SULPHONAMIDES AND COMPOSITIONS THEREOF FOR TREATING CONDITIONS

ASSOCIATED WITH NLRP ACTIVITY

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure features chemical entities (e.g., a compound that modulates (e.g., antagonizes) LRP1 or NLRP3 or both NLRP1 and LRP3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or hydrate, and/or cocrystal, and/or drug combination of the compound) that are useful, e.g., for treating a condition, disease or disorder in which a decrease or increase in LRP1/3 activity (e.g., an increase, e.g., a condition, disease or disorder associated with LRP1/3 signaling) contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms and/or progression of the condition, disease or disorder in a subject (e.g., a human). This disclosure also features compositions as well as other methods of using and making the same.

BACKGROUND

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a component of the inflammatory process and its aberrant activation is pathogenic in inherited disorders such as the cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). The inherited CAPS Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS) and neonatal onset multi-system inflammatory disease (NOMID) are examples of indications that have been reported to be associated with gain of function mutations in NLRP3.

The NLRP1 inflammasome is a component of the inflammatory process and its aberrant activation is pathogenic in inherited disorders such as generalized vitiligo associated with autoimmune disease (autoimmune thyroid disease, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, pernicious anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Addison's disease).

NLRP1 and NLRP3 can form a complex and they have been implicated in the

pathogenesis of a number of complex diseases, including but not limited to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity and gout, as well as diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson disease, lung disease, such as asthma and COPD and pulmonary idiopathic fibrosis, liver disease, such as NASH syndrome, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, pancreatic disease, such as acute and chronic pancreatitis, kidney disease, such as acute and chronic kidney injury, intestinal disease such as Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis, skin disease such as psoriasis, musculoskeletal disease such as scleroderma, vessel disorders, such as giant cell arteritis, disorders of the bones, such as Osteoarthritis , osteoporosis and osteopetrosis disorders eye disease, such as glaucoma and macular degeneration, diseased caused by viral infection such as HIV and AIDS, autoimmune disease such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Thyroiditis, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, cancer and aging.

In light of the above, it would be desirable to provide compounds that modulate (e.g., antagonize) NRLP1/3, wherein the compounds inhibit NLRP1 or NLRP3 or both NLRP3 and NLRP1.

SUMMARY

This disclosure features chemical entities (e.g., a compound that modulates (e.g., antagonizes) NLRP1 or NLRP3 or both NLRP1 and NLRP3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or hydrate, and/or cocrystal, and/or drug combination of the compound) that are useful, e.g., for treating a condition, disease or disorder in which a decrease or increase in NLRP1 or NLRP3 or both NLRP1 and NLRP3 activity, also referred to herein "NLRP1/3" activity (e.g., an increase, e.g., a condition, disease or disorder associated with NLRP1/3 signaling).

In some embodiments provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the variables in Formula AA

defined anywhere herein. This disclosure also features compositions as well as other methods of using and making the same.

An "antagonist" of LRP1/3 includes compounds that inhibit the ability of NLRP1/3 to induce the production of IL-Ιβ and/or IL-18 by directly binding to NLRP1/3, or by inactivating, destabilizing, altering distribution, of NLRP1/3 or otherwise.

In one aspect, pharmaceutical compositions are featured that include a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described generically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

In one aspect, methods for modulating (e.g., agonizing, partially agonizing, antagonizing)

NLRP1 orNLRP3 orbothNLRPl and NLRP3 activity are featured that include contacting NLRP1 or NLRP3 or both NLRP1 and NLRP3 with a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described generically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same). Methods include in vitro methods, e.g., contacting a sample that includes one or more cells comprising LRP1 or LRP3 or both LRP1 and LRP3 (also referred to herein as "NLRP1/3"), as well as in vivo methods.

In a further aspect, methods of treatment of a disease in which LRP1/3 signaling contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms and/or progression of the disease are featured that include administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described generically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same).

In a further aspect, methods of treatment are featured that include administering to a subject a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described generically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same), wherein the chemical entity is administered in an amount effective to treat a disease in which LRP1/3 signaling contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms and/or progression of the disease, thereby treating the disease.

Embodiments can include one or more of the following features.

The chemical entity can be administered in combination with one or more additional therapies with one or more agents suitable for the treatment of the condition, disease or disorder. Examples of the indications that may be treated by the compounds disclosed herein include but are not limited to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity and gout, as well as diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson disease, lung disease, such as asthma and COPD and pulmonary idiopathic fibrosis, liver disease, such as NASH syndrome, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, pancreatic disease, such as acute and chronic pancreatitis, kidney disease, such as acute and chronic kidney injury, intestinal disease such as Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis, skin disease such as psoriasis, musculoskeletal disease such as scleroderma, vessel disorders, such as giant cell arteritis, disorders of the bones, such as osteoarthritis , osteoporosis and osteopetrosis disorders, eye disease, such as glaucoma and macular degeneration, diseases caused by viral infection such as HIV and AIDS, autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic Lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis; Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, cancer and aging.

The methods can further include identifying the subject.

Other embodiments include those described in the Detailed Description and/or in the claims.

Additional Definitions

To facilitate understanding of the disclosure set forth herein, a number of additional terms are defined below. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology described herein are those well-known and commonly employed in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Each of the patents, applications, published applications, and other publications that are mentioned throughout the specification and the attached appendices are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

As used herein, the term "NLRP1/3" is meant to include, without limitation, nucleic acids, polynucleotides, oligonucleotides, sense and anti sense polynucleotide strands, complementary sequences, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, homologous and/or orthologous NLRP molecules, isoforms, precursors, mutants, variants, derivatives, splice variants, alleles, different species, and active fragments thereof. The term "acceptable" with respect to a formulation, composition or ingredient, as used herein, means having no persistent detrimental effect on the general health of the subject being treated.

"API" refers to an active pharmaceutical ingredient.

The terms "effective amount" or "therapeutically effective amount," as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of a chemical entity (e.g., a compound exhibiting activity as a modulator of NLRP1/3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate and/or cocrystal thereof;) being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result includes reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. For example, an "effective amount" for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms. An appropriate "effective" amount in any individual case is determined using any suitable technique, such as a dose escalation study.

The term "excipient" or "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, carrier, solvent, or encapsulating material. In one embodiment, each component is " pharmaceutically acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 2005; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th ed. ; Rowe et al, Eds.; The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: 2009; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd ed. ; Ash and Ash Eds.; Gower Publishing Company: 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, 2nd ed. ; Gibson Ed.; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, 2009.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" may refer to pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic and organic acids. In certain instances, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound described herein, with acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" may also refer to pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts prepared by reacting a compound having an acidic group with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like, or by other methods previously determined. The pharmacologically acceptable salt s not specifically limited as far as it can be used in medicaments. Examples of a salt that the compounds described hereinform with a base include the following: salts thereof with inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum; salts thereof with organic bases such as methylamine, ethylamine and ethanolamine; salts thereof with basic amino acids such as lysine and ornithine; and ammonium salt. The salts may be acid addition salts, which are specifically exemplified by acid addition salts with the following: mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid:organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid, and ethanesulfonic acid; acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

The term "pharmaceutical composition" refers to a mixture of a compound described herein with other chemical components (referred to collectively herein as "excipients"), such as carriers, stabilizers, diluents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, and/or thickening agents. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to: rectal, oral, intravenous, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary, and topical administration.

The term "subject" refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human), monkey, cow, pig, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse. The terms "subject" and "patient" are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human.

The terms "treat," "treating," and "treatment," in the context of treating a disease or disorder, are meant to include alleviating or abrogating a disorder, disease, or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder, disease, or condition; or to slowing the progression, spread or worsening of a disease, disorder or condition or of one or more symptoms thereof.

The terms "hydrogen" and "H" are used interchangeably herein.

The term "halo" refers to fluoro (F), chloro (CI), bromo (Br), or iodo (I).

The term "alkyl" refers to a hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, Ci-io indicates that the group may have from 1 to 10 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. Non -limiting examples include methyl, ethyl, z ^' so-propyl, tert-butyl, /7-hexyl.

The term "alkenyl" refers to a hydrocarbon chain including at least one double bond that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, C2-6 indicates that the group may have from 2 to 6 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. Non- limiting examples include ethenyl and prop-l-en-2-yl.

The term "alkynyl" refers to a hydrocarbon chain including at least one triple bond that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, C2-6 indicates that the group may have from 2 to 6 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. Non- limiting examples include ethynyl and 3,3-dimethylbut-l-yn-l-yl.

The term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl, in which one or more hydrogen atoms is/are replaced with an independently selected halo.

The term "alkoxy" refers to an -O-alkyl radical (e.g., -OCH3).

The term "carbocyclic ring" as used herein includes an aromatic or nonaromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having 3 to 10 carbons, such as 3 to 8 carbons, such as 3 to 7 carbons, which may be optionally substituted. Carbocyclic rings may be monocyclic or bicyclic, and when bicyclic, can be fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, or spirocyclic. Examples of carbocyclic rings include five-membered, six-membered, and seven-membered carbocyclic rings.

The term "heterocyclic ring" refers to an aromatic or nonaromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively), wherein 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms of each ring may be substituted by a substituent. When bicyclic, a heterocyclic ring may have a nonaromatic ring and an aromatic ring (for example, chromanyl or methylenedioxyphenyl). When tricyclic, a heterocyclic ring may have 1 nonaromatic ring and 2 aromatic rings; or 2 nonaromatic rings and 1 aromatic ring. When a heterocyclic ring is bicyclic or tricyclic, any two connected rings of the bicycle or tricycle may be fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, or spirocyclic. Heterocyclic rings can also include oxidized ring members, such as -N(O)-, -S(O)-, and -S(0) ₂ -. Examples of heterocyclic rings include five-membered, six-membered, and seven-membered heterocyclic rings.

The term "cycloalkyl" as used herein includes a nonaromatic cyclic, bicylic, fused, or spiro hydrocarbon radical having 3 to 10 carbons, such as 3 to 8 carbons, such as 3 to 7 carbons, wherein the cycloalkyl group which may be optionally substituted. Examples of cycloalkyls include five- membered, six-membered, and seven-membered rings. A cycloalkyl can include one or more elements of unsaturation; a cycloalkyl that includes an element of unsaturation is herein also referred to as a "cycloalkenyl". Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.

The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a nonaromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 1 1-14 membered tricyclic ring fused or spiro system radical having 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-3, 1-6, or 1-9 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively), wherein 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms of each ring may be substituted by a substituent. Heterocycloalkyls can also include oxidized ring members, such as -N(O)-, -S(O)-, and -S(0) ₂ -. Examples of heterocycloalkyls include five-membered, six- membered, and seven-membered heterocyclic rings. Examples include piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxanyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and the like.

The term "aryl" is intended to mean an aromatic ring radical containing 6 to 10 ring carbons that may be a single ring or two fused rings wherein at least one of the fused rings is aromatic (i.e., the point of connection to the aryl is on an aromatic ring). Examples include phenyl and naphthyl.

The term "heteroaryl" is intended to mean an aromatic ring system containing 5 to 14 aromatic ring atoms that may be a single ring, two fused rings or three fused rings wherein at least one aromatic ring atom is a heteroatom selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of O, S and N. Heteroaryls can also include oxidized ring members, such as -N(O)-, -S(O)-, and - S(0) ₂ -. Examples include furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl and the like. Examples also include carbazolyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl. phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, lH-benzimidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuran and the like.

The term "hydroxy" refers to an OH group.

The term "amino" refers to an H ₂ group.

The term "oxo" refers to O. By way of example, substitution of a CH ₂ a group with oxo gives a C=0 group.

As used herein, the terms "the rin A" or "A" are used interchan eabl to denote

in formula AA, wherein the bond that is shown as being broken by the wavy line ^ connects A to the S(0) ₂ HC(0)CR ⁴ R ⁵ moiety of Formula AA.

As used herein, the term "the optionally substituted ring A" is used to denote

formula AA, wherein the bond that is shown as being broken by the wavy line connects A to the S(0) ₂ HC(0)CR ⁴ R ⁵ moiety of Formula AA.

In addition, atoms making up the compounds of the present embodiments are intended to include all isotopic forms of such atoms. Isotopes, as used herein, include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium, and isotopes of carbon include ¹³ C and ¹⁴ C.

The scope of the compounds disclosed herein includes tautomeric form of the compounds.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

p = 0, 1, or 2;

wherein

A is a 5-10-membered monocyclic orbicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, C(0)-5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, HCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, H-(C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C ₃ - C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC ₃ -Cio cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C ₃ -Cio cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C ₃ -Cio cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C ₃ -Cio cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Y is selected from a bond, -(Y ¹ ) ₀ -(Ci-C ₃ alkyl) ₀ -, -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ )o-(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -, and C _2-3 alkynylene;

Y ¹ is selected from O, S, S0 ₂ , NR ¹⁵ , CR ¹⁶ OH, CR ¹⁶ R ⁸ , C(0) R ¹⁵ , and C(O);

each occurrence of o is selected from 0 and 1, and wherein at least one o in -(Y ¹ ) ₀ -(Ci-C ₃ alkyl) ₀ - or -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ )o-(Y ¹ )o-(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ )o- is 1;

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 alkenyl, and a C2-C6 alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl, or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven- membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms

independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF5, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ; each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

R ¹⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, (C=NR ¹³ )NR ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ , and CONR ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁵ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁶ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and

R ¹⁷ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula AA

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

p = 0, 1, or 2;

wherein

A is a 5-10-membered monocyclic orbicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, C(0)-5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, HCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, H-(C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C3- C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ;

Y is selected from a bond, -(Y (Ci-C3 alkyl) ₀ -, -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ )o-(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -, and C2-3 alkynylene;

Y ¹ is selected from O, S, S0 ₂ , R ¹⁵ , CR ¹⁶ OH, CR ¹⁶ R ⁸ , C(0) R ¹⁵ , and C(0);

each occurrence of o is selected from 0 and 1, and wherein at least one o in -(Y ¹ ) ₀ -(Ci-C3 alkyl) ₀ - or -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ )o-(Y ¹ )o-(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ )o- is 1;

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic

heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 alkenyl, and a C2-C6 alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl, or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven- membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms

independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;

wherein when Y is Y ¹ and Y ¹ is C(O), then Z is bonded to Y from a C ring member;

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF5, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NH ₂ , HCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

R ¹⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, (C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ , and CO R ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁵ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁶ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and

R ¹⁷ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2 n = 0, 1, or 2

p = 0, 1 or 2

wherein

A is a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, NHCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, H-(C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ' wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Y is selected from a bond, O, S, S0 ₂ , NR ¹⁵ , CO, C ₂ alkynylene, and CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ;

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl, or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci- C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² ,

NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH2, OH, NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² ,

NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, H ₂ , HCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

R ¹⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, (C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ and CO R ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁵ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁶ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and

R ¹⁷ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein m = 0, 1, or 2

n = 0, 1, or 2

p = 0, 1 or 2

wherein

A is a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, NHCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, H-(C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ²

C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ' wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ; Y is selected from a bond, O, S, S0 ₂ , NR ¹⁵ , CO, and CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ;

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci- C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² ,

NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , OH, HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² ,

R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, H ₂ , HCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

R ¹⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, (C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ and CO R ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁵ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁶ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and

R ¹⁷ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

m = 0, 1, or 2

n = 0, 1, or 2 p = 0, 1 or 2

wherein

A is a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, NHCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, H(C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce- Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ;

Y is selected from a bond, O, S, S0 ₂ , R ¹⁵ , CO, and CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ;

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci- C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² ,

NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C6 alkynyl; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , OH, HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² ,

R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, H ₂ , HCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

R ¹⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, (C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ and CO R ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁵ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁶ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and

R ¹⁷ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

m = 1 or 2;

n = l ;

p = 0, 1, or 2;

wherein A is a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl; wherein one pair of R ¹ and R ² is on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form a monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; wherein when m is 2, then the R ¹ that is not taken together with an adjacent R ² and the atoms connecting them to form a ring is selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, C(0)-5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl, NHCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, NH-(C=NR ¹³ )NR ^U R ¹² , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

Y is selected from a bond, -(Y (Ci-C3 alkyl) ₀ -, -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ )o-(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -, and C2-3 alkynylene;

Y ¹ is selected from O, S, S0 ₂ , R ¹⁵ , CR ¹⁶ OH, CR ¹⁶ R ⁸ , C(0) R ¹⁵ , and C(O);

each occurrence of o is selected from 0 and 1, and wherein at least one o in -(Y ¹ ) ₀ -(Ci-C3 alkyl) ₀ - or -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ )o-(Y ¹ )o-(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ )o- is 1;

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic

heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 alkenyl, and a C2-C6 alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl, or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven- membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms

independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci- C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² ,

NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² ,

NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, H ₂ , HCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

R ¹⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3- C ₆ cycloalkyl, (C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , CO2R ¹³ , and CO R ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to;

R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁶ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and

R ¹⁷ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula AA

Formula A A

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

wherein

m = 1 or 2;

n = l ;

p = 0, 1, or 2;

wherein

A is a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl; wherein one pair of R ¹ and R ² is on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form a monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; wherein when m is 2, then the R ¹ that is not taken together with an adjacent R ² and the atoms connecting them to form a ring is selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, C(0)-5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, NHCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, H-(C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² ,

R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; Y is selected from a bond, O, S, S0 ₂ , NR ¹⁵ , or CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ; Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic

heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C2-C6 alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more

substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² ,

NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl, or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci- C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² ,

NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ; each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , OH, HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² ,

R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

R ¹⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl,

(C=NR ¹³ )NR ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ and CONR ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁵ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹⁶ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and

R ¹⁷ is selected from H and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula AA is a compound of formula AA-I

Formula AA-I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula AA-I,

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

p = 0, l, or 2;

wherein

A is a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl; R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, NHCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, H-(C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ' wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ; Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 alkenyl, and a C2-C6 alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl;

or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci- C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² ,

NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ; each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , OH, HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² ,

R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

R ¹⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ - C ₆ cycloalkyl, (C=NR ¹³ )NR ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ and CO R ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to;

R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; and

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula AA-I,

m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

p = 0, l, or 2;

wherein

A is a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl),

HCOC2-C6 alkynyl, NHCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, H-(C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ' wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy are optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ;

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl;

or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, HCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci- C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² ,

R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , OH, NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² ,

NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, H ₂ , HCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

R ¹⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, (C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ and CO R ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; and

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula AA or a compound of Formula AA-I, m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

p = 0, l, or 2;

wherein A is a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and NR ⁸ R ⁹ ,

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, a C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, and a C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, oxo, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl,

C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or Ce-Cio aryl;

or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C3-C7 cycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and C ₆ -Cio aryl, each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C3-C7 cycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₆ -Cio aryl; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ - C ₆ cycloalkyl, (C=NR ¹³ )NR ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ and

CONR ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to;

R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; and

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula AA or a compound of Formula AA-I, m = 0, 1, or 2;

n = 0, 1, or 2;

p = 0, l, or 2;

wherein

A is a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and NR ⁸ R ⁹ ,

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C2-C6 alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and

CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl;

or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and C ₆ -Cio aryl, each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , Ce-Cio aryl; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ;

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, (C=NR ¹³ )NR ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , CO2R ¹³ and CONR ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to; R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; and

each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula AA or a compound of Formula AA-I, m = 0 or 1 ;

n = 0 or l ;

p = 0, l, or 2;

wherein

A is a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, H ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ⁸ R ⁹ ,

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5- 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, a C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, and a C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, oxo, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or Ce-Cio aryl; or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, H ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl, each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; and

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula AA or a compound of Formula AA-I, m = 0 or l;

n = 0 or 1 ;

p = 0, l, or 2;

wherein

A is a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, or a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl;

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and NR ⁸ R ⁹ , Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C2-C6 alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and

CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl;

or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl, each X is independently N or CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl; each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, and N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; and

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula AA or a compound of Formula AA-I, p = 0 or 2;

wherein

A is a phenyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl;

Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C2-C6 alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, oxo, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci- C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci- C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl;

or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl,

each X is CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl;

each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is hydrogen; and

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula AA or a compound of Formula AA-I, m = 1 ;

n = 0;

p = 0 or 2;

wherein

A is a phenyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl; Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C2-C6 alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and

CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl;

or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl,

each X is CR ⁶ ;

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl;

each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is hydrogen; and

each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, when Y is Y ¹ and Y ¹ is C(O), then Z is bonded to Y from a C ring member; In some embodiments the variables shown in the formulae herein are as follows:

The variables m and n

In some embodiments m ^: =0, 1, or 2

In some embodiments m ^: =0 or 1.

In some embodiments m ^: =1 or 2.

In some embodiments m ^: =0.

In some embodiments m ^: =1.

In some embodiments m ^: =2.

In some embodiments n= =0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments n= =0 or 1.

In some embodiments n= =1 or 2. In some embodiments n=0.

In some embodiments n=l .

In some embodiments n=2.

In some embodiments, m=0 and n=0.

In some embodiments, m=l and n=0.

In some embodiments, m=l and n=l .

In some embodiments, m = 1 or 2; and n = 1 or 2.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing, the sum of m and n is 2 or 3.

In some embodiments, m = 1 ; and n = 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, m = 1 or 2; and n = 1.

In some embodiments, m = 2; and n = 1.

The Ring A and substitutions on the ring A

In some embodiments, A is a 5-10-membered (e.g., 5-6-membered) monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl or a C ₆ -Cio (e.g., C ₆ ) monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, such as phenyl.

In some embodiments, A is a 5-10-membered (e.g., 5-6-membered) monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, A is a 5-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrazolyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, and imidazolyl).

In some embodiments, A is a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl.

In some embodiments, A is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is furanyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is thiophenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyrrolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is imidazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² . In some embodiments, A is oxazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is thiazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is isooxazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is isothiazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is triazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-triazolyl or 1,2,4-triazolyl) optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyridyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyrimidinyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazinyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyridazinyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is triazinyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is phenyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is furanyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 R ² . In some embodiments, A is thiophenyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is oxazolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is thiazolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyridyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and optionally substituted with 1 R ² . In some embodiments, A is phenyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is furanyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² . In some embodiments, A is thiophenyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyrrolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is oxazolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is thiazolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is isooxazolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is isothiazolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is imidazolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is triazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-triazolyl or 1,2,4-triazolyl) substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazolyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyridyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyrimidyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyrazinyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is pyridazinyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is triazinyl substituted with 1 R ¹ and substituted with 1 R ² .

In some embodiments, A is one of the rings disclosed hereinbelow, wherein in each case the bond that is shown as being broken by the wavy line ^ connects A to the S(0)2 HC(0)CR ⁴ R ⁵ moiety of Formula AA.

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A ^N \\

// V

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is °

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substitute ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted rin A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A In some embodiments, the optionally substituted rin A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

R ²

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ^N In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A i s In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

N-N

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ^R

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is R ¹ S

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is selected from the group consisting

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is selected from the group consisting of:

The groups R ¹ and R ²

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO- Ce-Cio aryl, C(0)-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe- Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, NHCOOCCi-C ₆ alkyl, NH-(C=NR ¹³ )NR ^U R ¹² , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C3-

C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ ,

R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ²

C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ ,

R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ²

C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, COiCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO- Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi- C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ²

C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO- Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi- C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is further optionally independently substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is unsubstituted; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are unsubstituted;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituent and each Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituent of the R ¹ or R ² C3-C7 cycloalkyl or of the R ¹ or R ² 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is unsubstituted; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are unsubstituted;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl are each unsubstituted;

or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl are each unsubstituted; or at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C8 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, at least one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-Ce alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-Ce alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(02)C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C2-C6 alkenyl, C ₂ - C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form one monocyclic or bicyclic C ₆ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom or heteroatomic group independently selected from O, H, and NR ¹³ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form a monocyclic or bicyclic C ₆ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom or heteroatomic group independently selected from O, NH, and NR ¹³ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form a monocyclic or bicyclic C ₆ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups each independently selected from O, NH, and NR ¹³ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms:

CX ^¾ , wherein each f represents a point of attachment to Ring A and wherein the CX ^¾ moiety is optionally substituted as described elsewhere herein.

In certain embodiments, the bottom f in the X ^¾ moiety represents a point of attachment to a ring nitrogen atom in Ring A.

In certain embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms:

H<r J ^s X _? wherein each f represents a point of attachment to Ring A.

In certain embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms:

MeCT JC ^s X _? wherein each f represents a point of attachment to Ring A.

In certain embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms:

Eto JG _? wherein each f represents a point of attachment to Ring A.

tain embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms: _? wherein each $ represents a point of attachment to Ring A.

ertain embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms: , wherein each f represents a point of attachment to Ring A. in embodiments, one pair of R and R on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms: _? wherein each f represents a point of attachment to Ring A.

In certain embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms:

f represents a point of attachment to Ring A.

certain embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms: w whherreeiinn e eaachh * represents a point of attachment to Ring A.

In certain embodiments, one pair of R and R on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms: , wherein each f represents a point of attachment to Ring A.

embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms: , wherein each f represents a point of attachment to Ring A.

In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms:

, wherein each f represents a point of attachment to Ring A and wherein the moiety is optionally substituted as described elsewhere herein.

In certain embodiments (where Ring A contains one or more nitrogen atoms), the bottom

in the moiety represents a point of attachment to a ring nitrogen atom in Ring A. In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms:

, w ere n eac ' represents a po nt o attac ment to R ng an w ere n t e moiety is optionally substituted as described elsewhere herein.

In certain embodiments (where Ring A contains one or more nitrogen atoms), the bottom

in the moiety represents a point of attachment to a ring nitrogen atom in Ring A.

In some embodiments one air of R ¹ and R ² on ad acent atoms taken to ether represents a point of attachment to Ring A and wherein the moiety is optionally substituted as described elsewhere herein.

In certain embodiments (where Ring A contains one or more nitrogen atoms), the bottom in the moiety represents a point of attachment to a ring nitrogen atom in Ring A.

In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms: , wherein each $ represents a point of attachment to Ring A and wherein the moiety is optionally substituted as described elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms:

' , wherein each represents a point of attachment to Ring A and wherein the c « moiety is optionally substituted as described elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together, forms: , wherein each * represents a point of attachment to Ring A and wherein the « moiety is optionally substituted as described elsewhere herein. In certain embodiments (where Ring A contains one or more nitrogen atoms), the bottom the « moiety represents a point of attachment to a ring nitrogen atom in Ring A.

In some embodiments,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, halo, CN, COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO2C1- C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy and oxo.

In some embodiments, m=l; n=0; and

R ¹ is selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO-Ce-Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ ,

NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, m=l; n=0; and R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, halo, CN, COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO2C1- C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy and oxo.

In some embodiments, m=l; n=l; and

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , CO-C ₆ -Cio aryl, CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, m=l; n=l; and,

R ¹ and R ² are each independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, halo, CN, COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO2C1- C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy and oxo.

In some embodiments, m=l; n=l; and

R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₅ - C ₈ carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, m=l; n=l; and

R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₅ - C ₈ carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, m=l; n=l; and

R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, m=l; n=l; and

R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, m=l or 2; n=l; and

one pair of R ¹ and R ² is on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form a monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ; In certain embodiments of the foregoing (when m is 2), the R ¹ that is not taken together with an adjacent R ² and the atoms connecting them to form a ring is selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO- Ce-Cio aryl, C(0)-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, NHCOOCCi-Ce alkyl, NH- (C=NR ¹³ )NR ^U R ¹² , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , SCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl,

S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , C ₃ - C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, m=l ; n=l ; and

R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them,

independently form a monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, m=l ; n=l ; and

R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C5- C ₈ carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is un substituted.

In some embodiments, m=l ; n=l ; and

R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C5- C ₈ carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is unsubstituted.

Particular embodiments wherein m=l and n=0:

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with hydroxy at the carbon directly connected to ring A.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2 -hydroxy ethyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy. In some embodiments, R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with hydroxy at the carbon directly connected to ring A.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is morpholinyl (e.g., 4-morpholinyl).

In some embodiments, R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with hydroxy at the carbon directly connected to ring A.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is COCH3.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is COCH2CH3.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo. In some embodiments, R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2-propyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is halo.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is chloro.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is CN.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is N0 ₂

In some embodiments, R ¹ is COCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is CO-Ce-Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is CO2C1-C6 alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is OCOCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is OCOCe-Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl).

In some embodiments, R ¹ is OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl).

In some embodiments, R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is phenyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is pyridyl (e.g., 4-pyridyl). In some embodiments, R ¹ is pyrazolyl (e.g., 1-pyrazolyl).

In some embodiments, R ¹ is H ₂ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is HCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is SF ₅ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is SCi-Ce alkyl,

In some embodiments, R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )N(CH ₃ ) ₂ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is S(0)CH ₃ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is attached to a carbon of an aryl ring A.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is attached to a carbon of a heteroaryl ring A.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring A.

Particular embodiments wherein m=l and n=l :

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is hydroxymethyl and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl. In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF ₅ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro. In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is COCH3, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is hydroxymethyl and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is 2 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is 1 -hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF ₅ .

In some embodiments, R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SCi-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl. n some embodiments, R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ s S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments, R ² i s Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo.

In some embodiments, R ² i s 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro.

In some embodiments, R ² i s 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R ² i s C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ² i s 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl,

In some embodiments, R ² i s 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl,

In some embodiments, R ² i s 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl,

In some embodiments, R ² i s 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ² i s 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ² i s morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl,

In some embodiments, R ² i s l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ² i s 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo.

In some embodiments, R ² i s l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R ² i s l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro.

In some embodiments, R ² i s Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl.

n some embodiments, R ² s COCH ₃ , and R ¹ is methyl.

n some embodiments, R ² s Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

n some embodiments, R ² s 2-methoxy-2-propyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

n some embodiments, R ² s Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ s Ci-Ce alkyl.

n some embodiments, R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

n some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are each attached to a carbon of an aryl ring A.

n some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are each attached to a carbon of a heteroaryl ring A In some embodiments, R ¹ is attached to a carbon and R ² is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring A.

In some embodiments, R ² is attached to a carbon and R ¹ is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring A.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ - C10 aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form one monocyclic or bicyclic C ₆ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom or heteroatomic group independently selected from O, NH, and NR ¹³ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and NR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form a monocyclic or bicyclic C ₆ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom or heteroatomic group independently selected from O, NH, and NR ¹³ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C5 carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ aromatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ ,

COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ . In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ . In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ .

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ . In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are different.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are different, and R ² comprises a carbonyl group.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are different, and R ² comprises 1 or 2 (e.g., 1) nitrogen atoms

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are different, and R ² comprises 1 or 2 (e.g., 1) oxygen atoms.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are different, and R ² comprises a sulfur atom.

In some embodiments, R ² and R ¹ are different, and R ² comprises a carbonyl group.

In some embodiments, R ² and R ¹ are different, and R ² comprises 1 or 2 (e.g., 1) nitrogen atoms

In some embodiments, R ² and R ¹ are different, and R ² comprises 1 or 2 (e.g., 1) oxygen atoms.

