[0001] The present invention relates to a plumbing monitoring system. In particular, the present invention relates to a system for monitoring the condition of, and water movement within, small bore sewers. The present invention also relates to methods for monitoring water outflows from fixtures, including toilets, showers, baths, basins and sinks.

BACKGROUND ART

[0002] In recent times, an awareness of the importance of water conservation has led to the development of a range of water efficient plumbing fixtures such as ultra low flow tapware, low flow shower outlets, low flush and ultra-low flush toilets. Generally speaking, water efficient ultra low flow taps, low flow shower outlets and low flush toilets are designed to use significantly less water than standard high flow taps, shower outlets and full flush toilets (with ultra-low water use taps using 2 litres per minute (LPM), shower outlets 5 LPM and toilets typically only 2 litres for a half flush and 3 litres for a full flush).

[0003] However the disadvantage with low flow taps, shower outlets and low flush toilets is that a reduction in the amount of water used for sanitation during bathing and flushing the toilet can lead to a build-up of waste material in sewer pipes and fixtures through insufficient water available to wash-down faeces and other waste through the sewer pipes. As a consequence, there is an increased risk of blockages in sewer drainage pipes. This in turn can lead to the loss of amenity (e.g. closed toilets blocks), the spread of bacteria and disease, increased corrosion in pipes and increased levels of noxious and flammable gases. Further, the use of chemicals to unblock sinks, shower recesses and blocked toilets can have an environmental impact and increase cost.

[0004] Some attempts have been made to overcome these disadvantages. One such attempt is the device described in Australian patent no. 2007327567 that collects waste from a toilet and periodically discharges the waste in sufficient quantities to ensure adequate wash-down in sewer pipes. [0005] However, such devices cannot detect blockages or obstructions in sewer pipes, or upstream potable water leaks, and these issues are often only detected from leaking taps, broken water pipes or through poor drainage from, or overflowing of, toilets, basins, shower recesses, floor grates or the like.

[0006] Thus, it would be advantageous if it were possible to provide a system for monitoring sewers and fixtures, and in particular small bore sewers, which allowed for the early detection of blockages, obstructions or leakages in, or upstream of, sewer pipes.

[0007] It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the common general knowledge in the art in Australia or in any other country.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0008] The present invention is directed to a plumbing monitoring system, which may at least partially overcome at least one of the abovementioned disadvantages or provide the consumer with a useful or commercial choice.

[0009] In a first aspect, the present invention resides broadly in a plumbing monitoring system comprising: a first sensor associated with a plumbing fixture and/or a sewer pipe and a second sensor also associated with the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, the first sensor and the second sensor being configured to take one or more measurements of one or more parameters, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to transmit the one or more measurements to an electronic device adapted to generate an alarm when the one or more measurements indicate the presence of undesirable conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe.

[0010] In a second aspect, the present invention resides broadly in a plumbing monitoring system comprising: A first sensor associated with a plumbing fixture and/or a sewer pipe and configured to record in electronic form at least one measurement of one or more parameters associated with the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe; and

A second sensor associated with the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe and configured to record in electronic form at least one measurement of the one or more parameters associated with the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe,

Wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are spaced apart from one another by at least a portion of the length of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe.

[0011 ] The first sensor and the second sensor may be of any suitable form. Preferably, the first sensor and the second sensor are associated with a surface of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. In particular, the first sensor and the second sensor may be configured to be located in abutment with, or close proximity to, an internal surface and/or an external surface of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe.

[0012] The first sensor and the second sensor may be adapted for fixed or temporary connection to the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. For instance, the first sensor and the second sensor may be affixed to the external surface of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, such as by adhesives, welding, brazing or similar joining techniques. Alternatively, the first sensor and the second sensor may be affixed to external surface of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe using one or more mechanical fasteners (bolts, screws, nails, rivets or the like, or a combination thereof), clamps, clasps, ties, straps or the like, or any suitable combination thereof. Alternatively, the first sensor and the second sensor may be integrated into the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe by way of a sewer pipe fitting (connector, elbow, junction, bend or the like) that is cut and glued, clamped, screwed, strapped or any suitable combination thereof.

[0013] The sewer pipe may be of any suitable form, although it is envisaged that the term “sewer pipe” is intended to refer to any conduit through which waste material (ideally water, human waste and paper products, such as toilet paper), although it will be understood that foreign objects (such as, but not limited to, sanitary products, wet wipes, and so on) may also be found in sewer pipes. Preferably, the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe is located within a small bore sewer system.

[0014] It will also be understood that the term “sewer pipe” may refer to a single conduit, two or more conduits joined to one another so as to form a single flow-path, or one or more conduits in association with a flow augmentation device. The flow augmentation device may be of any suitable form. For instance, the flow augmentation device may comprise one or more collection devices for the collection and periodic discharge of waste. Alternatively, the flow augmentation device may comprise a siphon device adapted to augment or boost the flow of material through the sewer pipe.

[0015] The plumbing fixture may be of any suitable type. For instance, the plumbing fixture may include toilets, bidets, showers, baths, basin and sinks. It is envisaged that the plumbing fixture could also comprise an appliance from which waste water exits, such as, but not limited to, washing machines, dishwashers and the like.

[0016] The one or more parameters may be of any suitable type. For instance, the one or more parameters may include one or more properties of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, one or more properties of the material within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, one or more measurements indicative of conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments of, the one or more parameters may include vibration of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, sound emitted from the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe (such as the sound of material flowing in the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe and/or the sound emitted by a flow augmentation device), pressure within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, fluid level within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, flow-rate within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, temperature within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe and so on.

[0017] in some embodiments of the invention, the one or more parameters may be measured directly by the first sensor and the second sensor. For instance, parameters such as sound and vibration may be measured directly by the first sensor and the second sensor. Thus, the first sensor and the second sensor may comprise audio and/or vibration sensors.

[0018] Alternatively, the one or more parameters may be measured indirectly by the first sensor and the second sensor. In this embodiment of the invention, it is envisaged that one or more measurement devices (such as, but not limited to, pressure gauges, flow-meters, level switches, temperature gauges, capacitance coupling and the like) may be associated with the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. The one or more measurement devices may be analog or digital devices. In this embodiment of the invention, the first sensor and the second sensor may measure the position or change in position of the one or more measurement devices, or may record the measurements taken by the one or more measurement devices. Thus, in this embodiment the first sensor and the second sensor may comprise movement sensors, cameras or the like. More preferably, however, the first sensor and the second sensor may be in the form of audio and/or vibration sensors and/or capacitive sensors that detect the sound and/or vibration and/or flow and/or speed that occur when the one or more measurement devices actuate and/or change position and/or detect a change in condition.

[0019] The sensors may be of any suitable form. For instance, the sensors may be electronic, ultrasonic or mechanical, or any suitable combination thereof. In embodiments of the invention in which the sensors are mechanical, it is envisaged that the sensors may be float or mercury type sensors.

[0020] It is envisaged that, when more than one parameter is being measured, the first sensor and/or the second sensor may be adapted to measure more than one parameter. Alternatively, a first sensor and a second sensor may be provided for each parameter to be measured. Thus, in this embodiment a first vibration sensor and a second vibration sensor may be present, along with a first audio sensor and a second audio sensor, a first capacitive sensor and a second capacitive sensor and so on.

