Compounds of boron have been used in the preservation of wood for a number of years. However, one of the difficulties experienced in use of these compounds is their propensity to leach from the substrate into which they have been impregnated. Consequently, compounds of boron have not been particularly useful in preserving timber exposed to water, for example, pylons embedded in a sea bed.

Basic zinc compounds also have toxic efficacy with respect to wood destroying organisms, both in the marine and land environments. However, despite this efficacy having been known, basic zinc compounds have not been used commercially.

The present invention is based on the discovery that a composition comprising a basic zinc compound and a compound of boron has a toxic efficacy to wood destroying organisms, both in the marine and land environments with the added benefit of a reduction in the rate at which the boron compound leaches from the impregnated substrate.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a preserving composition which includes a basic zinc compound and a compound of boron.

A preferred composition comprises zinc ions and borate ions in an aqueous solution of ammonia. The zinc ions may be derived from any soluble zinc compound and the borate ions may be derived from any soluble borate but zinc borate is preferred. Examples of soluble zinc compounds include zinc sulfate and zinc chloride and examples of soluble borates include sodium borate and potassium borate. A solution of zinc ions and borate ions in aqueous ammonia may be prepared by dissolving zinc borate in an aqueous solution of ammonia at a temperature of about 66°C. Alternatively, a soluble zinc salt may be

combined with a soluble borate salt in an aqueous ammonia solution at a temperature of about 66°C.

The preserving composition of the present invention may be combined with other additives having efficacy as preservatives. These include copper sulfate, fluorides such as potassium fluoride and quaternary ammonium compounds.

Porous compounds, especially porous cellulosic compounds, may be impregnated with the preserving composition of the present invention by flooding the porous compound at reduced pressure. Preferably, the pressure is reduced to a level in the range between 0. 5 kPa and 0. 9 kPa.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a means of impregnating a substrate with a preserving composition by means of coacervation.

Coacervation occurs when a liquid compound separates into two phases below a particular temperature. One phase is rich in one compound and the other is leaner. Coacervation is similar to crystallisation from a mother liquor.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Impregnant 1000 grams of ammonia solution (28%) was added to 1000 grams of water.

With constant agitation using a magnetic stirrer, 222. 5 grams of zinc borate were added to the diluted ammonia solution.

The solution was heated gently at 66°C to form a clear solution.

Preparation of Wood Blocks Pinus radiata clear sapwood was used for the impregnation, and all the wood blocks were conditioned

to less than 15% moisture level.

"The numbered blocks prepared for the impregnation were : 028, 107, 147, 282 and 307.

* The volume of the blocks was measured and the results are given below. Although the volume of each block varies slightly, the volume of every individual block was measured to ensure the accuracy of retention calculated.

Block No. 028 107 147 282 307 Volume (m3xl0-6) 12. 675 12. 521 12. 649 12. 684 12. 848 The weight of the blocks was determined Impregnation * Once a vacuum of 0. 9 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 30 minutes, and the lowest vacuum achieved before flooding was 0. 65 kPa.

Flooding was commenced under vacuum.

Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure.

Atmospheric pressure was employed for 60 minutes.

The solution was sucked back to the work vessel under vacuum at the end of the pressure period.

Vacuum was applied to the pressure vessel containing the treated blocks.

'After a vacuum of 2. 5 kPa was reached, the vacuum was run for 30 minutes.

* The lowest vacuum reached was 2. 1 kPa before the vacuum was released.

* The weight of blocks was determined, and the uptake and retention of chemicals calculated. The results are as follows.

Block No. 107 307 028 282 147 Uptake (g) 7. 7165 9. 0291 8. 3166 8. 084 7. 8495 Retention 616. 28 702. 76 656. 14 637. 34 620. 56

(kg/m3) blocks were dried naturally in the open air.

Leaching * The leaching was conducted as detailed in the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard E11-8.

"The blocks were impregnated with distilled water in exactly the same way as in the impregnation with preservatives.

* Once a vacuum of 1. 5 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 30 minutes, and the lowest vacuum achieved before flooding was 1. 3 kPa.

Distilled water was used for the flooding.

Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure.

The amount of water used was 50 ml per block, and the total amount of water used was 300 ml. The loss of water to the uptake was re-added.

Once the leaching was commenced, the leachant was changed at intervals of 6 hours, 24 hours and every 48 hours afterwards, and the leachates were collected for analysis.

Analysis of Impregnant, Leachates and Digested Blocks after Leaching All the analyses were carried out using techniques of AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) and ICP- AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry) with the final results based on ICP analysis.

