[0001] This is a nonprovisional patent application of US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/971,991, filed February 9, 2020, and titled MODULAR PRECISION AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENT; US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/972,641, filed February 10, 2020, and titled MODULAR PRECISION AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENT; and US Provisional Patent Application No. 63/074,544, filed September 4, 2020, and titled MODULAR PRECISION AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENT; each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present invention relates to automated machinery, and particularly, to a machine vision enabled tool arm for an agricultural implement.

SUMMARY

[0003] The present invention may comprise one or more of the features recited in the attached claims, and/or one or more of the following features and combinations thereof.

[0004] An illustrative modular smart tool arm operable by a precision agricultural implement includes a mount for coupling the tool arm to the implement, an articulating base including a pair of linkages, a lift actuator, and linear motion bearings coupling the base to the mount. A unitary backbone member is coupled to the linkages and defines a mount for an agricultural tool and defines a mount for a machine vision module.

[0005] An illustrative embodiment of a tool arm operable by a precision agricultural implement, comprises: a mount for coupling the tool arm to the implement; an articulating base operatively coupled to the mount; and a backbone member coupled to the articulating base, the backbone defining an agricultural tool mount; and wherein the articulating base enables movement of the backbone member in at least two axes relative to the mount.

[0006] The tool arm where the backbone member is formed from a unitary billet. The tool arm wherein the articulating base includes a lift actuator, and a first mode of operation of the lift actuator provides vertical movement of the backbone member along a vertical axis relative to the mount. The tool arm wherein a second mode of operation of the lift actuator supports a selected portion of a mass of and mass supported by the backbone member, thereby reducing a downward force of the backbone member toward a working surface of a field.

[0007] The tool arm wherein the articulating base includes at least a pair of linkages; and the at least a pair of linkages, the mount, and the backbone member form a four-bar linkage. [0008] The tool arm wherein the articulating base and the mount are coupled with at least one linear motion bearing. The tool arm further comprising a ground follower for contacting a working surface of a field and positioning the backbone member at a fixed height relative to the working surface.

[0009] The tool arm wherein the ground follower includes a lever pivotably coupled to the backbone member and a sensor for sensing a rotational position of the lever relative to the backbone member. The tool arm wherein the ground follower further includes a wheel rotationally coupled to a distal end of the lever, the wheel for contacting and following the working surface of the field. The tool arm wherein the ground follower lever includes a stop to limit a range of pivotable motion relative to the backbone member, thereby limiting a range of downward movement of the backbone member relative to the working surface of the field.

[0010] The tool arm further comprising a machine vision module; and wherein: the backbone member further defines a receiver; the machine vision module coupled to the receiver; and the machine vision module comprises at least one digital camera and at least one lamp.

[0011] The tool arm further comprising a tool attachment platform coupled to the agricultural tool mount, the tool attachment platform including a tool mounting location and an adjustment mechanism for translating the tool mounting location along at least a first axis relative to the backbone member. The tool arm further comprising a first agricultural tool coupled to the agricultural tool mount.

[0012] The tool arm further comprising a second agricultural tool coupled to the agricultural tool mount; and wherein: the first agricultural tool is positioned to align with a first plant line; and the second agricultural tool is positioned to align with a second plant line. [0013] The tool arm further comprising a second agricultural tool coupled to the agricultural tool mount; and wherein: the first agricultural tool is adapted to perform a first working operation on at least one of a plant and a field; and the second agricultural tool is adapted to perform a second working operation on at least one of a plant and a field.

[0014] The tool arm further comprising at least one biased damper coupled with the first agricultural tool to resist but allow movement and return of the first agricultural tool about at least a first axis, thereby enabling the first agricultural tool to be briefly displaced during contact of the first agricultural tool with an obstacle, thereby limiting damage to the first agricultural tool from the obstacle.

[0015] The tool arm of further comprising a first cultivating tool coupled to the agricultural tool mount; and a first actuator for selectively operating the first cultivating tool; and wherein the actuator is hydraulically operated and includes a hydraulic valving system providing acceleration of motion of the first cultivating tool upon initiating a range of motion and providing deceleration of motion of the first cultivating tool upon approaching an end of the range of motion; wherein the actuator provides position sensitive damping of motion of the first cultivating tool, thereby reducing disturbances of a working surface of a field due to movement impulses of the first cultivating tool.

[0016] The tool arm may further comprise a second cultivating tool coupled to the tool mount; and a second actuator for selectively operating the second cultivating tool; and wherein: the at least a first cultivating tool is positioned to work a first plant line; and the second cultivating tool is positioned to work a second plant line.

[0017] Another illustrative embodiment of a tool arm operable by a precision agricultural implement, comprises: mount for coupling the tool arm to the implement; an articulating base including: at least a pair of linkages; a lift actuator; at least one linear motion bearing coupling the articulating base to the mount; and a unitary backbone member coupled to the at least a pair of linkages, the backbone defining a tool mount; and wherein the lift actuator operates to move the unitary backbone member along a vertical axis relative to the mount and the at least one linear motion bearing operates to allow movement of the unitary backbone member along a horizontal axis relative to the mount.

[0018] Yet another illustrative embodiment of a tool arm operable by a precision agricultural implement, comprises: a mount for coupling the tool arm to the implement; an articulating base operatively coupled to the mount; a unitary backbone coupled to the articulating base, the unitary backbone defining a tool mount; and at least a first agricultural tool coupled to the tool mount, the at least first agricultural tool adapted to perform a working operation on at least one of a plant and a field; and wherein the articulating base enables movement of the unitary backbone and the at least first agricultural tool in at least two axes relative to the mount.

[0019] Additional features of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of the illustrative embodiment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The detailed description particularly refers to the accompanying Figs in which:

[0021] Fig. 1 is an elevational view of a tool arm 300 of the agricultural implement 100 of Fig. 11 A;

[0022] Fig. 2A is a first side perspective view of a backbone of tool arm 300 of Fig. 1;

[0023] Fig. 2B is a second side perspective view of a backbone of tool arm 300 of Fig. 1;

[0024] Fig. 3 is a side perspective view of the tool arm 300 of Fig. 1;

[0025] Fig. 4 is a partial top side perspective view of the tool arm 300 of Fig. 1.

[0026] Fig. 5 is an end side perspective view of the tool arm 300 of Fig. 1;

[0027] Fig. 6 is an end side perspective view of the tool arm 300 of Fig. 1 with z-axis slide tables 380;

[0028] Fig. 7 is a side bottom perspective view of a tool attachment 400 the tool arm 300 of Fig. 1;

[0029] Fig. 8 is a top cross-sectional perspective view of an actuator 420 of the attachment 400 of Fig. 7, taken along the section lines illustrated in Fig. 7;

[0030] Fig. 9 is a side cross-sectional elevation view of the actuator 420 of the attachment 400 of Fig. 7, taken along the section lines illustrated in Fig. 8;

[0031] Fig. 10 is an exploded perspective view of selected components of the actuator 40 of the attachment 400 of Fig. 7;

[0032] Fig. 11A is a cross-sectional top view of the agricultural implement 100 illustrated in a first state;

[0033] Fig. 1 IB is a cross-sectional top view of the agricultural implement 100 illustrated in a second state;

[0034] Fig. 12A and 12B are a schematic diagram of a hydraulic system 150 of the agricultural implement 100 of Fig. 11 A;

[0035] Fig. 13 is a schematic block diagram of an electrical system 180 and control system 200 of the agricultural implement 100 of Fig. 11A;

[0036] Fig. 14 illustrates commodity bed 52a cultivated with prior art implements and commodity bed 52b cultivated with the agricultural implement 100 of Fig. 11 A;

[0037] Fig. 15 shows an illustrative process of a portion of agricultural implement 100 of Fig. 11 A;

[0038] Fig. 16 is an illustrative state machine for actuation of tools 410; and

[0039] Fig. 17 is an illustrative process of training and operating the agricultural implement of Fig. 11 A for a commodity plant field operation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0040] For the purposes of promoting and understanding the principals of the invention, reference will now be made to one or more illustrative embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same.

[0041] Referring to Fig. 11 A, a cross-sectional top view, an illustrative embodiment of modular precision agricultural implement 100 is shown. Implement 100 includes generally a chassis 102, control system 200, and modular smart tool arms 300. For clarity, Fig. 1 illustrates a modular smart tool arm 300 separated from the chassis 102, and Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate a chassis 102 without any tool arms 300 attached.