[0021] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the first sensor and the second sensor may be spaced apart from one another. More preferably, the first sensor and the second sensor may be spaced apart from one another by at least a portion of the length of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. In this way, the one or more parameters may be measured in different sections of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe so that a change or difference in the parameter between the location at which the first sensor is placed and the location at which the second sensor is placed may be observed or measured.

[0022] The first sensor and the second sensor may be located at any suitable location on the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. For instance, the first sensor may be located at or adjacent an inlet of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, while the second sensor may be located at or adjacent an outlet of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. Alternatively, the first sensor and the second sensor may be located at or adjacent opposed ends of a flow augmentation device.

[0023] In some embodiments of the invention, one or more intermediate sensors may be provided. The one or more intermediate sensors may be located at any suitable point on the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, although in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the one or more intermediate sensors may be located between the first sensor and the second sensor. The one or more intermediate sensors may be adapted to measure the one or more parameters at one or more points intermediate the first sensor and the second sensor. The one or more intermediate sensors may be located on the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe itself, or may be associated with a flow augmentation device or may be integrated into a sewer fitting connected to the sewer pipe. In some embodiments of the invention, the one or more intermediate sensors may be located at a point on the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe at which a blockage, obstruction or the like is likely to occur.

[0024] Preferably, the one or more intermediate sensors are of the same type as the first sensor and the second sensor.

[0025] In some embodiments, one or more fixture sensors may be provided. In this embodiment of the invention, the one or more fixture sensors may be associated with a fixture such as a toilet, bath, shower, basin, sink or the like. It is envisaged that, by providing one or more fixture sensors associated with a fixture, the operation of the fixture may be monitored and undesirable conditions (such as blockages, obstructions, restrictions, water leaks and unrestricted water flows) may be detected. It will be understood that the one or more fixture sensors may monitor conditions on the potable water side of the fixture, the wastewater side of the fixture, or a combination of the two.

[0026] The one or more fixture sensors may be associated with the fixture in any suitable manner. For instance, it is envisaged that, in some embodiments, a first fixture sensor may be associated with a water supply for the fixture. The water supply may be a pipe, conduit, cistern or the like. It is envisaged that a second fixture sensor may be associated with an outlet or discharge of the fixture, such as a pipe, conduit, S-bend or the like. Thus, differences in measurements between the first fixture sensor and the second fixture sensor may provide an indication of whether undesirable conditions exist in the fixture.

[0027] It is envisaged that the discharge from the fixture may flow to the sewer pipe with which the first sensor and the second sensor are associated. In this embodiment, it is envisaged that differences in the measurements between the second fixture sensor and whichever of the first sensor or the second sensor is further upstream (i.e. closest to the fixture) may indicate whether undesirable conditions exist in the sewer pipe between the fixture and the sensor closest to the fixture.

[0028] The one or more sensors may take measurements at any suitable time. For instance, the one or more sensors may take measurements continuously, or may take measurements in response to a command generated by a user. Alternatively, the one or more sensors may take measurements at regular or irregular time intervals. For instance, the one or more sensors may take measurements at least once a minute, at least once an hour, at least once a day or at least once a week. It is envisaged that the frequency with which the one or more sensors take measurements may vary. For instance, in a commercial building, the one or more sensors may take measurements less regularly outside of business hours, or on weekends, than during business hours on a weekday.

[0029] Preferably, each of the first sensor, the second sensor and the one or more intermediate sensors (if present) are electronic sensors. In this embodiment, it is envisaged that the measurements taken by the first sensor, the second sensor and the one or more intermediate sensors (if present) may generate electronic data related to the one or more parameters. Thus, as previously stated, the one or more measurements are transmitted to an electronic device.

[0030] The electronic device may be of any suitable form. For instance, the electronic device may comprise a computer, server, computing tablet, mobile telephone, control system (such as, but not limited to, a PLC, DCS, SCADA or the like), expert system, building management system and so on, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0031 ] The one or more measurements may be transmitted to the electronic device using any suitable technique. Preferably, the one or more measurements may be transmitted to the electronic device in the form of electronic data. Thus, it is envisaged that the sensors may be in electronic communication with the electronic device. In some embodiments, the one or more measurements may be sent in the form of an email, SMS message, MMS message or the like. More preferably, however, the one or more measurements may be sent to the electronic device as a machine-readable electronic message. In another embodiment of the invention, the one or more measurements may be sent to the certification server via one or more application programming interfaces (APIs).

[0032] The sensors and the electronic device may be in electronic communication with one another in any suitable manner. For instance, the sensors and the electronic device may be physically connected to one another (such as by one or more wires, cords or the like) or may be wirelessly connected to one another (such as by Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or the like), and preferably supplied with electrical power by being hardwired to a source of power (such as electric grid), via one or more batteries (and particularly long life batteries), via CAT ethernet cable and so on. It is envisaged that the sensors may be associated with, or in electronic communication with, a data transmission device. The data transmission device may be of any suitable form, although it is envisaged that the data transmission device may include a wireless connection portion. The wireless connection portion may be of any suitable form, and it will be understood that the purpose of the wireless connection portion is to provide a wireless connection between the sensors and the electronic device. In some embodiments of the invention, the wireless connection portion may comprise a router. Any suitable router may be used, and it will be understood that the choice of router may be dependent on a number of factors, such as the nature of the data, the specifications of the electronic device, the number of sensors and so on.

[0033] In a preferred embodiment, the data transmission device may further comprise a transmitting and receiving portion. Any suitable transmitting or receiving portion may be provided, such as a Wi-Fi hotspot, antenna, satellite uplink or the like. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the transmitting and receiving portion may comprise one or more wireless access points (AP). Preferably, and where appropriate, the AP may be in electronic communication with the electronic device.

In some embodiments of the invention, the AP may be formed integrally with the wireless communication device. It is envisaged that the AP may be provided in order to enhance the transmission and reception of electronic signals between the sensors and the electronic device.

[0034] In some embodiments of the invention, the measurements taken by the one or more sensors may be stored in electronic memory associated with at least one of the sensors. The electronic memory may be located at the sensors, such that measurements are taken and electronically stored at or with the sensors. Any suitable electronic memory may be provided, such as a hard drive (either hardwired to the sensors, or a removable hard drive) or a portable data storage device (such as a USB or “flash” drive, or a memory card, such as an SD card or the like). In this way, it is envisaged that the measurements (in the form of electronic data) may be periodically downloaded from the electronic memory.

[0035] As previously stated, the electronic device is adapted to generate an alarm when the one or more measurements indicate the presence of undesirable conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. It is envisaged that the measurements themselves may indicate the presence of undesirable conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, or the difference between measurements taken by different sensors may indicate the presence of undesirable conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, or a comparison of the measurements and/or the difference between the measurements taken by different sensors in comparison to predetermined values or anticipated values may indicate the presence of undesirable conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. In other embodiments, a difference between measurements taken by the same sensor may indicate the presence of undesirable conditions. The measurements taken by the same sensor may be subsequent measurements in time or may be measurements spaced apart in time by one or more intermediate measurements.

[0036] Undesirable conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe may be indicated in any suitable manner by the one or more measurements. For instance, if the first sensor and the second sensor are audio sensors and do not detect sound within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, then this may be indicative of a blockage, restriction or obstruction within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe.

