Background of the invention

The invention concerns a rail contact element for drop off detection, wherein the rail contact element is mountable to a rail and comprises a spring element, a main body which holds the spring element and an optical fibre, wherein the spring element is in a tension state or in a relax state depending on a mounting state of the rail contact element. The invention further concerns a drop off detection unit. An according rail contact element is disclosed in EP3459811A1.

In order to make railway systems safe and reliable rail monitoring elements, e. g. axle counters, can be used to determine certain properties of the rail and/or a train travelling on the rail. Often, rail monitoring elements need to be mounted to a rail and be in surface contact with the rail. A drop-off situation, i. e. a situation where the rail monitoring element has fallen off the rail or is only loosely connected, needs to be detected in order to ensure a proper de- termination of the required properties of the rail and/or the train travelling on the rail.

In EP2962915A1 a supervision device for monitoring of a mounting state of a sensor element is described. The mounting state of the sensor element is monitored by using an electrical contact, which is closed when the sensor element is mounted to a rail and interrupted when the sensor element is dismounted. This solution is mechanically elaborate and costly. In EP3459811A1 a strain gauge arrangement with an optical fibre having a Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) as a strain sensor element is described. The optical fibre is held in an elastically deformed state when the strain gauge arrangement is attached to a rail. Drop off can be detected by detecting a change in frequency of the light detected of the FBG due to a change of strain acting on the FBG. The optical fibre might easily be damaged during the manufacturing process which makes the manufacturing difficult and expensive.

Object of the invention It is an object of the invention to provide an improved rail contact element and an improved rail monitoring element.

Description of the invention This object is solved by a rail contact element according to claim 1. This object is also solved by a drop off detection unit according to claim 11.

The rail contact element for drop off detection is mountable to a rail and comprises a spring element, a main body which holds the spring element and an optical fibre. A rail contact element is an element mountable to a rail in order to be in a contact, in particular in a surface contact or via fixing means (e.g. glue), with the rail. The spring element is in a tension state or in a relax state depending on a mounting state of the rail contact element. A spring element is an elastic object that can store mechanical energy. Different kinds of spring elements can be used, e. g. flat springs, coil springs, also called helical springs. Springs can for example be of tension kind, of extension kind, of torsion kind. The tension state of the spring element is the state when energy is stored in the spring element. The relax state is the state when no energy or less energy is stored compared to the tension state of the spring element.

The mounting state of the rail contact element is either mounted to a rail, for example by being attached to the rail or not mounted to the rail, e. g. dropped off the rail or loosely mounted. The rail contact element is mounted to the rail when it is properly attached to the rail. In this context the rail contact element fulfils the function of monitoring the proper mounting state of for example a bigger unit which comprises the rail contact element. The bigger unit might for example be a rail monitoring element for axle counting. When the rail contact element detects a proper mounting state then it can be assumed that the respective rail monitoring element can perform its function properly. On the other hand, when the rail contact element is not in mounted state, it could be unmounted from the rail, e. g. completely dropped off, or incorrectly mounted, i. e. loosely mounted.

The spring element can be in the tension state when the rail contact element is in mounted state and the spring element can be in the relax state when the rail contact element is in unmounted state. It is also possible that the spring element is in the relax state when the rail contact element is in mounted state and that the spring element is in the tension state when the rail contact element is in unmounted state.

The optical fibre comprises an outlet surface for emitting a light beam into the rail contact element. The rail contact element further comprises a reflector element. The reflector element might be a surface with the ability to reflect incoming light at least to a certain degree. The spring element, the reflector element, the optical fibre, in particular with its outlet surface, are arranged so that the influence of the reflector element on the light beam is different in the tension state than in the relax state. The influence of reflector element on the light beam might for example include changing the direction in which the light beam is reflected and/or the degree of reflection of the light beam. The degree of reflection of the light beam is for example the share of the overall intensity of the light that is being reflected.

The main body of the rail contact element is preferably made of optically ab sorbing material. Any light that is being emitted towards a surface of the main body might then be rather absorbed than reflected. The invention might also be realized using several optical fibres emitting sev eral light beams. The several light beams might then interact with one or more reflector elements.