In some embodiments, R ² and R ¹ are different, and R ² comprises a sulfur atom.

In some embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are the same.

In some embodiments, R ¹ is para or meta to R ² .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is para or ortho to R ² .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is ortho or meta to R ² .In some embodiments, R ¹ is para to R ² .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is meta to R ² .

In some embodiments, R ¹ is ortho to R ² .

The variable p

In some embodiments p=0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments p=0.

In some embodiments p=l .

In some embodiments p=2.

and the variable X In some embodiments of ring

In some embodiments of ring

In some embodiments of ring ⁶

In some embodiments of ring the ring is

In some embodiments of each X is CR ⁶ and p is 0, 1 or 2.

In some embodiments of each X is CR ⁶ and p is 1.

In some embodiments of each X is CR ⁶ and p is 2.

The groups R ⁶ and R ⁷

In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CO R ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF5, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₅ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; and each R is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C6 alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₅ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₅ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-Ce alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl; and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl; wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and HCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₅ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are unsubstituted; and each R is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are unsubstituted;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₅ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are unsubstituted; and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are unsubstituted;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₅ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl are each unsubstituted;

and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl are each unsubstituted;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₅ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl are each unsubstituted;

and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl are each unsubstituted;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₅ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments,

R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), HCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, HCOCe-Cio aryl, HCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), HCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and HCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

and R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci- C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or R ⁶ and R ⁷ , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments,

R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

and R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci- C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or R ⁶ and R ⁷ , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , OH, HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, H ₂ , OH, HCi-C ₆ alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ; In some embodiments, each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₆ -Cio aryl;

In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., 2-propyl), Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy), halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., 2-propyl) or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy),

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl. In some embodiments,

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl (2-propyl), Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy), halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, NH ₂ , OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments,

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl (2-propyl) and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy), wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments,

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl and Ci-C ₆ alkoxy,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments,

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo;

and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₅ -C ₈ carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=0; and

R ⁶ is selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=0; and

each R ⁶ is selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, NO2, COCi-C ₆ alkyl, CO2C1-C6 alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=0; and

R ⁶ is selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, CO2C1- C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments, one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2; and

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH2, NHC1-C6 alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C6 alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NH ₂ , NHCi-Ce alkyl, N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ , CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) and NHCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl) are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and OCi-C ₆ alkyl;

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; and each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

and R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci- C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or R ⁶ and R ⁷ , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; and

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

and R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci- C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or R ⁶ and R ⁷ , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R ⁷ is independently selected from C i-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl),

OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxym ethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl;

wherein each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl),

OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , CH ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2; and

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments, one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2; and

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo;

and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo.

In some embodiments, both X are N; p=l or 2; and

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ ,

COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo,

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring, wherein the carbocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more hydroxy or oxo. In some embodiments, both X are N; p=l or 2; and

each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo;

and

each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, halo, CN, N0 ₂ , COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl and 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy or oxo. In some embodiments, one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2; and

one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2; and

one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2; and

one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2; and

one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2; and

one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is unsubstituted. In some embodiments, one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2; and

one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is unsubstituted.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein each carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein each carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C ₆ carbocyclic ring or a 5- to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a C ₆ carbocyclic ring or a 5- to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is unsubstituted.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is unsubstituted. In some embodiments, R ⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is Methyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is halo.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is chloro.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is cyano.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is attached to a carbon of an aryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is attached to a carbon of a heteroaryl ring B.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ is attached to a nitrogen of a heteroaryl ring B.

Particular embodiments wherein one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2:

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is methyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen and at least one R ⁷ is cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁶ is hydrogen; one R ⁷ is fluoro; and the other R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=3; R ⁶ is hydrogen; two R ⁷ are fluoro; and one R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; one R ⁶ is hydrogen; the other R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; one R ⁶ is hydrogen; the other R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen and at least one R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is cyano. In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is methoxy.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is methoxy.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is methoxy. In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy. In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is difluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl optionally substituted with hydroxy.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l ; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy. In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l ; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁶ is hydrogen; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l ; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l ; R ⁷ is ethyl; and R ⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=2; one R ⁷ is isopropyl; the other R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl; and R ⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l ; R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁶ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is methyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l ; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is cyclopropyl. In some embodiments. one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁷ is halo.

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is halo.

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments. one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments. both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments. one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments. both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments. both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁶ is isopropyl; one R ⁷ is fluoro; and the other R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=3; R ⁶ is isopropyl; two R ⁷ are fluoro; and one R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments. both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is ethyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; one R ⁶ is isopropyl; the other R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments. one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments. both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and at least one R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is cyclopropyl, and at least one R ⁷ is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and at least one R ⁷ is halo,

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is cyclopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is halo,

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is cyclopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments. at least one R ⁶ is cyclopropyl and at least one R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments. one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments. one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro. In some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl, and at least one R ⁷ is methoxy.

n some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is isopropyl, and R ⁷ is methoxy.

n some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is isopropyl, and R ⁷ is methoxy.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl, and at least one R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy. n some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is isopropyl, and at least one R ⁷ is difluoromethoxy.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is halo, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl optionally substituted with hydroxy.

n some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is chloro, and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl,

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is halo, and at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is chloro, and at least one R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy.

n some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁶ is chloro, and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and at least one R ⁷ is halo,

n some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁷ is chloro. n some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is methyl,

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl. n some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is cyclopropyl.

n some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyclopropyl.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁶ is halo.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is halo.

n some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is chloro. In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁷ is isopropyl; one R ⁶ is fluoro; and the other R ⁶ is cyano.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is ethyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=2; one R ⁷ is isopropyl; the other R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl; and R ⁶ is chloro.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁶ is cyano.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is cyano.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyano.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyano.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and at least one R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is cyclopropyl, and at least one R ⁶ is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and at least one R ⁶ is halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is cyclopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is cyclopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is chloro.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is cyclopropyl and at least one R ⁶ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl, and at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl, and at least one R ⁶ is methoxy.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is isopropyl, and R ⁶ is methoxy.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is isopropyl, and R ⁶ is methoxy. In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl, and at least one R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is halo, and at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl optionally substituted with hydroxy..

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is chloro, and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is halo, and at least one R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is chloro, and at least one R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=l; R ⁷ is chloro, and R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and at least one R ⁶ is halo.

In some embodiments, one X is CR ⁶ ; p=2; R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁶ is chloro.

In some embodiments, one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₅ carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₅ aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ carbocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a C ₆ aromatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ . In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ .

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ . In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ .

In some embodiments, R ⁶ and R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ ,

In some embodiments, one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ are on adjacent atoms, and taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S,

wherein the ring is fused to the B ring at the 2- and 3- positions relative to the bond connecting the B ring to the C(R ⁴ R ⁵ ) group.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C ₅ carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C ₅ aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C ₆ carbocyclic ring optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C ₆ aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C ₆ aromatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ .

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ ,

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2 or 3; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them independently form a Cs-Cs carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-8-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S,

wherein one of the two rings is fused to the B ring at the 2- and 3- positions relative to the bond connecting the B ring to the C(R ⁴ R ⁵ ) group, and the other of the two rings is fused to the B ring at the 5- and 6- positions relative to the bond connecting the B ring to the C(R ⁴ R ⁵ ) group.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C ₅ aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C ₅ aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R ⁷ is halo (e.g., CI or F).

In some embodiments, both X are CR ⁶ ; p=2; and two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C5 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; and one R ⁷ is CN. Particular embodiments wherein one or both X are CR ⁶ ; p=l or 2:

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is

In some embodiments, P= =2; one R ⁷ is

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, P= =1 ; and R ⁷ is

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ In some embodiments, at least one R is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl optionally substituted with hydroxy. In some embodiments, p=l; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, p=l ; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, p=2 ; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, p=2 ; and R ⁷ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, p=l ; and R ⁷ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, p=2 ; one R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is trifluoromethyl

In some embodiments, p=l ; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, p=2 ; and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, p=2 ; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

Particular embodiments wherein one or both X are N; p=l or 2:

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is methyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, p=l; and R ⁷ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, p=l; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, p=l; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, p=l; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

In some embodiments, p=2; one R ⁷ is fluoro; and the other R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is cyano. In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is methoxy.

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is methoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is difluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl optionally substituted with hydroxy.

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, at least one R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments, P= =2; and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments, P= =2; and R ⁷ is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, P= =2; one R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, P= =1; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, P= =2; and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, P= =2; and R ⁷ is fluoro.

The group Y

In some embodiments, Y is selected from a bond, O, S, S0 ₂ , R ¹⁵ , or CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ .

In some embodiments, Y is selected from a bond, alkyl) ₀ -, and -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ ) ₀ - (CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ )o-.

In some embodiments, Y is a bond.

In some embodiments, Y is O.

In some embodiments, Y is S.

In some embodiments, Y is SO2.

In some embodiments, Y is NR ¹⁵ .

In some embodiments, Y is H. In some embodiments, Y is CR T .

In some embodiments, Y is CH ₂ .

In some embodiments, Y is -CH(CH ₃ )-.

In some embodiments, Y is selected from -(Y ¹ ) ₀ -(Ci-C ₃ alkyl) ₀ -, and -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ ) ₀ - (CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ )o-.

In some embodiments, Y is alkyl) ₀ -.

In certain embodiments when Y is alkyl) ₀ -, Y is -Y ¹ .

In certain embodiments when Y is alkyl) ₀ -, Y is -(Ci-C ₃ alkyl)-. As a non-limiting example, Y is CH ₂ CH ₂ .

In certain embodiments when Y is -(Y ¹ ) ₀ -(Ci-C ₃ alkyl) ₀ -, Y is -(Y ¹ )-(Ci-C ₃ alkyl)-.

In some embodiments, Y is C _2-3 alkynylene.

In some embodiments, Y is C ₂ alkynylene.

In some embodiments, Y is -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ )o-(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -.

The group Y ¹

In some embodiments, Y ¹ is selected from O, S, S0 ₂ , R ¹⁵ , and C(O).

In some embodiments, Y ¹ is selected from O, S, S0 ₂ , and R ¹⁵ .

In some embodiments, Y ¹ is selected from CR ¹⁶ OH and CR ¹⁶ R ⁸ .

In certain embodiments of the foregoing, Y ¹ is CR ¹⁶ OH (e.g., Y ¹ is CHOH).

In some embodiments, Y ¹ is O.

In some embodiments, Y ¹ is S.

In some embodiments, Y ¹ is S0 ₂ .

In some embodiments, Y ¹ is NR ¹⁵ (e.g., H).

In some embodiments, Y ¹ is C(O).

In some embodiments, Y ¹ is C(0) R ¹⁵ (e.g., C(O) H).

The variable o

In some embodiments, each occurrence of o is selected from 0 and 1, and wherein at least one o in -(Y ¹ ) ₀ -(Ci-C ₃ alkyl)o- or -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ ) ₀ -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ - is 1; In some embodiments (where Y is alkyl) ₀ -), one occurrence of o is 0 and the other occurrence of o is 1.

In some embodiments (where Y is alkyl) ₀ -), one occurrence of o is 1 and the other occurrence of o is l .In some embodiments (where Y is -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ )o-(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -), one occurrence of o is 1 and the remaining occurences of o are 0.

In some embodiments (where Y is -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ )o-(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -), two occurrences of o are 1 and the other occurrence of o is 0.

In some embodiments (where Y is -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -(Y ¹ ) ₀ -(CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ ) ₀ -), each occurrence of o is 1. The group Z

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 alkenyl, and a C2-C6 alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² , R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl, or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven- membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms

independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more

substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² ,

NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl, or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. In some embodiments, Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, a C2-C6 alkenyl, and a C2-C6 alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ , R ^u S0 ₂ R ^u R ¹² ,

R ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , R ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , R ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or R ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, and a C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ^u CONR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or R ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, oxo, C(0)OH, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl,

S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven- membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms

independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci- C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or Ce-Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic

heterocycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents

independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ - Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic

heterocycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents

independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, Z is a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl. In some embodiments, Z is a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, oxo, C(0)OH, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl. In some embodiments, Z is 3,4-dihydropyrrole, tetrahydropyran, pyrrolidine, or tetrahydrofuran, wherein Z is optionally substituted with Ci-C ₆ alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, oxo, C(0)OH, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci- C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or Ce-Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is chromanyl, isoindoline, isochromanyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl, dihydroisobenzofuran, or methylenedioxyphenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with Ci-C ₆ alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, oxo, C(0)OH, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and

CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl. In some embodiments, Z is selected from a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci- C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci- C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl, naphthyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is dihydroindene or 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene, wherein Z is optionally substituted with Ci-C ₆ alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, oxo, C(0)OH, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and Ce-Cio aryl. In some embodiments, Z is selected from a C3-C10 monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ - C10 aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo,

R ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ - Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or R ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci- C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is cycloalkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, oxo, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S0 ₂ NR ⁸ R ⁹ , NR ^u S0 ₂ NR ^u R ¹² , NR ^u C0 ₂ R ¹² , NR ¹¹ CONR ¹¹ R ¹² , NR ^u S0 ₂ R ¹² , 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl. In some embodiments, Z is selected from a C2-C6 (e.g., C2-C3) alkynyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl or R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, Z is selected from pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pynmidinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indazolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinozolinyl,

tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, phenyl, naphthyl,

methylenedioxyphenyl, cycloalkenyl (e.g., cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl), cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl), C≡C, or alkenyl.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, phenyl, naphthyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, cycloalkenyl, or alkenyl.

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl, naphthyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is pyrimidine, benzothiophene, indazole, quinoxaline, quinazoline benzofuran, or isoquinoline, wherein Z is optionally substituted with Ci-C ₆ alkyl, hydroxyl, Ci- C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, oxo, C(0)OH, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi- C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C6 alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and

CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is chromanyl or methylenedioxyphenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more halo. In certain embodiments of the foregoing, Z is methylenedioxyphenyl which is optionally substituted with one or more halo (e.g., CI or Br).

In some embodiments, Z is a 5-6 partially saturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, oxo, CN, halo, COOCi- C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing, Z is , , or , each of which is optionally substituted (e.g., unsubstituted) as described elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, Z is a 9-10 partially saturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, oxo, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing, Z is of which is optionally substituted (e.g., unsubstituted) as described elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, Z is 5-6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-Ce alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci- C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci- C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or G5-C10 aryl. In some embodiments, Z is selected from 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 3-pyridinyl, 4- pyridinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 8-quinolinyl, 5-indolyl, 5-pyrimidin-2-one, 4-thiazolyl,

5-thiazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 2-furyl, 5-(l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin)-yl, 1-cyclopentenyl, or vinyl.

In some embodiments, Z is pyrazolyl.

In some embodiments, Z is 3-pyrazolyl.

In some embodiments, Z is 4-pyrazolyl.

In some embodiments, Z is 5-pyrazolyl.

In some embodiments, Z is thiazolyl.

In some embodiments, Z is 4-thiazolyl.

In some embodiments, Z is 5-thiazolyl.

In some embodiments, Z is furyl.

In some embodiments, Z is 2-furyl.

In some embodiments, Z is thiophenyl.

In some embodiments, Z is 2-thiophenyl.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 3-pyridinyl, 4- pyridinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 3-pyridinyl, 4- pyridinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 8-quinolinyl, 5-indolyl, 5-pyrimidin-2-one, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, and 2-furyl.

In some embodiments, Z is 9-10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci- C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci- C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, qunioxalinyl, quinozalinyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl, and benzothiophenyl, each of which is optionally substituted as described elsewhere herein.

In certain embodiments, Z is isoquinolinyl or quinolinyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is quinoxalinyl or quinozalinyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is indazolyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is benzofuranyl or benzothiophenyl.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from a 5-6-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, Z is selected from piperidine (e.g., 5-(l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin)-yl), and piperazine.

In some embodiments, Z is tetrahydrofuranyl.

In some embodiments, Z is tetrahydropyranyl.

In some embodiments, Z is selected from phenyl, naphthyl, and methyl enedioxyphenyl.

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl, naphthyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl.

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl, naphthyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl. In some embodiments, Z is phenyl.

In certain embodiments when Z is phenyl, Z is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl and halo.

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl which is optionally substituted or fused as described elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from halo, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, CN, C(0)OH, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci- C ₆ haloalkoxy, and NR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo.

In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected CN.

In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C(0)OH.

In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy.

In certain embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected NR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl which is fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring. As non-limiting examples of the foregoing, Z is: In some embodiments, Z is phenyl which is fused to a five- to -seven-membered heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments, Z is naphthyl.

In some embodiments, Z is methylenedioxyphenyl (e.g., methylenedioxyphenyl substituted with 2 halo (e.g., F)).

In some embodiments, Z is cycloalkenyl (e.g., cyclopentenyl, e.g., 1-cyclopentenyl).

In some embodiments, Z is selected from alkenyl (e.g., vinyl). In some embodiments, Z is a C5-C6 monocyclic cycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or R ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to - seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing, Z is a cyclohexyl or cyclopentyl, each of which is optionally substituted as described above.

In some embodiments, Z is a C5-C6 monocyclic cycloalkyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl or NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or wherein Z is optionally fused to a five- to - seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing, Z is a cyclohexyl or cyclopentyl, each of which is optionally substituted as described above. In some embodiments, Z is a C5-C6 monocyclic cycloalkyl which is fused to a 6-membered carbocyclic ring.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing, Z is each of which is optionally substituted as described elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, Z is C2-C6 alkynyl.

In certain embodiments of the foregoing, Z is C≡C.

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryloxy, hydroxy, oxo, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, C(0)OH, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl, In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci- C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci- C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl,

In some embodiments, Z is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CN, halo, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy that Z is substituted with is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl or propyl, e.g., 2-propyl) optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., dimethylamino), or C ₆ -Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, or methyl enedioxyphenyl. . In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy) optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., dimethylamino), or C ₆ -Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, or methyl enedioxyphenyl. .

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy.

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more CN.

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more oxo.

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more halo (e.g., F, CI).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more COOCi-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., C0 ₂ t- Bu).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more C(0)OH.

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., S(0 ₂ )methyl).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., morpholinyl).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more CO R ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g.,

unsubstituted amido).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl or propyl, e.g., 2-propyl) optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., dimethylamino), or C ₆ -Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, or methyl enedioxyphenyl. .

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with two or more substituents, wherein at least one of the substituents is a Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy) optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., dimethylamino), or C ₆ -Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, or

methylenedioxyphenyl. .

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with two or more substituents, wherein at least one of the substituents is a C ₆ -Cio aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with two or more substituents, wherein at least one of the substituents is a CN. In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with two or more substituents, wherein at least one of the substituents is a halo (e.g., F, CI).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with two or more substituents, wherein at least one of the substituents is a COOCi-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., C0 ₂ t-Bu).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with two or more substituents, wherein at least one of the substituents is a S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., S(0 ₂ )methyl).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with two or more substituents, wherein at least one of the substituents is a 3 - to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., morpholinyl).

In some embodiments, Z is optionally substituted with two or more substituents, wherein at least one of the substituents is a CO R ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., unsubstituted amido).

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl or propyl, e.g., 2-propyl) optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., dimethylamino), or C ₆ -Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl).

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy) optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., dimethylamino), or C ₆ - Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl).

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more C ₆ -Cio aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy).

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more CN.

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halo (e.g., F, CI). In some embodiments, Z is 3,4-dichlorophenyl.

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more COOCi-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., C0 ₂ t-Bu).

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., S(0 ₂ )methyl).

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., morpholinyl).

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more CO R ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., unsubstituted amido).

In some embodiments, Z is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl or propyl, e.g., 2-propyl) and with one or more halo (e.g., F, CI). The groups R ⁴ and R ⁵

In some embodiments, each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁴ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R ⁴ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁵ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, each of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl,

In some embodiments, R ⁴ is hydrogen and R ⁵ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ⁴ is hydrogen and R ⁵ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the carbon bonded to R ⁴ and R ⁵ has () stereochemistry.

In some embodiments, R ⁴ is hydrogen and R ⁵ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the carbon bonded to R ⁴ and R ⁵ has (R) stereochemistry.

The group R ¹⁰

In some embodiments, R ¹⁰ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹⁰ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹⁰ is ethyl.

The groups R ⁸ and R ⁹

In some embodiments, each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, (C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ and CO R ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to. In some embodiments, each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, (C= R ¹³ ) R ^U R ¹² , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² , COR ¹³ , C0 ₂ R ¹³ and CO R ^u R ¹² ; wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl; or R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3 - to 7-membered ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to.

In some embodiments, each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is hydrogen,

In some embodiments, each R ⁸ at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R ⁹ at each occurrence is Ci-Ce alkyl.

In some embodiments, each R ⁸ at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R ⁹ at each occurrence is methyl.

In some embodiments, each R ⁸ at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R ⁹ at each occurrence is ethyl.

In some embodiments, each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is methyl.

In some embodiments, each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is ethyl.

In some embodiments, each of R ⁸ and R ⁹ at each occurrence is C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl).

In some embodiments, R ⁸ at each occurrence is C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl); and R ⁹ at each occurrence is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R ⁸ at each occurrence is C(0) ₂ R ¹³ (e.g., C(0) ₂ ^l Bu); and R ⁹ at each occurrence is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 3- membered ring.

In some embodiments, R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 4- membered ring.

In some embodiments, R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 5- membered ring. In some embodiments, R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 6- membered ring optionally containing one or more oxygen atoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to.

In some embodiments, R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 6- membered ring optionally containing one or more nitrogen atoms in addition to the nitrogen they are attached to.

In some embodiments, R ⁸ and R ⁹ taken together with the nitrogen they are attached to form a 7- membered ring. The group R ¹³

In some embodiments, R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;

In some embodiments, R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹³ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R ¹³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹³ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹³ is C ₆ -Cio aryl.

In some embodiments, R ¹³ is phenyl.

In some embodiments, R ¹³ is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

The groups R ¹¹ and R ¹²

In some embodiments, each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is hydrogen,

In some embodiments, each R ¹¹ at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R ¹² at each occurrence is Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, each R ¹¹ at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R ¹² at each occurrence is methyl.

In some embodiments, each R ¹¹ at each occurrence is hydrogen and each R ¹² at each occurrence is ethyl. In some embodiments, each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is methyl.

In some embodiments, each of R ¹¹ and R ¹² at each occurrence is ethyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl; Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered

heterocycloalkyl); Ce-Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; HCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA, A is ^Rl ^¾^ ;

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl;

1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from: Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C ₃ - C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA, and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C ₃ - C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ . In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C ₃ - C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C ₃ - C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ . In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C ₃ -

C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-Ce alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C ₃ - C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C ₃ - C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-Ce alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C ₃ - C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA, and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C ₃ - C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more

Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the com ound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl;

1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA, and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ;

COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and 8R ⁹ .

¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy-l-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; -(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH3.

and R ¹ is selected from:

Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more oxo; C3- C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more oxo; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; C3-C7 cycloalkyl substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ ; Ci-Ce haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-Ce haloalkoxy; halo; CN; N0 ₂ ; COCi-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO2C3-C8 cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl; OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; H ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and 8R ⁹ .

¹ is selected from:

l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH2CH3; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; and S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ .

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF5;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )Ci-C6 alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo; R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5.

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl; R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)CH ₃ ;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH ₃ , and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF ₅ ;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5. R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆

or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl; R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH3, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF5;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo; R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl; R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)CH ₃ ; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH ₃ , and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF ₅ ;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5. R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxymethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl; R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH3, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF5;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo; R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5.

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl; R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)CH ₃ ; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH ₃ , and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF ₅ ;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl; R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH3, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF5;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo; R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl; R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)CH ₃ ; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH ₃ , and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF ₅ ;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5. R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl; R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH3, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF5;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo; R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5.

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl; R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)CH ₃ ; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH ₃ , and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF ₅ ;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5. R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl; R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH3, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF5;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo; R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5.

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo.

R ² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

R

Ϋ ι

A is ^R

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl; R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)CH ₃ ; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH ₃ , and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF ₅ ;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5. R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S0 ₂ R ⁸ R ⁹ ; R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxymethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl; R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ; R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH3, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF5;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5.

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl; R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)CH ₃ ;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH ₃ , and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is SF ₅ ;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ² is halo;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ² is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is C ₆ -Cio aryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is SF5.

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is halo;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; or

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R ⁸ R ⁹ , and R ¹ is halo.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

A is

and R ¹ and R ² are one of the following combinations:

R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is isopropyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ¹ is hydroxym ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy ethyl and R ² is methyl; R ¹ is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is phenyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyridyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is pyrazolyl;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, and R ² is S(0 ₂ )CH ₃ ;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is morpholinyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is fluoro;

R ¹ is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ² is chloro;

R ¹ is COCH ₃ , and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ¹ is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ² is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is isopropyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is 1 -hydroxy ethyl;

R ² is hydroxym ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy ethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxyethyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is phenyl;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyridyl;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is pyrazolyl; R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is S(02)CH ₃ ;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is 2-hydroxy-2-propyl and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, and R ¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclohexyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is morpholinyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is fluoro;

R ² is l,3-dioxolan-2-yl, and R ¹ is chloro;

R ² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more oxo, and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is COCH ₃ , and R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is 2-methoxy-2 -propyl, and R ¹ is methyl;

or

R ² is (dimethylamino)methyl, and R ¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² wherein the ety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms C ^" wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² wherein the ety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R and R , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein the moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R and R , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R and R , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein the is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA, and R and R , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein the is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

wherein the * * mmooiieettyy i iss optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

A is and R ¹ and ² , taken together forms

wherein the is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

R ²

N-N

A is ;

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein the moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² , wherein the ^" ° * moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the « moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the « moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms o wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² , wherein the moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² , wherein the moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA, and R and R , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein the ety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R and R , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA, and R and R , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein the is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R and R , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein the is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA, and R ¹ and ² , taken together forms

wherein the is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² ,

wherein the moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the ni to R ²

wherein the onally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the * moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

R ²

N-N

A and R and R , taken together forms wherein the * moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

R ²

N-N

A is N ; and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to R ² , wherein the ety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA, and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms

R ² , c ^* wherein the asterisk represents point of attachment to the nitrogen that is attached to wherein the C ^" moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

w ere n t e mo ety s opt ona y su st tute w t one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms , wherein the x ^¾ moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

A is and R ¹ and R ² , taken together forms wherein the * * mmooiieettyy i iss optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

A is wherein the * * mmooiieettyy i iss optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA, and R ¹ and ² , taken together forms , wherein the moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, and R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA,

and R ¹ and ² , taken together forms wherein the moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, oxo, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, methylamino, azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, methoxy, oxo, and methylamino.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ is selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, halo, and cyano.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ is selected from:

isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, halo, chloro, and fluoro. In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ is selected from:

hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, halo, and cyano.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ is selected from:

isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, halo, chloro, and fluoro.

In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and the two R are one of the following combinations:

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

One R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl and the other R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl;

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁷ is halo;

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁷ is cyano;

One R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and the other R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

One R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and the other R ⁷ is halo;

One R ⁷ is cyclopropyl and the other R ⁷ is halo;

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

One R ⁷ is halo, and the other R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

One R ⁷ is halo, and the other R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and the other R ⁷ is halo;

One R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and the other R ⁷ is chloro;

One R ⁷ is hydrogen; and the other R ⁷ is hydrogen;

One R ⁷ is hydrogen; and the other R ⁷ is halo;

One R ⁷ is hydrogen; and the other R ⁷ is chloro; or

One R ⁷ is hydrogen; and the other R ⁷ is cyano.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and the two R ⁶ are one of the following combinations:

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is methyl;

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is ^-propyl;

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is isopropyl;

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is chloro;

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is fluoro;

One R ⁷ is ethyl; and the other R ⁷ is fluoro;

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is cyano;

One R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

One R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is chloro;

One R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is fluoro;

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is methoxy;

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is methoxy; or

One R ⁷ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁷ is trifluorom ethoxy.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and the two R ⁶ are one of the following combinations:

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl and the other R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

One R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and the other R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁶ is halo;

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁶ is cyano;

One R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and the other R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

One R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and the other R ⁶ is halo; One R ⁶ is cyclopropyl and the other R ⁶ is halo;

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and the other R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

One R ⁶ is halo, and the other R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

One R ⁶ is halo, and the other R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and the other R ⁶ is halo;

One R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and the other R ⁶ is chloro;

One R ⁶ is hydrogen; and the other R ⁶ is hydrogen;

One R ⁶ is hydrogen; and the other R ⁶ is halo;

One R ⁶ is hydrogen; and the other R ⁶ is chloro;

One R ⁶ is hydrogen; and the other R ⁶ is cyano; or

One R ⁶ is hydrogen; and the other R ⁶ is fluoro.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and the two R ⁶ are one of the following combinations:

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is methyl;

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is ^-propyl;

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is isopropyl;

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl;

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is chloro;

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is fluoro;

One R ⁶ is ethyl; and the other R ⁶ is fluoro;

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is cyano;

One R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

One R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is chloro; One R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is fluoro;

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is methoxy; or

One R ⁶ is isopropyl; and the other R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations:

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is cyano;

R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo. R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is halo, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

R ⁶ is halo, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁶ is halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl and R ⁶ is halo; R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is cyano;

R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁶ is halo;

R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R ⁶ is halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁷ is halo, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

R ⁷ is halo, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkoxy; and R ⁶ is halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁶ is chloro;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is cyano;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy; or

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is chloro. In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations:

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is methyl; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is isopropyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is ethyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyano;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is methoxy;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁶ is chloro; and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁶ is chloro; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is methyl;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro;

R ⁷ is ethyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyano;

R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro;

R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is methoxy;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁷ is chloro; and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁷ is chloro; and R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is methyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is isopropyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is methoxy; or

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations:

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is cyano;

R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁶ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is halo, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

R ⁶ is halo, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁶ is halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl and R ⁶ is halo; R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is cyano;

R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁶ is halo;

R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R ⁶ is halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁷ is Ci-Ce alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁷ is halo, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

R ⁷ is halo, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁶ is halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁶ is chloro;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is cyano;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy; or

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations:

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is methyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is isopropyl; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is ethyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyano;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is methoxy;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁶ is chloro; and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁶ is chloro; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is methyl;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro;

R ⁷ is ethyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyano;

R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro;

R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is methoxy;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁷ is chloro; and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁷ is chloro; and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethoxyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is methyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is isopropyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is fluoro; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R is methoxy; or

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations:

each R ⁶ is independently C i-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

each R ⁶ is independently C i-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is cyano;

each R ⁶ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

each R ⁶ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁷ is halo;

each R ⁶ is independently cyclopropyl and R ⁷ is halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is independently halo, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

each R ⁶ is independently halo, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

each R ⁶ is independently C i-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁷ is halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is cyano;

R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁷ is halo, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

R ⁷ is halo, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁶ is chloro;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is halo;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is cyano;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo; each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy; or

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is chloro. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations: each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is methyl;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is isopropyl;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl; each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro;

each R ⁶ is ethyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyano;

each R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

each R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is chloro;

each R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁷ is fluoro;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is methoxy;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy; each R ⁶ is chloro; and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

each R ⁶ is chloro; and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is methyl;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl; each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro;

R ⁷ is ethyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyano;

R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro;

R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro; R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is methoxy;

R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁷ is chloro; and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁷ is chloro; and R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy;

one R ⁶ is isopropyl; the other R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl; and R ⁷ is chloro;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is methyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is isopropyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is fluoro;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is methoxy; or

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations:

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is cyano;

R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo; R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is halo, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

R ⁶ is halo, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁷ is chloro;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl and R ⁶ is halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is cyano;

each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁶ is C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and R ⁶ is halo;

each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and R ⁶ is halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁷ is independently halo, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

each R ⁷ is independently halo, and R ⁶ is Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁶ is halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁶ is chloro;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo; R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is cyano;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one more halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy; or

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is chloro.