[0037] It is also envisaged that an alarm may be generated when one or more measurements of the one or more parameters fall outside a predetermined value.

[0038] In other embodiments of the invention, the electronic device may calculate a difference between the measurement taken by the first sensor and the measurement taken by the second sensor and/or a difference between measurements taken by the same sensor. Thus, it is envisaged that the electronic device may comprise a calculation portion, such as a processor. The difference may then indicate undesirable conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. For instance, if the first sensor detects a relatively high level of sound associated with the flow of liquid in the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe and/or the operation of a flow augmentation device and the second sensor detects a relatively low level of sound associated with the flow of liquid in the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe and/or the operation of a flow augmentation device, this may be indicative of a blockage or obstruction in the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe between the first sensor and the second sensor.

[0039] In some embodiments, any difference between the measurement of a parameter taken by the first sensor and the measurement of a parameter taken by the second sensor and/or measurements of a parameter taken by the same sensor may generate an alarm. More preferably, however, an alarm may be generated by the electronic device when the difference between the measurements of a parameter taken by the first sensor and the second sensor falls outside a predetermined value.

[0040] In these embodiments of the invention, it will be understood that the term “predetermined value” may comprise a single value, or a range of values. It is envisaged that the predetermined value may represent the value of the one or more parameters at which normal or desirable operating conditions exist within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe.

[0041] The predetermined value may be determined in any suitable manner. For instance, the predetermined value may be calculated based on the type and duty of the sewer system, may be based on manufacturer specifications or may be based on values obtained from similar installations in other locations. In other embodiments, the predetermined value may be an observed value of normal operation of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, or an average of observed values of normal operation of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe over a period of time.

[0042] In some embodiments of the invention, the electronic device may compare the measurements and/or the difference between the measurements against one or more anticipated values of the one or more parameters. The one or more anticipated values may be determined in any suitable manner. However, it is envisaged that the one or more anticipated values may be adapted to provide information regarding normal or desirable operating conditions of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe and/or sewer system at a (or any) specific point in time.

[0043] For instance, while measurements of the sound or vibration of a plumbing fixture and/or sewer pipe may indicate that the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe is operating normally without blockages or obstructions, these measurements do not indicate whether an excessive amount of water is being used (for instance, due to a water leak or faulty tap, toilet or the like) in comparison to normal. By way of example, in an office building it would typically be expected that more water would be used on a weekday than on a weekend, and that more water would be used at 12pm than at 12am. Thus, the same amount of water being used at 12pm on a Sunday as at 12pm on a Tuesday may indicate the presence of a water leak or the like. [0044] Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, one or more further pieces of information may be associated with each of the one or more measurements. The one or more further pieces of information may be of any suitable type, although in a preferred embodiment of the invention the one or more further pieces of information may comprise metadata associated with the measurements. In some embodiments, the further pieces of information may comprise the date and the time at which the measurement was taken.

[0045] Preferably, the one or more measurements may be stored electronically.

It is envisaged that the one or more measurements may be stored in an electronic database, and preferably the electronic database may form part of, or be associated with, the electronic device.

[0046] It is envisaged that when measurements are taken over a period of time, the electronic device may use the measurements to generate anticipated values for the one or more parameters. Thus, the anticipated value of a parameter may comprise an average value of that parameter calculated from two or more measurements of the parameter.

[0047] More preferably, the anticipated value of a parameter may comprise an average value of that parameter calculated from two or more measurements of the parameter calculated at the same time and/or on the same day as the measurements. In this way, the system may calculate the anticipated value taking into account the variation in the use of water within a building that naturally occur throughout the day.

[0048] In other embodiments of the invention, the anticipated values may be calculated based on one or more environmental factors. Any suitable environmental factors may be used, although it is envisaged that the environmental factors may include date, time, temperature (inside and/or outside the building), the number of people in the building, the location of the people within the building, whether a tenancy in a building is occupied or vacant and so on.

[0049] The date may be used to calculate anticipated values of the parameters in a number of ways. For instance, and as previously stated, less water would be expected to be used in a commercial building on a weekend than on a weekday. However, in addition to this, less water would be expected to be used on a weekday that is a public holiday than on a normal weekday.

[0050] The number of people in the building and the location of people within the building may be used to calculate the anticipated values by calculating water usage that would be expected by the number of people in the building. In addition, the location of the people within the building may be used to determine where within the building water usage may be expected, thereby allowing the system to identify locations at which abnormal usage of water may be occurring.

[0051] The number of people in the building may be monitored using any suitable technique. For instance, in a commercial building the number of people may be determined through the use of electronic passes or tags to gain entry to a building and/or a specific tenancy or area within the building. Thus, in this embodiment of the invention, it is envisaged that the electronic device may be electronically associated with an electronic data log containing information regarding the use of electronic passes or tags. The electronic data log may be housed on the electronic device or may be housed on a second electronic device remote from, but electronically associated with, the electronic device.

[0052] In other embodiments of the invention, the environmental factors may include the time and frequency at which a water source (such as a tap, toilet, shower or the like) or flow augmentation device has been actuated, and/or the duration of the actuation of the water source.

[0053] in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the electronic device may be adapted to change the anticipated values. Changing the anticipated values may be in response to the one or more environmental factors, in response to trends in the measurements over time and so on. In other embodiments of the invention, the electronic device may be adapted to make pre-emptive changes to the anticipated values. For instance, if the electronic device detects (for example, by accessing an electronic database) that a tenancy within a building will become occupied on a particular date, the electronic device may pre-emptively change the anticipated values to anticipate the increased water usage from the tenancy and reduce or eliminate the likelihood of generating a false alarm triggered by a sudden increase in water usage.

[0054] In some embodiments of the invention, the anticipated values may be changed or adjusted by the electronic device using machine learning. Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the electronic device may comprise one or more machine learning modules. Any suitable machine learning techniques and/or algorithms may be used. It is envisaged that, in this embodiment, the electronic device may use the measurements taken by the sensors to determine what constitute normal or typical operation of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. The measurements used by the electronic device may represent normal operation of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe at a point in time, may be a short-term trend or may be a long-term trend. Thus, it is envisaged that the anticipated values may change over time as the electronic device learns what measurements constitute normal or typical operation of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. This may be advantageous because, while manufacturers’ specifications may provide an indication of normal operation of a plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe, they do not take into account the unique environmental factors associated with a particular building or installation. Thus, it is envisaged that the system may effectively “fingerprint” an individual building or plumbing fixture installation (or even a sewer pipe) so as to develop a building, plumbing fixture installation or sewer pipe specific understanding of what constitutes normal or typical operating conditions.

[0055] As previously stated, an alarm is generated when the one or more measurements indicate the presence of undesirable conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. More specifically, an alarm may be generated when a measurement falls outside the anticipated value for a parameter.

[0056] The alarm may be of any suitable form. For instance, the alarm may be an audio alarm (such as a siren or the like) or a visual alarm (such as a warning light or the like). The alarm may be provided on a display (such as a screen) associated with a control system or control panel, within a control room, or within public areas of the building. [0057] More preferably, however, it is envisaged that the electronic device may transmit an alarm to one or more further electronic devices. Any suitable further electronic devices may receive the alarm, such as one or more mobile telephones, computers, computing tablets, smart watches or the like, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0058] The alarm may be received in any suitable form. For instance, the alarm may be received as an email message, SMS message, MMS message, instant message or the like. Alternatively, the alarm may be transmitted and received via one or more electronic interfaces provided on, or accessed via, the one or more further electronic devices. The one or more electronic interfaces may be of any suitable form, and may be provided on a website or via an app downloaded to the electronic device. In this embodiment of the invention, the alarm may be received in the form of a push notification or the like.