[0042] Referring again to Fig. 11A, the illustrated implement 100 includes three tool arms 300, each of which include at least one agricultural tools for working a crop and/or field, for example, a pair of tool attachments 400. However, in other embodiments (not shown) fewer than three or more than three tool arms may used with implement 100. Each of the tool attachments 400 includes a pair of actuating tools 410, in this example hoes used for cultivating. In Fig. 11A, the tools 410 are shown in an open position; however, upon actuation, each pair of tools 410 travel together, closing the space there between. In alternative embodiments of tool attachment 400, aspects of the tool attachment and the control system 200 (computing and select other components of which may also be referred to collectively as ‘controller’ herein) may be adapted to providing intelligent tasks other than cultivation, for example, thinning, selective spraying, data collection, and possibly even planting and harvesting. Selective spraying can include actuation and/or controlled movement of to direct delivery from nozzles or other delivery devices to apply wet or dry chemicals to commodity plants 60 or weeds 70, selected varieties of each, or both. Advantageously, chassis 102 and tool arms 300 can be used thereby used with a number of different modular and releasably attachable precision tool attachments 400 in addition to the illustrative tool attachment 400 disclosed herein.

[0043] Advantageously, chassis 102 can be propelled across commodity field 50 using standard farm equipment, for example a tractor having a suitable power takeoff (PTO) drive shaft and a hitch (not shown) to pull and operate chassis 102. As will be discussed further below, the hydraulic system 150 and electric system 180 can both be powered by hydraulic pump 152 driven by the tractor PTO.

[0044] To understand an illustrative application of the illustrative implement 100 equipped with tool attachments 400 configured as a cultivator, refer now to Figs. 14 and 15. Referring first to Fig. 14, commodity field 50 includes raised beds 52a and 52b, each bounded along the sides and separated by furrows 56. An illustrative western specialty row crop, for example, romaine lettuce, is illustrated as commodity plant 60. Bed 52a is illustrative of cultivating to remove weeds 70 using traditional cultivator implements. Specifically, while weeds 70 grow within plant lines 62 in the spaces 74 between the commodity plants 60 and in the spaces 72 between plants lines 62, traditional cultivating only reaches and cuts or otherwise disrupts weeds 70 located in the spaces 72 between the plant lines 62. The reason for this is that with traditional cultivators, the cultivating blades or other tools are static fixed devices which would destroy commodity plants 60 along with the weeds 70, if employed along the plant lines 62. This limitation has traditionally been addressed by using laborers to walk the beds 52a and manually remove the remaining weeds 70 located within spaces 74 between commodity plants 60 of plant lines 62 with a hand hoe.

[0045] As illustrated in bed 52b of Fig. 14, the illustrated implement 100 equipped with tool attachments 400 configured as a cultivator can be used advantageously to weed both the space 72 between plant lines 62 and the space 74 between commodity plants 60 within a plant line 62, also commonly referred to as a planting interval for a row or crop row.

[0046] Fig. 15 illustrates a portion of the process and features providing this advantage and overcoming the limitation of requiring manual hoeing to effectively cultivate commodity field 50. Referring to step 1 of Fig. 15, as implement 100 is operated along plant lines 62 of commodity field 50b, a control system 200, including a vision module 500 and perception system 270, classifies and locates each commodity plant 60 along each plant line 62. By determining the center point location and/or bounds of each commodity plant 60 the blades 414 of cultivator tool 410 can be actuated to avoid damaging commodity plant 60. For example, as shown in step 2, as blades 414 approach each commodity plant 60 along plant lines 62, cultivator tool attachment 400 then actuates cultivator tool 410 to extend the space between blades 414, as shown in step 3, thereby avoiding cutting or otherwise damaging the commodity plant 60. Referring to step 4, by determining a location of the center point and/or the bounds of each commodity plant, for example, the location of the root structure of the commodity plant at the depth of the blades 414, as the blades 414 of the cultivator tool 410 pass beyond each commodity plant 60 along plant line 62, cultivator tool attachment 400 is actuated again, this time to close the space between blades 414, thereby again acting to remove the weeds 70 between commodity plants 60 within the line 62, for example, as shown in step 5.

[0047] The above listed and additional features of the illustrative implement 100 will now be disclosed in further detail.

[0048] Referring to Figs. 11 A and 1 IB, a chassis 102 provides a universal, smart, modular implement platform for a variety of precision agricultural implement applications. Chassis 102 generally includes a frame 110, wheel assemblies 120, a hitch receiver 140, a hydraulic system 150, and an electrical system 180. Frame 110 can include a front crossbar 104, a rear crossbar or toolbar 106, and end plates 108. Additional features of chassis 102 that also support the mounting and operation of smart tool arm 300 along with toolbar 106 include plant line alignment bar 196, and threaded rod or screw 198, all of which will be discussed further below. A key distinction in the function of toolbar 106, plant line alignment bar 196, and screw 198 is that the toolbar 106 alone supports the weight of the smart tool arms 300, while the screw 198 and the plant line alignment bar 196 respectfully merely adjust the position of and move a portion of each of the tool arms 300 along the x-axis 90.

[0049] An illustrative hitch receiver 140 coupled to crossbar 104 can be used to pull chassis 102 with a three-point hitch as is typically found on farm tractors. The hitch receiver includes lower clevises 142 and an upper clevis 146; however, other attachment and hitching systems could be used.

[0050] Referring briefly to a schematic of hydraulic system 150 illustrated in Figs. 12A and 15B, the hydraulic system includes generally a power take off (PTO) driven hydraulic pump 152 to power from a tractor pulling the implement 100 the hydraulic system of chassis 102, hydraulic motor 154, reservoir 156, hydraulic oil cooler 158, distribution manifold 160, accumulator 162, and main regulator 164. Hydraulic motor 154 is driven by the hydraulic oil pressure provided by pump 152. Hydraulic motor 154 in turn drives, for example using a flexible belt, an electrical generator, for example, an alternator 182. Alternator 182, for example an automotive type electric alternator, provides DC electric power for electric system 180. Additional controls and actuators of hydraulic system 150 will be described below in further describing other aspects of implement 100.

[0051] Electrical system 180 of chassis 102 can be alternatively powered by alternator 182 or battery 186. Additionally, alternator 182 is capable of charging battery 186. Electrical system 180 includes a power distribution and regulation module 184 (Fig. 13) that can provide regulated voltage, for example 12 V DC and 24 V DC, and voltage and current transient protection. Electrical system 180 can also power thermostatically controlled hydraulic oil cooler fans 188 and control system 200, which will be described further below. [0052] Additional features of chassis 102 will be discussed further below, following a discussion of the modular smart tool arms 300 that can be supported and operated by chassis 102, for example, as is generally shown in Fig. 11 A.

[0053] Referring first to Figs. 1 and 11 A, for numerous decades, a toolbar, for example toolbar 106 apart from implement 100, has been the common point of attachment for agricultural tools to configure an implement for particular tasks and for particular commodity fields 50, whether it be for plowing, disking, planting, cultivating, spraying, harvesting, or chopping. In contrast, according to the present disclosure, the function of prior agricultural toolbars can be provided and further improved upon by the illustrative tool arm 300 and the tool platform 370 (Fig. 9) provided therewith. Advantageously, various tool attachments, for example, the illustrative tool attachments 400 shown in Fig. 9 and 11, can be releasably mounted to and operated by tool arm 300 at tool platform 370. Various aspects of chassis 102, control system 200, and tool arm 300 provide for modular, repeatable, precision in the configuration and intelligent operation of tool attachments 400.

[0054] The tool arm 300 is modular in part in that it includes a mounting structure, for example, mount 310 which enables one or more tool arms to be releasably secured to toolbar 106 of chassis 102, for example, as shown in Fig. 11A. The tool arm 300 is also modular in part because of the tool platform 370 and tool attachment 400 modularity introduced briefly above and discussed more specifically further below. Tool arm 300 is smart (intelligent) in part because it can optionally include a vision module 500 (Fig. 1), enabling intelligent automated operation of tool attachments 400 and optional data collection regarding commodity fields 50, both of which will be discussed further below.