1. Analysis of impregnant 'The impregnant was diluted to an appropriate concentration that is within the working range of the analytical instrument.

'The diluted impregnant was determined and the concentrations of boron and zinc are 12. 07g/L and 27. 89g/L respectively.

* The determined concentration of the impregnant was used

to calculate the mass balance.

2. Analysis of leachates * The leachates were analysed directly without any further sample preparation.

The concentrations of boron and zinc in the leachates are as follows.

Sample L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 B (ppm) 204 192 202 107 62. 5 48. 3 37. 4 29. 7 26. 6 Zn (Rpm) 113 90. 7 93. 9 16. 5 16. 9 14. 0 13. 4 9. 80 9. 35 3. Analyses of digested wood blocks 'Four out of five blocks were used for the digestion and analysis, and the other one was used for penetration test.

@ The four blocks were quantitatively powdered, homogenised and dried at 100°C for 2 hours before analysis.

3. 0000 grams of wood powder were taken for the digestion.

The digestion was carried out based on the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard A7-93 using nitric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid.

The solutions obtained from the digestion were analysed for boron and zinc and the results are as follows.

Block No. 028 107 147 307 B in digestion 197 153 147 219 solution (ppm) Total B in each 55. 23 44. 66 43. 74 57. 13 block (mg) Zn in digestion 770 729 744 858 solution (ppm) Total Zn in each 215. 7 212. 7 217. 2 224. 1 block (mg) Summary of Results

B Total boron uptake 397. 2 mg Total boron in wood 200. 8 mg Boron mass fraction in wood 0. 479 Total boron in leachate 218. 1 mg Boron mass fraction in leachate 0. 521 Mass balance 105. 5 % Boron retention after leaching 3. 96 kg/m3 Zn Total zinc uptake 918. 0 mg Total zinc in wood 869. 7 mg Zinc mass fraction in wood 0. 906 i Total zinc in leachate 90. 61 mg Zinc mass fraction in leachate 0. 094 Mass balance 104. 6% Zinc retention after leaching 17. 16 kg/m3 Comment Overloading could have been committed resulting in a relatively high mass fraction of boron being leached out. The impregnation procedure followed the Bethell full- cell schedule. The severe overloading occurred and some boron leached as a consequence of excess preservative compound being present within the vessels.

The boron retention after leaching, however, is still very high, 3. 66 kg/m3, compared with 1 kg/m3 required

by an American company.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Impregnant The impregnant used in Example 2 was prepared in the same way as in Example 1.

1000 grams of ammonia solution (28%) was added to 1000 grams of water.

With constant agitation using a magnetic stirrer, 222. 5 grams of zinc borate were added to the diluted ammonia solution.

The solution was heated gently at 66°C to form a clear solution.

Preparation of Wood Blocks * Very similar procedure to that in Example 1 was used to prepare the blocks.

* The numbered blocks prepared for the impregnation were : 062, 100, 206, 223 and 239.

The volume and the moisture of the blocks were measured.

The weight of the blocks was determined.

Impregnation While the impregnation was conducted in a similar way to that in Example 1, different vacuums were used.

* Once a vacuum of 2. 1 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 30 minutes, and the lowest vacuum achieved before flooding was 1. 9 kPa.

# Flooding was commenced under vacuum.

# Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure after flooding completed.

Atmospheric pressure was employed for 60 minutes.

The solution was sucked back to the work vessel under vacuum at the end of the pressure period.

Vacuum was applied to the pressure vessel containing the treated blocks.

"After a vacuum of 2. 5 kPa was reached, the vacuum was run for 30 minutes.

* The lowest vacuum reached was 2. 3 kPa before the vacuum was released.

'The weight of blocks was determined, and the uptake and retention of chemicals calculated. The results are as follows.

Block No. 062 100 206 223 239 Uptake (g) 8. 8483 5. 4833 8. 0169 6. 9345 8. 2680 Retention 702. 86 433. 94 629. 96 553. 03 663. 35 (kg/m) Blocks were dried naturally in the open air.

Leaching The leaching was carried out in a similar way to that in Example 1 except different vacuums were used.

'The leaching was conducted as detailed in the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard E11-8.

The blocks were impregnated with distilled water in exactly the same way as in the impregnation with preservatives.

* Once a vacuum of 1. 6 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 30 minutes, and the lowest vacuum achieved before flooding was 1. 4 kPa.

Distilled water was used for the flooding.

Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure.

The amount of water used was 50 ml per block, and the total amount of water used was 300 ml. The loss of water to the uptake was re-added.