[0059] As previously stated, the alarm may comprise an audio or visual signal to indicate the presence of undesirable conditions within the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe. More preferably, however, the alarm may include information regarding the undesirable conditions being experienced. For instance, the alarm may include information regarding the type of undesirable conditions (e.g. a blockage, restriction or obstruction, a water leak and so on), the location of the undesirable conditions and/or the location of the plumbing fixture and/or the sewer pipe where the undesirable conditions have been detected, the severity of the undesirable conditions and so on.

[0060] As stated earlier, the alarm may be transmitted and received via one or more electronic interfaces provided on, or accessed via, an electronic device. Any suitable electronic interfaces may be provided. In one embodiment, the one or more electronic interfaces may include one or more user control interfaces. It is envisaged that the one or more user control interfaces may allow a user to control the operation of one or more fixtures.

[0061 ] The one or more user control interfaces may allow a user to control the operation of one or more fixtures in any suitable manner. For instance, the user control interfaces may allow a user to start and/or stop the operation of a fixture (for instance, turning taps associated with bath tubs, basins or shower on and off). The user may start and/or stop the operation of a fixture manually at any time, or the user may program a start point and/or stop point for a fixture. For example, the user may program a fixture to start and/or stop operation at a particular time, to stop operation after a predetermined period of time has elapsed since the fixture commenced operating, to start and/or stop operation of a fixture after a predetermined period of time has elapsed since the last use of the fixture, or to stop operation of the fixture after a predetermined volume of water has been dispensed by the fixture.

[0062] It is envisaged that the one or more electronic interfaces may be associated with a calculation portion. Any suitable calculation portion may be provided, although it is envisaged that the calculation portion may comprise a computer processor, microprocessor or the like. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the calculation portion may be capable of calculating one or more parameters relating to water usage, such as volume of water used in a structure over a period of time, volume of water used by one or more fixtures within a structure over a period of time, time of operation of one or more fixtures within a structure over a period of time and so on. It is envisaged that the one or more parameters may be used to inform users of water usage within the structure and/or to assist with or encourage improved water management practices and/or to schedule preventative maintenance for the fixture. For example, if the calculation portion calculates that showers taken by people within the structure exceed recommended lengths and/or water usage, the user may be able to adjust their water management practices accordingly and/or schedule preventative maintenance for heavily used fixtures to illuminate and/or reduce the likelihood of fixture failures and/or water leaks. It is envisaged that the one or more parameters may be displayed in one or more electronic display interfaces displayed on the electronic device.

[0063] In embodiments of the invention in which the calculation portion calculates that (for example) showers taken by people within the structure exceed recommended lengths and/or water usage, it is envisaged that an alert may be sent to a relevant person. In some embodiments the relevant person may be a building manager, tenant, property owner or the like. Preferably, the alert may be sent to an electronic device (such as a computer, computing tablet, mobile telephone, smart watch or the like) associated with the relevant person. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the alert may be sent to the electronic device of the relevant person in real-time, so that the relevant person receives the alert while the offending action is occurring. In situations in which the person whose action generated the alert is, for instance, a child or young adult, it is envisaged that the relevant person may be a parent or guardian. Thus, the relevant person may use the alert to educate the child or young adult as to the recommended length of shower in order to promote water conservation and create improved water usage habits.

[0064] It is also envisaged that the relevant person may, upon receiving an alert, be able to shut off the flow of water to the plumbing fixture (e.g. shower) in order to prevent additional water usage. This may be achieved manually (such as by actuating a valve associated with a conduit through which water enters a wet area or the plumbing fixture) or remotely. In situations in which the valve is actuated remotely, it is envisaged that the relevant person may control actuation of the valve through a website, control panel, or app downloaded to the user’s electronic device.

[0065] In some embodiments, it is envisaged that a user may set the permitted length of and/or water usage in (for example) a shower. It is envisaged that, once the length of the shower and/or the water usage exceeds the predetermined limits, the shower may automatically turn off. It is envisaged that the user may set the permitted length of and/or water usage in a shower through a website, control panel, or app downloaded to the user’s electronic device.

[0066] Although described in terms of a shower, it will be understood that this embodiment of the invention could be used in connection with any suitable plumbing fixture. For instance, the embodiment could equally apply to the volume of water used to fill a bath, basin or sink, the length of time a tap associated with a plumbing fixture may be allowed to be turned on (for example, when a user is brushing their teeth or washing their hands) and so on.

[0067] It is envisaged that, in some embodiments of the invention, the generation of an alert may be triggered at any suitable time and in response to any suitable occurrence. For instance, an alert may be generated when a predetermined percentage of a daily water usage target is reached. The daily water usage target may be for a plumbing fixture, a room within a structure, a tenancy or dwelling within a structure or the structure itself. By way of example, an alert may be generated when a dwelling or tenancy reaches 50% of its daily water usage target. More preferably, an alert may be generated when a dwelling or tenancy reaches 60% of its daily water usage target. Alternatively, an alert may be generated when a dwelling or tenancy reaches 70% of its daily water usage target. Alternatively, an alert may be generated when a dwelling or tenancy reaches 80% of its daily water usage target. Alternatively, an alert may be generated when a dwelling or tenancy reaches 90% of its daily water usage target. Alternatively, an alert may be generated when a dwelling or tenancy reaches 100% of its daily water usage target.

[0068] In some embodiments of the invention, the system may be configured to monitor the water usage of one or more individuals within a structure, or within a tenancy or dwelling located within the structure. The water usage of the one or more individuals may be monitored using any suitable technique. For example, a plumbing fixture may be associated with a Near Field Communication (NFC) or RFID device configured to receive a signal from an NFC or RFID device carried by an individual, such as, but not limited to, mobile telephone, smart watches, security passes, swipe cards or the like. In some embodiments of the invention, a user may be required to bring their NFC or RFID device into contact with, or close proximity to, the NFC or RFID device associated with the plumbing device before the plumbing device can be used. Alternatively, the NFC or RFID device associated with the plumbing device may communicate with the NFC or RFID device carried by an individual by the user coming into relatively close proximity to the NFC or RFID device associated with the plumbing device. In this manner, the water usage of individuals may be monitored. This monitoring of the water usage of individuals may be used to promote competition between individuals in order to reduce water usage, or may be used as an education tool to educate individuals with high water usage to adopt improved water saving habits.

[0069] In other embodiments of the invention the operation of one or more fixtures (and/or a water supply) may be controlled using one or more sensors. For example, a structure (such as a building, or room within a building) may be provided with one or more sensors that may be used to start and/or stop the operation of a fixture (and/or start and/or stop the supply of water to the structure). For instance, the one or more sensors may comprise flow sensors, capacitive sensors, motion sensors, heat sensors, infrared sensors and the like, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0070] It is envisaged that when a sensor detects a change in conditions within the structure (e.g. a lack of movement for a motion sensor, an absence of a heat signal for a heat sensor and so on), the sensors may actuate to stop the flow of water to one or more fixtures and/or to the structure.