In some embodiments of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations:

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is methyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is isopropyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is ethyl; and each R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is cyano;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and each R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and each R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is methoxy;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is methoxy; R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁶ is chloro; and each R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁶ is chloro; and each R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is methyl;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro;

each R ⁷ is ethyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyano;

each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is cyclopropyl;

each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is chloro;

each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and R ⁶ is fluoro;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is methoxy;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy;

each R ⁷ is chloro; and R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl;

each R ⁷ is chloro; and R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is methyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is isopropyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is fluoro;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is methoxy; or

R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy. In some embodiments, of the compound of formula AA,

and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations:

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo; each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁷ is cyano;

each R ⁶ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl; each R ⁶ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

each R ⁶ is independently cyclopropyl and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is independently halo, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

each R ⁶ is independently halo, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁷ is chloro;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and R ⁶ is cyano;

each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl; each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo; each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁷ is independently halo, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

each R ⁷ is independently halo, and each R ⁶ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and each R ⁶ is independently halo;

each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; and R ⁶ is chloro;

Two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C8 aliphatic carbocyclic ring; each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently C3-C7 cycloalkyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently halo;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is cyano;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkoxy substituted with one or more halo;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is independently Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and R ⁷ is chloro; or

one R ⁶ is hydrogen, and one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C4-C8 aliphatic carbocyclic ring. ome embodiments, of the compound of formula AA, and R ⁶ and R ⁷ are one of the following combinations: each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is methyl;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is isopropyl;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is trifluoromethyl; each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is chloro;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is fluoro;

each R ⁶ is ethyl; and each R ⁷ is fluoro;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is cyano;

each R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; each R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and each R ⁷ is chloro;

each R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; and each R ⁷ is fluoro;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is methoxy;

each R ⁶ is isopropyl; and each R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy; each R ⁶ is chloro; and each R ⁷ is trifluoromethyl; each R ⁶ is chloro; and each R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy; each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and each R ⁶ is methyl;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and each R ⁶ is trifluoromethyl; each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and each R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and each R ⁶ is chloro;

each R ⁷ is ethyl; and each R ⁶ is fluoro;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and each R ⁶ is cyano;

each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and each R ⁶ is cyclopropyl; each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and each R ⁶ is chloro;

each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl; and each R ⁶ is fluoro;

each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and each R ⁶ is methoxy; each R ⁷ is isopropyl; and each R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy;

each R ⁷ is chloro; and each R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl;

each R ⁷ is chloro; and each R ⁶ is trifluoromethoxy;

one R ⁶ is isopropyl; the other R ⁶ is trifluorom ethyl; and R ⁷ is chloro;

R ⁶ is isopropyl; one R ⁷ is fluoro; and the other R ⁷ is cyano;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is methyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is isopropyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is trifluorom ethyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is cyclopropyl;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is fluoro;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is methoxy;

each R ⁶ is hydrogen, and each R ⁷ is trifluoromethoxy; or

two pairs, each of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ , are on adjacent atoms, and each pair of one R ⁶ and one R ⁷ taken together with the atoms connecting them form a C ₅ aliphatic carbocyclic ring.

In some embodiments, each of R ¹ and R ² is independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy,

halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, or NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or NR ⁸ R ⁹ wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy or Ci-C ₆ alkyl is further optionally substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, or NR ⁸ R ⁹ wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkoxy or Ci-C ₆ alkyl is further optionally substituted with one to three hydroxy, halo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , or oxo; Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl; Ci-Ce alkoxy; Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy; halo; CN; CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CO-Ce-Cio aryl; CO-5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl;

OCOCe-Cio aryl; OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl); OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl); C ₆ -Cio aryl; 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; NH ₂ ; NHCi-C ₆ alkyl; N(Ci-C ₆ alkyl) ₂ ; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ ; SF ₅ ; S(0 ₂ )NR ^u R ¹² ; S(0)Ci-C ₆ alkyl; and S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R ¹ is selected from the group consisting of l-hydroxy-2- methylpropan-2-yl; methyl; isopropyl; 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1- hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; 1- hydroxy- 1-cyclobutyl; 1 -hydroxy- 1-cyclopentyl; 1-hydroxy-l-cyclohexyl; morpholinyl; l,3-dioxolan-2-yl; COCH ₃ ; COCH ₂ CH ₃ ; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; fluoro; chloro; phenyl; pyridyl; pyrazolyl; S(0 ₂ )CH _3; and S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² .

In some embodiments, R ² is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, cyano, methyl; methoxy; ethoxy; isopropyl; l-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl; 2-hydroxy-2- propyl; hydroxym ethyl; 1 -hydroxy ethyl; 2 -hydroxy ethyl; l-hydroxy-2-propyl; 1- hydroxy- 1-cyclopropyl; COCH ₃ ; COPh; 2-methoxy-2-propyl; (dimethylamino)methyl; S(0 ₂ )CH _3; and S(0 ₂ ) R ^u R ¹² .

In some embodiments, is ; and each R ⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-C ₆ alkyl; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each

independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOC ₆ -Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, is ; and each R ⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of: Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, and C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, or oxo.

In some embodiments, IS ; wherein each R ⁶ i is

independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF5, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or R ⁶ and R ⁷ , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form a C ₄ -C ₇ carbocyclic ring or 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, IS ; wherein each R ⁶ i is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF5, S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or R ⁶ and R ⁷ , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form a C4-C7 carbocyclic ring or 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms

independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and

CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, is ; wherein each R ⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R ⁷ is independently selected from C i-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl,

CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₇ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, IS ; wherein each R ⁶ i is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CO-Ci-Ce alkyl; CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl,

wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, CN, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, OCOCi-Ce alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(4- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl), NHCOCi-Ce alkyl, NHCOCe-Cio aryl, NHCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), NHCO(4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl), and NHCOC2-C6 alkynyl;

wherein each R ⁷ is independently selected from C i-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ haloalkoxy, halo, CN, COCi-Ce alkyl, C0 ₂ Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C0 ₂ C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl, OCOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OCOCe-Cio aryl, OCO(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl), OCO(3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl), C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , SF ₅ , S(0 ₂ )Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered

heterocycloalkyl, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two Ci-C ₆ alkoxy;

or at least one pair of R ⁶ and R ⁷ on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one C ₄ -C ₇ carbocyclic ring or at least one 5-to-7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy,

NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments of in Formula AA, each X is CR ⁶ , p is 0, 1 or 2, and Z is:

5-10-memberered heteroaryl; C5-C6 cycloalkyl; 5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl; or C ₆ - C10 aryl, wherein Z is (i) optionally substituted with one or more halo, CN, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with phenyl, or Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and (ii) optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments of in Formula AA, each X is CR ⁶ , p is 2, and Z is:

5-10-memberered heteroaryl; C5-C6 cycloalkyl; 5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl; or C ₆ - C10 aryl, wherein Z is (i) optionally substituted with one or more halo, CN, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with phenyl, or Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and (ii) optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments of in Formula AA, each X is CR ⁶ , p is 0, 1 or 2, and Z is: 5-10-memberered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkyl or COOCi-Ce alkyl;

C5-C6 cycloalkyl;

5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with COOC i-C ₆ alkyl;

C ₆ -Cio aryl (i) optionally substituted with one or more halo, CN, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ - C10 aryloxy, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with phenyl, or Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and (ii) optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments of in Formula AA, each X is CR ⁶ , p is 2, and Z is:

5-10-memberered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkyl or COOCi-Ce alkyl;

C5-C6 cycloalkyl;

5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with COOCi-C ₆ alkyl;

C ₆ -Cio aryl (i) optionally substituted with one or more halo, CN, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ - C10 aryloxy, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with phenyl, or Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and (ii) optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments of in Formula AA, each X is CR ⁶ , p is 2;

Z is: 5-10-memberered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkyl or COOCi-Ce alkyl;

C5-C6 cycloalkyl;

5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with COOC i-C ₆ alkyl;

C ₆ -Cio aryl (i) optionally substituted with one or more halo, CN, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ - C10 aryloxy, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with phenyl, or Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and (ii) optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen; and

C ₂ alkynylene.

In some embodiments of in Formula AA-I, each X is CR ⁶ , p is 0, 1 or 2, and Z is:

5-10-memberered heteroaryl; C5-C6 cycloalkyl; 5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl; or C ₆ - C10 aryl, wherein Z is (i) optionally substituted with one or more halo, CN, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with phenyl, or Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and (ii) optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments of in Formula AA-I, each X is CR ⁶ , p is 2, and Z is: 5-10-memberered heteroaryl; C5-C6 cycloalkyl; 5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl; or C ₆ - C10 aryl, wherein Z is (i) optionally substituted with one or more halo, CN, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryloxy, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy optionally substituted with phenyl, or Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and (ii) optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments of in Formula AA-I, each X is CR ⁶ , p is 0, 1 or 2, and Z is:

5-10-memberered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkyl or COOCi-Ce alkyl;

C5-C6 cycloalkyl;

5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with COOCi-C ₆ alkyl;

C ₆ -Cio aryl (i) optionally substituted with one or more halo, CN, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ - C10 aryloxy, CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with phenyl, or Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , and (ii) optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

In some embodiments of in Formula AA-I, each X is CR ⁶ , p is 2, and Z is:

5-10-memberered heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C ₆ alkyl or COOCi-Ce alkyl;

C5-C6 cycloalkyl; 5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with COOCi-C ₆ alkyl; C ₆ -Cio aryl (i) optionally substituted with one or more halo, CN, S(02)Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ - Cio aryloxy, CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , Ci-C ₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with phenyl, or Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl or with R ⁸ R ⁹ , and (ii) optionally fused to a five- to -seven-membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.

Non-Limiting Combinations and Formulas

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula AA is a compound of Formula AA-II:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula AA is a compound of Formula AA-

wherein

A is an aromatic heteroaryl;

X ¹ is selected from the group consisting of CR ¹ , CH, NR ¹ , NH, N, O, and S;

X ² is selected from the group consisting of CR ² , CH, NR ² , NH, N, O, and S; X ³ is selected from the group consisting of CR ¹ , CH, R ¹ , H, N, O, and S;

X ⁴ is selected from the group consisting of CR ² , CH, NR ² , NH, N, O, and S;

wherein at least one of X ¹ , X ² , X ³ , and X ⁴ is other than CR ¹ and CR ² ;

wherein one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, form a monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ - C10 aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In certain embodiments of the compound of Formula AA-II(i), Y is a bond.

In certain other embodiments of the compound of Formula AA-II(i), Y is O or S.

; X ¹ and X ⁴ are each independently selected from N and CH; and the R ¹ and R ² that the asterisks are closest to are taken together with the atoms connecting them to form a monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-Ce alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, Ce-Cio aryl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA-II(i), is

X ¹ and X ⁴ are each independently selected from N and CH;

X ⁵ is selected from O, NH, CH ₂ , and CHR ³⁰ ;

X ⁶ is selected from CH ₂ , NR ³¹ , and C(O);

X ⁷ is selected from a bond, O, CH ₂ , CH ₂ CH ₂ , CHR ^32a , and CHR ^32a R ³² ;

X ⁸ is selected from CH ₂ and C(O);

R ³⁰ is Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., methyl);

R ³¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., ethyl) optionally substituted with Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy; and R ^32a and R ³² are each independently selected from hydroxy, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., methoxycarbamoylmethyl), Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy or isopropoxy), NR ⁸ R ⁹ (e.g., methylamino or dimethylamino), and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., azetidinyl) optionally substituted with halo (e.g., fluoro) or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy (e.g., methoxy), or, alternatively, R and R are taken together with the atoms connecting them to form a C ₃ -C ₆ carbocyclic ring (e.g., cyclopropyl).

In certain embodiments of foregoing, X ¹ is N; and X ⁴ is CH.

, and the R ¹ and R ² that the asterisks are closest to are taken together with the atoms connecting them to form a monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC ₃ -Cio cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C ₃ -Cio cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C ₃ -Cio cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C ₃ -Cio cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

diments of the compound of Formula AA-II(i), is

, and the R ¹ and R ² that the asterisks are closest to are taken together with the atoms connecting them to form a monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

, X ¹ is selected from N and S, and the R ¹ and R ² that the asterisks are closest to are taken together with the atoms connecting them to form a monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA-II(i), the R ¹ and R ² that the asterisks are closest to are taken together with the atoms connecting them to form C5-C6 carbocyclic ring or a 5-to-6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 heteroatom and/or heteroatomic group selected from O, NH, and NR ¹³ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from, oxo, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl, wherein the methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and azetidinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, fluoro, methoxy, and NR ⁸ R ⁹ ; wherein R ⁸ and R ⁹ are each independently selected from H, methyl, and C0 ₂ R ¹³ ; and wherein R ¹³ is selected from methyl and difluorom ethyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA-II(i), R ⁶ is selected from hydrogen and halo (e.g., fluoro); each R ⁷ is independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., isopropyl, isobutyl, or ^-propyl) and C3-C10 cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl); X is selected from N and CR ⁶ ; Y is selected from a bond, O, S, and CR ¹⁶ R ¹⁷ (e.g., 2-ethyl); and Z is selected from 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl (e.g., pyrimidinyl (e.g., 2-pyrimidinyl or 4-pyrimidinyl) or thiazolyl), a 5-10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic ring (e.g., chromanyl or methylenedioxyphenyl), a C ₆ -Cio monocyclic or bicyclic aryl (e.g., phenyl), wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C ₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl), halo (e.g., fluoro or chloro), and C3-C10 cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl).

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula AA-II(i), R ⁶ is selected from hydrogen and fluoro; each R ⁷ is independently selected from isopropyl, isobutyl, ^-propyl, and cyclopropyl; X is selected from N and CR ⁶ ; Y is selected from a bond, O, S, and 2-ethyl; and Z is selected from pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, chromanyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, and phenyl, wherein Z is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from methyl, fluoro, chloro, and cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOC -Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alk l, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, NR , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alk l, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C ₄ -Ci ₂ carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOC -Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C ₄ -Ci ₂ carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alk l, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C ₄ -Ci ₂ carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alk l, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12- membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups

independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-Ce alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .In

some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

or one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alk l, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

or one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C0 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ; and

R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C ₄ -Ci ₂ carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is and

one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alk l, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and

one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C0 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alk l, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the optionally substituted ring A is ; and one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ; and

one pair of R ¹ and R ² , taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5- to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with NR ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ . In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is and

one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ; and

one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

R ² R ¹

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ^r1 ; and

R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(0 ₂ )C6-Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is and

R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 -3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, NH, NR ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0) ₂ , wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, Ci- C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, NR ⁸ R ⁹ , =NR ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-Ce alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(02)C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CONR ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(02)C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹

In some embodiments, the substituted ring A is ; and

one pair of R ¹ and R ² on adjacent atoms, taken together with the atoms connecting them, independently form at least one monocyclic or bicyclic C4-C12 carbocyclic ring or at least one monocyclic or bicyclic 5-to-12-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-3 heteroatoms and/or heteroatomic groups independently selected from O, N, H, R ¹³ , S, S(O), and S(0)2, wherein the carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halo, oxo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, OC3-C10 cycloalkyl, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , CN, COOCi-C ₆ alkyl, OS(0 ₂ )C ₆ -Cio aryl, S(02)C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 10- membered heterocycloalkyl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, S(02)C ₆ -Cio aryl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from hydroxy, halo, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with R ⁸ R ⁹ , C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, R ⁸ R ⁹ , = R ¹⁰ , COOCi-Ce alkyl, Ce-Cio aryl, and CO R ⁸ R ⁹ .

Unless otherwise indicated, when a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure without specifying the stereochemistry and has one or more chiral centers, it is understood to represent all possible stereoisomers of the compound.

It is understood that the combination of variables in the formulae herein is such that the compounds are stable. In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound that is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in Table 1 A:

Table 1A

319

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound that is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in Table IB:

Table IB

Compound Structure

328

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound that is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in Table 1C:

Table 1C

or a ph

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound that is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in Table ID: Table ID

360

376

377

378

379

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound that is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in Table 1C and/or Table ID.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration

General In some embodiments, a chemical entity (e.g., a compound that modulates (e.g., antagonizes) LRP1 or NLRP3 or both NLRP1 and LRP3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and/or hydrate, and/or cocrystal, and/or drug combination thereof) is administered as a pharmaceutical composition that includes the chemical entity and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and optionally one or more additional therapeutic agents as described herein.

In some embodiments, the chemical entities can be administered in combination with one or more conventional pharmaceutical excipients. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d-a-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens, poloxamers or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, tris, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium-chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, and wool fat. Cyclodextrins such as α-, β, and γ-cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkyl cyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl-P-cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives can also be used to enhance delivery of compounds described herein. Dosage forms or compositions containing a chemical entity as described herein in the range of 0.005% to 100% with the balance made up from non-toxic excipient may be prepared. The contemplated compositions may contain 0.001%-100% of a chemical entity provided herein, in one embodiment 0.1-95%, in another embodiment 75-85%, in a further embodiment 20-80%. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22 ^nd Edition (Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK. 2012).

Routes of Administration and Composition Components

In some embodiments, the chemical entities described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof can be administered to subject in need thereof by any accepted route of administration. Acceptable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, buccal, cutaneous, endocervical, endosinusial, endotracheal, enteral, epidural, interstitial, intra-abdominal, intra-arterial, intrabronchial, intrabursal, intracerebral, intracisternal, intracoronary, intradermal, intraductal, intraduodenal, intradural, intraepidermal, intraesophageal, intragastric, intragingival, intraileal, intralymphatic, intramedullary, intrameningeal, intramuscular, intraovarian, intraperitoneal, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary, intrasinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intratesticular, intrathecal, intratubular, intratumoral, intrauterine, intravascular, intravenous, nasal, nasogastric, oral, parenteral, percutaneous, peridural, rectal, respiratory (inhalation), subcutaneous, sublingual, submucosal, topical, transdermal, transmucosal, transtracheal, ureteral, urethral and vaginal. In certain embodiments, a preferred route of administration is parenteral (e.g., intratumoral).

Compositions can be formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., formulated for injection via the intravenous, intramuscular, sub -cutaneous, or even intraperitoneal routes. Typically, such compositions can be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for use to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a liquid prior to injection can also be prepared; and the preparations can also be emulsified. The preparation of such formulations will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.

The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions; formulations including sesame oil, peanut oil, or aqueous propylene glycol; and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that it may be easily injected. It also should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.

The carrier also can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion, and by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques, which yield a powder of the active ingredient, plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Intratumoral injections are discussed, e.g., in Lammers, et al., "Effect of Intratumoral Injection on the Biodistribution and the Therapeutic Potential of HPMA Copolymer -Based Drug Delivery Systems " Neoplasia. 2006, 10, 788-795.

Pharmacologically acceptable excipients usable in the rectal composition as a gel, cream, enema, or rectal suppository, include, without limitation, any one or more of cocoa butter glycerides, synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, PEG (like PEG ointments), glycerine, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, poloxamers, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol Vaseline, anhydrous lanolin, shark liver oil, sodium saccharinate, menthol, sweet almond oil, sorbitol, sodium benzoate, anoxid SBN, vanilla essential oil, aerosol, parabens in phenoxyethanol, sodium methyl p-oxybenzoate, sodium propyl p-oxybenzoate, diethylamine, carbomers, carbopol, methyloxybenzoate, macrogol cetostearyl ether, cocoyl caprylocaprate, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, liquid paraffin, xanthan gum, carboxy-metabisulfite, sodium edetate, sodium benzoate, potassium metabi sulfite, grapefruit seed extract, methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) , lactic acid, glycine, vitamins, such as vitamin A and E and potassium acetate.

In certain embodiments, suppositories can be prepared by mixing the chemical entities described herein with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum and release the active compound. In other embodiments, compositions for rectal administration are in the form of an enema. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutical composition thereof are suitable for local delivery to the digestive or GI tract by way of oral administration (e.g., solid or liquid dosage forms.).

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the chemical entity is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

In one embodiment, the compositions will take the form of a unit dosage form such as a pill or tablet and thus the composition may contain, along with a chemical entity provided herein, a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, or the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or the like; and a binder such as starch, gum acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidine, gelatin, cellulose, cellulose derivatives or the like. In another solid dosage form, a powder, marume, solution or suspension (e.g., in propylene carbonate, vegetable oils, PEG's, poloxamer 124 or triglycerides) is encapsulated in a capsule (gelatin or cellulose base capsule). Unit dosage forms in which one or more chemical entities provided herein or additional active agents are physically separated are also contemplated; e.g., capsules with granules (or tablets in a capsule) of each drug; two-layer tablets; two-compartment gel caps, etc. Enteric coated or delayed release oral dosage forms are also contemplated.

Other physiologically acceptable compounds include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents or preservatives that are particularly useful for preventing the growth or action of microorganisms. Various preservatives are well known and include, for example, phenol and ascorbic acid.

In certain embodiments the excipients are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional, well-known sterilization techniques. For various oral dosage form excipients such as tablets and capsules sterility is not required. The USP/NF standard is usually sufficient.

In certain embodiments, solid oral dosage forms can further include one or more components that chemically and/or structurally predispose the composition for delivery of the chemical entity to the stomach or the lower GI; e.g., the ascending colon and/or transverse colon and/or distal colon and/or small bowel. Exemplary formulation techniques are described in, e.g., Filipski, K.J., et al., Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2013, 13, 776-802, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Examples include upper-GI targeting techniques, e.g., Accordion Pill (Intec Pharma), floating capsules, and materials capable of adhering to mucosal walls.

Other examples include lower-GI targeting techniques. For targeting various regions in the intestinal tract, several enteric/pH-responsive coatings and excipients are available. These materials are typically polymers that are designed to dissolve or erode at specific pH ranges, selected based upon the GI region of desired drug release. These materials also function to protect acid labile drugs from gastric fluid or limit exposure in cases where the active ingredient may be irritating to the upper GI (e.g., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate series, Coateric (polyvinyl acetate phthalate), cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, Eudragit series (methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymers), and Marcoat). Other techniques include dosage forms that respond to local flora in the GI tract, Pressure-controlled colon delivery capsule, and Pulsincap.

Ocular compositions can include, without limitation, one or more of any of the following: viscogens (e.g., Carboxymethylcellulose, Glycerin, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Polyethylene glycol); Stabilizers (e.g., Pluronic (triblock copolymers), Cyclodextrins); Preservatives (e.g., Benzalkonium chloride, ETDA, SofZia (boric acid, propylene glycol, sorbitol, and zinc chloride; Alcon Laboratories, Inc.), Purite (stabilized oxychloro complex; Allergan, Inc.)).

Topical compositions can include ointments and creams. Ointments are semisolid preparations that are typically based on petrolatum or other petroleum derivatives. Creams containing the selected active agent are typically viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions, often either oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Cream bases are typically water- washable, and contain an oil phase, an emulsifier and an aqueous phase. The oil phase, also sometimes called the "internal" phase, is generally comprised of petrolatum and a fatty alcohol such as cetyl or stearyl alcohol; the aqueous phase usually, although not necessarily, exceeds the oil phase in volume, and generally contains a humectant. The emulsifier in a cream formulation is generally a nonionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactant. As with other carriers or vehicles, an ointment base should be inert, stable, nonirritating and non-sensitizing.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions described herein can include one or more one or more of the following: lipids, interbilayer crosslinked multilamellar vesicles, biodegradeable poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) [PLGA]-based or poly anhydride-based nanoparticles or microparticles, and nanoporous particle-supported lipid bilayers.

Dosages

The dosages may be varied depending on the requirement of the patient, the severity of the condition being treating and the particular compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation can be determined by one skilled in the medical arts. The total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions throughout the day or by means providing continuous delivery.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are administered at a dosage of from about 0.001 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg (e.g., from about 0.001 mg/Kg to about 200 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 200 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 150 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 50 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 10 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 5 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 1 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 0.5 mg/Kg; from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 0.1 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 200 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 150 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg; from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 50 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 10 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 5 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 1 mg/Kg; from about 0. 1 mg/Kg to about 0.5 mg/Kg).

Regimens The foregoing dosages can be administered on a daily basis (e.g., as a single dose or as two or more divided doses) or non-daily basis (e.g., every other day, every two days, every three days, once weekly, twice weeks, once every two weeks, once a month).

In some embodiments, the period of administration of a compound described herein is for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 1 1 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 1 1 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 1 1 months, 12 months, or more. In a further embodiment, a period of during which administration is stopped is for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 1 1 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 1 1 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 1 1 months, 12 months, or more. In an embodiment, a therapeutic compound is administered to an individual for a period of time followed by a separate period of time. In another embodiment, a therapeutic compound is administered for a first period and a second period following the first period, with administration stopped during the second period, followed by a third period where administration of the therapeutic compound is started and then a fourth period following the third period where administration is stopped. In an aspect of this embodiment, the period of administration of a therapeutic compound followed by a period where administration is stopped is repeated for a determined or undetermined period of time. In a further embodiment, a period of administration is for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, or more. In a further embodiment, a period of during which administration is stopped is for 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, or more.

Methods of Treatment

In some embodiments, methods for treating a subject having condition, disease or disorder which a decrease or increase in LRP1 or NLRP3 or both LRP1 and LRP3 activity (e.g., an increase, e.g., NLRP1/3 signaling) contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms and/or progression of the condition, disease or disorder are provided, comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a chemical entity described herein (e.g., a compound described generically or specifically herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or compositions containing the same).

Indications

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from: inappropriate host responses to infectious diseases where active infection exists at any body site, such as septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and/or adult respiratory distress syndrome; acute or chronic inflammation due to antigen, antibody and/or complement deposition; inflammatory conditions including arthritis, cholangitis, colitis, encephalitis, endocarditis, glomerulonephritis, hepatitis, myocarditis, pancreatitis, pericarditis, reperfusion injury and vasculitis, immune-based diseases such as acute and delayed hypersensitivity, graft rejection, and graft-versus-host disease; auto-immune diseases including Type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. For example, the condition, disease or disorder may be an inflammatory disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, septic shock, COPD and periodontal disease.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is an autoimmune diseases. Non- limiting examples include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) comprising Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which are chronic inflammatory conditions with polygenic susceptibility. In certain embodiments, the condition is an inflammatory bowel disease. In certain embodiments, the condition is Crohn's disease, autoimmune colitis, iatrogenic autoimmune colitis, ulcerative colitis, colitis induced by one or more chemotherapeutic agents, colitis induced by treatment with adoptive cell therapy, colitis associated by one or more alloimmune diseases (such as graft-vs-host disease, e.g., acute graft vs. host disease and chronic graft vs. host disease), radiation enteritis, collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis, microscopic colitis, and radiation enteritis. In certain of these embodiments, the condition is alloimmune disease (such as graft-vs-host disease, e.g., acute graft vs. host disease and chronic graft vs. host disease), celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, psoriasis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, uveitis, and mucositis (e.g., oral mucositis, esophageal mucositis or intestinal mucositis). In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from major adverse cardiovascular events such as cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke in patients with a prior hear attack and inflammatory atherosclerosis (see for example, NCT01327846).

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity and gout, as well as diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson disease, lung disease, such as asthma and COPD and pulmonary idiopathic fibrosis, liver disease, such as NASH syndrome, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, pancreatic disease, such as acute and chronic pancreatitis, kidney disease, such as acute and chronic kidney injury, intestinal disease such as Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis, skin disease such as psoriasis, musculoskeletal disease such as scleroderma, vessel disorders, such as giant cell arteritis, disorders of the bones, such as Osteoarthritis , osteoporosis and osteopetrosis disorders eye disease, such as glaucoma and macular degeneration, diseased caused by viral infection such as HIV and AIDS, autoimmune disease such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Thyroiditis, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, cancer and aging.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is a cardiovascular indication. In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is myocardial infraction. In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is stroke.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is obesity.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is Type 2 Diabetes.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is NASH.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is Alzheimer's disease

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is gout.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is SLE.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is rheumatoid arthritis.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is IBD.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is multiple sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is COPD.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is asthma.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is scleroderma. In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is pulmonary fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is age related macular degeneration (AMD).

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is cystic fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is Muckle Wells syndrome.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS).

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is chronic neurologic cutaneous and articular syndrome.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from: myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS); non-small cell lung cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer in patients carrying mutation or overexpression of NLRP3; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), such as ALL in patients resistant to glucocorticoids treatment; Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (LCH); multiple myeloma; promyelocytic leukemia; acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); gastric cancer; and lung cancer metastasis.

In some embodiments, the condition, disease or disorder is selected from: myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS); non-small cell lung cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer in patients carrying mutation or overexpression of NLRP3; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), such as ALL in patients resistant to glucocorticoids treatment; Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (LCH); multiple myeloma; promyelocytic leukemia; gastric cancer; and lung cancer metastasis.

In some embodiments, the indication is MDS.

In some embodiments, the indication is non-small lung cancer in patients carrying mutation or overexpression of LRP3.

In some embodiments, the indication is ALL in patients resistant to glucocorticoids treatment.

In some embodiments, the indication is LCH.

In some embodiments, the indication is multiple myeloma.

In some embodiments, the indication is promyelocytic leukemia.

In some embodiments, the indication is gastric cancer.

In some embodiments, the indication is lung cancer metastasis.

Combination therapy This disclosure contemplates both monotherapy regimens as well as combination therapy regimens.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein can further include administering one or more additional therapies (e.g., one or more additional therapeutic agents and/or one or more therapeutic regimens) in combination with administration of the compounds described herein.

In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is administered to the subject prior to contacting with or administering the chemical entity (e.g., about one hour prior, or about 6 hours prior, or about 12 hours prior, or about 24 hours prior, or about 48 hours prior, or about 1 week prior, or about 1 month prior).

In other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is administered to the subject at about the same time as contacting with or administering the chemical entity. By way of example, the second therapeutic agent or regimen and the chemical entity are provided to the subject simultaneously in the same dosage form. As another example, the second therapeutic agent or regimen and the chemical entity are provided to the subject concurrently in separate dosage forms.

In still other embodiments, the second therapeutic agent or regimen is administered to the subject after contacting with or administering the chemical entity (e.g., about one hour after, or about 6 hours after, or about 12 hours after, or about 24 hours after, or about 48 hours after, or about 1 week after, or about 1 month after).