Once the leaching was commenced, the leachant was changed at intervals of 6 hours, 24 hours and every 48 hours afterwards, and the leachates were collected for analysis.

Analysis of Impregnant, Leachates and Digested Blocks after Leaching All the analyses were carried out using techniques of AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) and ICP- AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry) with the final results based on ICP analysis.

1o Analysis of impregnant * The impregnant was diluted to an appropriate concentration that is within the working range of the analytical instrument.

* The diluted impregnant was determined and the concentrations of boron and zinc are 11. 30g/L and 28. 28g/L respectively.

« The determined concentration of the impregnant was used to calculate the mass balance.

2e Analysis of leachates The leachates were analysed directly without any further sample preparation.

* The boron concentrations in the leachates are as follows.

Sanple Ll L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 B (ppm) 236 170 68. 1 40. 4 29. 4 25. 3 21. 9 20. 6 17. 3 3. Analysis of digested wood blocks Four out of five blocks were used for the digestion and analysis, and the other one was used for penetration test.

The four blocks were quantitatively powdered, homogenised and dried at 100°C for 2 hours before analysis.

3. 0000 grams of wood powder were taken for the digestion.

The digestion was carried out based on the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard A7-93 using nitric

acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid.

The solutions obtained from the digestion were analysed for boron and zinc and the results are as follows.

Block No. 100 206 223 239 B in digestion 85. 3 166 118 165 solution (ppm) Total B in each 24. 14 47. 42 34. 16 47. 31 block (mg) Zn in digestion 556 724 672 741 solution (ppm) Total Zn in each 157. 5 206. 3 193. 9 212. 9 block (mg) Summary of Results B Total boron uptake 1324. 2 mg Total boron in wood 153. 0 mg Boron mass fraction in wood 0. 504 Total boron in leachate 150. 9 mg Boron mass fraction in leachate 0. 496 Mass balance 93. 74 % Boron retention after leaching 3. 04 kg Zn Total zinc uptake 811. 7 mg Total zinc in wood 770. 6 mg Zinc mass fraction in wood 0. 949 Total zinc in leachate Zinc mass fraction in leachate Mass balance Zinc retention after leaching15. 30 kg/m3

Comment Overloading could have been committed resulting in a relatively high mass fraction of boron being leached out. The impregnation procedure followed the Bethell full- cell schedule. The severe overloading occurred and some boron leached as a consequence of excess preservative

compound being present within the vessels.

The boron retention after leaching, however, is still very high, 3. 04 kg/m", compared with 1 kg/m3 required by an American company.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Impregnant While the formulation used in this example is different from that used in Examples 1 and 2, the preparation of the impregnant was commenced in the similar way to that in Examples 1 and 2.

1000 grams of ammonia solution (28%) was added to 1000 grams of water.

With constant agitation using a magnetic stirrer, 222. 5 grams of zinc borate were added to the diluted ammonia solution.

The solution was heated gently at 66°C to form a clear solution.

200 grams of copper sulfate were added gradually and then the solution was cooled to room temperature.

Preparation of Wood Blocks Same procedures were used to prepare blocks as that used in Examples 1 and 2.

The numbered blocks prepared for the impregnation were : 043, 044, 190, 211 and 245.

The volume and the moisture of the blocks were measured.

The weight of the blocks was determined.

Impregnation While the impregnation was conducted in a similar way to that in Examples 1 and 2, different vacuums were used.

'Once a vacuum of 1. 9 kPa was reached, the vacuum was maintained for 30 minutes, and the vacuum before flooding was also 1. 7 kPa.

Flooding was commenced under vacuum.

o Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure after flooding completed.

* Atmospheric pressure was employed for 60 minutes.

* The solution was sucked back to the work vessel under vacuum at the end of the pressure period.

* Vacuum was applied to the pressure vessel containing the treated blocks.

* After a vacuum of 2e4 kPa was reached, the vacuum was run for 30 minutes.

"The lowest vacuum reached was 2. 3 kPa before the vacuum was released.

'The mass of blocks was determined straight after the pressure treatment, and the uptake and retention of chemicals calculated. The results are as follows.

Block No. 043 044 190 211 245 Uptake (g) 7. 8235 8. 2008 8. 3631 7. 2498 7. 3124 Retention 617. 58 638. 19 659. 65 576. 98 579. 43 (kg/m3) Blocks were dried naturally in the open air and conditioned for two weeks.

NOTE : The vacuum utilised in this modified Bethell schedule is very important and we have discovered this to be a significant part of this process, ultimately aimed at reduced boron leaching.

Leaching The leaching was carried out in a similar way to that in Examples 1 and 2 although different vacuums were used.