In an embodiment of the invention the position of the reflector element rela- tive to the optical fibre and/or the orientation of the reflector element relative to the outlet surface of the optical fibre are different in the relax state than in the tension state of the spring element. The different reflection behaviour could then be detected by a detection unit. The mounting state of the rail con tact element influences the state of the spring element and the state of the spring element in turn influences the direction of the reflection of the light beam and/or the degree of reflection of the light beam and/or the degree of absorption of the light beam.

In an embodiment of the invention the spring element, the reflector element and the optical fibre are arranged so that either in the tension state or in the relax state of the spring element, the light beam can be reflected back into the optical fibre. The light beam reflected back into the optical fibre could then be detected using for example the detection unit. Preferably in one state - relax state or tension state - of the spring element, all or almost all the light is re- fleeted back into the optical fibre and in the respective other state of the spring element, no or almost no light is reflected back into the optical fibre. It is also possible that in one state - relax state or tension state - simply more light is reflected back into the optical fibre than in the respective other state. If the difference is big enough to be detected by the e. g. detector, it can be used to detect the mounting state of the rail element. Alternatively or additionally, the light beam might be reflected back into more than one optical fibre and e. g. be detected by one common detector or by more than one detector.

In an embodiment the optical fibre is fixed to the spring element. The spring element and the optical fibre are arranged so that the light beam leaving the optical fibre through the outlet surface can be emitted in a first direction when the spring element is in the tension state and the light beam leaving the opti- cal fibre through the outlet surface can be emitted in a second direction when the spring element is in the relax state. The first direction is different from the second direction. The optical fibre is fixed to the spring element and meant to stay fixed to it during operation. When demounting the rail contact element, it might nonetheless be possible to detach the optical fibre from the spring ele- ment. In this embodiment the direction of the light emitted from the optical fibre changes with the mounting state of the rail contact element.

In an alternative embodiment the reflector element is mounted to the spring element. The spring element and the reflector element are arranged so that the light beam - when meeting the reflector element - can be reflected in a third direction when the spring element is in the tension state and the light beam - when meeting the reflector element - can be reflected in a fourth direction when the spring element is in the relax state. The third direction is different from the fourth direction. In this embodiment the direction of reflection by the reflector element changes with the mounting state of the rail contact element.

The reflector element might be directly mounted on the spring element. It is also possible that the reflector element is indirectly mounted on the spring el- ement. This is for example the case when another element is mounted in between the reflector element and the spring element.

In an embodiment the rail contact element comprises an optical absorber element. The optical absorber element, the reflector element, the optical fibre and the spring element are arranged so that the light beam can be reflected back into the optical fibre when the spring element is in the tension state and the light beam can be absorbed by the optical absorber element when the spring element is in the relax state. The optical absorber element might comprise a surface with the ability to absorb incoming light at least to a certain degree. The spring element, the reflector element, the optical absorber element, the optical fibre with its outlet surface are arranged so that the influence of the optical absorber element and/or the reflector element on the light beam is different in the tension state than in the relax state. The influence of optical absorber element on the light beam might for example include the degree of absorption of the light beam. The degree of absorption of the light beam is for example the share of the overall intensity of the light that is being absorbed. In the context of this disclosure the light beam is "reflected back" if more light of the light beam is reflected that is absorbed. In the context of this disclosure the light beam is "absorbed" if more light of the light beam is absorbed than is reflected. Preferably in one state - relax state or tension state - of the spring element, all or almost all the light is reflected back into the optical fibre and in the respective other state of the spring element, all or almost all light is absorbed. It is also possible that in one state - relax state or tension state - simply more light is reflected back into the optical fibre than in the respective other state. If the difference is big enough to be detected by the e. g. detector, it can be used to detect the mounting state of the rail element.

The optical absorber element with its ability to absorb the incoming light at least to a certain degree might be a separate element which is attached to the main body of the rail contact element. The optical absorber element might also be part of the main body. The optical absorber element may be for example part of the main body if the main body itself is made of light absorbing material.