[0071] In other embodiments of the invention, the one or more sensors may include flow and/or level sensors. The flow and/or level sensors may detect the water level in a fixture (such as a basin, bath tub, shower, toilet or the like) and may actuate to shut off the flow of water to the fixture if the water level in the fixture exceeds a predetermined level and/or if the rate of change of water flow and/or level in the fixture exceeds a predetermined value. In this way, the overflow of water from fixtures in the event of a blocked outlet or flooding from a burst water pipe may be reduced or eliminated.

[0072] In this embodiment, the water supply may be switched back on once it is verified that the cause of the potential overflow or flooding risk has been removed. This may be performed manually or may be performed automatically by one or more sensors. In this embodiment of the invention, it is envisaged that the water supply may be switched back on when the one or more sensors detect normal operation of the fixture (i.e. reduced or negligible water flow, normal water levels and so on). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a pair of sensors may be used to confirm the normal operation of the fixture. In this embodiment, a first sensor may be located on a potable water side of the fixture and a second sensor may be located on a wastewater side of the fixture.

[0073] In a preferred embodiment, the one or more sensors may be in communication with a device configured to turn the water supply off and on when abnormal water flow (such as a leak, burst pipe or the like) is detected. Any suitable device may be used, although in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the device may comprise a valve. The valve may be of any suitable type, although in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the valve may comprise a solenoid valve. [0074] The valve may be located at any suitable location. In some embodiments, the valve may be located adjacent to the plumbing fixture or, more specifically, the valve may be associated with a water conduit associated with the plumbing fixture (and, in particular, a water conduit that provides water to the plumbing fixture). Similarly, the valve may be located at the entrance to a wet area (such as a bathroom, kitchen, toilet, laundry or the like) or at the entrance to a building. More specifically, the valve may be associated with a water conduit that provides water to the wet area or the building.

[0075] It is envisaged that the valve may be in electronic communication with the one or more sensors and/or the electronic device. In this way, the valve may be actuated (to open and/or close) upon receipt of either an alarm from the electronic device, or a measurement from the one or more sensors indicating the presence of undesirable conditions. In this way, the water to the plumbing fixture, wet area or building may be turned off substantially instantaneously when a fault is detected in order to reduce or eliminate damage caused by a burst pipe or leak.

[0076] In some embodiments of the invention, one or more valves may be associated with an outflow conduit (i.e. a conduit through which waste water leaves a structure). Such conduits may comprise drainpipes, sewer pipes and the like. In a preferred embodiment, a valve may be associated with each outflow conduit through which waste water leaves a structure. The valve may be of any suitable type.

[0077] It is envisaged that the valves associated with the outflow conduits may be actuated in a situation in which there is a danger or possibility of water entering the structure through the outflow conduits, such as during a storm, flood or the like. By actuating the valves associated with the outflow conduits, water may be substantially precluded from entering the structure through the outflow conduits.

[0078] It is envisaged that, in situations in which the conduit providing water to a plumbing fixture, wet area or structure is provided with a valve, actuation of such valves along with the valves associated with the outflow conduits may effectively isolate the structure (or parts thereof) to substantially preclude the ingress of water during a storm or flood. [0079] In certain embodiments, such as when a structure is used infrequently or occasionally, it may be desirable to shut off water to the structure when it is not in use (and turn it back on when the structure is in use). This may reduce or eliminate the possibility of water wastage from, for instance, undetected slow leaks within a fixture. Such structures may include commercial buildings that are not occupied every day, unoccupied buildings (houses, commercial properties, etc.), buildings that are occupied periodically (holiday houses, hotel rooms and the like) and so on.

[0080] In these embodiments, it is desirable for the water supply to the structure to be turned off and on automatically. This eliminates the possibility of a user forgetting to switch off the water supply when leaving the structure. It also eliminates the requirement for a user to know how to turn on the water supply when taking occupancy of a structure (such as for a hotel guest).

[0081 ] In this embodiment, the switching on and off of the water supply may be achieved using any suitable technique. For instance, the supply of water may be actuated by the use of a part of the structure (such as the opening of a door, the actuation of a light switch or the like). In a specific embodiment of a hotel room or the like, it is envisaged that the water supply may be actuated to turn on when a key card switch inside the room is activated. Similarly, the water supply may be actuated to turn off when a key card switch inside the room is de-activated.

[0082] It is envisaged that the measurements may be used for auditing purposes. For instance, the measurements may be used for water management purposes (for instance, in times of drought or when water usage restrictions are in force) or for determining water usage charges for tenancies within a building.

[0083] In some embodiments of the invention, it is envisaged the measurements may be used to identify areas of high water flow and low water flow within the sewer system. In this embodiment, it is envisaged that water may be diverted within the system from areas of high water flow to areas of low water flow. This may be done to reduce pressure on parts of the system experiencing high water flow. In other embodiments of the invention (for instance, where water may be used for watering gardens, lawns and the like) the water may be diverted to areas of low water flow within the system in order to ensure that all areas that require watering receive adequate water.

[0084] In a third aspect, the invention resides broadly in a waste water distribution method comprising:

Providing one or more sensors on each of a plurality of sewer pipes, wherein at least one sewer pipe is associated with each of a plurality of structures, the one or more sensors being configured to measure the volume of waste water generated by each of the plurality of structures; calculating an anticipated volume of waste water required in and/or around each of the plurality of structures; and collecting a surplus volume of water for each of the plurality of structures for use separate to the plurality of structures, the surplus volume of water for each structure being approximately equal to the difference between the volume of waste water generated and the anticipated value of waste water required for each of the plurality of structures.

[0085] The structures may be of any suitable form. For instance, the structures may be residential buildings, commercial buildings, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments of the invention, the structures may form part of a common community, such as a residential estate, business park, university campus or the like.

[0086] Each sewer pipe may be provided with any suitable number of sensors. Preferably, however, at least a pair of sensors are provided on each sewer pipe. The pair of sensors are preferably spaced apart from one another by at least a portion of the length of the sewer pipe.

[0087] The sensors may measure one or more parameters associated with the sewer pipe, or the fluid flowing in the sewer pipe. Any suitable parameters may be measured. Thus, the sensors, and the manner in which they function, may be the same as the sensors of the first and second aspects of the present invention.

[0088] As previously stated, the sensors are adapted to measure the volume of waste water generated by each of the plurality of structures. It is envisaged that the volume of waste water will be the volume of waste water flowing through the sewer pipes. The sensors may directly measure the volume of waste water generated by each of the structures, or may indirectly measure the volume of waste water through the measurement of the one or more parameters. The volume of waste water generated by each structure may be an instantaneous measurement, or may be a measurement taken or collected over any suitable period of time.

[0089] As with the first and second aspects of the invention, the measurements of the one or more parameters taken by the sensors may be stored on the sensors (such as on a hard drive or portable data storage device), or may be transmitted to an electronic device for the calculation of the waste water generated by each structure. The electronic device of the third aspect is preferably the same as the electronic device of the first and second aspects.