* The leaching was conducted as detailed in the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard E11-8.

The blocks were impregnated with distilled water in exactly the same way as in the impregnation with preservatives.

* Once a vacuum of 1. 5 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 30 minutes.

Distilled water was used for the flooding.

Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure.

The amount of water used was 50 ml per block, and the total amount of water used was 300 ml. The loss of water to the uptake was re-added.

Once the leaching was commenced, the leachant was changed at intervals of 6 hours, 24 hours and every 48 hours afterwards, and the leachates were collected for analysis.

Analysis of Impregnant, Leachates and Digested Blocks after Leaching All the analyses were carried out using techniques of AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) and ICP- AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry) with the final results based on ICP analysis.

1. Analysis of impregnant * The impregnant was diluted to an appropriate concentration that is within the working range of the analytical instrument.

'The diluted impregnant was determined and the concentrations of boron zinc and copper were 10. 80g/L, 26. 94g/L and 36. 52g/L respectively.

* The determined concentration of the impregnant was used to calculate the mass balance.

2. Analysis of leachates 'The leachates were analysed directly without any further sample preparation.

* The concentrations of boron and copper in the leachates were as follows.

Sample L1 L2 L ? L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 B (ppm) 377 221 92. 0 53. 0 37. 3 5. 37 13. 1 9. 66 8. 50 5. 25 Cu (ppm) 32. 9 14. 2 6. 61 5. 11 5. 17 1. 66 2. 26 1. 86 1. 60 1. 97

3. Analysis of digested wood blocks Four out of five blocks were used for the digestion and analysis, and the other one was used for a penetration test.

The four blocks were quantitatively powdered, homogenised and dried at 100°C for 2 hours before analysis.

300000 grams of wood powder were taken for the digestion.

* The digestion was carried out based on the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard A7-93 using nitric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid.

The solutions obtained from the digestion were analysed for boron, zinc and copper and the results are as follows.

Block No. 043 044 190 211 B in digestion 63. 9 52. 5 50. 2 43. 7 solution (ppm) Total B in each 18. 22 16. 89 16. 00 14. 28 block (mg) Zn in digestion 475 542 540 414 solution (ppm) Total Zn in each 135. 4 174. 3 172. 2 135. 3 block (mg) Cu in digestion ? 1092 1144 920 solution (ppm) Total Cu in each 108. 6 351. 3 364. 9 300. 5 block (mg) Summary of Results B Total boron uptake 341. 7 mg Total boron in wood 65. 38 mg Boron mass fraction in wood 0. 249 Total boron in leachate 197. 2 mg Boron mass fraction in leachate 0. 751 Mass balance 76. 84 % Boron retention after leaching 1. 29 kg Zn Total zinc uptake 852. 4 mg Total zinc in wood 617. 2 mg Zinc mass fraction in wood 0. 724 Total zinc in leachate ? Zinc mass fraction in leachate ? Mass balance ? Zinc retention after leaching 12. 16 kg/m3 Cu Total copper uptake 1155 mg Total copper in wood 1125 mg Copper mass fraction in wood 0. 985 Total copper in leachate 17. 61 mg Copper mass fraction in leachate 0. 015 ! Mass balance 98. 93 % Copper retention after leaching22. 17 kg/m3

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of Impregnant While the formulation used in this example is different from that used in Examples 1, 2 and 3, the impregnant was first prepared as that in Example 3 and then 8. 9 grams of potassium fluoride were added.

1000 grams of ammonia solution (28%) was added to 1000 grams of water.

With constant agitation using a magnetic stirrer, 222. 5 grams of zinc borate were added to the diluted ammonia solution.

The solution was heated gently at 66°C to form a clear

solution. ç 200 grams of copper sulfate were added gradually and then the solution was cooled to room temperature.

8. 9 grams of potassium fluoride were added.

Preparation of Wood Blocks The procedure used to prepare blocks is very similar to that in Examples 1 and 2.

* The numbered blocks prepared for the impregnation were : 066, 143, 200, 205 and 261. e The volume and the moisture of the blocks were measured.

"The weight of the blocks was determined.

Impregnation While the impregnation was conducted in a similar way to that in Examples 1 and 2, different vacuums were used.

Once a vacuum of 1. 9 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 30 minutes, and the vacuum before flooding was also 1. 9 kPa.

Flooding was commenced under vacuum.

Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure after flooding was completed.

Atmospheric pressure was employed for 60 minutes.

The solution was sucked back to the work vessel under vacuum at the end of the pressure period.

Vacuum was applied to the pressure vessel containing the treated blocks.