In an embodiment the optical absorber element is mounted to the spring element. The optical absorber might be directly mounted on the spring element. It is also possible that the optical absorber element is indirectly mounted on the spring element. This is for example the case when another element is mounted in between the optical absorber element and the spring element. The other element might be the reflector element. In a highly preferred embodiment the rail monitoring element comprises a sensor element, in particular a strain sensor element like for example a sensor-fibre with an inscribed Fibre Bragg Grating, FBG. Such a rail contact element might for example be used as rail monitoring element an axle counter for trains in a rail network. Such a rail monitoring element might comprise a rail contact element as described above. The rail contact element can detect when the rail monitoring element is no longer attached to the rail and that the function of the rail monitoring element might therefore be impaired.

The invention also concerns a drop off detection unit comprising a rail contact element as described above and might further comprise a detector for detecting the light that is reflected back into the optical fibre. This detector might in some embodiments be configured to detect light in different fibres that are connected to the detector.

Further advantages can be extracted from the description and the enclosed drawings. The features mentioned above and below can be used in accordance with the invention either individually and collectively in any combination. The embodiments mentioned are not to be understood as exhaustive, but are ra- ther embodiments of the invention.

Brief description of the drawings

Further features and advantages of the invention are shown in the drawings.

Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of a rail contact element;

Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element for drop off detection in detached state where a fibre is stationary mounted and a reflector element is attached to a spring element; Fig. 3 shows the embodiment of Fig. 2 in a state attached to the rail; Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element for drop off detection in detached state where a fibre is stationary mounted and a reflector element is attached to a spring element;

Fig. 5 shows the embodiment of Fig. 4 in a state attached to the rail; Fig. 6 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element for drop off detection in detached state where an optical fibre is attached to a spring element;

Fig. 7 shows the embodiment of Fig. 6 in a state attached to the rail;

Fig. 8 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element for drop off detection in detached state where an optical fibre is attached to a spring element;

Fig. 9 shows the embodiment of Fig. 8 in a state attached to the rail;

Fig. 10 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element for drop off detection in detached state where a fibre is stationary mounted and a reflector element is indirectly attached to a spring element and an optical absorber element is directly attached to a spring element;

Fig. 11 shows the embodiment of Fig. 10 in a state attached to the rail;

Fig. 12 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element for drop off detection in detached state where a fibre is stationary mounted and a reflector element is directly attached to a spring element and an optical absorber element is indirectly attached to a spring element;

Fig. 13 shows the embodiment of Fig. 12 in a state attached to the rail;

Fig. 14 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element for drop off detection in detached state where a fibre is stationary mounted and a reflector element is directly attached to a spring element and an optical absorber element is indirectly attached to a spring element;

Fig. 15 shows the embodiment of Fig. 14 in a state attached to the rail.

Detailed description of the invention

Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of a rail contact element 10. Attached to the front surface of the main body 16 of the rail contact element 10 is a spring element 14. This front surface of the main body 16 may be attached to a rail

12 (Fig. 2) to put the rail contact element 10 in a mounting state "mounted" to the rail 12. The rail contact element 10 comprises an optical fibre 18, through which a light beam 22 might travel. The light beam 22 might be emitted through an outlet surface 20 of the optical fibre 18.

Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element 10a for drop off detec- tion in a state not mounted to the rail 12. The optical fibre 18 is attached to the main body 16, which is made of light absorbing material. The spring element 14 is attached to the main body 16. A reflector element 24 is attached to the spring element 14. The spring element 14 is in relax state when the rail contact element 10a is not mounted to the rail 12. The mounting state is "not mounted", which could also be called "dropped off". In this state the orientation and/or the position of the reflector element 24 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 are reflected in a direction other than the direction back to the outlet surface. I. e. the light beams 22 are not reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the re- flector element 24. Some of the light is absorbed by the main body 16.