Patient Selection

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to NLRP3 activity, such as an indication related to NLRP3 polymorphism.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to LRP3 activity, such as an indication related to NLRP3 where polymorphism is a gain of function

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to LRP3 activity, such as an indication related to NLRP3 polymorphism found in CAPS syndromes. In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to NLRP3 activity, such as an indication related NLRP3 polymorphism where the polymorphism is VAR 014104 (R262W)

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to NLRP3 activity, such as an indication related LRP3 polymorphism where the polymorphism is a natural variant reported in http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q96P20

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to NLRPl activity, such as an indication related NLRPl polymorphism.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to NLRPl activity, such as an indication related to NLRPl where polymorphism is a gain of function

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to NLRPl activity, such as an indication related NLRPl polymorphism found in vitiligo Vitiligo-Associated Autoimmune Disease.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to NLRPl activity, such as an indication related where NLRPl polymorphism is VAR 033239 (L155H)

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to NLRPl activity, such as an indication related where NLRPl polymorphism is a natural variant reported in http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9C000

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include the step of identifying a subject (e.g., a patient) in need of treatment for an indication related to NLRP1/3 activity, such as an indication related to point mutation of NLRPl/3 signaling.

Anti-TNFa Agents The term "anti-TNFa agent" refers to an agent which directly or indirectly blocks, down- regulates, impairs, inhibits, impairs, or reduces TNFa activity and/or expression. In some embodiments, an anti-TNFa agent is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, a fusion protein, a soluble TNFa receptor (a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1 A (TNFRl) or a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily IB (TNFR2)), an inhibitory nucleic acid, or a small molecule TNFa antagonist. In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid is a ribozyme, small hairpin RNA, a small interfering RNA, an antisense nucleic acid, or an aptamer.

Exemplary anti-TNFa agents that directly block, down-regulate, impair, inhibit, or reduce TNFa activity and/or expression can, e.g., inhibit or decrease the expression level of TNFa or a receptor of TNFa (TNFRl or TNFR2) in a cell (e.g., a cell obtained from a subject, a

mammalian cell), or inhibit or reduce binding of TNFa to its receptor (TNFRl and/or TNFR2) and/or. Non-limiting examples of anti-TNFa agents that directly block, down-regulate, impair, inhibit, or reduce TNFa activity and/or expression include an antibody or fragment thereof, a fusion protein, a soluble TNFa receptor (e.g., a soluble TNFRl or soluble TNFR2), inhibitory nucleic acids (e.g., any of the examples of inhibitory nucleic acids described herein), and a small molecule TNFa antagonist.

Exemplary anti-TNFa agents that can indirectly block, down-regulate, impair, inhibitreduce TNFa activity and/or expression can, e.g., inhibit or decrease the level of downstream signaling of a TNFa receptor (e.g., TNFRl or TNFR2) in a mammalian cell (e.g., decrease the level and/or activity of one or more of the following signaling proteins: AP-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (ASK1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IKK), mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), MEKK 1/4, MEKK 4/7, MEKK 3/6, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κΒ), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 (NIK), receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIP), TNFRSFl A associated via death domain (TRADD), and TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2), in a cell), and/or decrease the level of TNFa-induced gene expression in a mammalian cell (e.g., decrease the transcription of genes regulated by, e.g., one or more transcription factors selected from the group of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), c-Jun, and NF-κΒ). A description of downstream signaling of a TNFa receptor is provided in Wajant et al., Cell Death Differentiation 10:45-65, 2003 (incorporated herein by reference). For example, such indirect anti-TNFa agents can be an inhibitory nucleic acid that targets (decreases the expression) a signaling component downstream of a TNFa-induced gene (e.g., any T Fa-induced gene known in the art), a TNFa receptor (e.g., any one or more of the signaling components downstream of a TNFa receptor described herein or known in the art), or a transcription factor selected from the group of NF-KB, c-Jun, and ATF2.

In other examples, such indirect anti-TNFa agents can be a small molecule inhibitor of a protein encoded by a TNFa-induced gene (e.g., any protein encoded by a TNFa-induced gene known in the art), a small molecule inhibitor of a signaling component downstream of a TNFa receptor (e.g., any of the signaling components downstream of a TNFa receptor described herein or known in the art), and a small molecule inhibitor of a transcription factor selected from the group of ATF2, c-Jun, and NF-KB.

In other embodiments, anti-TNFa agents that can indirectly block, down-regulate, impair, or reduce one or more components in a cell (e.g., acell obtained from a subject, a mammalian cell) that are involved in the signaling pathway that results in TNFa mRNA transcription, TNFa mRNA stabilization, and TNFa mRNA translation (e.g., one or more components selected from the group of CD14, c-Jun, ERKl/2, IKK, ΙκΒ, interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK), JNK, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), MEK1/2, MEK3/6, MEK4/7, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, PKR, p38, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (rac), raf kinase (raf), ras, TRAF6, TTP). For example, such indirect anti-TNFa agents can be an inhibitory nucleic acid that targets (decreases the expression) of a component in a mammalian cell that is involved in the signaling pathway that results in TNFa mRNA transcription, TNFa mRNA stabilization, and TNFa mRNA translation (e.g., a component selected from the group of CD14, c-Jun, ERKl/2, IKK, IKB, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MEK1/2, MEK3/6, MEK4/7, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, IRAK, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), PKR, p38, rac, raf, ras, TRAF6, TTP). In other examples, an indirect anti-TNFa agents is a small molecule inhibitor of a component in a mammalian cell that is involved in the signaling pathway that results in TNFa mRNA

transcription, TNFa mRNA stabilization, and TNFa mRNA translation (e.g., a component selected from the group of CD 14, c-Jun, ERKl/2, IKK, IKB, IRAK, JNK, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), MEK1/2, MEK3/6, MEK4/7, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, IRAK, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), PKR, p38, rac, raf, ras, TRAF6, TTP). Antibodies

In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., a Fab or a scFv). In some embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody described herein can bind specifically to TNFa. In some embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein binds specifically to any one of TNFa, TNFRl, or TNFR2. In some embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody described herein can bind specifically to a TNFa receptor (TNFRl or TNFR2).

In some embodiments, the antibody can be a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, a multivalent antibody, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an antibody can be a scFv- Fc, a VHH domain, a VNAR domain, a (scFv)2, a minibody, or a BiTE.

In some embodiments, an antibody can be a crossmab, a diabody, a scDiabody, a scDiabody-CH3, a Diabody-CH3, a DutaMab, a DT-IgG, a diabody-Fc, a scDiabody-HAS, a charge pair antibody, a Fab-arm exchange antibody, a SEEDbody, a Triomab, a LUZ-Y, a Fcab, a k -body, an orthogonal Fab, a DVD-IgG, an IgG(H)-scFv, a scFv-(H)IgG, an IgG(L)-scFv, a scFv-(L)-IgG, an IgG (L,H)-Fc, an IgG(H)-V, a V(H)-IgG, an IgG(L)-V, a V(L)-IgG, an KTH IgG-scFab, a 2scFv-IgG, an IgG-2scFv, a scFv4-Ig, a Zybody, a DVI-IgG, a nanobody, a nanobody-HSA, a DVD-Ig, a dual-affinity re-targeting antibody (DART), a triomab, a kih IgG with a common LC, an ortho-Fab IgG, a 2-in-l-IgG, IgG-ScFv, scFv2-Fc, a bi-nanobody, tanden antibody, a DART-Fc, a scFv-HAS-scFv, a DAF (two-in-one or four-in-one), a DNL-Fab3, knobs-in-holes common LC, knobs-in-holes assembly, a TandAb, a Triple Body, a miniantibody, a minibody, a TriBi minibody, a scFv-CH3 KIH, a Fab-scFv, a scFv-CH-CL-scFv, a F(ab')2- scFV2, a scFv-K H, a Fab-scFv-Fc, a tetravalent HCAb, a scDiabody-Fc, a tandem scFv-Fc, an intrabody, a dock and lock bispecific antibody, an ImmTAC, a HSAbody, a tandem scFv, an IgG-IgG, a Cov-X-Body, and a scFvl-PEG-scFv2.

Non-limiting examples of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody include an Fv fragment, a Fab fragment, a F(ab')2 fragment, and a Fab' fragment. Additional examples of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody is an antigen-binding fragment of an antigen-binding fragment of an IgA (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of IgAl or IgA2) (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgA, e.g., a human or humanized IgAl or IgA2); an antigen- binding fragment of an IgD (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgD); an antigen-binding fragment of an IgE (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgE); an IgG (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) (e.g., an antigen- binding fragment of a human or humanized IgG, e.g., human or humanized IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4); or an antigen-binding fragment of an IgM (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgM).

Non-limiting examples of anti-TNFa agents that are antibodies that specifically bind to

TNFa are described in Ben-Horin et al., Autoimmunity Rev. 13(l):24-30, 2014; Bongartz et al., JAMA 295(19):2275-2285, 2006; Butler et al., Eur. Cytokine Network 6(4):225-230, 1994;

Cohen et al., Canadian J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15(6):376-384, 2001; Elliott et al., Lancet 1994; 344: 1125-1127, 1994; Feldmann et ai., Arm. Rev. Immunol. 19(1): 163-196, 2001; Rankin et al., Br. J. Rheumatol. 2:334-342, 1995; Knight et al., Molecular Immunol. 30(16): 1443-1453, 1993; Lorenz et al., J. Immunol. 156(4): 1646-1653, 1996; Hinshaw et al., Circulatory Shock 30(3):279-292, 1990; Ordas et al., Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeutics 91(4):635-646, 2012;

Feldman, Nature Reviews Immunol. 2(5):364-371, 2002; Taylor et al., Nature Reviews

Rheumatol. 5(10):578-582, 2009; Garces et al., Annals Rheumatic Dis. 72(12): 1947-1955, 2013; Palladino et al., Nature Rev. Drug Discovery 2(9):736-746, 2003; Sandborn et al., Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 5(2): 119-133, 1999; Atzeni et al., Autoimmunity Reviews 12(7):703-708, 2013; Maini et al., Immunol. Rev. 144(1): 195-223, 1995; Wanner et al., Shock 11(6):391-395, 1999; and U.S. Patent Nos. 6,090,382; 6,258,562; and 6,509,015).

In certain embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent can include or is golimumab

(golimumab TM), adalimumab (Humira™), infliximab (Remicade™), CDP571, CDP 870, or certolizumab pegol (Cimzia™). In certain embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent can be a TNFa inhibitor biosimilar. Examples of approved and late-phase TNFa inhibitor biosimilars include, but are not limited to, infliximab biosimilars such as Flixabi™ (SB2) from Samsung Bioepis, Inflectra® (CT-P13) from Celltrion/Pfizer, GS071 from Aprogen, Remsima™, PF-06438179 from Pfizer/Sandoz, NI-071 from Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., and ABP 710 from Amgen; adalimumab biosimilars such as Amgevita® (ABP 501) from Amgen and Exemptia™ from Zydus Cadila, BMO-2 or MYL-1401-A from Biocon/Mylan, CHS-1420 from Coherus, FKB327 from Kyowa Kirin, and BI 695501 from Boehringer Ingelheim;Solymbic®, SB5 from Samsung Bioepis, GP-2017 from Sandoz, ONS-3010 from Oncobiologics, M923 from Momenta, PF- 06410293 from Pfizer, and etanercept biosimilars such as Erelzi™ from Sandoz/Novartis, Brenzys™ (SB4) from Samsung Bioepis, GP2015 from Sandoz, Tu EX® from Mycenax, LBEC0101 from LG Life, and CHS-0214 from Coherus.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the anti-T Fa agent is selected from the group consisting of: adalimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximabm, CDP571, and CDP 870.

In some embodiments, any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein has a dissociation constant (K _D ) of less than 1 x 10 ^"5 M (e.g., less than 0.5 x 10 ^"5 M, less than 1 x 10 ^-6 M, less than 0.5 x 10 ^-6 M, less than 1 x 10 ^_7 M, less than 0.5 x 10 ^-7 M, less than 1 x 10 ^"8 M, less than 0.5 x 10 ^"8 M, less than 1 x 10 ^"9 M, less than 0.5 x 10 ^"9 M, less than 1 x 10- ¹⁰ M, less than 0.5 x 10- ¹⁰ M, less than 1 x 10 ^"11 M, less than 0.5 x 10 ^_11 Μ, or less than 1 x 10 ^"12 M), e.g., as measured in phosphate buffered saline using surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

In some embodiments, any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein has a K _D of about 1 x 10 ^-12 M to about 1 x 10 ^-5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-5 M, about 1 x 10 ^-6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"6 M, about 1 x 10- ⁷ M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"7 M, about 1 x 10 ^"8 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"8 M, about 1 x 10 ^"9 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"9 M, about 1 x 10 ^"10 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"10 M, about 1 x 10 ^"11 M, or about 0.5 x 10 ^"11 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ^"11 M to about 1 x 10 ^"5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 M, about 1 x 10 ^"6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"6 M, about 1 x 10- ⁷ M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"7 M, about 1 x 10 ^"8 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"8 M, about 1 x 10 ^"9 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"9 M, about 1 x 10- ¹⁰ M, about 0.5 x 10- ¹⁰ M, or about 1 x 10 ^-11 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 ^_11 M to about 1 x 10 ^_5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-5 M, about 1 x 10 ^-6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"6 M, about 1 x 10- ⁷ M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"7 M, about 1 x 10 ^"8 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"8 M, about 1 x 10 ^"9 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"9 M, about 1 x 10- ¹⁰ M, or about 0.5 x 10- ¹⁰ M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ^"10 M to about 1 x 10 ^"5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 M, about 1 x 10 ^"6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"6 M, about 1 x 10- ⁷ M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"7 M, about 1 x 10 ^"8 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"8 M, about 1 x 10 ^"9 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-9 M, or about 1 x 10- ¹⁰ M (inclusive); about 1 x 10- ¹⁰ M to about 1 x 10 ^_5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-5 M, about 1 x 10 ^"6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"6 M, about 1 x 10 ^"7 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"7 M, about 1 x 10 ^"8 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-8 M, about 1 x 10 ^_9 M, or about 0.5 x 10 ^-9 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ^_9 M to about 1 x 10 ^_5 Μ, about 0.5 x 10 ^-5 M, about 1 x 10 ^-6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-6 M, about 1 x 10- ⁷ M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-7 M, about 1 x 10 ^-8 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-8 M, or about 1 x 10 ^_9 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 ^-9 M to about 1 x 10 ^-5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-5 M, about 1 x 10 ^-6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-6 M, about 1 x 10 ^-7 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-7 M, about 1 x 10 ^-8 M, or about 0.5 x 10 ^-8 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ^-8 M to about 1 x 10 ^-5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-5 M, about 1 x 10 ^-6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-6 M, about 1 x 10 ^-7 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"7 M, or about 1 x 10 ^"8 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 ^"8 M to about 1 x 10 ^"5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 M, about 1 x 10 ^"6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"6 M, about 1 x 10- ⁷ M, or about 0.5 x 10 ^"7 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ^"7 M to about 1 x 10 ^"5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 M, about 1 x 10 ^"6 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^-6 M, or about 1 x 10 ^_7 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 ^-7 M to about 1 x 10 ^-5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 M, about 1 x 10 ^"6 M, or about 0.5 x 10 ^"6 M (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ^"6 M to about 1 x 10 ^"5 M, about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 M, or about 1 x 10 ^"6 M (inclusive); about 1 x 10 ^"6 M to about 1 x 10 ^"5 M or about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 M (inclusive); or about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 M to about 1 x 10 ^"5 M (inclusive), e.g., as measured in phosphate buffered saline using surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

In some embodiments, any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein has a K ₀ ff of about 1 x 10 ^"6 s ^"1 to about 1 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 , about 0.5 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 , about 1 x 10 ^"4 s ^"1 , about 0.5 x 10 ^"4 s ^"1 , about 1 x 10 ^"5 s ^"1 , or about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 s ^"1 (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 s ^"1 to about 1 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 , about 0.5 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 , about 1 x 10 ^"4 s ^"1 , about 0.5 x 10 ^"4 s ^"1 , or about 1 x 10 ^"5 s ^_1 (inclusive); about 1 x 10 ^"5 s ^"1 to about 1 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 , about 0.5 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 , about 1 x 10 ^"4 s ^"1 , or about 0.5 x 10 ^"4 s ^"1 (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ^"4 s ^"1 to about 1 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 , about 0.5 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 , or about 1 x 10 ^"4 s ^"1 (inclusive); about 1 x 10 ^"4 s ^_1 to about 1 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 , or about 0.5 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 (inclusive); or about 0.5 x 10 ^"5 s ^_1 to about 1 x 10 ^"3 s ^"1 (inclusive), e.g., as measured in phosphate buffered saline using surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

In some embodiments, any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein has a K _on of about 1 x 10 ² M ^' V ¹ to about 1 x 10 ⁶ M^s ^"1 , about 0.5 x 10 ⁶ M ^' V ¹ , about 1 x 10 ⁵ M ^' V ¹ , about 0.5 x 10 ⁵ M ^' V ¹ , about 1 x 10 ⁴ M ^' V ¹ , about 0.5 x 10 ⁴ M ^' V ¹ , about 1 x 10 ³

M^s ^"1 , or about 0.5 x 10 ³ TvTV ¹ (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ³ IvTV ¹ to about 1 x 10 ⁶ M^s ^"1 , about 0.5 x 10 ⁶ M ^' V ¹ , about 1 x 10 ⁵ M^s ^-1 , about 0.5 x 10 ⁵ M ^' V ¹ , about 1 x 10 ⁴ M ^' V ¹ , about 0.5 x 10 ⁴ M ^' V ¹ , or about 1 x 10 ³ M ^' V ¹ (inclusive); about 1 x 10 ³ M ^' ^o about 1 x 10 ⁶ M^s ^"1 , about 0.5 x 10 ⁶ M ^' V ¹ , about 1 x 10 ^s M^s ^-1 , about 0.5 x 10 ⁵ M ^' V ¹ , about 1 x 10 ⁴ M ^' V ¹ , or about 0.5 x 10 ⁴ M ^' V ¹ (inclusive); about 0.5 x 10 ⁴ M ^' ^o about 1 x lO^ ^{' 1} , about 0.5 x 10 ⁶ M ^' V ¹ , about 1 x 10 ⁵ M ^' V ¹ , about 0.5 x 10 ⁵ M ^' V ¹ , or about 1 x 10 ⁴ M ^' V ¹ (inclusive); about 1 x 10 ⁴ M ^' V ¹ to about 1 x 10 ⁶ M^s ^-1 , about 0.5 x 10 ⁶ M ^' V ¹ , about 1 x K^ M ¹ , or about 0.5 x 10 ⁵ TvTV ¹ (inclusive); about 0.5 x lO^ ^o about 1 x 10 ⁶ M^s ^-1 , about 0.5 x 10 ⁶ M ^' V ¹ , or about 1 x 10 ⁵ TVTV ¹ (inclusive); about 1 x K^ M ¹ to about 1 x 10 ⁶ M^s ^-1 , or about 0.5 x 10 ⁶ TvTV ¹

(inclusive); or about 0.5 x 10 ⁶ M^s ^"1 to about 1 x lO ⁶ ^! ^" ^ ^"1 (inclusive), e.g., as measured in phosphate buffered saline using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Fusion Proteins

In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent is a fusion protein (e.g., an extracellular domain of a T FR fused to a partner peptide, e.g., an Fc region of an immunoglobulin, e.g., human IgG) (see, e.g., Deeg et al., Leukemia 16(2): 162, 2002; Peppel et al., J. Exp. Med.

174(6): 1483-1489, 1991) or a soluble TNFR (e.g., TNFR1 or TNFR2) that binds specifically to TNFa. In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent includes or is a soluble TNFa receptor (e.g., Bjornberg et al., Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 13(3):203-211, 1994; Kozak et al., Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integrative Comparative Physiol. 269(1):R23-R29, 1995; Tsao et al., Eur Respir J.

14(3):490-495, 1999; Watt et al., J Leukoc Biol. 66(6): 1005-1013, 1999; Mohler et al., J.

Immunol. 151(3): 1548-1561, 1993; Nophar et al., EMBO J. 9(10):3269, 1990; Piguet et al., Eur. Respiratory J. 7(3):515-518, 1994; and Gray et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87(19):7380- 7384, 1990). In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent includes or is etanercept (Enbrel™) (see, e.g., WO 91/03553 and WO 09/406,476, incorporated by reference herein). In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent inhibitor includes or is r-TBP-I (e.g., Gradstein et al., J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 26(2): 111-117, 2001).

Inhibitory Nucleic Acids

Inhibitory nucleic acids that can decrease the expression of AP-1, ASK1, CD14, c-jun, ERK1/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA expression in a mammalian cell include antisense nucleic acid molecules, i.e., nucleic acid molecules whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to all or part of a AP-1, ASK1, CD14, c-jun, ERK1/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA (e.g., complementary to all or a part of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-37).

Human TNFa CDS (SEQ ID NO: 1) ATGAGCACTGAAAGCATGATCCGGGACGTGGAGCTGGCCGAGGAGGCGCTCCCCAA GAAGACAGGGGGGCCCCAGGGCTCCAGGCGGTGCTTGTTCCTCAGCCTCTTCTCCTT CCTGATCGTGGCAGGCGCCACCACGCTCTTCTGCCTGCTGCACTTTGGAGTGATCGG CCCCCAGAGGGAAGAGTTCCCCAGGGACCTCTCTCTAATCAGCCCTCTGGCCCAGGC AGTCAGATCATCTTCTCGAACCCCGAGTGACAAGCCTGTAGCCCATGTTGTAGCAAA CCCTCAAGCTGAGGGGCAGCTCCAGTGGCTGAACCGCCGGGCCAATGCCCTCCTGG CCAATGGCGTGGAGCTGAGAGATAACCAGCTGGTGGTGCCATCAGAGGGCCTGTAC CTCATCTACTCCCAGGTCCTCTTCAAGGGCCAAGGCTGCCCCTCCACCCATGTGCTC CTCACCCACACCATCAGCCGCATCGCCGTCTCCTACCAGACCAAGGTCAACCTCCTC TCTGCC ATC AAGAGCCCCTGCC AGAGGGAGACCCC AGAGGGGGCTGAGGCC AAGCC CTGGTATGAGCCCATCTATCTGGGAGGGGTCTTCCAGCTGGAGAAGGGTGACCGACT CAGCGCTGAGATCAATCGGCCCGACTATCTCGACTTTGCCGAGTCTGGGCAGGTCTA CTTTGGGATCATTGCCCTGTGA Human TNFR1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 2)

ATGGGCCTCTCCACCGTGCCTGACCTGCTGCTGCCACTGGTGCTCCTGGAGCTGTTG GTGGGAATATACCCCTCAGGGGTTATTGGACTGGTCCCTCACCTAGGGGACAGGGA GAAGAGAGATAGTGTGTGTCCCCAAGGAAAATATATCCACCCTCAAAATAATTCGA TTTGCTGTACCAAGTGCCACAAAGGAACCTACTTGTACAATGACTGTCCAGGCCCGG GGCAGGATACGGACTGCAGGGAGTGTGAGAGCGGCTCCTTCACCGCTTCAGAAAAC CACCTCAGACACTGCCTCAGCTGCTCCAAATGCCGAAAGGAAATGGGTCAGGTGGA GATCTCTTCTTGCACAGTGGACCGGGACACCGTGTGTGGCTGCAGGAAGAACCAGT ACCGGCATTATTGGAGTGAAAACCTTTTCCAGTGCTTCAATTGCAGCCTCTGCCTCA ATGGGACCGTGCACCTCTCCTGCCAGGAGAAACAGAACACCGTGTGCACCTGCCAT GCAGGTTTCTTTCTAAGAGAAAACGAGTGTGTCTCCTGTAGTAACTGTAAGAAAAGC CTGGAGTGCACGAAGTTGTGCCTACCCCAGATTGAGAATGTTAAGGGCACTGAGGA CTCAGGCACCACAGTGCTGTTGCCCCTGGTCATTTTCTTTGGTCTTTGCCTTTTATCCC TCCTCTTCATTGGTTTAATGTATCGCTACCAACGGTGGAAGTCCAAGCTCTACTCCAT TGTTTGTGGGAAATCGACACCTGAAAAAGAGGGGGAGCTTGAAGGAACTACTACTA AGCCCCTGGCCCCAAACCCAAGCTTCAGTCCCACTCCAGGCTTCACCCCCACCCTGG GCTTCAGTCCCGTGCCCAGTTCCACCTTCACCTCCAGCTCCACCTATACCCCCGGTGA CTGTCCCAACTTTGCGGCTCCCCGCAGAGAGGTGGCACCACCCTATCAGGGGGCTGA CCCCATCCTTGCGACAGCCCTCGCCTCCGACCCCATCCCCAACCCCCTTCAGAAGTG GGAGGACAGCGCCCACAAGCCACAGAGCCTAGACACTGATGACCCCGCGACGCTGT ACGCCGTGGTGGAGAACGTGCCCCCGTTGCGCTGGAAGGAATTCGTGCGGCGCCT A GGGCTGAGCGACCACGAGATCGATCGGCTGGAGCTGCAGAACGGGCGCTGCCTGCG CGAGGCGCAATACAGCATGCTGGCGACCTGGAGGCGGCGCACGCCGCGGCGCGAG GCCACGCTGGAGCTGCTGGGACGCGTGCTCCGCGACATGGACCTGCTGGGCTGCCT GGAGGACATCGAGGAGGCGCTTTGCGGCCCCGCCGCCCTCCCGCCCGCGCCCAGTC TTCTCAGATGA

Human TNFR2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 3)

ATTCTTCCCCTGGTGGCCATGGGACCCAGGTCAATGTCACCTGCATCGTGAACGTCT GTAGCAGCTCTGACCACAGCTCACAGTGCTCCTCCCAAGCCAGCTCCACAATGGGA GACACAGATTCCAGCCCCTCGGAGTCCCCGAAGGACGAGCAGGTCCCCTTCTCCAA

GGAGGAATGTGCCTTTCGGTCACAGCTGGAGACGCCAGAGACCCTGCTGGGGAGCA

CCGAAGAGAAGCCCCTGCCCCTTGGAGTGCCTGATGCTGGGATGAAGCCCAGTTAA

Human TRADD CDS (SEQ ID NO: 4) ATGGCAGCTGGGCAAAATGGGCACGAAGAGTGGGTGGGCAGCGCATACCTGTTTGT GGAGTCCTCGCTGGACAAGGTGGTCCTGTCGGATGCCTACGCGCACCCCCAGCAGA AGGTGGCAGTGTACAGGGCTCTGCAGGCTGCCTTGGCAGAGAGCGGCGGGAGCCCG GACGTGCTGCAGATGCTGAAGATCCACCGCAGCGACCCGCAGCTGATCGTGCAGCT GCGATTCTGCGGGCGGCAGCCCTGTGGCCGCTTCCTCCGCGCCTACCGCGAGGGGGC GCTGCGCGCCGCGCTGC AGAGGAGCCTGGCGGCCGCGCTCGCCC AGC ACTCGGTGC CGCTGCAACTGGAGCTGCGCGCCGGCGCCGAGCGGCTGGACGCTTTGCTGGCGGAC GAGGAGCGCTGTTTGAGTTGCATCCTAGCCCAGCAGCCCGACCGGCTCCGGGATGA AGAACTGGCTGAGCTGGAGGATGCGCTGCGAAATCTGAAGTGCGGCTCGGGGGCCC GGGGTGGCGACGGGGAGGTCGCTTCGGCCCCCTTGCAGCCCCCGGTGCCCTCTCTGT CGGAGGTGAAGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCTGCCCAGACTTTTCTGTTCC AGGGTC AGCCTGTAGTGAATCGGCCGCTGAGCCTGAAGGACCAACAGACGTTCGCGCGCTCT GTGGGTCTCAAATGGCGCAAGGTGGGGCGCTCACTGCAGCGAGGCTGCCGGGCGCT GCGGGACCCGGCGCTGGACTCGCTGGCCTACGAGTACGAGCGCGAGGGACTGTACG AGCAGGCCTTCCAGCTGCTGCGGCGCTTCGTGCAGGCCGAGGGCCGCCGCGCCACG CTGCAGCGCCTGGTGGAGGCACTCGAGGAGAACGAGCTCACCAGCCTGGCAGAGGA CTTGCTGGGCCTGACCGATCCCAATGGCGGCCTGGCCTAG

Human TRAF2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 5)

ATGGCTGCAGCTAGCGTGACCCCCCCTGGCTCCCTGGAGTTGCTACAGCCCGGCTTC TCCAAGACCCTCCTGGGGACCAAGCTGGAAGCCAAGTACCTGTGCTCCGCCTGCAG AAACGTCCTCCGCAGGCCCTTCCAGGCGCAGTGTGGCCACCGGTACTGCTCCTTCTG CCTGGCCAGCATCCTCAGCTCTGGGCCTCAGAACTGTGCTGCCTGTGTTCACGAGGG CATATATGAAGAAGGCATTTCTATTTTAGAAAGCAGTTCGGCCTTCCCAGATAATGC TGCCCGCAGGGAGGTGGAGAGCCTGCCGGCCGTCTGTCCCAGTGATGGATGCACCT GGAAGGGGACCCTGAAAGAATACGAGAGCTGCCACGAAGGCCGCTGCCCGCTCATG CTGACCGAATGTCCCGCGTGCAAAGGCCTGGTCCGCCTTGGTGAAAAGGAGCGCCA CCTGGAGCACGAGTGCCCGGAGAGAAGCCTGAGCTGCCGGCATTGCCGGGCACCCT GCTGCGGAGCAGACGTGAAGGCGCACCACGAGGTCTGCCCCAAGTTCCCCTTAACT TGTGACGGCTGCGGCAAGAAGAAGATCCCCCGGGAGAAGTTTCAGGACCACGTCAA GACTTGTGGCAAGTGTCGAGTCCCTTGCAGATTCCACGCCATCGGCTGCCTCGAGAC GGT AGAGGGTGAGAAAC AGC AGGAGC ACGAGGTGC AGTGGCTGCGGGAGC ACCTG GCCATGCTACTGAGCTCGGTGCTGGAGGCAAAGCCCCTCTTGGGAGACCAGAGCCA CGCGGGGTCAGAGCTCCTGCAGAGGTGCGAGAGCCTGGAGAAGAAGACGGCCACTT TTGAGAACATTGTCTGCGTCCTGAACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGGTGGCCATGACTGCC GAGGCCTGCAGCCGGCAGCACCGGCTGGACCAAGACAAGATTGAAGCCCTGAGTAG CAAGGTGCAGCAGCTGGAGAGGAGCATTGGCCTCAAGGACCTGGCGATGGCTGACT TGGAGCAGAAGGTCTTGGAGATGGAGGCATCCACCTACGATGGGGTCTTCATCTGG AAGATCTCAGACTTCGCCAGGAAGCGCCAGGAAGCTGTGGCTGGCCGCATACCCGC CATCTTCTCCCCAGCCTTCTACACCAGCAGGTACGGCTACAAGATGTGTCTGCGTAT CTACCTGAACGGCGACGGCACCGGGCGAGGAACACACCTGTCCCTCTTCTTTGTGGT GATGAAGGGCCCGAATGACGCCCTGCTGCGGTGGCCCTTCAACCAGAAGGTGACCT TAATGCTGCTCGACCAGAATAACCGGGAGCACGTGATTGACGCCTTCAGGCCCGAC GTGACTTCATCCTCTTTTCAGAGGCCAGTCAACGACATGAACATCGCAAGCGGCTGC CCCCTCTTCTGCCCCGTCTCCAAGATGGAGGCAAAGAATTCCTACGTGCGGGACGAT GCCATCTTCATCAAGGCCATTGTGGACCTGACAGGGCTCTAA