After a vacuum of 2. 5 kPa was reached, the vacuum was run for 30 minutes.

The lowest vacuum reached was 2. 3 kPa before the vacuum was released.

The weight of blocks was determined straight after the pressure treatment, and the uptake and retention of chemicals calculated. The results are as follows.

Block No. 066 143 200 205 261 Uptake (g) 7. 2259 7. 4066 7. 2929 7. 1257 7. 6352 Retention 573. 03 593. 29 580. 64 567. 38 612. 88 (kg/m3) 'Blocks were dried naturally in the open air.

Leaching The leaching was carried out in a similar way to that used in Example 1 although different vacuums were used.

"The leaching was conducted as detailed in the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard E11-8. o The blocks were impregnated with distilled water in exactly the same way as in the impregnation with preservatives.

'Once a vacuum of 0. 5 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 3Q minutes.

Distilled water was used for the flooding.

Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure.

The amount of water used was 50 ml per block, and the total amount of water used was 300 ml. The loss of water to the uptake was re-added.

Once the leaching was commenced, the leachant was changed at intervals of 6 hours, 24 hours and every 48 hours afterwards, and the leachates were collected for analysis.

Analysis of Impregnant, Leachates and Digested Blocks after Leaching All the analyses were carried out using techniques of AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) and ICP- AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry) with the final results based on ICP analysis.

1. Analysis of impregnant The impregnant was diluted to an appropriate concentration that is within the working range of the

analytical instrument.

# The diluted impregnant was determined and the concentrations of boron, zinc and copper were 10. 63g/L, 27. 11g/L and 36. 55g/L respectively.

'The determined concentration of the impregnant was used to calculate the mass balance.

2. Analysis of leachates * The leachates were analysed directly without any further sample preparation.

# The concentrations of boron and copper in the leachates were as follows.

Sample L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 B (ppm) 469 501 48. 4 20. 0 20. 7 13. 7 7. 45 5. 82 6. 13 Cu (ppm) 57. 0 46. 2 4. 32 2. 78 3. 61 2. 87 1. 99 2. 20 1. 69 3. Analysis of digested wood blocks Four out of five blocks were used for the digestion and analysis, and the other one was used for a penetration test.

The four blocks were quantitatively powdered, homogenised and dried at 100°C for 2 hours before analysis.

3. 0000 grams of wood powder were taken for the digestion.

The digestion was carried out based on the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard A7-93 using nitric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid.

The solutions obtained from the digestion were analysed for boron, zinc and copper and the results are as follows.

Block No. 143 200 205 261 B in digestion 61. 0 40. 0 47. 6 53. 4 solution (ppm) Total B in each 19. 39 13. 60 15. 51 17. 59 block (mg) zn in digestion 410 333 370 467 solution (ppm) Total Zn in each 130. 2 113. 3 120. 6 153. 8 block (mg) Cu in digestion 45. 0 29. 7 646 1048 solution (ppm) Total Cu in each 134. 0 86. 80 252. 7 345. 3 block (mg) Summary of Results B Total boron uptake 313. 3 mg Total boron in wood 66. 09 mg Boron mass fraction in wood 0. 201 Total boron in leachate 262. 1 mg Boron mass fraction in leachate 0. 799 Mass balance 104. 7 % !, Boron retention after leaching 1. 32 kg Zn Total zinc uptake 798. 8 mg Total zinc in wood 517. 9 mg Zinc mass fraction in wood 0. 648 Total zinc in leachate ? Zinc mass fraction in leachate ? Mass balance ? Zinc retention after leaching 10. 35 kg/m3 |Ce Total copper uptake 1077 mg Total copper in wood 818. 7 mg Copper mass fraction in wood 0. 963 Total copper in leachate 31. 12 mg Copper mass fraction in leachate 0. 037 Mass balance 78. 92 % Copper retention after leaching 16. 35 kg

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of Impregnant The formulation used in this example is the same as that in Example 3. e 1000 grams of ammonia solution (28%) was added to 1000 grams of water.

With constant agitation using a magnetic stirrer, 222. 5 grams of zinc borate were added to the diluted ammonia solution.

* The solution was heated gently at 66°C to form a clear solution.

200 grams of copper sulfate were added gradually and then the solution was cooled to room temperature.

Preparation of Wood Blocks The procedure used to prepare blocks is very similar to that in the other examples. Ten blocks were used in this example rather than five blocks as in the previous examples.

The numbered blocks prepared for the impregnation were : 168, 039, 212, 125, 313, 080, 238, 299, 195 and 051.

The volume and the moisture of the blocks were measured.