Fig. 3 shows the embodiment of Fig. 2 when the rail contact element 10a is mounted to the rail 12. The mounting state is "mounted" and the spring element 14 is in tension state. When mounting the rail contact element 10a to the rail, a protrusion of the spring element 14 gets into contact with the rail and is pushed in direction of the main body 16 in a cavity of the main body 16. This puts the spring element 14 into its tension state and makes the reflector element 24 change its position and its orientation. In this state the orientation and the position of the reflector element 24 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 are reflected by the reflector element 24 in direction to the outlet surface 20. I. e. the light beams 22 are reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24. In the embodiment of Figs. 2 and 3, the light beam 22 is be reflected in one direction when the spring element 14 is in the tension state and that the light beam 22 is reflected in another direction when the spring element 14 is in the relax state. Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element 10b for drop off detection in a state not mounted to the rail 12. The optical fibre 18 and the spring element 14 are mounted to the main body 16. A reflector element 24 is attached to the spring element 14. The spring element 14 is in relax state when the rail contact element 10b is not mounted to the rail 12. In this state the orientation and/or the position of the reflector element 24 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 are reflected in direction to the outlet surface 20. In this embodiment the light beams 22 are reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24.

Fig. 5 shows the embodiment of Fig. 4 when the rail contact element 10b is mounted to the rail 12. The mounting state is "mounted" and the spring element 14 is in tension state. When mounting the rail contact element 10b to the rail, a protrusion of the spring element 14 gets into contact with the rail and is pushed in direction of the main body 16 in a cavity of the main body 16. This puts the spring element 14 into its tension state and makes the reflector element 24 change its position and its orientation. In this state the orientation and/or the position of the reflector element 24 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 are reflected by the reflector element in a direction other than the direction back to the outlet surface 20. In this embodiment the light beams 22 are not reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24. Some of the light is absorbed by the protrusion and/or the main body.

In the embodiment of Figs. 4 and 5, the light beam 22 is reflected in one direction when the spring element 14 is in the tension state and that the light beam 22 is reflected in another direction when the spring element 14 is in the relax state.

Fig. 6 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element 10c for drop off detec tion in a state not mounted to the rail 12. The main body 16 is made of light absorbing material. The spring element 14 is mounted to the main body 16 and the optical fibre 18 is attached to the spring element 14. A reflector ele- ment 24 is attached to the main body 16. The spring element 14 is in relax state when the rail contact element 10c is not mounted to the rail 12. In this state the orientation of the outlet surface 20 of the optical fibre 18 and the orientation of the reflector element 24 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 are emitted in direc- tion to the reflector element and are reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24.

Fig. 7 shows the embodiment of Fig. 6 when the rail contact element 10c is mounted to the rail 12. The mounting state is "mounted" and the spring ele- ment 14 is in tension state. When mounting the rail contact element 10c to the rail, a protrusion of the spring element 14 gets into contact with the rail and is pushed in direction of the main body 16 into a cavity of the main body 16. This puts the spring element 14 into its tension state and changes the direction of the outlet surface 20. In this state the orientation of the outlet sur- face 20 of the optical fibre relative to the position and orientation of the reflector element is such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 are not reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24. Some of the light is absorbed by the main body 16. In the embodiment of Figs. 6 and 7, the light beams 22 are be emitted in one direction when the spring element 14 is in the tension state and are be emitted in another direction when the spring element 14 is in the relax state.

Fig. 8 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element lOd for drop off detec- tion in a state not mounted to the rail 12. The main body 16 is made of light absorbing material. The spring element 14 is mounted to the main body 16 and the optical fibre 18 is attached to the spring element 14. A reflector element 24 is attached to the main body 16. The spring element 14 is in relax state when the rail contact element lOd is not mounted to the rail 12. In this state the orientation of the outlet surface 20 of the optical fibre relative to the position and orientation of the reflector element is such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 are not reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24. Fig. 9 shows the embodiment of Fig. 8 when the rail contact element lOd is mounted to the rail 12. The mounting state is "mounted" and the spring element 14 is in tension state. In this state the orientation of the outlet surface 20 of the optical fibre 18 and the orientation of the reflector element 24 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 are emitted in direction to the reflector element 24 and are reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24.

In the embodiment of Figs. 8 and 9, the light beam 22 can be emitted in one direction when the spring element 14 is in the tension state, and in another direction when the spring element 14 is in the relax state.