[0055] An important aspect of the precision of tool arm 300 is the design and manufacture of a unitary or monolithic member for releasably mounting agricultural tools to, for example, a backbone 350. In the illustrative embodiment shown in Figs. 1-2B, the backbone 350 is milled from a single aluminum billet, for example, approximately 1 to 1-1/2 inch thick, which limits the weight of tool arm 300 while maintaining dimensional stability required for a modular precision agricultural functionality. Backbone 350 can include a number of precision mounting features 364, including for example, the use of location and/or interference fit tolerances in milling and adding features such as receiving bores, threaded bores, locating pins, recesses, and the like. These or other precision features may include with any of linkage mounts 356 adjacent a base end 354, tool mounts 360 adjacent tool end 358, a vision module receiving area 362, and a ground follower mount 366. These features are in contrast to prior art devices providing a tool attachment platform that includes numerous members forming frames and other platforms that lack uniformity of precision between one platform to another and/or that lack dimensional stability and lack light weight that enables precise motion control and ground following of the crop and field operation working portion of the tool arm 300.

[0056] As will be evident from the above and below discussions of the operation of implement 100 using control system 200, it is particularly important to maintain precise displacements between the vision module 500, the ground follower 390, and the tool attachment 400, which is why all three are modularly and precision mounted to a billet formed backbone 350.

[0057] Referring to Figs. 3 and 5, tool arm mount 310 includes sides 312, back span 314, front span 316, clamp 320, and guides 322. Sides 312 are rigidly connected with back span 314 and front span 316. These components can be formed, for example, from 1/4 - 3/8 inch steel or other rigid material. Sides 312 define an opening 318 which is sized to receive toolbar 106 so that mount 310 may be secured thereon, for example, as shown in Fig. 11 A.

As shown for Fig. 11 A, the clamp 320 can be used to fixedly secure mount 310 onto toolbar 106.

[0058] A system of adjustment left or right on toolbar 106 is included with the mount 310 and can be utilized before clamp 320 is secured to more easily move tool arm 300 into a desired position along the length of toolbar 106. Referring to Fig. 5, sides 312 also define bores 324 that provide clearance for threaded rod 198 to pass therethrough. Advantageously, by locating a pair of sleeves 326 around threaded rod 198 and between sides 312, and locating a threaded adjustment nut 328 between the sleeves 326, small adjustments left and right to mount 310 along toolbar 106 can be made. For example, by holding one of adjustment nut 328 and coupling 199 from rotating, while at the same time rotating the other about threaded rod 198, the mount 310 will shift left or right depending on the direction of rotation. For example, a coupling 199 is secured to the threaded rod 198. If coupling 199 is held to prevent rotation while threaded adjustment nut 328 is rotated about the threaded rod 198, the nut will translate left or right on the thread, thereby translating sleeves 326 and mount 310 left or right with it.

[0059] Referring again to Figs. 3 and 5, backbone 350 of tool arm 300 is coupled to mount 310 by articulating base 330. Advantageously, articulating base 330 provides translation of backbone 350 along the x-axis 90 and the z-axis 94 relative to mount 310. The x-axis 90 is the axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of toolbar 106, and the z-axis 94 is the vertical axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of toolbar 106 and perpendicular to the working surface 58 of a commodity field 50. The articulating base 330 includes generally a linear slide table 332, linkages 342 and 344, and a lift actuator, for example, a lift hydraulic cylinder 346 for vertically supporting and translating backbone 350 relative to the mount 310. [0060] Referring to Fig. 5, linear slide table 332 includes linear bearings 334 that translate along guides 322 of mount 310. More specifically, guides 322 can be hardened cylindrical rods that provide a precision and wear resistant surface for linear bearings 334 to ride upon. This configuration advantageously allows backbone 350 and attached tool attachment 400 to translate smoothly and precisely along the x-axis 90 of chassis 102 particularly because movement of the excess mass that would be involved with translating toolbar 106, mount 310, and other additional structure such as frame 110 is avoided.

[0061] Still referring to Fig. 5, brackets 338 each define an opening 339 sized for receiving therethrough a plant line alignment bar 196, as is shown in Fig. 11 A. Referring to Fig. 11 A, advantageously, the linear slide tables 332 of each of the tool arms 300 mounted to chassis 102 can be each clamped to alignment bar 196 such that translation of the alignment bar 196 along its longitudinal axis, for example using hydraulic cylinder 176 actuated by side shift valve 178, will simultaneously and equally shift the slide tables 332 and attached backbones 350 and tool attachments 400 of each of the tool arms 300.

[0062] For example, referring to Fig. 1 IB and comparing it to Fig. 11 A, in Fig. 1 IB the hydraulic cylinder 176 has been retracted, shifting plant line alignment bar 196 to the left and translating with it the articulating base 330, backbone 350, and tool attachment 400 portions of the tool arms 300. The spacing of the tool arms 300 relative to each other remains precisely the same. Additionally, the large mass components such as mounts 310 of tool arm 300, toolbar 106 and other portions of frame 110 and chassis 102 remain in place.

[0063] The movement of the least amount of mass as practical to precisely, smoothly, and quickly shift the tool attachments 400 left and right overcomes various disadvantages found in prior machines. For example, the actuation of hydraulic cylinder 176 left or right can be used to continually and precisely align tool attachments 400 with plant lines 62 of the commodity field 50 to account for shifts in plant lines 62 that occurred during planting and to account for shifts in the tractor pulling chassis 102. Additionally, the control system 200 may include a side shift position sensor 238 (not shown), for example a switch indicating when plant line alignment bar 196 is centrally located, left of center, and right of center, or, alternatively, an absolute position encoder can be used, either of which facilitate closed loop control of the position of plant line alignment bar 196 and thus the position of tool attachments 400 in alignment with plant lines 62.

[0064] Referring to Fig. 3, an illustrative four-bar linkage is formed in part by a bottom link 342 coupled between pivot 340 of bracket 338 and linkage mount 356 at base end 354 of backbone 350. The four-bar linkage also includes top link 344 coupled between pivot 340 of bracket 338 and linkage mount 356 of backbone 350. Cantilever 348 is coupled to the linear slide table 332 that brackets 338 are coupled to, and support an end of the lift hydraulic cylinder 346, the opposite end of which is coupled to bottom link 342 approximately mid span. As arranged, retraction of lift hydraulic cylinder 346 translates backbone 350 and attached tool attachment 400 vertically upward along the z-axis 94 to a lifted or retracted position, as is shown in Figs. 3 and Fig. 11 A. In other embodiments (not shown) a different pivot and/or linkage structure can be substituted for the four-bar linkage 336 to provide movement through the z-axis 94 for tool arm 300.

[0065] The lifted position of tool arm 300 is useful to secure the tool attachments 400 attached to tool arm 300 up and away from the ground, for example, when implement 100 is transitioning between commodity fields 50 or between the end of set of plant lines 62 and the beginning of an adjacent set. Additionally, if operating in a field 50 with fewer plant lines 62 per bed 52 than the implement 100 provides, then one or more tool arms 300 can be selectively actuated to and locked, e.g., manually/hydraulically or via system hydraulic controls 210, in the lifted position so that only those required for the number of plant lines are lowered and used, advantageously, without have to physically remove tool arm 300 or components thereof from implement 100. The height of each tool arm 300 relative to the working surface 58 is set by the extension and retraction of hydraulic cylinders 346 for each tool arms 300 attached to chassis 102.

[0066] In one embodiment, the height is controlled by controlling the continuous hydraulic pressure applied to each end of the piston of lift hydraulic cylinder 346. In another embodiment, the height is controlled by controlling the continuous differential of the hydraulic pressure applied across the ends of the piston of the lift hydraulic cylinder 346. In yet another embodiment, discussed further below, the height is controlled by setting a continuous regulated hydraulic pressure to one end of the piston of the lift hydraulic cylinder 346, and by continuously controlling the hydraulic pressure applied to the other end of the piston of the lift hydraulic cylinder. For example, a proportional solenoid valve 170 (Fig. 12A) and analog pressure sensors (unnumbered, Fig. 12A) can be used as part of the control of the hydraulic pressure to control the height of the tool arms 300, as can feedback from a height sensor 398 of tool arms 300 above the working surface 58, as is discussed further below.