[0090] In this embodiment of the invention, it will be understood that the term “waste water” may not refer to sewage. Instead, the waste water of this aspect of the invention may be “grey water” or “sullage”. This is typically all of the waste water generated in households or office buildings from streams without faecal contamination. Sources of grey water typically include sinks, showers, baths, washing machines or dishwashers, but not toilets. However, in some embodiments of the invention, the waste water of this aspect of the invention may include sewage (such as discharge from toilets). In these embodiments, it is envisaged that the waste water (or at least the sewage portion of the waste water) may be treated prior to use. It is envisaged that the waste water of this aspect of the invention may be used for purposes such as irrigation.

[0091 ] The anticipated volume of waste water may be calculated using any suitable technique. Preferably, the techniques are the same as those for the first and second aspects. In one particular embodiment of the invention, the anticipated values may be calculated using one or more of historical data regarding previous waste water usage by each structure, the number of people associated with each structure, predicted water volumes obtained from other sources (such as rainfall and the like), predicted ambient temperatures and so on. Preferably, the anticipated volume of waste water is calculated over substantially the same period of time as the measurement of the volume of waste water generated by each structure. [0092] As with the first and second aspects, it is envisaged that the anticipated values may be changed over time by the electronic device using machine learning. Any suitable machine learning techniques and/or algorithms may be used.

[0093] As previously stated, at least one of the sensors may be a capacitive sensor. More preferably, a plurality of capacitive sensors may be provided. The sensors may be located on an external surface of a pipe or fixture, or may be at least partially embedded within the pipe or fixture. In embodiments of the invention in which the capacitive sensors are associated with a pipe, it is envisaged that a plurality of sensors may be provided spaced around, or extending about, at least a portion of the circumference of the pipe, or for part of the surface of the fixture. In other embodiments, the capacitive sensors may extend substantially about the circumference of the pipe..

[0094] It is envisaged that the one or more capacitive sensors may be used in the determination of the volume of flow through a pipe. Typically, water in sewer pipes flows by gravity at a fixed gradient or fall. Thus, the velocity of the water in a pipe is known, along with the diameter of the pipe. The plurality of capacitive sensors about the at least a portion of the circumference of the pipe may be used to calculate the depth of the flow within the pipe, meaning that the volume of flow in the pipe can be determined.

[0095] In addition, it is envisaged that the sensors may measure and/or record the time at the start of the flow and the end of the flow, meaning that the time of flow may be calculated.

[0096] The surplus volume of waste water may be used for any suitable purpose. However, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the surplus volume may be used for irrigation, such as garden beds, lawn areas, sporting fields (including golf courses) and so on.

[0097] In some embodiments of the invention, the waste water generated by the structures may be collected in a single, common storage vessel. Alternatively, the waste water generated by each structure may be collected at or near the structure.

In some embodiments, each structure may be provided with a storage vessel, such as a tank, sump or the like for the waste water. Alternatively, a group of two or more structures may share a common storage vessel.

[0098] Preferably, a plurality of storage vessels may be provided, with each of the plurality of storage vessels being associated with one or more structures. Thus, the total volume of waste water for each structure may be collected, with the total volume comprising both the anticipated value of waste water required by each structure and the surplus volume of waste water.

[0099] In this embodiment of the invention, it is envisaged that, by calculating both the total volume of waste water generated by a structure, and the anticipated value of waste water required by the structure, the electronic device may be configured to calculate the surplus volume of waste water generated by each structure. The electronic device may then distribute for use at least a portion of the surplus waste water from the plurality of storage vessels when required. The surplus waste water may be distributed using any suitable technique, although it is envisaged that the surplus waste water may be pumped, fed by gravity, siphoned or otherwise distributed to the desired location for use.

[0100] The surplus waste water may be used at any suitable location. However, where possible, it is envisaged that the surplus waste water in each of the plurality of storage vessels may be distributed for use to a location relatively close to the location of the storage vessel. In this way, the energy required to transport the surplus waste water from the storage vessel to the location where it is to be used may be reduced.

[0101 ] It is envisaged that the plumbing monitoring system of the present invention may also be adapted to provide information to one or more associated users. Any suitable associated user may be provided with information, although in a preferred embodiment of the invention the associated user may be a utilities operator, pump station operator, sewage treatment facility operator or the like.

[0102] Any suitable information may be provided to the one or more associated users. However, in a preferred embodiment it is envisaged that the information may include water flow information (such as water volume, flow rate, information regarding peak usage times and so on) from the small bore sewer system into a general sewer network. By providing this information, it is envisaged that the one or more associated users may be able to monitor sewer inflows, plan and carry out maintenance or repairs in a more efficient manner, and also to manage pumping times (for instance, from a pump station) at times that coincide with off peak periods in the small bore sewer system.

[0103] Thus, in a fourth aspect, the invention resides broadly in a method of detecting ground water inflow in a sewer system, the method comprising the steps of:

Providing one or more sensors on each of a plurality of sewer pipes, wherein at least one sewer pipe is associated with each of a plurality of structures, the one or more sensors being configured to measure the volume of waste water generated by each of the plurality of structures;

Transporting a total volume of waste water generated by the plurality of structures to a pump station;

Providing one or more sensors on each of one or more pump station outlet pipes, the one or more sensors being configured to measure the volume of waste water discharged from the pump station; and

Calculating the difference between the volume of waste water discharged from the pump station and the total volume of waste water generated by the plurality of structures in order to determine the presence of ground water inflow into the sewer system.

[0104] The waste water of the fourth aspect may be the same as that of the third aspect (i.e. grey water). More preferably, however, the waste water of the fourth aspect may comprise all waste water generated by the plurality of structures, including sewage discharged from toilets.

[0105] It is envisaged that the waste water generated by the plurality of structures may comprise the only fluid received by the pump station. Thus, in this embodiment, it may be clearly determined that a difference between the total volume of waste water generated by the plurality of structures and the total volume of waste water discharged from the pump station must be ground water flowing into the sewer system (barring any incidental water usage at the pump station, which would typically be accounted for). Thus, it is envisaged that the plurality of structures may all form part of a subdivision, office park, educational institution, hospital or the like.

[0106] The sensors may be of any suitable form, although it is envisaged that the sensors will be the same (and function in the same manner) as the sensors of the previous aspects.

[0107] As with the previous aspects of the invention, the measurements taken by the sensors may be stored on the sensors (such as on a hard drive or portable data storage device), or may be transmitted to an electronic device for the calculation of the waste water generated by each structure. The electronic device of the fourth aspect is preferably the same as the electronic device of the previous aspects.

[0108] It is envisaged that, by calculating ground water inflow into the sewer system, utility providers may be provided with information regarding the condition of public sewers. This information may be used to conduct pre-emptive maintenance or repair and to reduce or eliminate unexpected failures of sewers.

[0109] In a fifth aspect, the present invention resides broadly in a method for monitoring a sewer comprising the steps of:

Providing at least a first sensor and a second sensor on a sewer pipe, the first sensor and the second sensor being configured to measure one or more parameters associated with the sewer pipe, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are spaced apart from one another by at least a portion of the length of the sewer pipe;

Calculating, using measurements of the one or more parameters taken by the first sensor and/or the second sensor, data relating to the operation of the sewer pipe; and

Generating an alarm if the data indicates the presence of undesirable conditions within the sewer pipe.