Human AP-1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 6)

ATGGAAACACCCTTCTACGGCGATGAGGCGCTGAGCGGCCTGGGCGGCGGCGCCAG TGGCAGCGGCGGCAGCTTCGCGTCCCCGGGCCGCTTGTTCCCCGGGGCGCCCCCGAC GGCCGCGGCCGGC AGC ATGATGAAGAAGGACGCGCTGACGCTGAGCCTGAGTGAGC AGGTGGCGGCAGCGCTCAAGCCTGCGGCCGCGCCGCCTCCTACCCCCCTGCGCGCC GACGGCGCCCCCAGCGCGGCACCCCCCGACGGCCTGCTCGCCTCTCCCGACCTGGG GCTGCTGAAGCTGGCCTCCCCCGAGCTCGAGCGCCTCATCATCCAGTCCAACGGGCT GGTCACCACCACGCCGACGAGCTCACAGTTCCTCTACCCCAAGGTGGCGGCCAGCG AGGAGC AGGAGTTCGCCGAGGGCTTCGTC AAGGCCCTGGAGGATTTACAC AAGCAG AACCAGCTCGGCGCGGGCGCGGCCGCTGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGGGGGGCC CTCGGGCACGGCCACGGGCTCCGCGCCCCCCGGCGAGCTGGCCCCGGCGGCGGCCG CGCCCGAAGCGCCTGTCTACGCGAACCTGAGCAGCTACGCGGGCGGCGCCGGGGGC GCGGGGGGCGCCGCGACGGTCGCCTTCGCTGCCGAACCTGTGCCCTTCCCGCCGCCG CCACCCCCAGGCGCGTTGGGGCCGCCGCGCCTGGCTGCGCTCAAGGACGAGCCACA GACGGTGCCCGACGTGCCGAGCTTCGGCGAGAGCCCGCCGTTGTCGC CCATCGACATGGACACGCAGGAGCGCATCAAGGCGGAGCGCAAGCGGCTGCGCAA CCGCATCGCCGCCTCCAAGTGCCGCAAGCGCAAGCTGGAGCGCATCTCGCGCCTGG AAGAGAAAGTGAAGACCCTCAAGAGTCAGAACACGGAGCTGGCGTCCACGGCGAG CCTGCTGCGCGAGCAGGTGGCGCAGCTCAAGCAGAAAGTCCTCAGCCACGTCAACA GCGGCTGCCAGCTGCTGCCCCAGCACCAGGTGCCCGCGTACTGA

Human ASK1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 7)

ATGAGCACGGAGGCGGACGAGGGCATCACTTTCTCTGTGCCACCCTTCGCCCCCTCG GGCTTCTGCACCATCCCCGAGGGCGGCATCTGCAGGAGGGGAGGAGCGGCGGCGGT GGGCGAGGGCGAGGAGCACCAGCTGCCACCGCCGCCGCCGGGCAGTTTCTGGAACG TGGAGAGCGCCGCTGCCCCTGGCATCGGTTGTCCGGCGGCCACCTCCTCGAGCAGTG CCACCCGAGGCCGGGGCAGCTCTGTTGGCGGGGGCAGCCGACGGACCACGGTGGCA TATGTGATCAACGAAGCGAGCCAAGGGCAACTGGTGGTGGCCGAGAGCGAGGCCCT GCAGAGCTTGCGGGAGGCGTGCGAGACAGTGGGCGCCACCCTGGAACCCTGCATTT TGGGAAACTCGACTTTGGAGAAACC ACCGTGCTGGACCGCTTTT AC AATGC AGAT AT TGCGGTGGTGGAGATGAGCGATGCCTTCCGGCAGCCGTCCTTGTTTTACCACCTTGG GGTGAGAGAAAGTTTCAGCATGGCCAACAACATCATCCTCTACTGCGATACTAACTC GGACTCTCTGCAGTCACTGAAGGAAATCATTTGCCAGAAGAATACTATGTGCACTGG GAACTACACCTTTGTTCCTTACATGATAACTCCACATAACAAAGTCTACTGCTGTGA CAGCAGCTTCATGAAGGGGTTGACAGAGCTCATGCAACCGAACTTCGAGCTGCTTCT TGGACCCATCTGCTTACCTCTTGTGGATCGTTTTATTCAACTTTTGAAGGTGGCACAA GCAAGTTCTAGCCAGTACTTCCGGGAATCTATACTCAATGACATCAGGAAAGCTCGT AATTTATACACTGGTAAAGAATTGGCAGCTGAGTTGGCAAGAATTCGGCAGCGAGT AGATAATATCGAAGTCTTGACAGCAGATATTGTCATAAATCTGTTACTTTCCTACAG AGATATCCAGGACTATGATTCTATTGTGAAGCTGGTAGAGACTTTAGAAAAACTGCC AACCTTTGATTTGGCCTCCCATCACCATGTGAAGTTTCATTATGCATTTGCACTGAAT AGGAGAAATCTCCCTGGTGACAGAGCAAAAGCTCTTGATATTATGATTCCCATGGTG CAAAGCGAAGGACAAGTTGCTTCAGATATGTATTGCCTAGTTGGTCGAATCTACAAA GATATGTTTTTGGACTCTAATTTCACGGACACTGAAAGCAGAGACCATGGAGCTTCT TGGTTCAAAAAGGCATTTGAATCTGAGCCAACACTACAGTCAGGAATTAATTATGCG GTCCTCCTCCTGGCAGCTGGACACCAGTTTGAATCTTCCTTTGAGCTCCGGAAAGTT GGGGTGAAGCTAAGTAGTCTTCTTGGTAAAAAGGGAAACTTGGAAAAACTCCAGAG CTACTGGGAAGTTGGATTTTTTCTGGGGGCC AGCGTCCT AGCC AATGACC AC ATGAG AGTCATTCAAGCATCTGAAAAGCTTTTTAAACTGAAGACACCAGCATGGTACCTCAA GTCTATTGTAGAGACAATTTTGATATATAAGCATTTTGTGAAACTGACCACAGAACA GCCTGTGGCCAAGCAAGAACTTGTGGACTTTTGGATGGATTTCCTGGTCGAGGCCAC AAAGACAGATGTTACTGTGGTTAGGTTTCCAGTATTAATATTAGAACCAACCAAAAT CTATCAACCTTCTTATTTGTCTATCAAC AATGAAGTTGAGGAAAAGACAATCTCTAT TTGGCACGTGCTTCCTGATGACAAGAAAGGTATACATGAGTGGAATTTTAGTGCCTC TTCTGTCAGGGGAGTGAGTATTTCTAAATTTGAAGAAAGATGCTGCTTTCTTTATGTG CTTCACAATTCTGATGATTTCCAAATCTATTTCTGTACAGAACTTCATTGTAAAAAGT TTTTTGAGATGGTGAACACCATTACCGAAGAGAAGGGGAGAAGCACAGAGGAAGG AGACTGTGAAAGTGACTTGCTGGAGTATGACTATGAATATGATGAAAATGGTGACA GAGTCGTTTTAGGAAAAGGCACTTATGGGATAGTCTACGCAGGTCGGGACTTGAGC AACCAAGTCAGAATTGCTATTAAGGAAATCCCAGAGAGAGACAGCAGATACTCTCA GCCCCTGCATGAAGAAATAGCATTGCATAAACACCTGAAGCACAAAAATATTGTCC AGTATCTGGGCTCTTTCAGTGAGAATGGTTTCATTAAAATCTTCATGGAGCAGGTCC CTGGAGGAAGTCTTTCTGCTCTCCTTCGTTCCAAATGGGGTCCATTAAAAGACAATG AGCAAACAATTGGCTTTTATACAAAGCAAATACTGGAAGGATTAAAATATCTCCATG ACAATCAGATAGTTCACCGGGACATAAAGGGTGACAATGTGTTGATTAATACCTAC AGTGGTGTTCTCAAGATCTCTGACTTCGGAACATCAAAGAGGCTTGCTGGCATAAAC CCCTGTACTGAAACTTTTACTGGTACCCTCCAGTATATGGCACCAGAAATAATAGAT AAAGGACC AAGAGGCT ACGGAAAAGC AGC AGAC ATCTGGTCTCTGGGCTGT AC AAT CATTGAAATGGCCACAGGAAAACCCCCATTTTATGAACTGGGAGAACCACAAGCAG CTATGTTCAAGGTGGGAATGTTTAAAGTCCACCCTGAGATCCCAGAGTCCATGTCTG CAGAGGCCAAGGCATTCATACTGAAATGTTTTGAACCAGATCCTGACAAGAGAGCC TGTGCTAACGACTTGCTTGTTGATGAGTTTTTAAAAGTTTCAAGCAAAAAGAAAAAG AC AC AACCT AAGCTTTC AGCTCTTTC AGCTGGATC AAATGAAT ATCTC AGGAGT ATA TCCTTGCCGGTACCTGTGCTGGTGGAGGACACCAGCAGCAGCAGTGAGTACGGCTC AGTTTCACCCGACACGGAGTTGAAAGTGGACCCCTTCTCTTTCAAAACAAGAGCCAA GTCCTGCGGAGAAAGAGATGTCAAGGGAATTCGGACACTCTTTTTGGGCATTCCAGA TGAGAATTTTGAAGATCACAGTGCTCCTCCTTCCCCTGAAGAAAAAGATTCTGGATT CTTCATGCTGAGGAAGGACAGTGAGAGGCGAGCTACCCTTCACAGGATCCTGACGG AAGACCAAGACAAAATTGTGAGAAACCTAATGGAATCTTTAGCTCAGGGGGCTGAA GAACCGAAACTAAAATGGGAACACATCACAACCCTCATTGCAAGCCTCAGAGAATT TGTGAGATCCACTGACCGAAAAATCATAGCCACCACACTGTCAAAGCTGAAACTGG AGCTGGACTTCGAC AGCC ATGGC ATT AGCCAAGTCCAGGTGGTACTCTTTGGTTTTC AAGATGCTGTCAATAAAGTTCTTCGGAATCATAACATCAAGCCGCACTGGATGTTTG CCTTAGACAGTATCATTCGGAAGGCGGTACAGAC AGCC ATT ACCATCCTGGTTCCAG AACTAAGGCCACATTTCAGCCTTGCATCTGAGAGTGATACTGCTGATCAAGAAGACT TGGATGTAGAAGATGACCATGAGGAACAGCCTTCAAATCAAACTGTCCGAAGACCT CAGGCTGTCATTGAAGATGCTGTGGCTACCTCAGGCGTGAGCACGCTCAGTTCTACT GTGTCTCATGATTCCCAGAGTGCTCACCGGTCACTGAATGTACAGCTTGGAAGGATG AAAATAGAAACCAATAGATTACTGGAAGAATTGGTTCGGAAAGAGAAAGAATTACA AGCACTCCTTCATCGAGCTATTGAAGAAAAAGACCAAGAAATTAAACACCTGAAGC TTAAGTCCCAACCCATAGAAATTCCTGAATTGCCTGTATTTCATCTAAATTCTTCTGG CACAAATACTGAAGATTCTGAACTTACCGACTGGCTGAGAGTGAATGGAGCTGATG AAGACACTATAAGCCGGTTTTTGGCTGAAGATTATACACTATTGGATGTTCTCTACT ATGTT AC ACGTGATGACTTAAAATGCTTGAGACTAAGGGGAGGGATGCTGTGC AC A CTGTGGAAGG CTATCATTGACTTTCGAAACAAACAGACTTGA

Human CD14 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 8)

ATGGAGCGCGCGTCCTGCTTGTTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCCGCTGGTGCACGTCTCTGCG ACCACGCCAGAACCTTGTGAGCTGGACGATGAAGATTTCCGCTGCGTCTGCAACTTC TCCGAACCTCAGCCCGACTGGTCCGAAGCCTTCC AGTGTGTGTCTGCAGTAGAGGTG GAGATCCATGCCGGCGGTCTCAACCTAGAGCCGTTTCTAAAGCGCGTCGATGCGGA CGCCGACCCGCGGCAGTATGCTGACACGGTCAAGGCTCTCCGCGTGCGGCGGCTCA CAGTGGGAGCCGCACAGGTTCCTGCTCAGCTACTGGTAGGCGCCCTGCGTGTGCTAG CGTACTCCCGCCTCAAGGAACTGACGCTCGAGGACCTAAAGATAACCGGCACCATG CCTCCGCTGCCTCTGGAAGCCACAGGACTTGCACTTTCCAGCTTGCGCCTACGCAAC GTGTCGTGGGCGACAGGGCGTTCTTGGCTCGCCGAGCTGCAGCAGTGGCTCAAGCC AGGCCTCAAGGTACTGAGCATTGCCCAAGCACACTCGCCTGCCTTTTCCTGCGAACA GGTTCGCGCCTTCCCGGCCCTTACCAGCCTAGACCTGTCTGACAATCCTGGACTGGG CGAACGCGGACTGATGGCGGCTCTCTGTCCCCACAAGTTCCCGGCCATCCAGAATCT AGCGCTGCGCAACACAGGAATGGAGACGCCCACAGGCGTGTGCGCCGCACTGGCGG CGGCAGGTGTGCAGCCCCACAGCCTAGACCTCAGCCACAACTCGCTGCGCGCCACC GTAAACCCTAGCGCTCCGAGATGCATGTGGTCCAGCGCCCTGAACTCCCTCAATCTG TCGTTCGCTGGGCTGGAACAGGTGCCTAAAGGACTGCCAGCCAAGCTCAGAGTGCT CGATCTCAGCTGCAACAGACTGAACAGGGCGCCGCAGCCTGACGAGCTGCCCGAGG TGGATAACCTGACACTGGACGGGAATCCCTTCCTGGTCCCTGGAACTGCCCTCCCCC ACGAGGGCTCAATGAACTCCGGCGTGGTCCCAGCCTGTGCACGTTCGACCCTGTCGG TGGGGGTGTCGGGAACCCTGGTGCTGCTCCAAGGGGCCCGGGGCTTTGCCTAA

Human ERK1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 9)

ATGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCTCAGGGGGGCGGGGGCGGGGAGCCCCGTAGAACCGAGG GGGTCGGCCCGGGGGTCCCGGGGGAGGTGGAGATGGTGAAGGGGC AGCCGTTCGAC GTGGGCCCGCGCTACACGCAGTTGCAGTACATCGGCGAGGGCGCGTACGGCATGGT CAGCTCGGCCTATGACCACGTGCGCAAGACTCGCGTGGCCATCAAGAAGATCAGCC CCTTCGAACATCAGACCTACTGCCAGCGCACGCTCCGGGAGATCCAGATCCTGCTGC GCTTCCGCCATGAGAATGTCATCGGCATCCGAGACATTCTGCGGGCGTCCACCCTGG AAGCCATGAGAGATGTCTACATTGTGCAGGACCTGATGGAGACTGACCTGTACAAG TTGCTGAAAAGCCAGCAGCTGAGCAATGACCATATCTGCTACTTCCTCTACCAGATC CTGCGGGGCCTCAAGTACATCCACTCCGCCAACGTGCTCCACCGAGATCTAAAGCCC TCCAACCTGCTCATCAACACCACCTGCGACCTTAAGATTTGTGATTTCGGCCTGGCC CGGATTGCCGATCCTGAGCATGACCACACCGGCTTCCTGACGGAGTATGTGGCTACG CGCTGGTACCGGGCCCCAGAGATCATGCTGAACTCCAAGGGCTATACCAAGTCCAT CGACATCTGGTCTGTGGGCTGCATTCTGGCTGAGATGCTCTCTAACCGGCCCATCTTC CCTGGCAAGCACTACCTGGATCAGCTCAACCACATTCTGGGCATCCTGGGCTCCCCA TCCCAGGAGGACCTGAATTGTATCATCAACATGAAGGCCCGAAACTACCTACAGTCT CTGCCCTCCAAGACCAAGGTGGCTTGGGCCAAGCTTTTCCCCAAGTCAGACTCCAAA GCCCTTGACCTGCTGGACCGGATGTTAACCTTTAACCCCAATAAACGGATCACAGTG GAGGAAGCGCTGGCTCACCCCTACCTGGAGCAGTACTATGACCCGACGGATGAGCC AGTGGCCGAGGAGCCCTTCACCTTCGCCATGGAGCTGGATGACCTACCTAAGGAGC GGCTGAAGGAGCTC ATCTTCC AGGAGAC AGC ACGCTTCC AGCCCGGAGTGCTGGAG GCCCCCTAG

Human ERK2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 10)

ATGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGGCGCGGGCCCGGAGATGGTCCGCGGGCAGGTGTT CGACGTGGGGCCGCGCTACACCAACCTCTCGTACATCGGCGAGGGCGCCTACGGCA TGGTGTGCTCTGCTTATGATAATGTCAAC AAAGTTCGAGTAGCTATCAAGAAAATCA GCCCCTTTGAGCACCAGACCTACTGCCAGAGAACCCTGAGGGAGATAAAAATCTTA CTGCGCTTCAGACATGAGAACATCATTGGAATCAATGACATTATTCGAGCACCAACC ATCGAGCAAATGAAAGATGTATATATAGTACAGGACCTCATGGAAACAGATCTTTA CAAGCTCTTGAAGACACAACACCTCAGCAATGACCATATCTGCTATTTTCTCTACCA GATCCTCAGAGGGTTAAAATATATCCATTCAGCTAACGTTCTGCACCGTGACCTCAA GCCTTCCAACCTGCTGCTCAACACCACCTGTGATCTCAAGATCTGTGACTTTGGCCT GGCCCGTGTTGCAGATCCAGACCATGATCACACAGGGTTCCTGACAGAATATGTGGC CACACGTTGGTACAGGGCTCCAGAAATTATGTTGAATTCCAAGGGCTACACCAAGTC CATTGATATTTGGTCTGTAGGCTGCATTCTGGCAGAAATGCTTTCTAACAGGCCCAT CTTTCCAGGGAAGCATTATCTTGACCAGCTGAACCACATTTTGGGTATTCTTGGATCC CCATCACAAGAAGACCTGAATTGTATAATAAATTTAAAAGCTAGGAACTATTTGCTT TCTCTTCCACACAAAAATAAGGTGCCATGGAACAGGCTGTTCCCAAATGCTGACTCC AAAGCTCTGGACTTATTGGACAAAATGTTGACATTCAACCCACACAAGAGGATTGA AGTAGAACAGGCTCTGGCCCACCCATATCTGGAGCAGTATTACGACCCGAGTGACG AGCCCATCGCCGAAGCACCATTCAAGTTCGACATGGAATTGGATGACTTGCCTAAGG AAAAGCTCAAAGAACTAATTTTTGAAGAGACTGCTAGATTCCAGCCAGGATACAGA TCTTAA

Human IKK CDS (SEQ ID NO: 11)

ATGTTTTCAGGGGGGTGTCATAGCCCCGGGTTTGGCCGCCCCAGCCCCGCCTTCCCC GCCCCGGGGAGCCCGCCCCCTGCCCCGCGTCCCTGCCGAC AGGAAAC AGGTGAGC A GATTGCCATCAAGCAGTGCCGGCAGGAGCTCAGCCCCCGGAACCGAGAGCGGTGGT GCCTGGAGATCCAGATCATGAGAAGGCTGACCCACCCCAATGTGGTGGCTGCCCGA GATGTCCCTGAGGGGATGCAGAACTTGGCGCCCAATGACCTGCCCCTGCTGGCCATG GAGTACTGCCAAGGAGGAGATCTCCGGAAGTACCTGAACCAGTTTGAGAACTGCTG TGGTCTGCGGGAAGGTGCCATCCTCACCTTGCTGAGTGACATTGCCTCTGCGCTTAG ATACCTTCATGAAAACAGAATCATCCATCGGGATCTAAAGCCAGAAAACATCGTCCT GCAGCAAGGAGAACAGAGGTTAATACACAAAATTATTGACCTAGGATATGCCAAGG AGCTGGATCAGGGCAGTCTTTGCACATCATTCGTGGGGACCCTGCAGTACCTGGCCC CAGAGCTACTGGAGCAGCAGAAGTACACAGTGACCGTCGACTACTGGAGCTTCGGC ACCCTGGCCTTTGAGTGCATCACGGGCTTCCGGCCCTTCCTCCCCAACTGGCAGCCC GTGCAGTGGCATTCAAAAGTGCGGCAGAAGAGTGAGGTGGACATTGTTGTTAGCGA AGACTTGAATGGAACGGTGAAGTTTTCAAGCTCTTTACCCTACCCCAATAATCTTAA CAGTGTCCTGGCTGAGCGACTGGAGAAGTGGCTGCAACTGATGCTGATGTGGCACC CCCGACAGAGGGGCACGGATCCCACGTATGGGCCCAATGGCTGCTTCAAGGCCCTG GATGACATCTTAAACTTAAAGCTGGTTCATATCTTGAACATGGTCACGGGCACCATC CACACCTACCCTGTGACAGAGGATGAGAGTCTGCAGAGCTTGAAGGCCAGAATCCA ACAGGACACGGGCATCCCAGAGGAGGACCAGGAGCTGCTGCAGGAAGCGGGCCTG GCGTTGATCCCCGATAAGCCTGCC ACTC AGTGTATTTC AGACGGC AAGTT AAATGAG GGCCACACATTGGACATGGATCTTGTTTTTCTCTTTGACAACAGTAAAATCACCTAT GAGACTCAGATCTCCCCACGGCCCCAACCTGAAAGTGTCAGCTGTATCCTTCAAGAG CCCAAGAGGAATCTCGCCTTCTTCCAGCTGAGGAAGGTGTGGGGCCAGGTCTGGCA CAGCATCCAGACCCTGAAGGAAGATTGCAACCGGCTGCAGCAGGGACAGCGAGCCG CCATGATGAATCTCCTCCGAAACAAC AGCTGCCTCTCC AAAATGAAGAATTCCATGG CTTCCATGTCTCAGCAGCTCAAGGCCAAGTTGGATTTCTTCAAAACCAGCATCCAGA TTGACCTGGAGAAGTACAGCGAGCAAACCGAGTTTGGGATCACATCAGATAAACTG CTGCTGGCCTGGAGGGAAATGGAGCAGGCTGTGGAGCTCTGTGGGCGGGAGAACGA AGTGAAACTCCTGGTAGAACGGATGATGGCTCTGCAGACCGACATTGTGGACTTAC AGAGGAGCCCCATGGGCCGGAAGCAGGGGGGAACGCTGGACGACCTAGAGGAGCA AGCAAGGGAGCTGTACAGGAGACTAAGGGAAAAACCTCGAGACCAGCGAACTGAG GGTGACAGTCAGGAAATGGTACGGCTGCTGCTTCAGGCAATTCAGAGCTTCGAGAA GAAAGTGCGAGTGATCTATACGCAGCTCAGTAAAACTGTGGTTTGCAAGCAGAAGG CGCTGGAACTGTTGCCCAAGGTGGAAGAGGTGGTGAGCTTAATGAATGAGGATGAG AAGACTGTTGTCCGGCTGCAGGAGAAGCGGCAGAAGGAGCTCTGGAATCTCCTGAA GATTGCTTGTAGCAAGGTCCGTGGTCCTGTCAGTGGAAGCCCGGATAGCATGAATGC CTCTCGACTTAGCCAGCCTGGGCAGCTGATGTCTCAGCCCTCCACGGCCTCCAACAG CTTACCTGAGCCAGCCAAGAAGAGTGAAGAACTGGTGGCTGAAGCACATAACCTCT GCACCCTGCTAGAAAATGCCATACAGGACACTGTGAGGGAACAAGACCAGAGTTTC ACGGCCCTAGACTGGAGCTGGTTAC AGACGGAAGAAGAAGAGC AC AGCTGCCTGGA GCAGGCCTCATGA

Human ΙκΒ CDS (SEQ ID NO: 12)

ATGTTCCAGGCGGCCGAGCGCCCCCAGGAGTGGGCCATGGAGGGCCCCCGCGACGG GCTGAAGAAGGAGCGGCTACTGGACGACCGCC ACGAC AGCGGCCTGGACTCC ATGA AAGACGAGGAGTACGAGCAGATGGTCAAGGAGCTGCAGGAGATCCGCCTCGAGCC GCAGGAGGTGCCGCGCGGCTCGGAGCCCTGGAAGCAGCAGCTCACCGAGGACGGG GACTCGTTCCTGCACTTGGCCATCATCCATGAAGAAAAGGCACTGACCATGGAAGTG ATCCGCCAGGTGAAGGGAGACCTGGCCTTCCTCAACTTCCAGAACAACCTGCAGCA GACTCCACTCCACTTGGCTGTGATCACCAACCAGCCAGAAATTGCTGAGGCACTTCT GGGAGCTGGCTGTGATCCTGAGCTCCGAGACTTTCGAGGAAATACCCCCCTACACCT TGCCTGTGAGCAGGGCTGCCTGGCCAGCGTGGGAGTCCTGACTCAGTCCTGCACCAC CCCGCACCTCCACTCCATCCTGAAGGCTACCAACTACAATGGCCACACGTGTCTACA CTTAGCCTCTATCCATGGCTACCTGGGCATCGTGGAGCTTTTGGTGTCCTTGGGTGCT GATGTCAATGCTCAGGAGCCCTGTAATGGCCGGACTGCCCTTCACCTCGCAGTGGAC CTGCAAAATCCTGACCTGGTGTCACTCCTGTTGAAGTGTGGGGCTGATGTCAACAGA GTTACCTACCAGGGCTATTCTCCCTACCAGCTCACCTGGGGCCGCCCAAGCACCCGG ATACAGCAGCAGCTGGGCCAGCTGACACTAGAAAACCTTCAGATGCTGCCAGAGAG TGAGGATGAGGAGAGCTATGACACAGAGTCAGAGTTCACGGAGTTCACAGAGGACG AGCTGCCCTATGATGACTGTGTGTTTGGAGGCCAGCGTCTGACGTT ATGA

Human IRAK CDS (SEQ ID NO: 13)

ATGGCCGGGGGGCCGGGCCCGGGGGAGCCCGCAGCCCCCGGCGCCCAGCACTTCTT GTACGAGGTGCCGCCCTGGGTCATGTGCCGCTTCTACAAAGTGATGGACGCCCTGGA GCCCGCCGACTGGTGCC AGTTCGCCGCCCTGATCGTGCGCGACC AGACCGAGCTGC GGCTGTGCGAGCGCTCCGGGCAGCGCACGGCCAGCGTCCTGTGGCCCTGGATCAAC CGCAACGCCCGTGTGGCCGACCTCGTGCACATCCTCACGCACCTGCAGCTGCTCCGT GCGCGGGACATCATCACAGCCTGGCACCCTCCCGCCCCGCTTCCGTCCCCAGGCACC ACTGCCCCGAGGCCCAGCAGCATCCCTGCACCCGCCGAGGCCGAGGCCTGGAGCCC CCGGAAGTTGCC ATCCTCAGCCTCC ACCTTCCTCTCCCC AGCTTTTCCAGGCTCCC AG ACCCATTCAGGGCCTGAGCTCGGCCTGGTCCCAAGCCCTGCTTCCCTGTGGCCTCCA CCGCCATCTCCAGCCCCTTCTTCTACCAAGCCAGGCCCAGAGAGCTCAGTGTCCCTC CTGCAGGGAGCCCGCCCCTTTCCGTTTTGCTGGCCCCTCTGTGAGATTTCCCGGGGC ACCCACAACTTCTCGGAGGAGCTCAAGATCGGGGAGGGTGGCTTTGGGTGCGTGTA CCGGGCGGTGATGAGGAACACGGTGTATGCTGTGAAGAGGCTGAAGGAGAACGCTG ACCTGGAGTGGACTGCAGTGAAGCAGAGCTTCCTGACCGAGGTGG AGCAGCTGTCCAGGTTTCGTCACCCAAACATTGTGGACTTTGCTGGCTACTGTGCTC AGAACGGCTTCTACTGCCTGGTGTACGGCTTCCTGCCCAACGGCTCCCTGGAGGACC GTCTCCACTGCCAGACCCAGGCCTGCCCACCTCTCTCCTGGCCTCAGCGACTGGACA TCCTTCTGGGTACAGCCCGGGCAATTCAGTTTCTACATCAGGACAGCCCCAGCCTCA TCCATGGAGACATCAAGAGTTCCAACGTCCTTCTGGATGAGAGGCTGACACCCAAG CTGGGAGACTTTGGCCTGGCCCGGTTCAGCCGCTTTGCCGGGTCCAGCCCCAGCCAG AGCAGCATGGTGGCCCGGACACAGACAGTGCGGGGCACCCTGGCCTACCTGCCCGA GGAGTACATCAAGACGGGAAGGCTGGCTGTGGACACGGACACCTTCAGCTTTGGGG TGGTAGTGCT AGAGACCTTGGCTGGTC AGAGGGCTGTGAAGACGC ACGGTGCC AGG ACCAAGTATCTGAAAGACCTGGTGGAAGAGGAGGCTGAGGAGGCTGGAGTGGCTTT GAGAAGCACCCAGAGCACACTGCAAGCAGGTCTGGCTGCAGATGCCTGGGCTGCTC CCATCGCCATGCAGATCTACAAGAAGCACCTGGACCCCAGGCCCGGGCCCTGCCCA CCTGAGCTGGGCCTGGGCCTGGGCCAGCTGGCCTGCTGCTGCCTGCACCGCCGGGCC AAAAGGAGGCCTCCTATGACCC AGGTGTACGAGAGGCTAGAGAAGCTGC AGGC AGT GGTGGCGGGGGTGCCCGGGCATTCGGAGGCCGCCAGCTGCATCCCCCCTTCCCCGC AGGAGAACTCCTACGTGTCCAGCACTGGCAGAGCCCACAGTGGGGCTGCTCCATGG CAGCCCCTGGCAGCGCCATCAGGAGCCAGTGCCCAGGCAGCAGAGCAGCTGCAGAG AGGCCCCAACCAGCCCGTGGAGAGTGACGAGAGCCTAGGCGGCCTCTCTGCTGCCC TGCGCTCCTGGCACTTGACTCCAAGC