[0067] For example, upon reaching the end of plant lines 62, the hitch of the tractor pulling chassis 102 can be used to lift it up by hitch receiver 140. A lift sensor, for example, a pressure switch 218 (Fig. 12A and 12B) associated with gauge wheel hydraulic cylinder 172 can detect that weight is off of the front axle 128 and activate a transit mode of control system 200, or a tilt sensor, accelerometer, ultrasonic sensor, or other motion, orientation, elevation, and distance sensor known in the art may be used. Upon the control system 200 detecting via pressure switch 218 that chassis 102 has been lifted, tool arm lift valves 170 can optionally actuate hydraulic cylinders 346 of the tools arms 300 to lift them to the raised position, thereby providing clearance between tools 410 and the ground. Additionally, if side shift position switch or encoder 238 detects the plant line alignment bar 196 is not mechanically centered, along with tool arms 300, then control system 200 actuates side shift valve 178 and side shift cylinder 176 to a reset position, for example, the alignment bar 196 and attached tool arms 300 are returned to mechanical center of the chassis 102 for the next operation. Additionally, control system 200 can deactivate the processing by vision module 500, perception system 270, and control of tool attachment 400 by ruggedized controller 202 until the chassis 102 has been lowered and weight is again detected on front axle 128 via pressure switch 218, thereby pausing the working of a crop and/or field by an operation of the tool arms 300 at least until the chassis 102 is again lowered.

[0068] Returning to the discussion of tool arm 300, lift hydraulic cylinder 346 also can be controlled during operation to lighten the downward force toward the ground of tool arm 300 due to the weight of the various components of the tool arm. By applying hydraulic pressure to each actuation end of lift hydraulic cylinder 346, as introduced above, and individually controlling each of those pressures, thus also controlling the differential pressure, the amount of downward force operating on each tool arm 300 is very dynamically controllable, and responsiveness to following changes in the soil profile/level in the bed 52b for each of the individual tool arms 300, as will be discussed further below in the section further discussing the control system 200.

[0069] In a working or down position in which lift hydraulic cylinder 346 is at least partly extended (not shown) the various tool attachments 400 attached to the illustrative embodiment of the tool arm 300 are configured as a cultivator with a preferred operating depth of a short depth under the surface of the soil of bed 52. Referring now to Figs. 1 and 5, the ground follower 390 of tool arm 300 helps maintain the vertical position of backbone 350 along the z-axis 94 such that the tool attachments 400 supported by the backbone 350 remain at a preferred depth or height relative to a working surface 58 of a field 50. In the illustrative embodiment shown in Fig. 1, ground follower 390 includes a lever 392 pivotably coupled at a proximal end to the backbone 350, extending downward at an angle from the backbone, and coupled to a distal end of the lever is a ski, wheel, and/or other member for contacting and following the working surface 58, for example, a roller 396 rotationally coupled to the lever 392. In the illustrative embodiment, the roller 396 does not support any weight of the tool arm 300 within a normal range of motion through which the lever 392 pivots as the height of backbone 350 above the working surface 58 varies; however, a stop 394, for example, an elastomeric bumper or the like, mounted between the lever 392 and tool arm 300 acts as a mechanical limit to provide a limit to downward reduction of height of the backbone 350 above the working surface 58, thereby limiting the range of downward movement of supported tool attachments 400 along the z-axis 94.

[0070] The illustrative embodiment also includes a height sensor 398, for example an angular encoder, for determining the relative height of the backbone and thus the working tools to the working surface 58. For example, the height in the illustrative embodiment is based on an lever pivot angle 399 of the lever 392 to the backbone 350, which changes as the mass of the lever 392 and roller 396 keeps the roller 396 in contact with the working surface 58 as a z-axis distance between the backbone 350 to the working surface 58 changes. In other embodiments the height sensor may be a ranging, accelerometer, or other sensor capable of determining the relative height of the backbone 350 or tool attachments 400 to the working surface 58.

[0071] The z-axis 94 location of the end of the various tool attachments 400 attached a tool arm 300 are generally set at a desired height below the bottom of roller 396 and ski 398 for the illustrative application of cultivation. By the control system 200 controlling the hydraulic pressure applied to a first port of the lift hydraulic cylinder 346 to provide upward lift to backbone 350, at least a portion of the weight/mass of and supported by the tool arm 300 is supported and the downward force of the roller 396 is reduced in order to prevent soil compaction and excess lowering of the tool arm, while also maintain enough downward force and system responsiveness to follow the elevation of the soil surface of the bed 52 being worked.

[0072] For example, in an illustrative embodiment, a continuous regulated hydraulic pressure of 600 psi provided to a first port of lift hydraulic cylinder 346 that provides upward movement of the backbone 350, and a continuous regulated hydraulic pressure of 200 psi provided to a second port of lift hydraulic cylinder 346 that provides downward movement of the backbone 350, provides a desired ‘float,’ i.e. upward offset or relief of the weight of and supported by the tool bar 300, to provide responsive following of the working surface 58 by the ground follower 390 and thus the tool arm 300 and supported tool attachments 400, while also preventing excessive compaction of the working surface 58 by the ground follower 390, which would extend the working tools downward beyond a desired height relative to the working surface 58.

[0073] Furthermore, in the illustrative embodiment, the control system 200 receives data from one or more pressure sensors 222 for measuring the hydraulic pressure at the first and the second port, or the differential hydraulic pressure, along with receiving data from the height sensor 398, which together are used by the control system 200 to actively regulate one of the continuous differential hydraulic pressure between the first and second port, or the continuous regulated pressure applied to the first port, in order to maintain the tool arm 300 and supported tool attachments 400 at a desired height along the z-axis 96 relative to the working surface 58. In one embodiment, a proportional hydraulic valve 170 controlled by the control system 200 controls a continuous but variable hydraulic pressure to the first port, feedback of that pressure is provided by the pressure sensor 222, and the continuous regulated backside pressure to the second port is preset and not variably controlled. An advantage in responsiveness and precision in desired height of the tool arm 300 over a working surface 58 having varied conditions and varied elevation is provided over prior art designs by the combination of the continuous and regulated downward pressure supplied to the second port, and the continuous variably controlled upward pressure supplied to the first port of the lift hydraulic cylinder 346. In one illustrative embodiment, a separate proportional hydraulic valve 170 and pressure sensor 222 is used for each of the tools arms 300 and hydraulic cylinders 346. In one illustrative embodiment, the control system 200 incorporates a low pass filter to the height control data from the height sensor 398, and/or other damping to the control of the height of the tool arm 300. In another illustrative embodiment, the lever 392 is fixedly mounted to the backbone 350.

[0074] Referring now to Figs. 4 and 17, a vision module 500 includes module housing 504 which can be precisely coupled to backbone 350 by mounting interface 502 and precision mounting features 364, for example precisely located threaded bores and/or locator pins, within a protected vision module receiving area 362. The vision module 500 also includes a pair of lamps 506 coupled to vision module housing 504 by lamp mounts 508. In the illustrative embodiment, the lamps 506 are of sufficient intensity to greatly reduce or eliminate the effects of sunlight and resulting shadows that may otherwise be experienced by vision module 500 and associated perception system 270.

[0075] In the illustrated embodiment, camera 510 and optics 516 are packaged with a cylindrical vision module housing 514 and optional module housing lens protector 522.

[0076] The correlation of locations and distances within captured images is critical to determining the timing of when to open and close tools 510 to avoid a commodity plant 60 which has been identified in an image captured a known distance ahead of the tools 410. To improve the correlation of the location of the commodity plant with the actuation of tools 410, it has been found advantageous to take into account fixed, variable, and asynchronous processes relating to detecting and correlating a commodity plant with the machine-relative coordinate space. For example, applying an image timestamp upon the perception system 270 receiving the first data packet containing part of a new image from the vision module 500, and applying a timestamp to data from the odometer encoder 232 based on the midpoint time between the data request and the receipt of the data.

[0077] An example of the coordinate space and tracking of the location of objects of interest and the tools 510 in the coordinate space can be understood from steps 1 thru 5 of Fig. 15, which correlate to the change in relative location of the objects of interest, e.g. commodity plant 60 and weeds 70, and the tool blades 414 as the implement 100 traverses the plant line 62. Although shown in a simplified version with only one plant line 62 in a field of view versus two in the illustrative embodiment, each of the steps 1 thru 5 of Fig. 15 correlates to the x-axis 90 and y-axis 92 dimensions of the coordinate space, divided along each axis into a desired level of pixel or bin resolution that corresponding relates to the images and actual distances imaged and traversed.

[0078] Referring to Fig. 5, as shown on the left side of tool in 358 of backbone 350, tool arm 300 also includes a tool platform 370 for modular and releasable mounting of tool atachments 400. For example, a platform toolbar 372 may be precisely located on backbone 350 by a tool mount 360. The platform toolbar 372 can support a tool mount 374, which may include precision locating features such as those discussed for backbone 350 for the precise mounting of tool atachment 400 thereto.