[0110] The present invention provides numerous advantages over the prior art. For instance, the present invention allows for the early and accurate detection of undesirable conditions within a sewer pipe (and particular a small bore sewer), as well as being able to readily identify the location and type of undesirable conditions, making conducting maintenance relatively efficient.

[0111] In addition, the ability of the system to adapt the anticipated values based on environmental factors improves the accuracy of the detection of undesirable conditions, reducing the likelihood of the generation of false alarms, while also improving the early detection of undesirable conditions.

[0112] Any of the features described herein can be combined in any combination with any one or more of the other features described herein within the scope of the invention.

[0113] The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not, be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that the prior art forms part of the common general knowledge.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0114] Preferred features, embodiments and variations of the invention may be discerned from the following Detailed Description which provides sufficient information for those skilled in the art to perform the invention. The Detailed Description is not to be regarded as limiting the scope of the preceding Summary of the Invention in any way. The Detailed Description will make reference to a number of drawings as follows:

[0115] Figure 1 illustrates a portion of a plumbing monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0116] Figure 2 illustrates a portion of a plumbing monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0117] Figure 3 illustrates a portion of a plumbing monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0118] Figure 4 illustrates a schematic view of a plumbing monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0119] Figure 5 illustrates a waste water distribution method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0120] Figure 6 illustrates a method of detecting ground water inflow in a sewer system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0121 ] Figure 7 illustrates a sewer pipe according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0122] Figure 1 illustrates a portion of a plumbing monitoring system 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment of the invention, a sewer pipe 11 is illustrated. The sewer pipe 11 is part of a small bore sewer network and is connected to a source of water (not shown), such as a toilet, basin, shower, bath or the like at an upstream end 12 thereof, such that water flows through the pipe 11 from the upstream end 12 to the downstream end 13 and eventually into a general sewer network (not shown).

[0123] A first sensor 14 and a second sensor 15 are located on an external surface of the sewer pipe 11 and are spaced apart from one another by a portion of the length of the sewer pipe 11. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 1 , the first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15 are audio sensors that are adapted to measure the sound of liquid flowing within the sewer pipe 11.

[0124] Sounds measurements taken by the first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15 are transmitted wirelessly 16 to an electronic device (not shown) that is located remotely to the sewer pipe 11. The electronic device uses the measurements to calculate whether the difference in sound measured by the first sensor 14 in comparison to the second sensor 15 indicates the presence of undesirable conditions within the sewer pipe 11. For instance, if the difference between the sound measurement taken by the first sensor 14 and the sound measurement taken by the second sensor 15 falls outside a predetermined value and/or an anticipated value, this may indicate the presence of a blockage or obstruction in the sewer pipe 11 between the first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15. [0125] In addition, the electronic device (not shown) uses the measurements taken by the first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15 to determine whether the sound of liquid flowing within the sewer pipe 11 indicates a volume and/or flowrate of fluid that falls outside a predetermined value and/or anticipated value. If so, this may indicate the presence of a water leak or unrestricted water flow from a water source associated with the upstream end 12 of the sewer pipe 11.

[0126] Figure 2 illustrates a portion of a plumbing monitoring system 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. While the general operation of the plumbing monitoring system 10 of Figure 2 is the same as that of Figure 1, the sewer pipe 11 of Figure 2 includes a siphonic flow augmentation device 17. The operation of the siphonic flow augmentation device 17 is conventional, and no additional description of its operation is required.

[0127] In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 2, the system 10 includes a first sensor 14 and a second sensor 15. This is substantially the same arrangement as in Figure 1 . Flowever, in Figure 2 the system 10 also includes a first intermediate sensor 18 and a second intermediate sensor 19 associated with the siphonic flow augmentation device 17. The sensors 14, 15, 18, 19 all measure the sound generated by liquid flowing within the sewer pipe 11 (including the siphonic flow augmentation device 17) and wirelessly transmit 16 the measurements to an electronic device (not shown). As with the embodiment illustrated in Figure 1 , the electronic device (not shown) uses the measurements to calculate whether the difference in sound measured by sensors 14, 15, 18, 19 indicates the presence of undesirable conditions within the sewer pipe 11 (including the siphonic flow augmentation device 17). For instance, if the difference between the sound measurement taken by the first sensor 14 and the sound measurement taken by the second sensor 15 falls outside a predetermined value and/or an anticipated value, this may indicate the presence of a blockage or obstruction in the sewer pipe 11 between the first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15. In this embodiment of the invention, however, the presence of the intermediate sensors 18, 19 enables a more accurate determination of the precise location of the obstruction or blockage within the sewer pipe 11 , ensuring that maintenance or repair may be conducted in a quick and efficient manner. [0128] In Figure 2, it is, however, primarily envisaged that the measurements taken by intermediate sensor 18 will provide an indication of the correct operation of the siphonic flow augmentation device 17, while the measurements taken by intermediate sensor 19 will provide an indication of whether the siphonic flow augmentation device 17 is functioning correctly, or whether the siphonic flow augmentation device 17 is experiencing difficulties or blockages.

[0129] Figure 3 illustrates a portion of a plumbing monitoring system 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The system 10 of Figure 3 is similar to that in that two intermediate sensors 18, 19 are provided between the first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15. In Figure 3, the intermediate sensors 18, 19 are associated with a mechanical flow augmentation device 20. The mechanical flow augmentation device 20 functions by collecting liquid entering the device 20 through the upstream end 12 of the sewer pipe 11 , and then periodically discharging the liquid from the device 20 towards the downstream end 13 of the sewer pipe 11 in sufficient quantities to reduce the formation of blockages in the pipe 11 .

[0130] The sensors 14, 15, 18, 19 all measure the sound generated by liquid flowing within the sewer pipe 11 (including the mechanical flow augmentation device 20) and wirelessly transmit 16 the measurements to an electronic device (not shown). As with the embodiment illustrated in Figure 2, the electronic device (not shown) uses the measurements to calculate whether the difference in sound measured by sensors 14, 15, 18, 19 indicates the presence of undesirable conditions within the sewer pipe 11 (including the mechanical flow augmentation device 20).

For instance, if the difference between the sound measurement taken by the first sensor 14 and the sound measurement taken by the second sensor 15 falls outside a predetermined value and/or an anticipated value, this may indicate the presence of a blockage or obstruction in the sewer pipe 11 between the first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15. In this embodiment of the invention, the presence of the intermediate sensors 18, 19 enables a more accurate determination of the precise location of the obstruction or blockage within the sewer pipe 11 , ensuring that maintenance or repair may be conducted in a quick and efficient manner.

[0131 ] Unlike in Figure 2, in which the measurements of the intermediate sensors 18, 19 primarily provide an indication of the correct operation of the siphonic flow augmentation device 17, in Figure 3 it is envisaged that measurements taken by all of the sensors, 14, 15, 18, 19 will together provide an indication of the correct operation of the mechanical flow augmentation device 20.

[0132] Figure 4 illustrates a schematic view of a plumbing monitoring system 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this Figure, a water source in the form of a toilet 21 discharges liquid into a sewer pipe 11. Over time an obstruction 22 may form in the sewer pipe 11 , the obstruction 22 comprising waste matter such as faeces, toilet paper and other foreign objects.