TGCCCTCTGGACCCAGCACCCCTCAGGGAGGCCGGCTGTCCTCAGGGGGACACGGC AGGAGAATCGAGCTGGGGGAGTGGCCCAGGATCCCGGCCCACAGCCGTGGAAGGA CTGGCCCTTGGCAGCTCTGCATCATCGTCGTCAGAGCCACCGCAGATTATCATCAAC CCTGCCCGACAGAAGATGGTCCAGAAGCTGGCCCTGTACGAGGATGGGGCCCTGGA CAGCCTGCAGCTGCTGTCGTCCAGCTCCCTCCCAGGCTTGGGCCTGGAACAGGACAG GCAGGGGCCCGAAGAAAGTGATGAATTTCAGAGCTGA

Human JNK CDS (SEQ ID NO: 14)

ATGAGCAGAAGCAAGCGTGACAACAATTTTTATAGTGTAGAGATTGGAGATTCTAC ATTCACAGTCCTGAAACGATATCAGAATTTAAAACCTATAGGCTCAGGAGCTCAAG GAATAGTATGCGCAGCTTATGATGCCATTCTTGAAAGAAATGTTGCAATCAAGAAGC TAAGCCGACCATTTCAGAATCAGACTCATGCCAAGCGGGCCTACAGAGAGCTAGTT CTTATGAAATGTGTTAATCACAAAAATATAATTGGCCTTTTGAATGTTTTCACACCAC AGAAATCCCTAGAAGAATTTCAAGATGTTTACATAGTCATGGAGCTCATGGATGCAA ATCTTTGCC AAGTGATTC AGATGGAGCT AGATC ATGAAAGAATGTCCT ACCTTCTCT ATCAGATGCTGTGTGGAATCAAGCACCTTCATTCTGCTGGAATTATTCATCGGGACT TAAAGCCCAGTAATATAGTAGTAAAATCTGATTGCACTTTGAAGATTCTTGACTTCG GTCTGGCCAGGACTGCAGGAACGAGTTTTATGATGACGCCTTATGTAGTGACTCGCT ACTACAGAGCACCCGAGGTCATCCTTGGCATGGGCTACAAGGAAAACGTTGACATT TGGTC AGTTGGGTGCATCATGGGAGAAATGATCAAAGGTGGTGTTTTGTTCCCAGGT AC AGATC ATATTGATCAGTGGAATAAAGTTATTGAACAGCTTGGAACACCATGTCCT GAATTCATGAAGAAACTGCAACCAACAGTAAGGACTTACGTTGAAAACAGACCTAA ATATGCTGGATATAGCTTTGAGAAACTCTTCCCTGATGTCCTTTTCCCAGCTGACTCA GAACACAACAAACTTAAAGCCAGTCAGGCAAGGGATTTGTTATCCAAAATGCTGGT AATAGATGCATCTAAAAGGATCTCTGTAGATGAAGCTCTCCAACACCCGTACATCAA TGTCTGGTATGATCCTTCTGAAGCAGAAGCTCCACCACCAAAGATCCCTGACAAGCA GTTAGATGAAAGGGAACACACAATAGAAGAGTGGAAAGAATTGATATATAAGGAA GTTATGGACTTGGAGGAGAGAACCAAGAATGGAGTTATACGGGGGCAGCCCTCTCC TTTAGGTGCAGCAGTGATCAATGGCTCTCAGCATCCATCATCATCGTCGTCTGTCAA TGATGTGTCTTCAATGTCAACAGATCCGACTTTGGCCTCTGATACAGACAGCAGTCT AGAAGCAGCAGCTGGGCCTCTGGGCTGCTGTAGATGA

Human LBP CDS (SEQ ID NO: 15)

ATGGGGGCCTTGGCCAGAGCCCTGCCGTCCATACTGCTGGCATTGCTGCTTACGTCC ACCCCAGAGGCTCTGGGTGCCAACCCCGGCTTGGTCGCCAGGATCACCGACAAGGG ACTGCAGTATGCGGCCCAGGAGGGGCTATTAGCTCTGCAGAGTGAGCTGCTCAGGA TCACGCTGCCTGACTTCACCGGGGACTTGAGGATCCCCCACGTCGGCCGTGGGCGCT ATGAGTTCCACAGCCTGAACATCCACAGCTGTGAGCTGCTTCACTCTGCGCTGAGGC CTGTCCCTGGCCAGGGCCTGAGTCTCAGCA TCTCCGACTCCTCC ATCCGGGTCC AGGGC AGGTGGAAGGTGCGC AAGTC ATTCTTC A AACTACAGGGCTCCTTTGATGTCAGTGTCAAGGGCATCAGCATTTCGGTCAACCTCC TGTTGGGCAGCGAGTCCTCCGGGAGGCCCACAGTTACTGCCTCCAGCTGCAGCAGTG ACATCGCTGACGTGGAGGTGGACATGTCGGGAGACTTGGGGTGGCTGTTGAACCTCT TCCACAACCAGATTGAGTCCAAGTTCCAGAAAGTACTGGAGAGCAGGATTTGCGAA ATGATCCAGAAATCGGTGTCCTCCGATCTACAGCCTTATCTCCAAACTCTGCCAGTT ACAACAGAGATTGACAGTTTCGCCGACATTGATTATAGCTTAGTGGAAGCCCCTCGG GCAACAGCCCAGATGCTGGAGGTGATGTTTAAGGGTGAAATCTTTCATCGTAACCAC CGTTCTCCAGTTACCCTCCTTGCTGCAGTCATGAGCCTTCCTGAGGAACACAACAAA ATGGTCTACTTTGCCATCTCGGATTATGTCTTCAACACGGCCAGCCTGGTTTATCATG AGGAAGGATATCTGAACTTCTCCATCACAGATGACATGATACCGCCTGACTCTAATA TCCGACTGACCACCAAGTCCTTCCGACCCTTCGTCCCACGGTTAGCCAGGCTCTACC CCAACATGAACCTGGAACTCCAGGGATCAGTGCCCTCTGCTCCGCTCCTGAACTTCA GCCCTGGGAATCTGTCTGTGGACCCCTATATGGAGATAGATGCCTTTGTGCTCCTGC CCAGCTCCAGCAAGGAGCCTGTCTTCCGGCTCAGTGTGGCCA

CTAATGTGTCCGCCACCTTGACCTTCAATACCAGCAAGATCACTGGGTTCCTGAAGC CAGGAAAGGTAAAAGTGGAACTGAAAGAATCCAAAGTTGGACTATTCAATGCAGAG CTGTTGGAAGCGCTCCTCAACTATTACATCCTTAACACCCTCTACCCCAAGTTCAAT GATAAGTTGGCCGAAGGCTTCCCCCTTCCTCTGCTGAAGCGTGTTCAGCTCTACGAC CTTGGGCTGC AGATCC ATAAGGACTTCCTGTTCTTGGGTGCC AATGTCC AAT AC ATG AGAGTTTGA

Human MEK1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 16)

ATGCCCAAGAAGAAGCCGACGCCCATCCAGCTGAACCCGGCCCCCGACGGCTCTGC AGTTAACGGGACCAGCTCTGCGGAGACCAACTTGGAGGCCTTGCAGAAGAAGCTGG AGGAGCTAGAGCTTGATGAGCAGC AGCGAAAGCGCCTTGAGGCCTTTCTTACCC AG AAGCAGAAGGTGGGAGAACTGAAGGATGACGACTTTGAGAAGATCAGTGAGCTGG GGGCTGGCAATGGCGGTGTGGTGTTCAAGGTCTCCCACAAGCCTTCTGGCCTGGTCA TGGCCAGAAAGCTAATTCATCTGGAGATCAAACCCGCAATCCGGAACCAGATCATA AGGGAGCTGCAGGTTCTGCATGAGTGCAACTCTCCGTACATCGTGGGCTTCTATGGT GCGTTCTACAGCGATGGCGAGATCAGTATCTGCATGGAGCACATGGATGGAGGTTCT CTGGATCAAGTCCTGAAGAAAGCTGGAAGAATTCCTGAACAAATTTTAGGAAAAGT TAGCATTGCTGTAATAAAAGGCCTGACATATCTGAGGGAGAAGCACAAGATCATGC ACAGAGATGTCAAGCCCTCCAACATCCTAGTCAACTCCCGTGGGGAGATCAAGCTCT GTGACTTTGGGGTCAGCGGGCAGCTCATCGACTCCATGGCCAACTCCTTCGTGGGC ACAAGGTCCTACATGTCGCCAGAAAGACTCCAGGGGACTCATTACTCTGTGCAGTCA GACATCTGGAGCATGGGACTGTCTCTGGTAGAGATGGCGGTTGGGAGGTATCCCATC CCTCCTCCAGATGCCAAGGAGCTGGAGCTGATGTTTGGGTGCCAGGTGGAAGGAGA TGCGGCTGAGACCCCACCCAGGCCAAGGACCCCCGGGAGGCCCCTTAGCTCATACG GAATGGACAGCCGACCTCCCATGGCAATTTTTGAGTTGTTGGATTACATAGTCAACG AGCCTCCTCCAAAACTGCCCAGTGGAGTGTTCAGTCTGGAATTTCAAGATTTTGTGA ATAAATGCTTAATAAAAAACCCCGCAGAGAGAGCAGATTTGAAGCAACTCATGGTT CATGCTTTTATCAAGAGATCTGATGCTGAGGAAGTGGATTTTGCAGGTTGGCTCTGC TCCACCATCGGCCTTAACCAGCCCAGC ACACCAACCCATGCTGCTGGCGTCTAA

Human MEK2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 17) ATGCTGGCCCGGAGGAAGCCGGTGCTGCCGGCGCTC ACC ATC AACCCTACC ATCGC CGAGGGCCCATCCCCTACCAGCGAGGGCGCCTCCGAGGCAAACCTGGTGGACCTGC AGAAGAAGCTGGAGGAGCTGGAACTTGACGAGCAGCAGAAGAAGCGGCTGGAAGC CTTTCTCACCCAGAAAGCCAAGGTCGGCGAACTCAAAGACGATGACTTCGAAAGGA TCTCAGAGCTGGGCGCGGGCAACGGCGGGGTGGTCACCAAAGTCCAGCACAGACCC TCGGGCCTCATCATGGCCAGGAAGCTGATCCACCTTGAGATCAAGCCGGCCATCCG GAACCAGATCATCCGCGAGCTGCAGGTCCTGCACGAATGCAACTCGCCGTACATCG TGGGCTTCTACGGGGCCTTCTACAGTGACGGGGAGATCAGCATTTGCATGGAACACA TGGACGGCGGCTCCCTGGACCAGGTGCTGAAAGAGGCCAAGAGGATTCCCGAGGAG ATCCTGGGGAAAGTCAGCATCGCGGTTCTCCGGGGCTTGGCGTACCTCCGAGAGAA GCACCAGATCATGCACCGAGATGTGAAGCCCTCCAACATCCTCGTGAACTCTAGAG GGGAGATCAAGCTGTGTGACTTCGGGGTGAGCGGCCAGCTCATCGACTCCATGGCC AACTCCTTCGTGGGCACGCGCTCCTACATGGCTCCGGAGCGGTTGCAGGGCACA CATTACTCGGTGCAGTCGGACATCTGGAGCATGGGCCTGTCCCTGGTGGAGCTGGCC GTCGGAAGGTACCCCATCCCCCCGCCCGACGCCAAAGAGCTGGAGGCCATCTTTGG CCGGCCCGTGGTCGACGGGGAAGAAGGAGAGCCTCACAGCATCTCGCCTCGGCCGA GGCCCCCCGGGCGCCCCGTCAGCGGTCACGGGATGGATAGCCGGCCTGCCATGGCC ATCTTTGAACTCCTGGACTATATTGTGAACGAGCCACCTCCTAAGCTGCCCAACGGT GTGTTC ACCCCCGACTTCC AGGAGTTTGTC AAT AAATGCCTC ATC AAGAACCC AGCG GAGCGGGCGGACCTGAAGATGCTCACAAACCACACCTTCATCAAGCGGTCCGAGGT GGAAGAAGTGGATTTTGCCGGCTGGTTGTGTAAAACCCTGCGGCTGAACCAGCCCG GCACACCCACGCGCACCGCCGTGTGA

Human MEK3 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 18) ATGTCCAAGCC ACCCGCACCC AACCCC ACACCCCCCCGGAACCTGGACTCCCGGAC CTTCATCACCATTGGAGACAGAAACTTTGAGGTGGAGGCTGATGACTTGGTGACCAT CTCAGAACTGGGCCGTGGAGCCTATGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGTGCGGCACGCCCAGA GCGGCACCATCATGGCCGTGAAGCGGATCCGGGCCACCGTGAACTCACAGGAGCAG AAGCGGCTGCTCATGGACCTGGACATCAACATGCGCACGGTCGACTGTTTCTACACT GTCACCTTCTACGGGGCACTATTCAGAGAGGGAGACGTGTGGATCTGCATGGAGCTC ATGGACACATCCTTGGACAAGTTCTACCGGAAGGTGCTGGATAAAAACATGACAAT TCCAGAGGACATCCTTGGGGAGATTGCTGTGTCTATCGTGCGGGCCCTGGAGCATCT GCACAGCAAGCTGTCGGTGATCCACAGAGATGTGAAGCCCTCCAATGTCCTTATCAA CAAGGAGGGCCATGTGAAGATGTGTGACTTTGGCATCAGTGGCTACTTGGTGGACTC TGTGGCCAAGACGATGGATGCCGGCTGCAAGCCCTACATGGCCCCTGAGAGGATCA ACCCAGAGCTGAACCAGAAGGGCTACAATGTCAAGTCCGACGTCTGGAGCCTGGGC ATCACCATGATTGAGATGGCCATCCTGCGGTTCCCTTACGAGTCCTGGGGGACCCCG TTCCAGCAGCTGAAGCAGGTGGTGGAGGAGCCGTCCCCCCAGCTCCCAGCCGACCG TTTCTCCCCCGAGTTTGTGGACTTCACTGCTCAGTGCCTGAGGAAGAACCCCGCAGA GCGTATGAGCTACCTGGAGCTGATGGAGCACCCCTTCTTCACCTTGCACAAAACCAA GAAGACGGACATTGCTGCCTTCGTGAAGGAGATCCTGGGAGAAGACTCATAG

Human MEK6 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 19)

ATGTCTCAGTCGAAAGGCAAGAAGCGAAACCCTGGCCTTAAAATTCCAAAAGAAGC ATTTGAACAACCTCAGACCAGTTCCACACCACCTCGAGATTTAGACTCCAAGGCTTG C ATTTCT ATTGGAAATC AGAACTTTGAGGTGAAGGC AGATGACCTGGAGCCTAT AAT GGAACTGGGACGAGGTGCGTACGGGGTGGTGGAGAAGATGCGGCACGTGCCCAGC GGGCAGATCATGGCAGTGAAGCGGATCCGAGCCACAGTAAATAGCCAGGAACAGA AACGGCTACTGATGGATTTGGATATTTCCATGAGGACGGTGGACTGTCCATTCACTG TCACCTTTTATGGCGCACTGTTTCGGGAGGGTGATGTGTGGATCTGCATGGAGCTCA TGGATACATCACTAGATAAATTCTACAAACAAGTTATTGATAAAGGCCAGACAATTC CAGAGGACATCTTAGGGAAAATAGCAGTTTCTATTGTAAAAGCATTAGAACATTTAC ATAGTAAGCTGTCTGTCATTCACAGAGACGTCAAGCCTTCTAATGTACTCATCAATG CTCTCGGTCAAGTGAAGATGTGCGATTTTGGAATCAGTGGCTACTTGGTGGACTCTG TTGCTAAAACAATTGATGCAGGTTGCAAACCATACATGGCCCCTGAAAGAATAAAC CCAGAGCTCAACCAGAAGGGATACAGTGTGAAGTCTGACATTTGGAGTCTGGGCAT CACGATGATTGAGTTGGCCATCCTTCGATTTCCCTATGATTCATGGGGAACTCCATTT CAGCAGCTCAAACAGGTGGTAGAGGAGCCATCGCCACAACTCCCAGCAGACAAGTT CTCTGCAGAGTTTGTTGACTTTACCTCACAGTGCTTAAAGAAGAATTCCAAAGAACG GCCTACATACCCAGAGCTAATGCAACATCCATTTTTCACCCTACATGAATCCAAAGG AACAGATGTGGCATCTTTTGTAAAACTGATTCTTGGAGACTAA

Human MEKK1 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 20)

ATGGCGGCGGCGGCGGGGAATCGCGCCTCGTCGTCGGGATTCCCGGGCGCCAGGGC T ACGAGCCCTGAGGC AGGCGGCGGCGGAGGAGCCCTC AAGGCGAGC AGCGCGCCC GCGGCTGCCGCGGGACTGCTGCGGGAGGCGGGCAGCGGGGGCCGCGAGCGGGCGG ACTGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCTGCGCAAAGTGCGGAGTGTGGAGCTGGACCAGCTGCCT GAGCAGCCGCTCTTCCTTGCCGCCTCACCGCCGGCCTCCTCGACTTCCCCGTCGCCG GAGCCCGCGGACGCAGCGGGGAGTGGGACCGGCTTCCAGCCTGTGGCGGTGCCGCC GCCCC ACGGAGCCGCGAGCCGCGGCGGCGCCCACCTTACCGAGTCGGTGGCGGCGC CGGACAGCGGCGCCTCGAGTCCCGCAGCGGCCGAGCCCGGGGAGAAGCGGGCGCC CGCCGCCGAGCCGTCTCCTGCAGCGGCCCCCGCCGGTCGTGAGATGGAGAATAAAG AAACTCTCAAAGGGTTGCACAAGATGGATGATCGTCCAGAGGAACGAATGATCAGG GAGAAACTGAAGGCAACCTGTATGCCAGCCTGGAAGCACGAATGGTTGGAAAGGAG AAATAGGCGAGGGCCTGTGGTGGTAAAACCAATCCCAGTTAAAGGAGATGGATCTG AAATGAATCACTTAGCAGCTGAGTCTCCAGGAGAGGTCCAGGCAAGTGCGGCTTCA CCAGCTTCCAAAGGCCGACGCAGTCCTTCTCCTGGCAACTCCCCATCAGGTCGCACA GTGAAATCAGAATCTCCAGGAGTAAGGAGAAAAAGAGTTTCCCCAGTGCCTTTTCA GAGTGGCAGAATCACACCACCCCGAAGAGCCCCTTCACCAGATGGCTTCTCACCAT ATAGCCCTGAGGAAACAAACCGCCGTGTTAACAAAGTGATGCGGGCCAGACTGTAC TTACTGCAGCAGATAGGGCCTAACTCTTTCCTGATTGGAGGAGACAGCCCAGACAAT AAATACCGGGTGTTTATTGGGCCTCAGAACTGCAGCTGTGCACGTGGAACATTCTGT ATTCATCTGCTATTTGTGATGCTCCGGGTGTTTCAACTAGAACCTTCAGACCCAATGT TATGGAGAAAAACTTTAAAGAATTTTGAGGTTGAGAGTTTGTTCCAGAAATATCACA GTAGGCGTAGCTCAAGGATCAAAGCTCCATCTCGTAACACCATCCAGAAGTTTGTTT CACGCATGTCAAATTCTCATACATTGTCATCATCTAGTACTTCTACGTCTAGTTCAGA AAACAGCATAAAGGATGAAGAGGAACAGATGTGTCCTATTTGCTTGTTGGGCATGC TTGATGAAGAAAGTCTTACAGTGTGTGAAGACGGCTGCAGGAACAAGCTGCACCAC CACTGCATGTCAATTTGGGCAGAAGAGTGTAGAAGAAATAGAGAACCTTTAATATG TCCCCTTTGTAGATCT AAGTGGAGATCTC ATGATTTCTAC AGCC ACGAGTTGTC AAG TCCTGTGGATTCCCCTTCTTCCCTCAGAGCTGCACAGCAGCAAACCGTACAGCAGCA GCCTTTGGCTGGATCACGAAGGAATCAAGAGAGCAATTTTAACCTTACTCATTATGG AACTCAGCAAATCCCTCCTGCTTACAAAGATTTAGCTGAGCCATGGATTCAGGTGTT TGGAATGGAACTCGTTGGCTGCTTATTTTCTAGAAACTGGAATGTGAGAGAGATGGC CCTCAGGCGTCTTTCCCATGATGTCAGTGGGGCCCTGCTGTTGGCAAATGGGGAGAG CACTGGAAATTCTGGGGGCAGCAGTGGAAGCAGCCCGAGTGGGGGAGCCACCAGTG GGTCTTCCCAGACCAGTATCTCAGGAGATGTGGTGGAGGCATGCTGCAGCGTTCTGT CAATGGTCTGTGCTGACCCTGTCTACAAAGTGTACGTTGCTGCTTTAAAAACATTGA GAGCCATGCTGGTATATACTCCTTGCCACAGTTTAGCGGAAAGAATCAAACTTCAGA GACTTCTCCAGCCAGTTGTAGACACCATCCTAGTCAAATGTGCAGATGCCAATAGCC GCACAAGTCAGCTGTCCATATCAACACTGTTGGAACTGTGCAAAGGCCAAGCAGGA GAGTTGGCAGTTGGCAGAGAAATACTAAAAGCTGGATCCATTGGTATTGGTGGTGTT GATTATGTCTTAAATTGTATTCTTGGAAACCAAACTGAATCAAACAATTGGCAAGAA CTTCTTGGCCGCCTTTGTCTTATAGATAGACTGTTGTTGGAATTTCCTGCTGAATTTT ATCCTCATATTGTCAGTACTGATGTTTCACAAGCTGAGCCTGTTGAAATCAGGTATA AGAAGCTGCTGTCCCTCTTAACCTTTGCTTTGCAGTCCATTGATAATTCCCACTCAAT GGTTGGCAAACTTTCCAGAAGGATCTACTTGAGTTCTGCAAGAATGGTTACTACAGT ACCCCATGTGTTTTCAAAACTGTTAGAAATGCTGAGTGTTTCCAGTTCCACTCACTTC ACCAGGATGCGTCGCCGTTTGATGGCTATTGCAGATGAGGTGGAAATTGCCGAAGC C ATCC AGTTGGGCGT AGAAGAC ACTTTGGATGGTC AAC AGGAC AGCTTCTTGC AGGC ATCTGTTCCCAACAACTATCTGGAAACCACAGAGAACAGTTCCCCTGAGTGCACAGT CCATTTAGAGAAAACTGGAAAAGGATTATGTGCTACAAAATTGAGTGCCAGTTCAG AGGAC ATTTCTGAGAGACTGGCCAGCATTTCAGTAGGACCTTCTAGTTCAACAACAA CAACAACAACAACAACAGAGCAACCAAAGCCAATGGTTCAAACAAAAGGCAGACC CCACAGTCAGTGTTTGAACTCCTCTCCTTTATCTCATCATTCCCAATTAATGTTTCCA GCCTTGTCAACCCCTTCTTCTTCTACCCCATCTGTACCAGCTGGCACTGCAACAGATG TCTCTAAGCATAGACTTCAGGGATTCATTCCCTGCAGAATACCTTCTGCATCTCCTCA AACACAGCGCAAGTTTTCTCTACAATTCCACAGAAACTGTCCTGAAAACAAAGACTC AGATAAACTTTCCCCAGTCTTTACTCAGTCAAGACCCTTGCCCTCCAGTAACATACA CAGGCCAAAGCCATCTAGACCTACCCCAGGTAATACAAGTAAACAGGGAGATCCCT CAAAAAATAGCATGACACTTGATCTGAACAGTAGTTCCAAATGTGATGACAGCTTTG GCTGTAGCAGCAATAGTAGTAATGCTGTTATACCCAGTGACGAGACAGTGTTCACCC CAGTAGAGGAGAAATGCAGATTAGATGTCAATACAGAGCTCAACTCCAGTATTGAG GACCTTCTTGAAGCATCTATGCCTTCAAGTGATACAACAGTAACTTTTAAGTCAGAA GTTGCTGTCCTGTCTCCTGAAAAGGCTGAAAATGATGATACCTACAAAGATGATGTG AATCATAATCAAAAGTGCAAAGAGAAGATGGAAGCTGAAGAAGAAGAAGCTTTAG CAATTGCCATGGCAATGTCAGCGTCTCAGGATGCCCTCCCCATAGTTCCTCAGCTGC AGGTTGAAAATGGAGAAGATATCATCATTATTCAACAGGATACACCAGAGACTCTA CCAGGACATACCAAAGCAAAACAACCGTATAGAGAAGACACTGAATGGCTGAAAG GTCAACAGATAGGCCTTGGAGCATTTTCTTCTTGTTATCAGGCTCAAGATGTGGGAA CTGGAACTTTAATGGCTGTTAAACAGGTGACTTATGTCAGAAACACATCTTCTGAGC AAGAAGAAGTAGTAGAAGCACTAAGAGAAGAGATAAGAATGATGAGCCATCTGAA TCATCCAAACATCATTAGGATGTTGGGAGCCACGTGTGAGAAGAGCAATTACAATCT CTTCATTGAATGGATGGCAGGGGGATCGGTGGCTCATTTGCTGAGTAAATATGGAGC CTTC AAAGAATC AGT AGTTATT AACT AC ACTGAAC AGTTACTCCGTGGCCTTTCGT A TCTCCATGAAAACCAAATCATTCACAGAGATGTCAAAGGTGCCAATTTGCTAATTGA CAGCACTGGTCAGAGACTAAGAATTGCAGATTTTGGAGCTGCAGCCAGGTTGGCAT CAAAAGGAACTGGTGCAGGAGAGTTTCAGGGACAATTACTGGGGACAATTGCATTT ATGGCACCTGAGGTACTAAGAGGTCAACAGTATGGAAGGAGCTGTGATGTATGGAG TGTTGGCTGTGCTATTATAGAAATGGCTTGTGCAAAACCACCATGGAATGCAGAAAA ACACTCCAATCATCTTGCTTTGATATTTAAGATTGCTAGTGCAACTACTGCTCCATCG ATCCCTTCACATTTGTCTCCTGGTTTACGAGATGTGGCTCTTCGTTGTTTAGAACTTC AACCTCAGGACAGACCTCCATCAAGAGAGCTACTGAAGCATCCAGTCTTTCGTACTA CATGGTAG

Human MEKK 3 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 21) ATGGACGAACAGGAGGCATTGAACTCAATCATGAACGATCTGGTGGCCCTCCAGAT GAACCGACGTCACCGGATGCCTGGATATGAGACCATGAAGAACAAAGACACAGGTC ACTCAAATAGGCAGAAAAAACACAACAGCAGCAGCTCAGCCCTTCTGAACAGCCCC ACAGTAACAACAAGCTCATGTGCAGGGGCCAGTGAGAAAAAGAAATTTTTGAGTGA CGTCAGAATCAAGTTCGAGCACAACGGGGAGAGGCGAATTATAGCGTTCAGCCGGC CTGTGAAATATGAAGATGTGGAGCACAAGGTGACAACAGTATTTGGACAACCTCTT GATCTACATTACATGAACAATGAGCTCTCCATCCTGCTGAAAAACCAAGATGATCTT GATAAAGCAATTGACATTTTAGATAGAAGCTCAAGCATGAAAAGCCTTAGGATATT GCTGTTGTCCCAGGACAGAAACCATAACAGTTCCTCTCCCCACTCTGGGGTGTCCAG AC AGGTGCGGATC AAGGCTTCCC AGTCCGC AGGGGATAT AAAT ACTATCT ACC AGC CCCCCGAGCCCAGAAGCAGGCACCTCTCTGTCAGCTCCCAGAACCCTGGCCGAAGC TCACCTCCCCCTGGCTATGTTCCTGAGCGGCAGCAGCACATTGCCCGGCAGGGGTCC TACACCAGCATCAACAGTGAGGGGGAGTTCATCCCAGAGACCAGCGAGCAGTGCAT GCTGGATCCCCTGAGCAGTGCAGAAAATTCCTTGTCTGGAAGCTGCCAATCCTTGGA C AGGTCAGC AGACAGCCCATCCTTCCGGAAATCACGAATGTCCCGTGCCC AGAGCTT CCCTGACAACAGACAGGAATACTCAGATCGGGAAACTCAGCTTTATGACAAAGGGG TCAAAGGTGGAACCTACCCCCGGCGCTACCACGTGTCTGTGCACCACAAGGACTAC AGTGATGGCAGAAGAACATTTCCCCGAATACGGCGTCATCAAGGCAACTTGTTCACC CTGGTGCCCTCCAGCCGCTCCCTGAGCACAAATGGCGAGAACATGGGTCTGGCTGTG CAATACCTGGACCCCCGTGGGCGCCTGCGGAGTGCGGACAGCGAGAATGCCCTCTC TGTGCAGGAGAGGAATGTGCCAACCAAGTCTCCCAGTGCCCCCATCAACTGGCGCC GGGGAAAGCTCCTGGGCCAGGGTGCCTTCGGCAGGGTCTATTTGTGCTATGACGTGG ACACGGGACGTGAACTTGCTTCCAAGCAGGTCCAATTTGATCCAGACAGTCCTGAGA CAAGCAAGGAGGTGAGTGCTCTGGAGTGCGAGATCCAGTTGCTAAAGAACTTGCAG CATGAGCGCATCGTGCAGTACTATGGCTGTCTGCGGGACCGCGCTGAGAAGACCCT GACCATCTTCATGGAGTACATGCCAGGGGGCTCGGTGAAAGACCAGTTGAAGGCTT ACGGTGCTCTGACAGAGAGCGTGACCCGAAAGTACACGCGGCAGATCCTGGAGGGC ATGTCCTACCTGCACAGCAACATGATTGTTCACCGGGACATTAAGGGAGCCAACATC CTCCGAGACTCTGCTGGGAATGTAAAGCTGGGGGACTTTGGGGCCAGCAAACGCCT GCAGACGATCTGTATGTCGGGGACGGGCATGCGCTCCGTCACTGGCACACCCTACTG GATGAGCCCTGAGGTGATCAGCGGCGAGGGCTATGGAAGGAAAGCAGACGTGTGG AGCCTGGGCTGCACTGTGGTGGAGATGCTGACAGAGAAACCACCGTGGGCAGAGTA TGAAGCTATGGCCGCCATCTTCAAGATTGCCACCCAGCCCACCAATCCTCAGCTGCC CTCCCACATCTCTGAACATGGCCGGGACTTCCTGAGGCGCATTTTTGTGGAGGCTCG CCAGAGACCTTCAGCTGAGGAGCTGCTCA CACACCACTTTGCACAGCTCATGTACTGA

Human MEKK4 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 22)