[0079] Referring to Fig. 6, optionally the tool platform 370 of tool arm 300 may include a device for adjusting or actuating tool atachment 400 relative to backbone 350, for example a z-axis linear slide table 380 as shown in the illustrative embodiment. One reason to include adjustment for each separate tool atachment is due to variations found in commodity fields 50 among different plant lines 62 within the same bed 52a. For example, depending on the formation and environmental conditions such as compaction and erosion of bed 52a, individual plant lines 62 may vary in height. For example, there may be a crest across the bed 52a such that plant lines on one part of the bed are at a lower elevation than plant lines on another part of the bed, which also may vary from the relative elevation of the furrows within which wheel assemblies 120 of the chassis 102 ride.

[0080] In the illustrative embodiment, the slide table 380 provides manual adjustment along the z-axis 94 relative to the backbone 350 of a tool atachment 400 mounted to the slide table. The slide table 380 includes linear guides 382 upon which a table 384 may be translated up and down, for example, by cranking adjustment handle 386 and then locking table 384 in the desired position using locking handle 388. The table 384 provides a precision mounting surface for tool attachment 400.

[0081] Referring now to Figs. 4 and 11, an illustrative tool atachment 400 can be modularly and precisely coupled to tool arms 300. Base 402 is coupled to the tool arm 300, for example, to tool platform 370 or optional z-axis linear slide table 380. A crop or field working tool actuator, for example, actuator 420 of tool atachment 400, can be a hydraulically driven actuator that includes housing 430 coupled to base 402 via a lower pivot coupling 408 and a pneumatic damper 422. The pivot coupling 408 and the pneumatic damper 422 allow actuator 420 to be momentarily displaced up or down in pitch about an axis, for example, the x-axis 90 in which pivot coupling 408 is located. Momentary displacement is advantageous in the event the tools 410 are presented with excess drag or a firm or solid obstacle such as rocks and the like that may damage the tools 410 or other portion of the tool attachment 400, thereby minimizing the likelihood of damage to the tools 410 or to other components of tool attachment 400. Advantageously, the pneumatic damper 422 can include a detent or stiction of its pneumatic components that require a sufficient level of force to overcome and allow pitching of actuator 420 in pitch to prevent soil clumps or other forms of drag on the tools 410 from inducing displacement, but allowing a firm or solid obstacle such as a rock to overcome the detent or stiction and allow the damper to function to prevent damage to the tools, and be biased to quickly return the actuator 420 to its non- displaced pitch location.

[0082] In the illustrated example shown in Fig. 4, the tool arm 300 cultivates two adjacent plant lines 62; therefore, each tool arm 300 includes a pair of tool attachments 400, one for each plant line 62. The tool platforms 370 on the left and right side of backbone 350 are spaced along the x-axis 90 so that the distance between the two tool attachments 400 matches the distance between plant lines 62. Additionally, the illustrative tool arm 300 is equipped with static mounts 302 which have attached static cultivators 304, each positioned to cultivate and clear weeds located within the space 72 between plant lines 62.

[0083] As discussed earlier above, illustrative tool attachments 400 include tools 410 for cultivating the space 74 between adjacent commodity plants 60 within plant line 62. As illustrated in Fig. 4, actuator 420 is in a normal and failsafe position in which arms 412 and blades 414 of cultivating tools 410 are spread apart a distance sufficient so that the blades traverse the open space 74 between plant lines 62, as illustrated in Figs. 14 and 15 and do not contact the root or other portion of commodity plant 60. Upon actuation of tools 410 by actuator 420, shafts 466 extending through covers 432 of the housing 430, and upon which arms 412 are attached by mounting features 468, rotate in a synchronize fashion to translate blades 414 into close proximity, thereby cultivate the space 72 between the commodity plants 60 within the plant line 62.

[0084] The actuation of tools 410 provided by the actuator 420 is advantageous in that the movement of the tools 410 are synchronized and provide a transition time between the open and close positions that can be adjustable by an electronic solenoid controlled valve 426, for example, a proportional flow valve set by controller 202 and/or input at HMI 204, and/or a flow regulator 428 (not shown), located directly at housing 430 in the illustrative embodiment to reduce latency and other undesirable characteristics with more remote activation. Additionally, actuator 420 provides a slow initial and final speed and ramping up and down from initial and final speed to the transition speed to avoid impulse like accelerations and decelerations, thereby greatly reducing or eliminating any harmonic induced or other vibrations of arms 412 and blades 414 and also greatly reducing or eliminating disturbance of soil that could damage the commodity plants 60, including from throwing soil onto the commodity plants, as with prior designs, which can inhibit growth and or induce spoilage. [0085] Fig. 8 is a cross-sectional top view of actuator 420 of tool attachment 400.

Housing 430 defines various cavities 434. Housed within these various cavities 434 is a rack and pinion type hydraulically driven mechanism comprising a pair of pinions 460 each having a line of teeth 464 enmeshed with rack teeth 442 defined by opposite sides of actuator shuttle 442. Each pinion 460 includes a body 462 from which extends shaft 466. Shafts 466 each pass through a sealed bearing 436 housed in the base of housing 430, thereby allowing attachment of arm 412 to the shaft 466 as shown in Fig. 9.

[0086] As shown in Fig. 8, actuator shuttle 440 defines racks of teeth 442 on opposite sides, to which teeth 464 defined by pinion body 462 are respectively enmeshed. As will be described in more detail further below, actuator shuttle 440 is located between a pair of plugs 470a/b, each of which define stems 472 oriented toward the shuttle and which interact hydraulically with features of the shuttle along its longitudinal axis, thereby synchronizing the rotation of pinions 460, shafts 466, and arms 412 attached thereto. Advantageously, the pinions and thus the arms 412 follow a rate of movement profile that is set hydraulically by the mechanical features of the actuator 420 as will be described below.

[0087] Referring specifically to Fig. 10 and generally to Fig. 9, Fig. 10 is an exploded view of the actuator shuttle 440, and a valve 490, and one plug 470b. Valve springs 488 and an additional valve 490 and associate plug 470a which interact with an opposite end 444 of the actuator shuttle 440 are not shown in Fig. 10, but can be found in Figs. 12 and 13. Plug 470b provides a hydraulic fluid path from recessed supply area 482 through fluid channel 480 and into valve receiver bore 478. The stem 492 portion of valve 490 is slidingly received within valve receiver bore 478.

[0088] The valve 490 provides two potential paths for hydraulic fluid to escape valve receiving bore 478 of the plug 470b. The first channel, which is always open, is port 496 defined longitudinally along the full length of stem 492 and through the valve seat 498. The other hydraulic fluid channel is available for a select segment of the valve stem 492 translating within valve receiving bore 478. The bevel 494 defined along a length of stem 492 allows hydraulic fluid to pass through it between valve stem 492 and the wall defining the receiving bore 478 until the stem 492 is retracted within the bore 478 such that bevel 494 portion of the stem 492 is contained entirely within bore 478.

[0089] A piston head 474 and sealing area 476 defined at an end of stem 472 of plug 470b is received within a larger bore 446 defined by actuator shuttle 440. Valve spring 488 is also located within bore 478, applying outward pressure on stem 492 to translate away from plug 470b. A similar but smaller diameter piston head 474 defined by stem 472 of the other plug 470a is located at an opposite end 444 of shuttle 440 and is similarly received by the smaller bore 450 along with another valve 490 and associated valve spring 488.

[0090] Referring now to Fig. 9, proportional solenoid valve 426 selectively provides hydraulic pressure to the recessed supply area 482 of the left plug 470a or to the right plug 470b. In the position of shuttle 440 shown in Fig. 9, hydraulic pressure was applied to plug 470a thereby filling the portion of smaller bore 450 located between piston head 474 and bore 452, thereby translating shuttle 440 and valve 490 toward plug 470b until the end 444 of the actuating shuttle 440 contacts shoulder 471 of plug 470B, stopping the translation. In this position, as shown in Fig. 8, pinions 460 are rotated outwardly such that the arms 412 and blades 414 are in the open position as shown in Fig. 4.

[0091] In order to actuate arms 412 inwardly to a closed position, actuating shuttle 440 must be hydraulically translated toward plug 470a, which is to the right in Fig. 8 and to the left in Fig. 9 (because of the differences in orientation of the two cross-sectional views).