The weight of the blocks was determined.

Impregnation While the impregnation was conducted in a similar way to that used in the other examples, different vacuums were used.

* Once a vacuum of 1. 0 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 30 minutes, and the vacuum before flooding was 0. 6 kPa.

Flooding was commenced under vacuum.

* Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure after flooding completed.

'Atmospheric pressure was employed for 90 minutes.

* The solution was sucked back to the work vessel under

vacuum at the end of the pressure period.

Vacuum was applied to the pressure vessel containing the treated blocks.

* After a vacuum of 1. 3 kPa was reached, the vacuum was run for 30 minutes * The lowest vacuum reached was 1. 2 kPa before the vacuum was released.

"The weight of blocks was determined straight after the pressure treatment, and the uptake and retention of chemicals calculated. The results are as follows.

Block No. 168 039 212 125 313 Uptake (g) 7. 8782 8. 6661 8. 1115 9. 0619 7. 8899 Retention 631. 92 701. 65 644. 38 720. 57 622. 53 (kg/m3) Block No. 080 238 299 195 051 Uptake (g) 7. 9759 9. 4277 8. 8812 9. 3488 8. 9464 Retention 639. 15 739. 31 696. 62 738. 04 695. 30 (kg/m3) Blocks were dried naturally in the open air.

Leaching The leaching was carried out in a similar way to that in the other examples although different vacuums were used.

'The leaching was conducted as detailed in the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard E11-8.

* The blocks were impregnated with distilled water in exactly the same way as in the impregnation with preservatives.

'Once a vacuum of 0. 9 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 30 minutes. A vacuum of 0. 6 kPa was achieved before flooding.

Distilled water was used for the flooding.

Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure.

The amount of water used was 50 ml per block, and the

total amount of water used was 500 ml. The loss of water to the uptake was re-added.

Once the leaching was commenced, the leachant was changed at intervals of 6 hours, 24 hours and every 48 hours afterwards, and the leachates were collected for analysis.

Analysis of Impregnant, Leachates and Digested Blocks after Leaching All the analyses were carried out using techniques of AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) and ICP- AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry) with the final results based on ICP analysis.

1. Analysis of impregnant The impregnant was diluted to an appropriate concentration that is within the working range of the analytical instrument.

* The diluted impregnant was determined and the concentrations of boron, zinc and copper are 5. 61g/L, 21. 25g/L and 48. 07g/L respectively.

The determined concentration of the impregnant was used to calculate the mass balance.

2. Analysis of leachates 'The leachates were analysed directly without any further sample preparation.

T The concentrations of boron, zinc and copper in the leachates are as follows.

Sample Ll L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 Lll B (ppm) 174 186 157 80. 1 48. 5 32. 0 22. 4 15. 6 11. 9 9. 62 7. 59 Zn (ppm) 86. 5 47. 4 28. 2 10. 9 4. 07 4. 49 1. 26 1. 38 1. 04 1. 51 1. 14 Cu (ppm) 131 113 110 59. 3 26. 8 18. 9 5. 14 2. 88 1. 75 2. 17 1. 52 3. Analysis of digested wood blocks After the penetration test, all the ten blocks were

quantitatively powdered, homogenised and dried at 100°C for 2 hours before analysis.

3. 0000 grams of wood powder were taken for the digestion.

The digestion was carried out based on the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard A7-93 using nitric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid.

The solutions obtained from the digestion were analysed for boron, zinc and copper and the results are as follows.

Block No. 168 039 212 125 313 B in digestion 38. 9 40. 39. 7 50. 0 35. 1 solution (ppm) Total B in each 3. 733 9. 866 9. 387 11. 91 8. 326 block (mg) Zn in digestion 539 593 595 632 579 solution (ppm) Total Zn in each 134. 8 144. 5 140. 6 150. 5 137. 1 block (mg) Cu in digestion 1644 1813 1898 1997 1794 solution (ppm) Total Cu in each 411. 3 441. 5 448. 3 475. 8 425. 0 block (mg) Block No. 080 238 299 195 051 B in digestion 40. 5 43. 4 41. 4 52. 5 49. 0 solution (ppm) Total B in each 9. 402 10. 68 10. 62 12. 80 12. 26 block (mg) Zn in digestion 588 626 590 635 611 solution (ppm) Total Zn in each 136. 5 154. 1 151. 5 154. 8 152. 6 block (mg) Cu in digestion 1728 1807 1647 1770 1757 solution (ppm) Total Cu in each 401. 1 444. 5 422. 6 431. 7 439. 2 block (mg) Summary of Results B Total boron uptake 1483. 3 mg Total boron in wood 105. 0 mg | Boron mass fraction in wood 0.220 Total boron in leachate 372.2 mg Boron mass fraction in leachate 0. 780 Mass balance 98. 75 % Boron retention after leaching 0. 832 kg/m3 Zn Total zinc uptake 1831 mg Total Zinc in wood 1457 mg Zinc mass fraction in wood 0.939 Total zinc in leachate 93. 97 mg Zinc mass fraction in leachate 0. 061 Mass balance 84.68 % Zinc retention after leaching 11.55 kg/m3 u Total copper uptake 4143 mg Total copper in wood 4341 mg Copper mass fraction in wood 0. 948 Total copper in leachate 236. 5 mg Copper mass fraction in leachate 0. 052 Mass balance 110.5 % Copper retention after leaching 34.41 kg/m3