ATGAGAGAAGCCGCTGCCGCGCTGGTCCCTCCTCCCGCCTTTGCCGTCACGCCTGCC GCCGCCATGGAGGAGCCGCCGCCACCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCACCGCCACCGGAACC CGAGACCGAGTCAGAACCCGAGTGCTGCTTGGCGGCGAGGCAAGAGGGCACATTGG GAGATTCAGCTTGCAAGAGTCCTGAATCTGATCTAGAAGACTTCTCCGATGAAACAA ATACAGAGAATCTTTATGGTACCTCTCCCCCCAGCACACCTCGACAGATGAAACGCA TGTCAACCAAACATCAGAGGAATAATGTGGGGAGGCCAGCCAGTCGGTCTAATTTG AAAGAAAAAATGAATGCACCAAATCAGCCTCCACATAAAGACACTGGAAAAACAGT GGAGAATGTGGAAGAATACAGCTATAAGCAGGAGAAAAAGATCCGAGCAGCTCTTA GAACAACAGAGCGTGATCATAAAAAAAATGTACAGTGCTCATTCATGTTAGACTCA GTGGGTGGATCTTTGCCAAAAAAATCAATTCCAGATGTGGATCTCAATAAGCCTTAC CTCAGCCTTGGCTGTAGCAATGCTAAGCTTCCAGTATCTGTGCCCATGCCTATAGCC AGACCTGCACGCCAGACTTCTAGGACTGACTGTCCAGCAGATCGTTTAAAGTTTTTT GAAACTTTACGACTTTTGCTAAAGCTTACCTCAGTCTCAAAGAAAAAAGACAGGGA GCAAAGAGGACAAGAAAATACGTCTGGTTTCTGGCTTAACCGATCTAACGAACTGA TCTGGTTAGAGCTACAAGCCTGGCATGCAGGACGGACAATTAACGACCAGGACTTC TTTTTATATACAGCCCGTCAAGCCATCCCAGATATTATTAATGAAATCCTTACTTTCA AAGTCGACTATGGGAGCTTCGCCTTTGTTAGAGATAGAGCTGGTTTTAATGGTACTT C AGTAGAAGGGC AGTGC AAAGCC ACTCCTGGAAC AAAGATTGT AGGTTACTC AAC A CATCATGAGCATCTCCAACGCCAGAGGGTCTCATTTGAGCAGGTAAAACGGATAAT GGAGCTGCTAGAGTACATAGAAGCACTTTATCCATCATTGCAGGCTCTTCAGAAGGA CTATGAAAAATATGCTGCAAAAGACTTCCAGGACAGGGTGCAGGCACTCTGTTTGTG GTTAAACATCACAAAAGACTTAAATCAGAAATTAAGGATTATGGGCACTGTTTTGGG C ATCAAGAATTTATCAGACATTGGCTGGCCAGTGTTTGAAATCCCTTCCCCTCGACC ATCCAAAGGTAATGAGCCGGAGTATGAGGGTGATGACACAGAAGGAGAATTAAAG GAGTTGGAAAGTAGTACGGATGAGAGTGAAGAAGAACAAATCTCTGATCCTAGGGT ACCGGAAATCAGACAGCCCATAGATAACAGCTTCGACATCCAGTCGCGGGACTGCA TATCCAAGAAGCTTGAGAGGCTCGAATCTGAGGATGATTCTCTTGGCTGGGGAGCAC CAGACTGGAGCACAGAAGCAGGCTTTAGTAGACATTGTCTGACTTCTATTTATAGAC CATTTGTAGACAAAGCACTGAAGCAGATGGGGTTAAGAAAGTTAATTTTAAGACTTC ACAAGCTAATGGATGGTTCCTTGCAAAGGGCACGTATAGCATTGGTAAAGAACGAT CGTCCAGTGGAGTTTTCTGAATTTCCAGATCCCATGTGGGGTTCAGATTATGTGCAG TTGTCAAGGACACCACCTTCATCTGAGGAGAAATGCAGTGCTGTGTCGTGGGAGGA GCTGAAGGCCATGGATTTACCTTCATTCGAACCTGCCTTCCTAGTTCTCTGCCGAGTC CTTCTGAATGTCATACATGAGTGTCTGAAGTTAAGATTGGAGCAGAGACCTGCTGGA GAACCATCTCTCTTGAGTATTAAGCAGCTGGTGAGAGAGTGTAAGGAGGTCCTGAA GGGCGG

CCTGCTGATGAAGCAGTACTACCAGTTCATGCTGCAGGAGGTTCTGGAGGACTTGGA GAAGCCCGACTGCAACATTGACGCTTTTGAAGAGGATCTACATAAAATGCTTATGGT GTATTTTGATTACATGAGAAGCTGGATCCAAATGCTACAGCAATTACCTCAAGCATC GCATAGTTTAAAAAATCTGTTAGAAGAAGAATGGAATTTCACCAAAGAAATAACTC ATTACATACGGGGAGGAGAAGCACAGGCCGGGAAGCTTTTCTGTGACATTGCAGGA ATGCTGCTGAAATCTACAGGAAGTTTTTTAGAATTTGGCTTACAGGAGAGCTGTGCT GAATTTTGGACT AGTGCGGATGAC AGC AGTGCTTCCGACGAAATC AGGAGGTCTGTT ATAGAGATCAGTCGAGCCCTGAAGGAGCTCTTCCATGAAGCCAGAGAAAGGGCTTC CAAAGCACTTGGATTTGCTAAAATGTTGAGAAAGGACCTGGAAATAGCAGCAGAAT TCAGGCTTTCAGCCCCAGTTAGAGACCTCCTGGATGTTCTGAAATCAAAACAGTATG TCAAGGTGCAAATTCCTGGGTTAGAAAACTTGCAAATGTTTGTTCCAGACACTCTTG CTGAGGAGAAGAGTATTATTTTGCAGTTACTCAATGCAGCTGCAGGAAAGGACTGTT CAAAAGATTCAGATGACGTACTCATCGATGCCTATCTGCTTCTGACCAAGCACGGTG ATCGAGCCCGTGATTCAGAGGACAGCTGGGGCACCTGGGAGGCACAGCCTGTCAAA GTCGTGCCTCAGGTGGAGACTGTTGACACCCTGAGAAGCATGCAGGTGGATAATCTT TTACTAGTTGTCATGCAGTCTGCGCATCTCACAATTCAGAGAAAAGCTTTCCAGCAG TCCATTGAGGGACTTATGACTCTGTGCCAGGAGCAGACATCCAGTCAGCCGGTCATC GCCAAAGCTTTGCAGCAGCTGAAGAATGATGCATTGGAGCTATGCAACAGGATAAG CAATGCCATTGACCGCGTGGACCACATGTTCACATCAGAATTTGATGCTGAGGTTGA TGAATCTGAATCTGTCACCTTGCAACAGTACTACCGAGAAGCAATGATTCAGGGGTA CAATTTTGGATTTGAGTATCATAAAGAAGTTGTTCGTTTGATGTCTGGGGAGTTTAG ACAGAAGAT AGGAGACAAATATATAAGCTTTGCCCGGAAGTGGATGAATTATGTCCTGACTAAAT GTGAGAGTGGTAGAGGTACAAGACCCAGGTGGGCGACTCAAGGATTTGATTTTCTA CAAGCAATTGAACCTGCCTTTATTTCAGCTTTACCAGAAGATGACTTCTTGAGTTTAC AAGCCTTGATGAATGAATGCATTGGCCATGTCATAGGAAAACCACACAGTCCTGTTA CAGGTTTGTACCTTGCCATTCATCGGAACAGCCCCCGTCCTATGAAGGTACCTCGAT GCC AT AGTGACCCTCCTAACCC AC ACCTC ATT ATCCCC ACTCC AGAGGGATTC AGC A CTCGGAGCATGCCTTCCGACGCGCGGAGCCATGGCAGCCCTGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTG CTGCTGCTGCTGCTGTTGCTGCCAGTCGGCCCAGCCCCTCTGGTGGTGACTCTGTGCT GCCCAAATCCATCAGCAGTGCCCATGATACCAGGGGTTCCAGCGTTCCTGAAAATG ATCGATTGGCTTCCATAGCTGCTGAATTGCAGTTTAGGTCCCTGAGTCGTCACTCAA GCCCC ACGGAGGAGCGAGATGAACC AGC ATATCC AAGAGGAGATTC AAGTGGGTCC ACAAGAAGAAGTTGGGAACTTCGGACACTAATCAGCCAGAGTAAAGATACTGCTTC TAAACTAGGACCCATAGAAGCTATCCAGAAGTCAGTCCGATTGTTTGAAGAAAAGA GGTACCGAGAAATGAGGAGAAAGAATATCATTGGTCAAGTTTGTGATACGCCTAAG TCCTATGATAATGTTATGCACGTTGGCTTGAGGAAGGTGACCTTCAAATGGCAAAGA GGAAACAAAATTGGAGAAGGCCAGTATGGGAAGGTGTACACCTGCATCAGCGTCGA CACCGGGGAGCTGATGGCCATGAAAGAGATTCGATTTCAACCTAATGACCATAAGA CTATCAAGGAAACTGCAGACGAATTGAAAATATTCGAAGGCATCAAACACCCCAAT CTGGTTCGGTATTTTGGTGTGGAGCTCCATAGAGAAGAAATGTACATCTTCATGGAG TACTGCGATGAGGGGACTTTAGAAGAGGTGTCAAGGCTGGGACTTCAGGAACATGT GATTAGGCTGTATTCAAAGCAGATCACCATTGCGATCAACGTCCTCCATGAGCATGG CATAGTCCACCGTGACATTAAAGGTGCCAATATCTTCCTTACCTCATCTGGATTAATC AAACTGGGAGATTTTGGATGTTCAGTAAAGCTCAAAAACAATGCCCAGACCATGCC TGGTGAAGTGAACAGCACCCTGGGGACAGCAGCATACATGGCACCTGAAGTCATCA CTCGTGCCAAAGGAGAGGGCCATGGGCGTGCGGCCGACATCTGGAGTCTGGGGTGT GTTGTC AT AGAGATGGTGACTGGC AAGAGGCCTTGGC ATGAGTATGAGC AC AACTTT CAAATTATGTATAAAGTGGGGATGGGACATAAGCCACCAATCCCTGAAAGATTAAG CCCTGAAGGAAAGGACTTCCTTTCTCACTGCCTTGAGAGTGACCCAAAGATGAGATG GACCGCCAGCCAGCTCCTCGACCATTCGTTTGTCAA GGTTTGCACAGATGAAGAATG

Human MEKK 6 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 23)

ATGGCGGGGCCGTGTCCCCGGTCCGGGGCGGAGCGCGCCGGCAGCTGCTGGCAGGA CCCGCTGGCCGTGGCGCTGAGCCGGGGCCGGCAGCTCGCGGCGCCCCCGGGCCGGG GCTGCGCGCGGAGCCGGCCGCTCAGCGTGGTCTACGTGCTGACCCGGGAGCCGCAG CCCGGGCTCGAGCCTCGGGAGGGAACCGAGGCGGAGCCGCTGCCCCTGCGCTGCCT GCGCGAGGCTTGCGCGCAGGTCCCCCGGCCGCGGCCGCCCCCGCAGCTGCGCAGCC TGCCCTTCGGGACGCTGGAGCTAGGCGACACCGCGGCTCTGGATGCCTTCTACAACG CGGATGTGGTGGTGCTGGAGGTGAGCAGCTCGCTGGTACAGCCCTCCCTGTTCTACC ACCTTGGTGTGCGTGAGAGCTTCAGCATGACCAACAATGTGCTCCTCTGCTCCCAGG CCGACCTCCCTGACCTGCAGGCCCTGCGGGAGGATGTTTTCCAGAAGAACTCGGATT GCGTTGGCAGCTACACACTGATCCCCTATGTGGTGACGGCCACTGGTCGGGTGCTGT GTGGTGATGCAGGCCTTCTGCGGGGCCTGGCTGATGGGCTGGTACAGGCTGGAGTG GGGACCGAGGCCCTGCTCACTCCCCTGGTGGGCCGGCTTGCCCGCCTGCTGGAGGCC ACACCCACAGACTCTTGTGGCTATTTCCGGGAGACCATTCGGCGGGACATCCGGCAG GCGCGGGAGCGGTTCAGTGGGCCACAGCTGCGGCAGGAGCTGGCTC GCCTGCAGCGGAGACTGGACAGCGTGGAGCTGCTGAGCCCCGACATCATCATGAAC TTGCTGCTCTCCTACCGCGATGTGCAGGACTACTCGGCCATCATTGAGCTGGTGGAG ACGCTGCAGGCCTTGCCCACCTGTGATGTGGCCGAGCAGCATAATGTCTGCTTCCAC TACACTTTTGCCCTCAACCGGAGGAACAGGCCTGGGGACCGGGCGAAGGCCCTGTC TGTGCTGCTGCCGCTGGTACAGCTTGAGGGCTCTGTGGCGCCCGATCTGTACTGCAT GTGTGGCCGTATCT AC AAGGAC ATGTTCTTC AGCTCGGGTTTCC AGGATGCTGGGC A CCGGGAGCAGGCCTATCACTGGTATCGCAAGGCTTTTGACGTAGAGCCCAGCCTTCA CTCAGGCATCAATGCAGCTGTGCTCCTCATTGCTGCCGGGCAGCACTTTGAGGATTC CAAAGAGCTCCGGCTAATAGGCATGAAGCTGGGCTGCCTGCTGGCCCGCAAAGGCT GCGTGGAGAAGATGCAGTATTACTGGGATGTGGGTTTCTACCTGGGAGCCCAGATCC TCGCCAATGACCCCACCCAGGTGGTGCTGGCTGC AGAGCAGCTGTATAAGCTC AAT GCCCCCATATGGTACCTGGTGTCCGTGATGGAGACCTTCCTGCTCTACCAGCACTTC AGGCCCACGCCAGAGCCCCCTGGAGGGCCACCACGCCGTGCCCACTTCTGGCTCCA CTTCTTGCTACAGTCCTGCCAACCATTCAAGACAGCCTGTGCCCAGGGCGACCAGTG CTTGGTGCTGGTCCTGGAGATGAACAAGGTGCTGCTGCCTGCAAAGCTCGAGGTTCG GGGTACTGACCCAGTAAGCACAGTGACCCTGAGCCTGCTGGAGCCTGAGACCCAGG ACATTCCCTCCAGCTGGACCTTCCCAGTCGCCTCCATATGCGGAGTCAGCGCCTCAA AGCGCGACGAGCGCTGCTGCTTCCTCTATGCACTCCCCCCGGCTCAGGACGTCCAGC TGTGCTTCCCCAGCGTAGGGCACTGCCAGTGGTTCTGCGGCCTGATCCAGGCCTGGG TGACGAACCCGGATTCCACGGCGCCCGCGGAGGAGGCGGAGGGCGCGGGGGAGAT GTTGGAGTTTGATTATGA

GTACACGGAGACGGGCGAGCGGCTGGTGCTGGGCAAGGGCACGTATGGGGTGGTGT ACGCGGGCCGCGATCGCCACACGAGGGTGCGCATCGCCATCAAGGAGATCCCGGAG CGGGACAGCAGGTTCTCTCAGCCCCTGCATGAAGAGATCGCTCTTCACAGACGCCTG CGCCACAAGAACATAGTGCGCTATCTGGGCTCAGCTAGCCAGGGCGGCTACCTTAA GATCTTCATGGAGGAAGTGCCTGGAGGCAGCCTGTCCTCCTTGCTGCGGTCGGTGTG GGGACCCCTGAAGGACAACGAGAGCACCATCAGTTTCTACACCCGCCAGATCCTGC AGGGACTTGGCTACTTGCACGACAACCACATCGTGCACAGGGACATAAAAGGGGAC AATGTGCTGATCAACACCTTCAGTGGGCTGCTCAAGATTTCTGACTTCGGCACCTCC AAGCGGCTGGCAGGCATCACACCTTGCACTGAGACCTTCACAGGAACTCTGCAGTA T ATGGCCCC AGAAATC ATTGACC AGGGCCC ACGCGGGTATGGGAAAGC AGCTGAC A TCTGGTCACTGGGCTGCACTGTCATTGAGATGGCCACAGGTCGCCCCCCCTTCCACG AGCTCGGGAGCCCACAGGCTGCCATGTTTCAGGTGGGTATGTACAAGGTCCATCCGC CAATGCCCAGCTCTCTGTCGGCCGAGGCCCAAGCCTTTCTCCTCCGAACTTTTGAGC CAGACCCCCGCCTCCGAGCCAGCGCCCAGACACTGCTGGGGGACCCCTTCCTGCAG CCTGGGAAAAGGAGCCGCAGCCCCAGCTCCCCACGACATGCTCCACGGCCCTCAGA TGCCCCTTCTGCCAGTCCCACTCCTTCAGCCAACTCAACCACCCAGTCTCAGACATTC CCGTGCCCTCAGGCACCCTCTCAGCACCCACCCAGCCCCCCGAAGCGCTGCCTCAGT TATGGGGGCACCAGCCAGCTCCGGGTGCCCGAGGAGCCTGCGGCCGAGGAGCCTGC GTCTCCGGAGGAGAGTTCGGGGCTGAGCCTGCTGCACCAGGAGAGCAAGCGTCGGG CCATGCTGGCCGCAGTATTGGAGCAGGAGCTGCCAGCGCTGGCGGAGAATCTGCAC CAGGAGCAGAAGCAAGAGCAGGGGGCCCGTCTGGGCAGAAACCATGTGGAAGAGC TGCTGCGCTGCCTCGGGGCACACATCCACACTCCCAACCGCCGGCAGCTCGCCCAGG AGCTGCGGGCGCTGCAAGGACGGCTGAGGGCCCAGGGCCTTGGGCCTGCGCTTCTG CACAGACCGCTGTTTGCCTTCCCGGATGCGGTGAAGCAGATCCTCCGCAAGCGCCAG ATCCGTCCACACTGGATGTTCGTTCTGGACTCACTGCTCAGCCGTGCTGTGCGGGCA GCCCTGGGTGTGCTAGGACCGGAGGTGGAGAAGGAGGCGGTCTCACCGAGGTCAGA GGAGCTGAGTAATGAAGGGGACTCCCAGCAGAGCCCAGGCCAGCAGAGCCCGCTTC CGGTGGAGCCCGAGCAGGGCCCCGCTCCTCTGATGGTGCAGCTGAGCCTCTTGAGG GCAGAGACTGATCGGCTGCGCGAAATCCTGG

CGGGGAAGGAACGGGAGTACCAGGCCCTGGTGCAGCGGGCTCTACAGCGGCTGAAT GAGGAAGCCCGGACCTATGTCCTGGCCCC AGAGCCTCC AACTGCTCTTTC AACGGAC CAGGGCCTGGTGCAGTGGCTACAGGAACTGAATGTGGATTCAGGCACCATCCAAAT GCTGTTGAACCATAGCTTCACCCTCCACACTCTGCTCACCTATGCCACTCGAGATGA CCTCATCTACACCCGCATCAGGGGAGGGATGGTATGCCGCATCTGGAGGGCCATCTT GGCACAGCGAGCAGGATCCACACCAGTCACCTCTGGACCCTGA

Human MEKK7 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 24)

ATGTCTACAGCCTCTGCCGCCTCCTCCTCCTCCTCGTCTTCGGCCGGTGAGATGATC G AAGCCCCTTCCCAGGTCCTCAACTTTGAAGAGATCGACTACAAGGAGATCGAGGTG GAAGAGGTTGTTGGAAGAGGAGCCTTTGGAGTTGTTTGCAAAGCTAAGTGGAGAGC AAAAGATGTTGCTATTAAACAAATAGAAAGTGAATCTGAGAGGAAAGCGTTTATTG TAGAGCTTCGGCAGTTATCCCGTGTGAACCATCCTA

ATATTGTAAAGCTTTATGGAGCCTGCTTGAATCCAGTGTGTCTTGTGATGGAATATG CTGAAGGGGGCTCTTTATATAATGTGCTGCATGGTGCTGAACCATTGCCATATTATA CTGCTGCCCACGCAATGAGTTGGTGTTTACAGTGTTCCCAAGGAGTGGCTTATCTTC ACAGCATGCAACCCAAAGCGCTAATTCACAGGGACCTGAAACCACCAAACTTACTG CTGGTTGCAGGGGGGACAGTTCTAAAAATTTGTGATTTTGGTACAGCCTGTGACATT CAGACACACATGACCAATAACAAGGGGAGTGCTGCTTGGATGGCACCTGAAGTTTT TGAAGGTAGTAATTACAGTGAAAAATGTGACGTCTTCAGCTGGGGTATTATTCTTTG GGAAGTGATAACGCGTCGGAAAC

CCTTTGATGAGATTGGTGGCCCAGCTTTCCGAATCATGTGGGCTGTTCATAATGGTA CTCGACCACCACTGATAAAAAATTTACCTAAGCCCATTGAGAGCCTGATGACTCGTT GTTGGTCTAAAGATCCTTCCCAGCGCCCTTCAATGGAGGAAATTGTGAAAATAATGA CTCACTTGATGCGGTACTTTCCAGGAGCAGATGAGCCATTACAGTATCCTTGTCAGT ATTCAGATGAAGGACAGAGCAACTCTGCCACCAGTACAGGCTCATTCATGGACATT GCTTCTACAAATACGAGTAACAAAAGTGACACTAATATGGAGCAAGTTCCTGCCAC AAATGAT ACT ATT AAGCGCTT AGAATC AAAATTGTTGAAAAATC AGGC AAAGC AAC AGAGTGAATCTGGACGTTTAAGCTTGGGAGCCTCCCGTGGGAGCAGTGTGGAGAGC TTGCCCCCAACCTCTGAGGGCAAGAGGATGAGTGCTGACATGTCTGAAATAGAAGC TAGGATCGCCGCAACCAC AGGC AACGGAC AGCCAAGACGTAGATCCATCCAAGACT TGACTGTAACTGGAACAGAACCTGGTCAGGTGAGCAGTAGGTCATCCAGTCCCAGT GTCAGAATGATTACTACCTCAGGACCAACCTCAGAAAAGCCAACTCGAAGTCATCC ATGGACCCCTGATGATTCCACAGATACCAATGGATCAGATAACTCCATCCCAATGGC TTATCTTACACTGGATCACCAACTACAGCCTCTAGCACCGTGCCCAAACTCCAAAGA ATCTATGGCAGTGTTTGAACAGCATTGTAAAATGGCACAAGAATATATGAAAGTTCA AACAGAAATTGCATTGTTATTACAGAGAAAGCAAGAACTAGTTGCAGAACTGGACC AGGATGAAAAGGACCAGCAAAATACATCTCGCCTGGTACAGGAACATAAAAAGCTT TTAGATGAAAACAAAAGCCTTTCTACTTACTACCAGCAATGCAAAAAACAACTAGA GGTCATCAGAAGTCAGCAGCAGAAACGACAAGGCACTTCATGA

Human MK2 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 25)

ATGCTGTCCAACTCCCAGGGCCAGAGCCCGCCGGTGCCGTTCCCCGCCCCGGCCCCG CCGCCGCAGCCCCCCACCCCTGCCCTGCCGCACCCCCCGGCGCAGCCGCCGCCGCCG CCCCCGCAGCAGTTCCCGCAGTTCCACGTCAAGTCCGGCCTGCAGATCAAGAAGAA CGCCATCATCGATGACTACAAGGTCACCAGCCAGGTCCTGGGGCTGGGCATCAACG GCAAAGTTTTGCAGATCTTCAACAAGAGGACCCAGGAGAAATTCGCCCTCAAAATG CTTCAGGACTGCCCCAAGGCCCGCAGGGAGGTGGAGCTGCACTGGCGGGCCTCCCA GTGCCCGC AC ATCGT ACGGATCGTGGATGTGT ACGAGAATCTGT ACGC AGGGAGGA AGTGCCTGCTGATTGTCATGGAATGTTTGGACGGTGGAGAACTCTTTAGCCGAATCC AGGATCGAGGAGACCAGGCATTCACAGAAAGAGAAGCATCCGAAATCATGAAGAG CATCGGTGAGGCCATCCAGTATCTGCATTCAATCAACATTGCCCATCGGGATGTCAA GCCTGAGAATCTCTTATACACCTCCAAAAGGCCCAACGCCATCCTGAAACTCACTGA CTTTGGCTTTGCC AAGGAAACC ACC AGCC ACAACTCTTTGACCACTCCTTGTTATAC ACCGTACTATGTGGCTCCAGAAGTGCTGGGTCCAGAGAAGTATGACAAGTCCTGTG ACATGTGGTCCCTGGGTGTCATCATGTACATCCTGCTGTGTGGGTATCCCCCCTTCTA CTCCAACCACGGCCTTGCCATCTCTCCGGGCATGAAGACTCGCATCCGAATGGGCCA GTATGAATTTCCCAACCCAGAATGGTCAGAAGTATCAGAGGAAGTGAAGATGCTCA TTCGGAATCTGCTGAAAACAGAGCCCACCCAGAGAATGACCATCACCGAGTTTATG AACCACCCTTGGATCATGCAATCAACAAAGGTCCCTCAAACCCCACTGCACACCAG CCGGGTCCTGAAGGAGGACAAGGAGCGGTGGGAGGATGTCAAGGGGTGTCTTCATG ACAAGAACAGCGACCAGGCCACTTGGCTGACCAGGTTGTGA

Human MyD88 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 26) ATGCGACCCGACCGCGCTGAGGCTCCAGGACCGCCCGCCATGGCTGCAGGAGGTCC CGGCGCGGGGTCTGCGGCCCCGGTCTCCTCCACATCCTCCCTTCCCCTGGCTGCTCTC AACATGCGAGTGCGGCGCCGCCTGTCTCTGTTCTTGAACGTGCGGACACAGGTGGCG GCCGACTGGACCGCGCTGGCGGAGGAGATGGACTTTGAGTACTTGGAGATCCGGCA ACTGGAGACACAAGCGGACCCCACTGGCAGGCTGCTGGACGCCTGGCAGGGACGCC CTGGCGCCTCTGTAGGCCGACTGCTCGAGCTGCTTACCAAGCTGGGCCGCGACGACG TGCTGCTGGAGCTGGGACCCAGCATTGAGGAGGATTGCCAAAAGTATATCTTGAAG CAGCAGCAGGAGGAGGCTGAGAAGCCTTTACAGGTGGCCGCTGTAGACAGCAGTGT CCCACGGACAGCAGAGCTGGCGGGCATCACCACACTTGATGACCCCCTGGGGCATA TGCCTGAGCGTTTCGATGCCTTCATCTGCTATTGCCCCAGCGACATCCAGTTTGTGCA GGAGATGATCCGGC AACTGGAAC AGAC AAACTATCGACTGAAGTTGTGTGTGTCTG ACCGCGATGTCCTGCCTGGCACCTGTGTCTGGTCTATTGCTAGTGAGCTCATCGAAA AGAGGTTGGCTAGAAGGCCACGGGGTGGGTGCCGCCGGATGGTGGTGGTTGTCTCT GATGATTACCTGCAGAGCAAGGAATGTGACTTCCAGACCAAATTTGCACTCAGCCTC TCTCCAGGTGCCCATCAGAAGCGACTGATCCCCATCAAGTACAAGGCAATGAAGAA AGAGTTCCCCAGCATCCTGAGGTTCATCACTGTCTGCGACTACACCAACCCCTGCAC CAAATCTTGGTTCTGGACTCGCCTTGCCAAGGCCTTGTCCCTGCCCTGA

Human NF-κΒ CDS (SEQ ID NO: 27) ATGGCAGAAGATGATCCATATTTGGGAAGGCCTGAACAAATGTTTCATTTGGATCCT TCTTTGACTCATACAATATTTAATCCAGAAGTATTTCAACCACAGATGGCACTGCCA ACAGATGGCCCATACCTTCAAATATTAGAGCAACCTAAACAGAGAGGATTTCGTTTC CGTTATGTATGTGAAGGCCCATCCCATGGTGGACTACCTGGTGCCTCTAGTGAAAAG AACAAGAAGTCTTACCCTCAGGTCAAAATCTGCAACTATGTGGGACCAGCAAAGGT TATTGTTCAGTTGGTCACAAATGGAAAAAATATCCACCTGCATGCCCACAGCCTGGT GGGAAAACACTGTGAGGATGGGATCTGCACTGTAACTGCTGGACCCAAGGACATGG TGGTCGGCTTCGCAAACCTGGGTATACTTCATGTGACAAAGAAAAAAGTATTTGAAA CACTGGAAGCACGAATGACAGAGGCGTGTATAAGGGGCTATAATCCTGGACTCTTG GTGC ACCCTGACCTTGCCTATTTGC AAGC AGAAGGTGGAGGGGACCGGC AGCTGGG AGATCGGGAAAAAGAGCTAATCCGCCAAGCAGCTCTGCAGCAGACCAAGGAGATG GACCTCAGCGTGGTGCGGCTCATGTTTACAGCTTTTCTTCCGGATAGCACTGGCAGC TTCACAAGGCGCCTGGAACCCGTGGTATCAGACGCCATCTATGACAGTAAAGCCCC CAATGCATCCAACTTGAAAATTGTAAGAATGGACAGGACAGCTGGATGTGTGACTG GAGGGGAGGAAATTTATCTTCTTTGTGAC AAAGTTC AGAAAGATGAC ATCCAGATTC GATTTTATGAAGAGGAAGAAAATGGTGGAGTCTGGGAAGGATTTGGAGATTTTTCC CCCACAGATGTTCATAGACAATTTGCCATTGTCTTCAAAACTCCAAAGTATAAAGAT ATTAATATTACAAAACCAGCCTCTGTGTTTGTCCAGCTTCGGAGGAAATCTGACTTG GAAACTAGTGAACCAAAACCTTTCCTCTACTATCCTGAAATCAAAGATAAAGAAGA AGTGCAGAGGAAACGTCAGAAGCTCATGCCCAATTTTTCGGATAGTTTCGGCGGTGG TAGTGGTGCTGGAGCTGGAGGCGGAGGCATGTTTGGTAGTGGCGGTGGAGGAGGGG GCACTGGAAGTACAGGTCCAGGGTATAGCTTCCCACACTATGGATTTCCTACTTATG GTGGGATTACTTTCCATCCTGGAACTACTAAATCTAATGCTGGGATGAAGCATGGAA CCATGGACACTGAATCTAAAAAGGACCCTGAAGGTTGTGACAAAAGTGATGACAAA AACACTGTAAACCTCTTTGGGAAAGTTATTGAAACCACAGAGCAAGATCAGGAGCC CAGCGAGGCCACCGTTGGGAATGGTGAGGTCACTCTAACGTATGCAACAGGAACAA AAGAAGAGAGTGCTGGAGTTCAGGATAACCTCTTTCTAGAGAAGGCTATGCAGCTT GCAAAGAGGCATGCCAATGCCCTTTTCGACTACGCGGTGACAGGAGACGTGAAGAT GCTGCTGGCCGTCCAGCGCCATCTCACTGCTGTGCAGGATGAGAATGGGGACAGTGT CTTACACTTAGCAATCATCCACCTTCATTCTCAACTTGTGAGGGATCTACTAGAAGTC ACATCTGGTTTGATTTCTGATGACATTATCAACATGAGAAATGATCTGTACCAGACG CCCTTGCACTTGGCAGTGATCACTAAGCAGGAAGATGTGGTGGAGGATTTGCTGAG GGCTGGGGCCGACCTGAGCCTTCTGGACCGCTTGGGTAACTCTGTTTTGCACCTAGC TGCCAAAGAAGGACATGATAAAGTTCTCAGTATCTTACTCAAGCACAAAAAGGCAG C ACT ACTTCTTGACC ACCCC AACGGGGACGGTCTGAATGCC ATTC ATCTAGCC ATGA TGAGCAATAGCCTGCCATGTTTGCTGCTGCTGGTGGCCGCTGGGGCTGACGTCAATG CTCAGGAGCAGAAGTCCGGGCGCACAGCACTGCACCTGGCTGTGGAGCACGACAAC ATCTCATTGGCAGGCTGCCTGCTCCTGGAGGGTGATGCCCATGTGGACAGTACTACC TACGATGGAACCACACCCCTGCATATAGCAGCTGGGAGAGGGTCCACCAGGCTGGC AGCTCTTCTCAAAGCAGCAGGAGCAGATCCCCTGGTGGAGAACTTTGAGCCTCTCTA TGACCTGGATGACTCTTGGGAAAATGCAGGAGAGGATGAAGGAGTTGTGCCTGGAA CCACGCCTCTAGATATGGCCACCAGCTGGCAGGTATTTGACATATTAAATGGGAAAC CATATGAGCCAGAGTTTACATCTGATGATTTACTAGCACAAGGAGACATGAAACAG CTGGCTGAAGATGTGAAGCTGCAGCTGTATAAGTTACTAGAAATTCCTGATCCAGAC AAAAACTGGGCTACTCTGGCGCAGAAATTAGGTCTGGGGATACTTAATAATGCCTTC CGGCTGAGTCCTGCTCCTTCCAAAACACTTATGGACAACTATGAGGTCTCTGGGGGT ACAGTCAGAGAGCTGGTGGAGGCCCTGAGACAAATGGGCTACACCGAAGCAATTGA AGTGATCCAGGCAGCCTCCAGCCCAGTGAAGACCACCTCTCAGGCCCACTCGCTGCC TCTCTCGCCTGCCTCCACAAGGCAGCAAATAGACGAGCTCCGAGACAGTGACAGTG TCTGCGACAGCGGCGTGGAGACATCCTTCCGCAAACTCAGCTTTACCGAGTCTCTGA CCAGTGGTGCCTCACTGCTAACTCTCAACAAAATGCCCCATGATTATGGGCAGGAAG GACCTCTAGAAGGCAAAATTTAG