More specifically, control system 200 actuates the proportional solenoid valve 426 to supply hydraulic fluid to recessed supply area 482 surrounding fluid channel 480 of plug 470b. Fluid is forced into valve receiver bore 478 defined by plug 470b, and further forced through the longitudinal port 496 defined by valve 490b. At the beginning of the stroke to close arms 412, because valve stem 492 is fully retained within the valve receiving bore 478, hydraulic fluid is not able to flow through the larger pathway provided by bevel 494 (see Fig. 10) defined by a portion of the length of stem 492; therefore, the rate of hydraulic fluid expanding the space between piston head 474 of plug 470b and larger bore 452 of shuttle 440 is slower at the beginning of the stroke. As the shuttle 440 translates left toward the shoulder 471 of plug 470a, valve spring 488 compressed against valve stem 492 of valve 490b maintains valve seat 498 in contact with larger bore and 452. As less and less of stem 492 is retained within valve receiving bore 478 of plug 470b, eventually a shallow ramp portion of bevel 494 is no longer retained and closed off by receiving bore 478, thereby providing an increased rate of flow filling the increasing space between the piston head 474 of plug 470b and end 452 of the larger bore of the shuttle 440. The availability of fluid flow through the second pathway formed by bevel 494 accelerates the speed of translation of shuttle 440 and therefore accelerates the rate of shafts 466 and rate of movement of the arm 412. The acceleration continues through the ramped portion of bevel 494 until the flat portion of bevel 494 is extending beyond piston head 474, eventually reaching a steady speed once the flat portion of bevel 494 is extending from within valve receiver bore 478

[0092] While actuator shuttle 440 is translating toward plug 470a to close arms 412, hydraulic fluid is unrestricted in departing recessed supply area 482 of plug 470a and returning to the hydraulic reservoir 156. However, because hydraulic fluid must escape the space between piston head 474 of plug 470a and smaller bore end 452 of shuttle 440, the rate of fluid flow may be limited by the continual availability of port 496 through valve 490a, and the transient availability of hydraulic fluid to escape through the open area of bevel 494 defined by stem 492 of valve 490a. Specifically, as actuator shuttle 440 nears the end of its travel to close arms 412, and the end 444 of shuttle 440 nears shoulder 471 of plugged 470a, smaller bore end 452 will have pressed valve seat 498 to compress valve spring 488 to the extent that the ramp area of bevel 494 will be the only portion exposed outside of valve receiving bore 478, thus decelerating the translation rate of shuttle 440. Eventually no portion of the bevel 494 will be extending from receiving 478, thus fixing the final rate of translation of shuttle 440 toward plug 470a and arms 412 toward a close position at a fixed, slow rate until end 444 contacts shoulder 471 of plug 470a at the end of the close stroke. [0093] Advantageously, a corresponding relationship between the two valves 490a and 490b and the features of shuttle 440 and features of plug 470a and 470b are repeated as arms 412 are open by the control of proportional solenoid valve 426 suppling hydraulic fluid to recess supply area 482 of plug 470a, thus providing translation of shuttle 440 and arms 412 back to the normal open position. This translation includes a similar motion profile as that provided by the closing stroke, namely: an initial slow rate of acceleration, followed by an high rate of acceleration, followed by a fixed speed, followed by a high rate of deceleration, and a final a slow rate of deceleration.

[0094] The motion profile provides position sensitive damping, providing damping that prevents jerking of tools 410 near the limits of travel of the actuator, advantageously minimizing or eliminating the throwing of soils by tools 410, particularly soil that could be thrown onto the commodity plants. The motion profile can be provided solely by the hydro mechanical features discussed above, solely by hydraulic valve controls, or a combination of the two.

[0095] One difference in the opening and closing strokes of the actuator 420 is the diameters of the two bores 446 and 450 and associated piston heads 474 of plugs 470a and 470b. Assuming proportional solenoid valve 426 is set to provide the same hydraulic supply for either stroke, the closing stroke will proceed more slowly in the illustrative embodiment than the opening stroke because the larger diameter of bore 446 and of piston head 474 of plug 470b requires a greater volume of hydraulic fluid to complete the stroke. The result is that the opening stroke of arms 412 occurs more quickly than the closing strokes of arms 412.

[0096] Referring to Fig. 2A, in one illustrative embodiment of implement 100, a second and third set of tools arms 300 are provided by coupling toolbar extensions 107 to each end of the toolbar 106 of chassis 102. Advantageously, the frame 110, wheel assemblies 120, hydraulic system 150, electrical system 180, and control system 200 have all been sized to accommodate the added loads of three sets of on or more tool arms 300, thereby reducing the number of passes required to complete cultivation of a commodity field 50 by a factor of three.

[0097] Referring to Fig. 13, a schematic block diagram illustrates aspects of electrical system 180, including control system 200. Control system 200 can includes a ruggedized controller 202, for example, an X90 mobile controller available from B&R Industrial Automation of Roswell, Georgia, and a machine vision / perception computer 270, including a graphics processor (GPU) 272 such as a TX2i available from NVIDIA Corp. of Santa Clara, California. Controller 202 provides overall machine control of implement 100, and perception computer 270 includes processing of images received from vision module 500, including a neural network, for example, a convolutional neural network (CNN) for AI processing of images and optionally other data to classify, locate, and bound objects of interest, including at least commodity plants 60, and optionally other objects, including for example, weeds 70 and debris (not shown), and to provide a confidence level associated with the classification and/or bounding. Classification of objects of interest may include the plant or weed variety, health, for example, including a disease state/type, and other attributes in the art that are knowable optically. Alternatively, a single computing unit may be substituted and provide the machine control, image, and AI processing. Also alternatively, some or all of the functions provided by one or both of the machine controller 202 and perception computer 270 may be provided by the vision module 500. The perception computer 270 may also include pre-processing of images prior to processing by the CNN, and/or post-processing of data resulting from the CNN processing of images.

[0098] In some implementations or selected use of implement 100, control of the tool attachment 400 may only require processing of objects classified as the commodity plant of interest, in other implementations or selected use, control may only require processing of objects classified as weeds or a set of weed types, and in yet another implementation or selected use, control may require processing of both commodity plants and weeds. For example, depending on whether the attached tool attachment 400 is being used for weeding, thinning, or application of chemicals, including selectively on one or both of commodity plants and weeds.

[0099] Control system 200 also includes various controls 230, generally interfaced with controller 202, for example via a wireless or wired local area network (LAN) 206, for example, Ethernet. Controls 230 may include HMI 204, for example a touchscreen display device, and various input sensors, including a tilt sensor / inclinometer 234, odometer encoder 236 mounted with axle 124 (Fig. 5), side shift position switch or encoder 238, and various hydraulic pressure sensors 212-222. Control system 200 also includes output controls, generally controlled by controller 202, including valves controlling hydraulic actuators, including cylinders, discussed above. Machine controller 202 thus generally controls actuator 420 to close and open cultivator tools 410 around commodity plants 60, side shift of tool arms 300 to maintain alignment of the tool attachments 400 with plant lines 60, pitch control of blades 414 via control of gauge wheels height, controlling the height of tool arms 300 to maintain proper blade depth 414, and to lift and/or center tools arms 300 in a transit mode when raising of implement 100 is detected.

[00100] Perception computer 270 provides the image processing, including bounding, classification, confidence, and location mapping of objects of interest, including commodity plants 60, to implement the general process illustrated by Fig 4 and discussed further above, including providing the data necessary for some of the processes controlled by controller 202, including the closing and opening of the cultivator tools 410 around commodity plants 60, and side shifting of the tool arms 300 to maintain alignment of the tool attachments 400 with plant lines 60. To do this, perception computer 270 provides generally AI enabled object detection, and maps the detected objects to a relative coordinate space derived from timestamping of displacement data from the odometer encoder 236, image timestamping, and determination of objects of interest, including the centerline of plant lines 62 relative to vision module 500, and thus relative to the tool attachments 400.

[00101] Advantageously, the operation of implement 100 is not dependent on GPS or other such absolute or geographic positioning data or systems and can function solely using the relative positions of the plant lines 62 and the commodity plants 60 detected by the perception computer 270. Advantageously, the operation of the control system 200, including perception computer 270 and controller 202, may be autonomous in that it does not require remote data or computer resources; however, a local or remote wireless or wide area network (WAN) connection 208 may be used to remotely monitor, update, or to optionally supplement the data and computing resources of the control system 200.

[00102] An illustrative HMI for setup of control system 200 can include selecting a commodity plant type, a unit of measurement, and the spacing between commodity plants 62 with the plant line 60 and the spacing between adjacent plant lines 60.