[0133] A first vibration and/or audio sensor 14 and a second vibration and/or audio sensor 15 are located on the exterior of the sewer pipe 11 and are spaced apart from one another by a portion of the length of the sewer pipe 11. The first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15 measure the vibration of the sewer pipe 11 and/or sound of liquid flowing in the sewer pipe 11 and wirelessly transmit 16 the measurements via the internet 23 to an electronic device 24 in the form of a server or computer. The electronic device 24 may be associated with, or form part of, a distributed control system (DCS), expert system, building management system or the like.

[0134] During normal operation of the sewer pipe 11 (i.e. where no obstruction 22 is present) it may be expected that the sound within and/or vibration of the sewer pipe 11 measured by the first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15 may be similar to one another. Flowever, when an obstruction 22 is present in the sewer pipe 11 , a difference in the sound and/or vibration may be measured (for instance, less sound of fluid flowing in the sewer pipe 11 may be measured by the first sensor 14 compared to the second sensor 15 because less fluid may be able to flow through the sewer pipe 11 past the obstruction 22).

[0135] The electronic device 24 determines the difference between the measurements taken by the first sensor 14 and the second sensor 15. If the difference between the measurements falls outside a predetermined value or an anticipated value, the electronic device 24 generates an alarm 25 which is transmitted via the internet 23 to one or more further electronic devices. The further electronic devices may be a mobile telephone 26 or a control system 27 and may be displayed to a user as an alarm on a screen or display of the mobile telephone or control system 27.

[0136] In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 4, the electronic device 24 is associated with an electronic database 28. The electronic database 28 includes data such as the past measurements taken by the sensors 14, 15, as well as differences between the past measurements. The predetermined or anticipated values may be calculated by the electronic device 24 based on the data contained within the electronic database 28 as an indication of what comprises normal or desirable conditions within the sewer pipe 11. Thus, when new measurements are received by the electronic device from the sensors 14, 15, the electronic device 24 compares the measurements against the predetermined or anticipated values to determine whether undesirable conditions are present in the sewer pipe 11. It is envisaged that the measurements are time and date stamped in order to assist in determining what constitutes normal or desirable operating conditions at different times of the day, on different days of the week, or in different months of the year.

[0137] the electronic database 28 may contain other sources of data, such as data associated with one or more environmental factors. Thus, the electronic database may contain a calendar indicating not just normal business days and hours, but public holidays, leave calendars for people working in the building, closures of businesses (such as for seminars, parties and so on) and the like. The electronic database 28 may also contain building tenancy information (including occupation rates), security pass usage logs

[0138] In some embodiments of the invention, the other sources of data may be located on other electronic devices (not shown) located remotely to the electronic device 24. In this embodiment, the electronic device 24 may be adapted to electronically communicate with the other electronic devices in order to interrogate the other electronic devices to obtain the required data, or to receive the required data from the other electronic devices.

[0139] Figure 5 illustrates a waste water distribution method 30 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment of the invention, waste water is generated by each of a plurality of structures. In this instance, the structures are houses H. Sensors (not shown in this Figure) are associated with sewer pipes (not shown in this Figure). The sensors measure (either directly or indirectly) the volume of waste water generated by each house FI over a period of time.

[0140] An electronic device (not shown in this Figure) in the form of a computer, server, distributed control system (DCS) or the like calculates an anticipated volume of waste water required in and/or around each house FI. The anticipated volume of waste water will typically be used for watering gardens and lawns, washing objects such as vehicles or the house FI itself and so on. The anticipated volume of waste water is typically calculated over the same period of time as the time period over which the volume of waste water generated by each house FI is measured.

[0141] The electronic device (not shown in this Figure) calculates a surplus volume of waste water for each house FI, the surplus volume being approximately equal to the difference between the volume of waste water generated by each house FI and the anticipated volume of water required in and/or around that house FI. The surplus volume is then collected and used to irrigate common areas A, B, C. Preferably, surplus volumes of waste water are directed to the common area A, B, C closest to the house FI from where the surplus volume originated by the electronic device (not shown in this Figure) in order to minimise costs associated with transporting the surplus volume to common areas A, B, C further from each house FI.

[0142] Figure 6 illustrates a method of detecting ground water inflow in a sewer system 31 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, waste a plurality of buildings (Lot 1 - Lot 7) in a subdivision each have a sewer pipe 11 extending between the building (Lot 1 - Lot 7) and a public sewer 32. Waste water generated by each building (Lot 1 - Lot 7) passes along the respective sewer pipes 11 to the public sewer 32 and then to a pump station 33.

[0143] At least one sensor (not shown in this Figure) is associated with each sewer pipe 11 and is configured to measure the volume of waste water passing through each sewer pipe 11 and into the public sewer 32. The total volume of waste water entering the public sewer 32 from the buildings (Lot 1 - Lot 7) in the subdivision is then calculated by an electronic device (not shown in this Figure) using the measurements taken by the sensors (not shown in this Figure). [0144] The pump station 33 includes an outflow pipe 34 through which water entering the pump station 33 through the public sewer 32 is pumped to a different location. In the embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 6, at least one sensor (not shown in this Figure) is associated with the outflow pipe 34 and is configured to measure the volume of waste water leaving the pump station 33 through the outflow pipe 34.

[0145] The electronic device (not shown in this Figure) calculates the difference between the total volume of water entering the public sewer 32 through the sewer pipes 11 and the volume of water leaving the pump station 33 through the outflow pipe 34. If the volume of water leaving the pump station 33 is greater than the volume of water entering the pump station 33 through the public sewer 32 (excluding any incidental water usage at the pump station 33) this may indicate the inflow of ground water into the public sewer 32, such as through cracks in the public sewer 32. An alarm may be generated by the electronic device (not shown in this Figure) in order to alert the authority or body responsible for the maintenance of the public sewer 32 to maintain or repair the public sewer 32.

[0146] Figure 7 illustrates a sewer pipe fitting 40 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The sewer pipe fitting 40 comprises a plurality of sensors in the form of a pair of capacitance strips 41 that extend substantially about the circumference of the pipe 40. In use, the capacitance strips 41 are embedded within the sewer pipe fitting 40 and are visible in broken lines in the Figure for illustrative purposes only.

[0147] The sewer pipe fitting 40 may be of any diameter and length. In addition, the ends 42 may be of any suitable type. In the embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 7, the ends 42 of the sewer pipe fitting 40 are both provided with female connections, although the ends 42 of the pipe fitting 40 could be male connections, screw-threaded connections, quick release connectors, Storz connectors, Minsup connectors or the like, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0148] The capacitance strips 41 are in electronic communication with a breakout board 43 located on an external surface of the sewer pipe fitting 40. An electrical cable 44 is connected to the breakout board 43 at a first end 45 thereof. The opposed second end 46 of the cable 44 may be connected directly or indirectly to any suitable device, such as a server, computer or the like (not shown).

[0149] In the present specification and claims (if any), the word ‘comprising’ and its derivatives including ‘comprises’ and ‘comprise’ include each of the stated integers but does not exclude the inclusion of one or more further integers.

[0150] Reference throughout this specification to ‘one embodiment’ or ‘an embodiment’ means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearance of the phrases ‘in one embodiment’ or ‘in an embodiment’ in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more combinations.

[0151] In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific to structural or methodical features. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to specific features shown or described since the means herein described comprises preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims (if any) appropriately interpreted by those skilled in the art.