1; found: 230.1. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.05 (s, 1H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.82 (dd, J = 8.2, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.91 (s, 6H).

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