[00103] An illustrative HMI can include entering the distance from the blades 414 of each tool attachment 400 to the center of field of view of the camera module 500 on that tool arm 300. Other configuration relating to the tool attachment 400 can include timing information relating to the cycling of the blades 414 through their range of motion. Other configuration information includes cooling fan 118 temperature trigger, pressure limit settings and delay and transition times for the actuation up and down for the tool arms 300, odometer 336 calibration for rear wheel 126, ground pressure backside and wheels threshold.

[00104] An illustrative HMI can includes the overall status of control system 200, voltage of electrical system 180, hydraulic oil pressure and temperature, and settings selected on setup page 242. Additional control settings that can be selected include the distance prior to plant center to open tool 410, the distance after plant center to close tool 410, machine angle, which sets the pitch of blades 414, and a percent of ground pressure, which relates to how much the tool arm 300 lift hydraulic cylinder 346 lightens the weight of the tool arm 300 applied to the ground by ground follower 390. And finally, a system start/stop selection and a tool arm lift/lower selection is provided.

[00105] An HMI 204 can also provide a selectable real-time view from each vision module 500 and an alarm page.

[00106] Advantageously each vision module 500, which in the illustrative embodiment includes one camera 510, is centered between two plant lines 60 and has a sufficient field of view for typical spacing between plant lines 60 in beds 52b to have within its field of view and process the classification, confidence, location, and/or bounds for up to at least two plant lines 60 simultaneously. Tracking two plant lines 60 by a single camera and image not only reduces hardware requirements, but also provides for more precise plant line following than is provided by one camera centered on and tracking each plant line. Additionally, for embodiments that limit each camera 510 to tracking two plant lines, instead of tracking all plant lines 60 in a bed 52b, beter resolution, precision, and data collection is provided by the vision module 50.

[00107] Lamps 506 are strobed at an intensity near sunlight levels to minimize the impact of variations in sunlight and on shadows that dependent on environmental conditions and time of day. The set of images and data to train the CNN used with perception computer 270 can nonetheless include images taken in various environmental conditions and times to day to improve functionality.

[00108] In the operate mode, the processing and control timing accommodates a rate of travel of implement 100 up to a limit, for example, a limit that ensures every commodity plant 62 will appear in at least two images before that plant will be out of the field of view of the camera 510 and approaching the tools 410. Using such a limit improves classification, locating, and tracking and is also required to ensure tools 410 can be actuated and the blades 414 translate to an opened position opened before the arrival of the plant 62 at the blades 414. Alternative or additional criteria for rate of travel may also be used, including commodity plant or environmental conditions warranting a lower rate than the implement 100 may be technically capable off.

[00109] An illustrative state machine for actuation of tools 410 is shown in Fig. 16.

[00110] Pre-processing of image data by vision module 500 or perception computer 270 prior to inference processing by the CNN or other AI model can include, but is not limited to, image timestamping, converting the image color space, for example, to RGB, rotating, rescaling the image, and other pre-processing known in the art.

[00111] Additionally, post-processing of the object bounds, location, classification, and confidence provided by the CNN or other AI model can be used to reduce errors and provide some fail safes for the AI processed data. For example, when the operation mode is initiated at the beginning of a plant line 62, the tools 410 remain open until commodity plants have been classified and located for a preset span of distance along plant line 62. Also, since the root of a commodity plant 60 is what is being protected for weeding, by actuating the tool 410 to separate the blades 414, post-processing determines the center of the bounded object, thus more precisely locating the root and allowing closer weeding to it. Additionally, detected objects with a confidence level below a selected threshold may be ignored or reclassified, as can objects with abounding size outside of a threshold range.

[00112] Also, threshold ranges can be statically selected, or may be dynamically selected or dynamically adjusted based on average, mean, or other data analysis of object detections for a particular bed 52, field 50, type of commodity plant 60, period of time, or other such adjustment set criteria. For example, commodity plant 60 intervals or bounding size may be dynamic. If commodity plants 60 have been consistently classified and located at a regular interval of distance, if an expected commodity plant 60 is not identified along the plant line 62 at the expected interval, the existence of a commodity plant 60 at that location can optionally be inferred to avoid removing a commodity plant 60 that was not identified by the perception computer 270. Inversely, a potential false positive can be inferred and optionally reclassified for removal, for example, if a commodity plant 60 is classified and located at a location between the regular interval, additionally or alternatively, an outlier from a consistent range of bounding sizes may optionally be inferred to be a false positive.

[00113] If the distance between the location of two adjacent commodity plants 60 along a line 62 is too small and is thus insufficient to reliably cycle the tools 410 closed and opened again before the tools 410 traverse the second commodity plant, optionally the objects may be merged and the tools 410 will remain open for the full span of the two commodity plants 60, or non-max suppression may be used to remove the object with a lower confidence level, bounded size, or another such parameter. Additionally, or alternatively, commodity plants 60 located at other than the expected interval may be reclassified or otherwise treated as a weed for removal by tools 410 if thinning of the commodity plants 60 is desired and selected. Commodity plants 60 that are not located within a threshold range of a plant line 62 may also be reclassified or otherwise treated as a weed.

[00114] Also, if the inference time is not sufficient to classify and locate commodity plants in time for the tools 410 to be opened, for example, if the implement 100 is being pulled at too high of a speed, the tools 410 will remain open to prevent damage to the plant line 62. [00115] Lastly, pre- and/or post-processing also addresses plant line 62 following and the left-right centering of the tools 410 on each plant line. For example, in the illustrative embodiment a single vision module 500 is used for two adjacent lines 62. Depending on the field of view 58 of the lens 516, objects detected in lines 62 to the right and left of the two lines being worked by the that tool arm 300 may be masked in pre- or post- processing. Also, if a single line 62 is detected for one of the vision modules 500 rather than a pair of lines, rather than post-processing centering the left-right shifting of the tools arms 300 between the two lines, they are offset from the single line the appropriate distance for the line spacing set, for example, via the HMI. Also, left-right shifting may be based on a single selected vision module 500, or based on an averaging or other post-processing data analysis of the relative line locations detected for some or all of the vision modules 500.

[00116] For commodity plants 60 and optionally other objects that are classified and for which a location, bounding, and confidence level is desired, the image timestamp is matched to data from the odometer 232 for that timestamp, or, to save communication and computing bandwidth for the odometer, odometer data can be interpolated from the odometer data spanning the image timestamp. The odometer location of the plant can be determined from the timestamp, for example, by offsetting the odometer location based on the conversion from pixels that the plant is from the center of the field of view of the image. Finally, the odometer data increment at which the plant will be located at the location of blades 414 can then be determined by knowing the odometer distance between the center of the field of view of the image and thus camera 510 and the blades 414.

[00117] Alternatively, the location mapping of the commodity plants 60 can be done based on odometer and pixel conversions to real world measurement coordinate space, or to a different, even arbitrary measurement and location base for a coordinate space, as long as it correlates to the real world location of the camera 510, blades 414, and plants 60. Additionally, image flow of objects between consecutive images can be processed by perception computer 270 to determine speed and relative distances/locations over time, including when plants 60 will be located at blades 414 without requiring the use of data from an odometer 236.

[00118] An illustrative state machine 600 for reliable actuation of tools 410, including the above discussed features, is shown in Fig. 16.

[00119] Fig. 17 is an illustrative process 700 for training and operating implement 100 for a particular operation on a field of a particular type of commodity plant 60. Generally, the first three steps are completed by the implement builder, supplier, and/or service provider, and the remaining steps 704 through 708 are completed by an end user. In step 704 one or more sets of image data relevant to a particular type of commodity plant 60 are collected and objects in the image are tagged, for example objects are tagged as commodity plant, weeds, and/or other objects, including typical debris such as rocks and dead vegetation. Generally the image data will be most effective at training perception system 270 for an acceptably high rate of performance if the image data is collected using the vision module 500 and under all environmental and other conditions expected to be experienced in operation, including variations in soil, soil condition, maturity of or absence of commodity plants and weeds, and the like as is known in the art. In step 706 the perception system 270 is trained using the image data. This step may involve multiple sets of data, training and testing, varying the selected neural network model, varying parameters of the selected neural network model, and/or otherwise tuning the performance of the model as is known in the art of machine learning.