Comment The formulation prepared and utilised as detailed in Examples 3, 4 and 5 all contain copper. Each formulation detailed in every example to date contains zinc. Of great importance is the fact that basic (alkaline) zinc containing compounds have been found to exhibit a high degree of toxic efficacy to wood destroying organism both in the marine and land environments. We have discovered a way of combining the efficacy of boron within a complex basic polyborate-zinc system which reduces the leaching of boron from commodities treated with this preservative composition.

The efficacy of basic zinc containing compositions was

never researched beyond its initial discovery. We have discovered a successful way of complementing the efficacy of boron with that of basic zinc compounds with the unexpected, unique reduction of the leaching of boron, resulting from the interaction of the preservative composition and its impregnated, soaked, brushed, sprayed or diffusion treated substrate.

* Fluorine is an important component of Example 4 in which it contributes additional synergistic efficacy.

* The formulation utilised in Example 5 was prepared with a lower boron concentration. This constitutes one of several preservative compositions purposely formulated to result in a lower boron retention in timber and other treated commodities which are to be used above ground and especially in building, walkway, bush tracks and numerous other constructions. Especially useful in indoor environments, such compositions will constitute economic protection without any less or reduction in efficacy.

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of Impregnant The preservative composition was first prepared as detailed in Example 1. 1551 grams of this solution were slowly combined with 30 grams of N-alkyl tallow N dimethyl amino propyl N trimethyl ammonium dichloride in isopropanol water solution. This composition was agitated for several hours until a clear solution was produced. The solution was made up to 2000 grams, by addition of double distilled water. The pH of this composition was determined as 12. 6.

Quaternary ammonium salts have long been known to exhibit high surface activity coupled with biological and fungicidal efficacy. Such complex compositions have usually been used to formulate emulsions of cationic nature at low pH. These unique properties have been retained in this complex wood preservative composition. Penetration

and distribution in treated timber have been enhanced and complemented by additional efficacy and boron fixation.

However, boron diffusion and movement within the treated commodity has not been hindered, nor fixation rendered so efficient as to hinder efficacy. More surprising and wholly unexpected is the enhanced biocidal efficacy and composition stability in an alkaline environment.

A further very important development, relevant to this composition and previous surface activated compositions such as detailed in Example 7, is their inherent property of self-emulsification with a wide variety of oils which include, but are not limited to, petroleum derived oils, mineral oils, vegetable oils and more especially creosote oils, the latter having great wood preservation significance and limited potential for diversity of formulation and application.

Preparation of Wood Blocks The procedure used to prepare blocks is very similar to that in the other examples. Totally ten blocks were used in this example.

The numbered blocks prepared for the impregnation were : 218, 144, 250, 217, 258, 001, 132, 303, 274 and 226.

The volume and the moisture of the blocks were measured.

The weight of the blocks was determined.

Impregnation While the impregnation was conducted in a similar way to that used in the other examples, different vacuums were used.

Once a vacuum of 0. 9 kPa was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 30 minutes, and the vacuum before flooding was also 0. 9 kPa.

Flooding was commenced under vacuum.

* Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure after flooding completed. c Atmospheric pressure was employed for 90 minutes.

* The solution was sucked back to the work vessel under vacuum at the end of the pressure period.

Vacuum was applied to the pressure vessel containing the treated blocks for 30 minutes, and a vacuum of 1. 9 kPa was reached before the vacuum was released.

* The weight of blocks was determined straight after the pressure treatment, and the uptake and retention of chemicals calculated. The results are as follows.