Fig. 10 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element lOe for drop off detection in a state not mounted to the rail 12. The optical fibre 18 and the spring element 14 are attached to the main body 16. An optical absorber element 26 is directly attached to the spring element 14. The reflector element 24 is indirectly attached to the spring element 14: The reflector element 24 is attached to the optical absorber element 26, which in turn is attached to the spring element 14. The spring element 14 is in relax state when the rail contact ele- ment lOe is not mounted to the rail 12. In this state the position of the reflector element 24 and the optical absorber element 26 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 meet the absorber element 26 and are absorbed. The light beams 22 do not meet the reflector element 24 and are therefore not reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24.

Fig. 11 shows the embodiment of Fig. 10 when the rail contact element lOe is mounted to the rail 12. The mounting state is "mounted" and the spring element 14 is in tension state. In this state the position of the reflector element 24 and the optical absorber element 26 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 meet the reflector element 24 and are reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24. Most of the light beams 22 do not meet the absorber element 26. Fig. 12 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element lOf for drop off detection in a state not mounted to the rail 12. The optical fibre 18 and the spring element 14 are attached to the main body 16. The reflector element 24 is directly attached to the spring element 14. The optical absorber element 26 is indirectly attached to the spring element 14: The optical absorber element 26 is attached to the reflector element 24, which in turn is attached to the spring element 14. The spring element 14 is in relax state when the rail contact element lOf is not mounted to the rail 12. In this state the position of the reflector element 24 and the optical absorber element 26 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 meet the reflector element 24 and are reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24. The light beams 22 do not meet the absorber element 26. Fig. 13 shows the embodiment of Fig. 12 when the rail contact element lOf is mounted to the rail 12. The mounting state is "mounted" and the spring element 14 is in tension state. In this state the position of the reflector element 24 and the optical absorber element 26 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 meet the optical ab- sorber element 26 and are absorbed. The light beams 22 do not meet the reflector element 24 and are therefore not reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24.

Fig. 14 shows an embodiment of a rail contact element lOg for drop off detec- tion in a state not mounted to the rail 12. The optical fibre 18 and the spring element 14 are attached to the main body 16. In this embodiment, the spring element 14 is a helical spring. The reflector element 24 is directly attached to the spring element 14. The optical absorber element 26 is indirectly attached to the spring element 14. It is attached to the reflector element 24, which in turn is attached to the spring element 14. The spring element 14 is in relax state when the rail contact element lOg is not mounted to the rail 12. In this state the position of the reflector element 24 and the optical absorber element 26 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 meet the reflector element 24 and are reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24. Most of the light beams 22 do not meet the absorber element 26.

Fig. 15 shows the embodiment of Fig. 14 when the rail contact element lOg is mounted to the rail 12. The mounting state is "mounted" and the spring element 14 is in tension state. In this state the position of the reflector element 24 and the optical absorber element 26 are such that the light beams 22 that are emitted through the optical fibre's outlet surface 20 meet the optical absorber element 26 and are absorbed. The light beams 22 do not meet the re- flector element 24 and are therefore are in this mounting state of this embodiment not reflected back into the optical fibre 18 by the reflector element 24.

A helical spring (or other kind of spring elements) can also be used for configurations analogue to the embodiments shown in Figs. 2-13.

In the embodiments shown Fig. 10-15 the cavity in which the spring element 14 can be bended is designed such that the reflector element 24 and/or the optical absorber element 26 is/are guided by the main body 16 or another guiding element.

According to the invention light is guided through a fibre inside the rail contact element and a spring element is used in order to guide the light emitted from the outlet surface of the fibre to the reflector element or to position the reflector element in the beam path of the light emitted from the outlet surface in either the tension state or relax state of the spring element and to guide the light emitted from the outlet surface of the fibre beneath the reflector element or to position the reflector element out of the beam path of the light emitted from the outlet surface in the respective other state of the spring element. List of reference signs

10, 10a, 10b, 10c, lOd, lOe, lOf, lOg rail contact element 12 rail

14 spring element 16 main body

18 optical fibre 20 outlet surface 22 light beam 24 reflector element 26 optical absorber element

Cited references

[1] EP3459811A1 [2] EP2962915A1