[00120] In step 708, the implement is calibrated. For example, various system and subsystem hydraulic pressures of hydraulic system 150 are set with manual regulators and/or the HMI touchscreen 204 as discussed above, any input sensors requiring calibration are calibrated, for example, setting the odometer encoder 232 based on the rear wheel 126 diameter. Additionally, the portion of the hydraulic system 150 operating the lift hydraulic cylinder 346 for the four-bar linkage portion of the tool arm 300 is calibrated to operate within a selected range of differential pressure and individual pressure limits to provide an operator selectability within that range. For example, so that the operator can easily adjust within the preselected range the weight of the tool arm 300 that is carried by the lift hydraulic cylinder 346 versus any weight on the ground applied by the ground follower 390 or the tool 410, depending on desired operation, performance, and characteristics, including but not limited to a desired level of dynamic following of varied soil profile levels, current field conditions, and soil compaction presence and/or avoidance. If the specific tool attachment 400 is mounted to tool arm 300, then the distance from the end effector of the tool, for example, blade 414 to the center of the field of view of vision module 500 is also measured or otherwise verified and set in control system 200. Other additional calibration and or testing may also be completed at this step.

[00121] Still referring to Fig. 17, in step 710 an operator selects and mounts the tool attachment 400 for the desired operation and the particular commodity plant type. Advantageously, the same chassis 102 and the same tool arm 300 can be used for a wide range of commodity plant types and a wide range of operations. Training may need to be completed for control system 200 to handle some variations in plant types and operations, and different tool attachments 400 may also be utilized.

[00122] Once the tool attachments 400 are mounted to tool arms 300, in step 712 the operator can next provide any desired setting for control system 200 at HMI 204 for that specific operation, including as illustrated in Figs. 18A-18C and discussed above, and also any additional calibration from step 708 which can now be completed with the mounted tool attachments 400.

[00123] In step 714, a vehicle such as a tractor 40 is used to power and navigate the implement 100 to and within a field 50 to be worked. The implement 100 is lined up with the start of the commodity plant lines 62. In step 716, chassis 102 is lowered for operation, for example, using the three-point hitch on a tractor, and the implement is pulled along the plant lines. As discussed above, once control system 200 senses in step 716 that it has been lowered at the beginning of a plant line 62, for example using a weight-on-wheels sensor 218, inclinometer 234, or other sensor, the control system 200 switches from a transit mode to an operate mode, which includes the state machine 600 operation illustrated in Fig. 16.

[00124] Because the systems of implement 100 are designed to be automatic once calibrated and set up, for example, including detecting plant lines 62, side shifting tool arms 300 to follow the plant lines, and to complete the selected working operation, such as weeding, on the field 50, advantageously no added in-cab controls are required for monitoring or operating implement 100. The HMI 204 is generally located on the implement 100 and any in-cab controls on the tractor 40 are optional, for example via a wireless device, for example a tablet computer or other handheld or mounted touch screen device, including for optional in-cab observation, changing settings, or initiating or ceasing operation; however, all that is required from tractor 40 to operate implement 100 is navigating across field 50 and raising and lowering the chassis 102 at the beginning and end of the plant lines 62.

[00125] In step 718, the control system 200, including machine controller 202 and perception system 270, perform the processing and control discussed above providing autonomous working of the plant lines 62. For example, the processing and control includes, but not limited to, detecting plant lines 62; centering tool arms 300 on plant lines 62; classifying, assigning confidence, bounding, locating and tracking objects of interest, including the above discussed optional pre-/post-processing functions; following the working surface 58 using lift cylinder 346 of tool arm 300, and operating the tool attachment 400 to perform the working operation for the plant lines 62.

[00126] In step 720, upon reaching the end of the plant lines 62, the implement 100 is lifted up off the wheels by the tractor 40 pulling the implement. The control system 200 responds by switching from the operate mode to transit mode. In transit mode, control system 200 ceases various operations controlled by machine controller 202 and perception system 270, including detecting plant lines 62, following the working surface 58 with lift cylinder 346, and the operation of the tool attachment 400. Additionally, any reset functions are completed, for example, recentering the tools arms 300 via side-shift actuator 176. If the field 50 is not yet completed, then the process continues at step 714 with aligning the implement 100 at the start of additional plant lines 62 and lowering the implement.

[00127] While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the foregoing drawings and description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only illustrative embodiments thereof have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims and summary are desired to be protected.

[00128] REFERENCE NUMERAL LIST

40 Tractor 116 Hood

50 Commodity Field 118 Tool Mounts [static cultivators]

52a Prior Art Bed 120 Wheel Assembly

52b New Bed 122 Support Brackets

54 Bed Width 123 Opening

56 Furrow 124 Rear Axle

58 Working Surface / Field-of-View 126 Rear Wheel

60 Commodity Plant 128 Front Axle

62 Line 130 Front Wheel / Gauge

64 Line Spacing 10” 132 Front Cantilever

66 Plant Spacing 10’ 134 Pivot

70 Weeds 136 Thrust Plates

72 Space Between Lines 138 Wheel Span

74 Space Between Plants 140 Hitch Receiver

80 Plant Center 142 Bottom Hitch Clevis

82 Space Before 144 Vertical Slot

84 Space After 146 Top Hitch Clevis

90 X-Axis 148 Horizontal Slot

92 Y-Axis 150 Hydraulic System

94 Z-Axis 152 PTO Driven Pump

100 Agricultural Implement 154 Hydraulic Motor

102 Chassis 156 Reservoir

104 Front Crossbar 158 Oil Cooler

106 Rear Crossbar / Toolbar 160 Manifold

107 Toolbar Extension 162 Accumulator

108 End Plate 164 Main Regulator

110 Frame 166 Side Shift Regulator

112 Thrust Plates 168 Tool Actuator Regul ator

114 Cover 170 Tool Arm Lift Valves Gauge / Pitch Actuator 234 Inclinometer Gauge Wheel Valve 238 Side Shift Position Side Shift Actuator 240 Touch Screen Side Shift Valve 242 Setup Page Electrical System 244 Configuration Alternator 246 Control

Power Distribution / Regulation 248 Camera View Battery 270 Perception System

Oil Cooler Fans 272 GPU Safety Strut 274 Ruggedized Housing Safety Support 280 Convolutional Neural Network Pivots 282 Input

Plant line Alignment Bar 284 Output Threaded Rod / Screw 286 Post Processing Rod Coupling 288 Plant Map Control System 290 Training Enclosure 300 Modular Smart Tool Arm Machine Controller 302 Static Mounts HMI 304 Static Cultivators

LAN (Ethernet / Bus) 306 Raised Position

WAN Connection 308 Lowered Position Hydraulic Controls 310 Mount PTO Pump Pressure 312 Sides System Pressure 314 Back Span Motor Pressure 316 Front Span Gauge Cyl. Pressure Switch 318 Toolbar Passage Side Shift Press 320 Clamp Lift-Upside Press 322 Guides Electric Controls 324 Bore Odometer Encoder 326 Sleeves Adjustment Nut 392 Lever Articulating Base 394 Stop Linear X-Axis Slide Table 396 Roller Linear Bearings 398 Height Sensor Brackets 399 Lever Pivot Alignment Bar Opening 400 Tool Attachment Pivots 402 Base Bottom Linkage 404 Mounting Features Top Linkage 406 Bracket Lift Hydraulic Cylinder 408 Pivot Top Cantilever 410 tool s - Cultivator Backbone 412 Arm Billet 414 Blade Base End 416 Pitch Angle Linkage Mounts 418 A/B Open/Close Position Tool End 420 Actuator Tool Mount 422 Pneumatic Damper Vision Module Receiving Area 426 Proportional Solenoid Valve Preci si on Mount F eature s 428 Flow Regulator Ground Follower Mount 430 Housing Tool Platform 432 Cover Toolbar 434 Cavity Tool Mount 436 Bearing Precision Locator Features 440 Actuator Shuttle Z-Axis Linear Slide Table 442 Rack Teeth Linear Guides 444 Ends Table 446 Larger Bore Adjust 448 Bore End Lock 450 Smaller Bore Ground Follower 452 Bore End Pinion Gear 522 Module Housing Lens Protector Body Teeth Shaft

Tool Mounting Features

Plug

Shoulder

Stem

Piston Head Sealing Areas Valve Receiver Bore Fluid Channel Recess / Supply Area Spring Valve

Valve Shaft

Bevel

Port

Valve Seat Vision Module Mounting Interface Module Housing Lamps

Lamp Mounting Camera

Electronics Package Connectors Optical Lens Dust Lens Optics Housing