Block No. 218 144 250 217 258 Uptake (g) 9. 6596 9. 4843 9. 6391 10. 1950 8. 7983 Retention 757. 97 755. 66 758. 86 799. 99 699. 50 (kg/m3) Block No. 001 132 303 274 226 Uptake (g) 9. 6670 9. 9522 9. 2082 9. 6967 10. 0360 Retention 774. 17 785. 43 725. 00 764. 24 785. 34 (kgXm3} Blocks were dried naturally in the open air.

Leaching All blocks were dried at 108°C for 24 hours before leaching, and the leaching was carried out in a similar way to that in the other examples although different vacuums were used.

* The leaching was conducted as detailed in the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard Ell-8.

'The blocks were impregnated with distilled water in the exactly same way as in the impregnation with preservatives.

'Once a vacuum of 1. 5 mmHg was reached, the vacuum pump was kept running for 35 minutes. The final vacuum achieved before flooding was also 1. 5 mmHg.

'The flooding was conducted under vacuum, and distilled water was used for the flooding.

* Vacuum was released to atmospheric pressure after the

flooding was completed.

* The amount of water used was 50 ml per block, and the total amount of water used was 500 ml. The loss of water to the uptake was re-added.

* Once the leaching was commenced, the leachant was changed at the intervals of 6 hours, 24 hours and every 48 hours afterwards, and the leachates were collected for analysis.

Analysis of Impregnant, Leachates and Digested Blocks after Leaching All the analyses were carried out using techniques of AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) and ICP- AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry) with the final results based on ICP analysis.

1. Analysis of impregnant * The impregnant was diluted to an appropriate concentration that is within the working range of the analytical instrument.

* The diluted impregnant was determined and the concentrations of boron, zinc and copper are 4. 43g/L, 17. 07g/L and 42. 32g/L respectively.

* The determined concentration of the impregnant was used to calculate the mass balance.

2. Analysis of leachates * The leachates were analysed directly without any further sample preparation.

'The concentrations of boron, zinc and copper in the leachates are as follows.

Sample L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 B (ppm) 208 195 134 80. 3 42. 0 27. 3 20. 5 16. 2 11. 4 Zn (ppm 85. 3 62. 1 38. 9 18. 2 7. 09 5. 10 2. 51 2. 47 2. 43 Cu (ppm) 97. 9 110 85. 9 50. 6 19. 5 11. 1 1. 91 1. 43 1. 58

3 Analysis of digested wood blocks After the penetration test, all the ten blocks were quantitatively powdered, homogenised and dried at 100°C for 2 hours before analysis.

3. 0000 grams of wood powder were taken for the digestion.

The digestion was carried out based on the American Wood Preserver's Association Standard A7-93 using nitric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid. g The solutions obtained from the digestion were analysed for boron, zinc and copper and the results are as follows.

Block No. 218 144 250 217 258 B in digestion 31. 4 19. 5 23. 0 29. 3 15. 9 solution (ppm) Total B in each 7.487 4.789 5.683 6. 942 4. 266 block (mg) Zn in digestion 623 584 593 636 488 solution (ppm) Total Zn in each 149. 7 143. 8 146. 2 156. 3 131. 1 block (mg) Cu in digestion 1647 1726 1692 1740 1465 solution (ppm) Total Cu in each 392. 1 424. 8 417. 6 427. 4 393. 6 block (mg) Block No. 001 132 303 274 226 B in digestion 25. 5 26. 2 19. 0 22. 7 24. 1 solution (ppm) Total B in each 6. 059 6. 588 5. 121 5. 799 6. 074 block (mg) Zn in digestion 607 601 535 593 625 solution (ppm) Total Zn in each 144. 5 151. 4 144. 2 151. 7 157. 4 block (mg) Cu in digestion 1664 1598 1455 1503 1606 solution (ppm) Total Cu in each 395. 9 402. 3 392. 2 384. 6 404. 4 block (mg) Summary of Results B Total boron uptake 1426. 8 mg Total boron in wood 58. 81 mg v Boron mass fraction in wood 0. 138 Total boron in leachate 367. 5 mg Boron mass fraction in leachate 0. 862 ! Mass balance 99.88 % Boron retention after leaching 0.464 kg/m3 ! Zn Total zinc uptake 1645 mg Total zinc in wood 1476 mg Zinc mass fraction in wood 0. 929 Total zinc in leachate 112. 0 mg Zinc mass fraction in leachate 0. 071 Mass balance 96. 57 % Zinc retention after leaching 11. 66 kg Cu Total copper uptake 4076 mg Total copper in wood 4035 mg Copper mass fraction in wood 0.955 Total copper in leachate 189. 9 mg Copper mass fraction in leachate 0.045 Mass balance 103.6 % Copper retention after leaching31. 86 kg/m3