Human NIK CDS (SEQ ID NO: 28)

ATGGCAGTGATGGAAATGGCCTGCCCAGGTGCCCCTGGCTCAGCAGTGGGGCAGCA GAAGGAACTCCCC AAAGCC AAGGAGAAGACGCCGCC ACTGGGGAAGAAAC AGAGC TCCGTCTACAAGCTTGAGGCCGTGGAGAAGAGCCCTGTGTTCTGCGGAAAGTGGGA GATCCTGAATGACGTGATTACCAAGGGCACAGCCAAGGAAGGCTCCGAGGCAGGGC CAGCTGCCATCTCTATCATCGCCCAGGCTGAGTGTGAGAATAGCCAAGAGTTCAGCC CCACCTTTTCAGAACGCATTTTCATCGCTGGGTCCAAACAGTACAGCCAGTCCGAGA GTCTTGATCAGATCCCC AACAATGTGGCCC ATGCTAC AGAGGGCAAAATGGCCCGT GTGTGTTGG A AGGGA AAGC GTC GC AGC A A AGC CC GGA AGA A AC GGA AGA AGA AGA GCTCAAAGTCCCTGGCTCATGCAGGAGTGGCCTTGGCCAAACCCCTCCCCAGGACCC CTGAGCAGGAGAGCTGCACCATCCCAGTGCAGGAGGATGAGTCTCCACTCGGCGCC CCATATGTTAGAAACACCCCGCAGTTCACCAAGCCTCTGAAGGAACCAGGCCTTGG GCAACTCTGTTTTAAGCAGCTTGGCGAGGGCCTACGGCCGGCTCTGCCTCGATCAGA ACTCCACAAACTGATCAGCCCCTTGCAATGTCTGAACCACGTGTGGAAACTGCACCA CCCCCAGGACGGAGGCCCCCTGCCCCTGCCCACGCACCCCTTCCCCTATAGCAGACT GCCTCATCCCTTCCCATTCCACCCTCTCCAGCCCTGGAAACCTCACCCTCTGGAGTCC TTCCTGGGCAAACTGGCCTGTGTAGACAGCCAGAAACCCTTGCCTGACCCACACCTG AGCAAACTGGCCTGTGTAGACAGTCCAAAGCCCCTGCCTGGCCCACACCTGGAGCC CAGCTGCCTGTCTCGTGGTGCCCATGAGAAGTTTTCTGTGGAGGAATACCTAGTGCA TGCTCTGCAAGGCAGCGTGAGCTCAGGCCAGGCCCACAGCCTGACCAGCCTGGCCA AGACCTGGGCAGCAAGGGGCTCCAGATCCCGGGAGCCCAGCCCCAAAACTGAGGAC AACGAGGGTGTCCTGCTCACTGAGAAACTCAAGCCAGTGGATTATGAGTACCGAGA AGAAGTCCACTGGGCCACGCACCAGCTCCGCCTGGGCAGAGGCTCCTTCGGAGAGG TGCACAGGATGGAGGACAAGCAGACTGGCTTCCAGTGCGCTGTCAAAAAGGTGCGG CTGGAAGTATTTCGGGCAGAGGAGCTGATGGCATGTGCAGGATTGACCTCACCCAG AATTGTCCCTTTGTATGGAGCTGTGAGAGAAGGGCCTTGGGTCAACATCTTCATGGA GCTGCTGGAAGGTGGCTCCCTGGGCCAGCTGGTCAAGGAGCAGGGCTGTCTCCCAG AGGACCGGGCCCTGTACTACCTGGGCC AGGCCCTGGAGGGTCTG

GAATACCTCCACTCACGAAGGATTCTGCATGGGGACGTCAAAGCTGACAACGTGCT CCTGTCCAGCGATGGGAGCCACGCAGCCCTCTGTGACTTTGGCCATGCTGTGTGTCT TCAACCTGATGGCCTGGGAAAGTCCTTGCTCACAGGGGACTACATCCCTGGCACAG AGACCCACATGGCTCCGGAGGTGGTGCTGGGCAGGAGCTGCGACGCCAAGGTGGAT GTCTGGAGCAGCTGCTGTATGATGCTGCACATGCTCAACGGCTGCCACCCCTGGACT CAGTTCTTCCGAGGGCCGCTCTGCCTCAAGATTGCCAGCGAGCCTCCGCCTGTGAGG GAGATCCCACCCTCCTGCGCCCCTCTCACAGCCCAGGCCATCCAAGAGGGGCTGAG GAAAGAGCCCATCCACCGCGTGTCTGCAGCGGAGCTGGGAGGGAAGGTGAACCGG GCACTACAGCAAGTGGGAGGTCTGAAGAGCCCTTGGAGGGGAGAATATAAAGAACC AAGACATCCACCGCCAAATCAAGCCAATTACCACCAGACCCTCCATGCCCAGCCGA GAGAGCTTTCGCCAAGGGCCCCAGGGCCCCGGCCAGCTGAGGAGACAACAGGCAG AGCCCCTAAGCTCCAGCCTCCTCTCCCACCAGAGCCCCCAGAGCCAAACAAGTCTCC TCCCTTGACTTTGAGCAAGGAGGAGTCTGGGATGTGGGAACCCTTACCTCTGTCCTC CCTGGAGCCAGCCCCTGCCAGAAACCCCAGCTCACCAGAGCGGAAAGCAACCGTCC CGGAGCAGGAACTGCAGCAGCTGGAAATAGAATTATTCCTCAACAGCCTGTCCCAG CCATTTTCTCTGGAGGAGCAGGAGCAAATTCTCTCGTGCCTCAGCATCGACAGCCTC TCCCTGTCGGATGACAGTGAGAAGAACCCATCAAAGGCCTCTCAAAGCTCGCGGGA CACCCTGAGCTCAGGCGTACACTCCTGGAGCAGCCAGGCCGAGGCTCGAAGCTCCA GCTGGAACATGGTGCTGGCCCGGGGGCGGCCCACCGACACCCCAAGCTATTTCAAT GGTGTGAAAGTCC AAAT AC AGTCTCTTAATGGTGAAC ACCTGC AC ATCCGGGAGTTC CACCGGGTCAAAGTGGGAGACATCGCCACTGGCATCAGCAGCCAGATCCCAGCTGC AGCCTTCAGCTTGGTCACCAAAGACGGGCAGCCTGTTCGCTACGACATGGAGGTGC CAGACTCGGGCATCGACCTGCAGTGCACACTGGCCCCTGATGGCAGCTTCGCCTGGA GCTGGAGGGTCAAGCATGGCCAGCTGGAGAACAGGCCCTAA

Human p38 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 29)

ATGTCTCAGGAGAGGCCCACGTTCTACCGGCAGGAGCTGAACAAGACAATCTGGGA GGTGCCCGAGCGTTACCAGAACCTGTCTCCAGTGGGCTCTGGCGCCTATGGCTCTGT GTGTGCTGCTTTTGACACAAAAACGGGGTTACGTGTGGCAGTGAAGAAGCTCTCCAG ACCATTTCAGTCCATCATTCATGCGAAAAGAACCTACAGAGAACTGCGGTTACTTAA ACATATGAAACATGAAAATGTGATTGGTCTGTTGGACGTTTTTACACCTGCAAGGTC TCTGGAGGAATTCAATGATGTGTATCTGGTGACCCATCTCATGGGGGCAGATCTGAA CAACATTGTGAAATGTCAGAAGCTTACAGATGACCATGTTCAGTTCCTTATCTACCA AATTCTCCGAGGTCTAAAGTATATACATTCAGCTGACATAATTCACAGGGACCTAAA ACCTAGTAATCTAGCTGTGAATGAAGACTGTGAGCTGAAGATTCTGGATTTTGGACT GGCTCGGCACACAGATGATGAAATGACAGGCTACGTGGCCACTAGGTGGTACAGGG CTCCTGAGATCATGCTGAACTGGATGCATTACAACCAGACAGTTGATATTTGGTCAG TGGGATGCATAATGGCCGAGCTGTTGACTGGAAGAACATTGTTTCCTGGTACAGACC ATATTAACCAGCTTCAGCAGATTATGCGTCTGACAGGAACACCCCCCGCTTATCTCA TTAACAGGATGCCAAGCCATGAGGCAAGAAACTATATTCAGTCTTTGACTCAGATGC CGAAGATGAACTTTGCGAATGTATTTATTGGTGCCAATCCCCTGGCTGTCGACTTGC TGGAGAAGATGCTTGTATTGGACTCAGATAAGAGAATTACAGCGGCCCAAGCCCTT GCACATGCCTACTTTGCTCAGTACCACGATCCTGATGATGAACCAGTGGCCGATCCT TATGATCAGTCCTTTGAAAGCAGGGACCTCCTTATAGATGAGTGGAAAAGCCTGACC TATGATGAAGTCATCAGCTTTGTGCCACCACCCCTTGACCAAGAAGAGATGGAGTCC TGA

Human PKR CDS (SEQ ID NO: 30)

ATGGCTGGTGATCTTTCAGCAGGTTTCTTCATGGAGGAACTTAATACATACCG TCAGAAGCAGGGAGTAGTACTTAAATATCAAGAACTGCCTAATTCAGGACCTCCAC ATGATAGGAGGTTTACATTTCAAGTTATAATAGATGGAAGAGAATTTCCAGAAGGT GAAGGTAGATCAAAGAAGGAAGCAAAAAATGCCGCAGCCAAATTAGCTGTTGAGAT ACTTAATAAGGAAAAGAAGGCAGTTAGTCCTTTATTATTGACAACAACGAATTCTTC AGAAGGATTATCCATGGGGAATTACATAGGCCTTATCAATAGAATTGCCCAGAAGA AAAGACTAACTGTAAATTATGAACAGTGTGCATCGGGGGTGCATGGGCCAGAAGGA TTTCATTATAAATGCAAAATGGGACAGAAAGAATATAGTATTGGTACAGGTTCTACT AAACAGGAAGCAAAACAATTGGCCGCTAAACTTGCATATCTTCAGATATTATCAGA AGAAACCTCAGTGAAATCTGACTACCTGTCCTCTGGTTCTTTTGCTACTACGTGTGAG TCCCAAAGCAACTCTTTAGTGACCAGCACACTCGCTTCTGAATCATCATCTGAAGGT GACTTCTCAGCAGATACATCAGAGATAAATTCTAACAGTGACAGTTTAAACAGTTCT TCGTTGCTTATGAATGGTCTCAGAAATAATCAAAGGAAGGCAAAAAGATCTTTGGC ACCCAGATTTGACCTTCCTGACATGAAAGAAACAAAGTATACTGTGGACAAGAGGT TTGGCATGGATTTTAAAGAAATAGAATTAATTGGCTCAGGTGGATTTGGCCAAGTTT TCAAAGCAAAACACAGAATTGACGGAAAGACTTACGTTATTAAACGTGTTAAATAT AAT AACGAGAAGGCGGAGCGTGAAGTAAAAGC ATTGGC AAAACTTGATC ATGTAAA TATTGTTCACTACAATGGCTGTTGGGATGGATTTGATTATGATCCTGAGACCAGTGA TGATTCTCTTGAGAGCAGTGATTATGATCCTGAGAACAGCAAAAATAGTTCAAGGTC AAAGACTAAGTGCCTTTTCATCCAAATGGAATTCTGTGATAAAGGGACCTTGGAACA ATGGATTGAAAAAAGAAGAGGCGAGAAACTAGACAAAGTTTTGGCTTTGGAACTCT TTGAAC AAATAAC AAAAGGGGTGGATT AT AT AC ATTC AAAAAAATTAATTC AT AGA GATCTTAAGCCAAGTAATATATTCTTAGTAGATACAAAACAAGTAAAGATTGGAGA CTTTGGACTTGTAACATCTCTGAAAAATGATGGAAAGCGAACAAGGAGTAAGGGAA CTTTGCGATACATGAGCCCAGAACAGATTTCTTCGCAAGACTATGGAAAGGAAGTG GACCTCTACGCTTTGGGGCTAATTCTTGCTGAACTTCTTCATGTATGTGACACTGCTT TTGAAACATCAAAGTTTTTCACAGACCTACGGGATGGCATCATCTCAGATATATTTG ATAAAAAAGAAAAAACTCTTCTACAGAAATTACTCTCAAAGAAACCTGAGGATCGA CCTAACACATCTGAAATACTAAGGACCTTGACTGTGTGGAAGAAAAGCCCAGAGAA AAATGAACGACACACATGTTAG

Human Rac CDS (SEQ ID NO: 31) ATGAGCGACGTGGCTATTGTGAAGGAGGGTTGGCTGCACAAACGAGGGGAGTACAT CAAGACCTGGCGGCCACGCTACTTCCTCCTCAAGAATGATGGCACCTTCATTGGCTA CAAGGAGCGGCCGCAGGATGTGGACCAACGTGAGGCTCCCCTCAACAACTTCTCTG TGGCGCAGTGCCAGCTGATGAAGACGGAGCGGCCCCGGCCCAACACCTTCATCATC CGCTGCCTGCAGTGGACCACTGTCATCGAACGCACCTTCCATGTGGAGACTCCTGAG GAGCGGGAGGAGTGGAC AACCGCC ATCC AGACTGTGGCTGACGGCCTC AAGAAGC A GGAGGAGGAGGAGATGGACTTCCGGTCGGGCTCACCCAGTGACAACTCAGGGGCTG AAGAGATGGAGGTGTCCCTGGCCAAGCCCAAGCACCGCGTGACCATGAACGAGTTT GAGTACCTGAAGCTGCTGGGCAAGGGCACTTTCGGCAAGGTGATCCTGGTGAAGGA GAAGGCCACAGGCCGCTACTACGCCATGAAGATCCTCAAGAAGGAAGTCATCGTGG CC AAGGACGAGGTGGCCC AC AC ACTC ACCGAGAACCGCGTCCTGC AGAACTCC AGG CACCCCTTCCTCACAGCCCTGAAGTACTCTTTCCAGACCCACGACCGCCTCTGCTTTG TCATGGAGTACGCCAACGGGGGCGAGCTGTTCTTCCACCTGTCCCGGGAGCGTGTGT TCTCCGAGGACCGGGCCCGCTTCTATGGCGCTGAGATTGTGTCAGCCCTGGACTACC TGCACTCGGAGAAGAACGTGGTGTACCGGGACCTCAAGCTGGAGAACCTCATGCTG GACAAGGACGGGCACATTAAGATCACAGACTTCGGGCTGTGCAAGGAGGGGATCAA GGACGGTGCCACCATGAAGACCTTTTGCGGCACACCTGAGTACCTGGCCCCCGAGG TGCTGGAGGACAATGACTACGGCCGTGCAGTGGACTGGTGGGGGCTGGGCGTGGTC ATGTACGAGATGATGTGCGGTCGCCTGCCCTTCTACAACCAGGACCATGAGAAGCTT TTTGAGCTCATCCTCATGGAGGAGATCCGCTTCCCGCGCACGCTTGGTCCCGAGGCC AAGTCCTTGCTTTCAGGG CTGCTCAAGAAGGACCCCAAGCAGAGGCTTGGCGGGGGCTCCGAGGACGCCAAGG AGATCATGCAGCATCGCTTCTTTGCCGGTATCGTGTGGCAGCACGTGTACGAGAAGA AGCTCAGCCCACCCTTCAAGCCCCAGGTCACGTCGGAGACTGACACCAGGTATTTTG ATGAGGAGTTCACGGCCCAGATGATCACCATCACACCACCTGACCAAGATGACAGC ATGGAGTGTGTGGACAGCGAGCGCAGGCCCCACTTCCCCCAGTTCTCCTACTCGGCC AGCGGCACGGCCTGA

Human Raf CDS (SEQ ID NO: 32)

ATGGCTAGCAAACGAAAATCTACAACTCCATGCATGGTTCGGACATCACAAGTAGT AGAACAAGATGTGCCCGAGGAAGTAGACAGGGCCAAAGAGAAAGGAATCGGCACA CC AC AGCCTGACGTGGCC AAGGAC AGTTGGGC AGC AGAACTTGAAAACTCTTCC AA AGAAAACGAAGTGATAGAGGTGAAATCTATGGGGGAAAGCCAGTCCAAAAAACTC CAAGGTGGTTATGAGTGCAAATACTGCCCCTACTCCACGCAAAACCTGAACGAGTTC ACGGAGCATGTCGACATGCAGCATCCCAACGTGATTCTCAACCCCCTCTACGTGTGT GCAGAATGTAACTTCACAACCAAAAAGTACGACTCCCTATCCGACCACAACTCCAA GTTCC ATCCCGGGGAGGCCAACTTCAAGCTGAAGTTAATTAAACGC AATAATCAAA CTGTCTTGGAACAGTCCATCGAAACCACCAACCATGTCGTGTCCATCACCACCAGTG GCCCTGGAACTGGTGACAGTGATTCTGGGATCTCGGTGAGTAAAACCCCCATCATGA AGCCTGGAAAACCAAAAGCGGATGCCAAGAAGGTGCCCAAGAAGCCCGAGGAGAT CACCCCCGAGAACCACGTGGAAGGGACCGCCCGCCTGGTGACAGACACAGCTGAGA TCCTCTCGAGACTCGGCGGGGTGGAGCTCCTCCAAGACACATTAGGACACGTCATGC CTTCTGTACAGCTGCCACCAAATATCAACCTTGTGCCCAAGGTCCCTGTCCCACTAA ATACTACCAAATACAACTCTGCCCTGGATACAAATGCCACGATGATCAACTCTTTCA ACAAGTTTCCTTACCCGACCCAGGCTGAGTTGTCCTGGCTGACAGCTGCCTCCAAAC ACCCAGAGGAGCACATCAGAATCTGGTTTGCCACCCAGCGCTTAAAGCATGGCATC AGCTGGTCCCCAGAAGAGGTGGAGGAGGCCCGGAAGAAGATGTTCAACGGCACCAT CCAGTCAGTACCCCCGACCATCACTGTGCTGCCCGCCCAGTTGGCCCCCACAAAGGT GACGCAGCCCATCCTCCAGACGGCTCTACCGTGCCAGATCCTCGGCCAGACTAGCCT GGTGCTGACTCAGGTGACCAGCGGGTCAACAACCGTCTCTTGCTCCCCCATCACACT TGCCGTGGCAGGAGTCACCAACCATGGCCAGAAGAGACCCTTGGTGACTCCCCAAG CTGCCCCCGAACCCAAGCGTCCACACATCGCTCAGGTGCCAGAGCCCCCACCCAAG GTGGCCAACCCCCCGCTCACACCAGCCAGTGACCGCAAGAAGACAAAGGAGCAGAT AGCACATCTCAAGGCCAGCTTTCTCCAGAGCCAGTTCCCTGACGATGCCGAGGTTTA CCGGCTCATCGAGGTGACTGGCCTTGCCAGGAGCGAGATCAAGAAGTGGTTCAGTG ACCACCGATATCGGTGTCAAAGGGGCATCGTCCACATCACCAGCGAATCCCTTGCCA AAGACC AGTTGGCC ATCGCGGCCTCCCGAC ACGGTCGC ACGT ATC ATGCGTACCC A GACTTTGCCCCCCAGAAGTTCAAAGAGAAAACACAGGGTCAGGTTAAAATCTTGGA AGACAGCTTTTTGAAAAGTTCTTTTCCTACCCAAGCAGAACTGGATCGGCTAAGGGT GGAGACCAAGCTGAGCAGGAGAGAGATCGACTCCTGGTTCTCGGAGAGGCGGAAGC TTCGAGACAGCATGGAACAAGCTGTCTTGGATTCCATGGGGTCTGGCAAAAAAGGC CAAGATGTGGGAGCCCCCAATGGTGCTCTGTCTCGACTCGACCAGCTCTCCGGTGCC CAGTTAACAAGTTCTCTGCCCAGCCCTTCGCCAGCAATTGCAAAAAGTCAAGAACA GGTTCATCTCCTGAGGAGCACGTTTGCAAGAACCCAGTGGCCTACTCCCCAGGAGTA CGACCAGTTAGCGGCCAAGACTGGCCTGGTCCGAACTGAGATTGTGCGTTGGTTCAA GGAGAACAGATGCTTGCTGAAAACGGGAACCGTGAAGTGGATGGAGCAGTACCAGC ACCAGCCCATGGCAGATGATCACGGCTACGATGCCGTAGCAAGGAAAGCAACAAAA CCCATGGCCGAGAGCCCAAAGAACGGGGGTGATGTGGTTCCACAATATTACAAGGA CCCCAAAAAGCTCTGCGAAGAGGACTTGGAGAAGTTGGTGACCAGGGTAAAAGTAG GCAGCGAGCCAGCAAAAGACTGTTTGCCAGCAAAGCCCTCAGAGGCCACCTCAGAC CGGTCAGAGGGCAGCAGCCGGGACGGCCAGGGTAGCGACGAGAACGAGGAGTCGA GCGTTGTGGATTACGTGGAGGTGACGGTCGGGGAGGAGGATGCGATCTCAGATAGA TCAGATAGCTGGAGTCAGGCTGCGGCAGAAGGTGTGTCGGAACTGGCTGAATCAGA CTCCGACTGCGTCC CTGCAGAGGCTGGCCAGGCCTAG

Human K-Ras CDS (SEQ ID NO: 33)

ATGACTGAATATAAACTTGTGGTAGTTGGAGCTGGTGGCGTAGGCAAGAGTGCCTTG ACGATAC AGCT AATTC AGAATC ATTTTGTGGACGAATATGATCC AAC AAT AGAGGAT TCCTACAGGAAGCAAGTAGTAATTGATGGAGAAACCTGTCTCTTGGATATTCTCGAC ACAGCAGGTCAAGAGGAGTACAGTGCAATGAGGGACCAGTACATGAGGACTGGGG AGGGCTTTCTTTGTGTATTTGCCATAAATAATACTAAATCATTTGAAGATATTCACCA TTATAGAGAACAAATTAAAAGAGTTAAGGACTCTGAAGATGTACCTATGGTCCTAGT AGGAAATAAATGTGATTTGCCTTCTAGAACAGTAGACAC AAAACAGGCTC AGGACT TAGCAAGAAGTTATGGAATTCCTTTTATTGAAACATCAGCAAAGACAAGACAGGGT GTTGATGATGCCTTCTATACATTAGTTCGAGAAATTCGAAAACATAAAGAAAAGATG AGCAAAGATGGTAAAAAGAAGAAAAAGAAGTCAAAGACAAAGTGTGTAATTATGT AA

Human N-Ras CDS (SEQ ID NO: 34)

ATGACTGAGTACAAACTGGTGGTGGTTGGAGCAGGTGGTGTTGGGAAAAGCGCACT GACAATCCAGCTAATCCAGAACCACTTTGTAGATGAATATGATCCCACCATAGAGG ATTCTTACAGAAAACAAGTGGTTATAGATGGTGAAACCTGTTTGTTGGACATACTGG ATACAGCTGGACAAGAAGAGTACAGTGCCATGAGAGACCAATACATGAGGACAGG CGAAGGCTTCCTCTGTGTATTTGCCATCAATAATAGCAAGTCATTTGCGGATATTAA CCTCTACAGGGAGCAGATTAAGCGAGTAAAAGACTCGGATGATGTACCTATGGTGC TAGTGGGAAACAAGTGTGATTTGCCAACAAGGACAGTTGATACAAAACAAGCCCAC GAACTGGCCAAGAGTTACGGGATTCCATTCATTGAAACCTCAGCCAAGACCAGACA GGGTGTTGAAGATGCTTTTTAC AC ACTGGT AAGAGAAAT ACGCC AGTACCGAATGA AAAAACTCAACAGCAGTGATGATGGGACTCAGGGTTGTATGGGATTGCCATGTGTG GTGATGTAA

Human RIP CDS (SEQ ID NO: 35) ATGC AACC AGAC ATGTCCTTGAATGTC ATT AAGATGAAATCC AGTGACTTCCTGGAG AGTGCAGAACTGGACAGCGGAGGCTTTGGGAAGGTGTCTCTGTGTTTCCACAGAAC CCAGGGACTCATGATCATGAAAACAGTGTACAAGGGGCCCAACTGCATTGAGCACA ACGAGGCCCTCTTGGAGGAGGCGAAGATGATGAACAGACTGAGACACAGCCGGGTG GTGAAGCTCCTGGGCGTCATCATAGAGGAAGGGAAGTACTCCCTGGTGATGGAGTA CATGGAGAAGGGCAACCTGATGCACGTGCTGAAAGCCGAGATGAGTACTCCGCTTT CTGTAAAAGGAAGGATAATTTTGGAAATCATTGAAGGAATGTGCTACTTACATGGA AAAGGCGTGATACACAAGGACCTGAAGCCTGAAAATATCCTTGTTGATAATGACTTC CACATTAAGATCGCAGACCTCGGCCTTGCCTCCTTTAAGATGTGGAGCAAACTGAAT AATGAAGAGCACAATGAGCTGAGGGAAGTGGACGGCACCGCTAAGAAGAATGGCG GCACCCTCTACTACATGGCGCCCGAGCACCTGAATGACGTCAACGCAAAGCCCACA GAGAAGTCGGATGTGTACAGCTTTGCTGTAGTACTCTGGGCGATATTTGCAAATAAG GAGCCATATGAAAATGCTATCTGTGAGCAGCAGTTGATAATGTGCATAAAATCTGG GAACAGGCCAGATGTGGATGACATCACTGAGTACTGCCCAAGAGAAATTATCAGTC TCATGAAGCTCTGCTGGGAAGCGAATCCGGAAGCTCGGCCGACATTTCCTGGCATTG AAGAAAAATTTAGGCCTTTTTATTTAAGTCAATTAGAAGAAAGTGTAGAAGAGGAC GTGAAGAGTTTAAAGAAAGAGTATTCAAACGAAAATGCAGTTGTGAAGAGAATGCA GTCTCTTCAACTTGATTGTGTGGCAGTACCTTCAAGCCGGTCAAATTCAGCCACAGA AC AGCCTGGTTC ACTGC AC AGTTCCC AGGGACTTGGGATGGGTCCTGTGGAGGAGTC CTGGTTTGCTCCTTCCCTGGAGCACCCACAAGAAGAGAATGAGCCCAGCCTGCAGA GTAAACTCCAAGACGAAGCCAACTACCATCTTTATGGCAGCCGCATGGACAGGCAG ACGAAACAGCAGCCCAGACAGAATGTGGCTTACAACAGAGAGGAGGAAAGGAGAC GCAGGGTCTCCCATGACCCTTTTGCACAGCAAAGACCTTACGAGAATTTTCAGAATA C AGAGGGAAAAGGC ACTGCTTATTCCAGTGCAGCCAGTCATGGTAATGC AGTGC AC CAGCCCTCAGGGCTCACCAGCCAACCTCAAGTACTGTATCAGAACAATGGATTATAT AGCTCACATGGCTTTGGAACAAGACCACTGGATCCAGGAACAGCAGGTCCCAGAGT TTGGTACAGGCCAATTCCAAGTCATATGCCTAGTCTGCATAATATCCCAGTGCCTGA GACCAACTATCTAGGAAATACACCCACCATGCCATTCAGCTCCTTGCCACCAACAGA TGAATCTATAAAATATACCATATACAATAGTACTGGCATTCAGATTGGAGCCTACAA TTATATGGAGATTGGTGGGACGAGTTCATCACTACTAGACAGCACAAATACGAACTT CAAAGAAGAGCCAGCTGCTAAGTACCAAGCTATCTTTGATAATACCACTAGTCTGAC GGATAAACACCTGGACCCAATCAGGGAAAATCTGGGAAAGCACTGGAAAAACTGTG CCCGTAAACTGGGCTTCACACAGTCTCAGATTGATGAAATTGACCATGACTATGAGC GAGATGGACTGAAAGAAAAGGTTTACCAGATGCTCCAAAAGTGGGTGATGAGGGAA GGCATAAAGGGAGCCACGGTGGGGAAGCTGGCCCAGGCGCTCCACCAGTGTTCCAG GATCGACC TTCTGAGCAGCTTGATTTACGTCAGCCAGAACTAA

Human TRAF6 CDS (SEQ ID NO: 36)

ATGAGTCTGCTAAACTGTGAAAACAGCTGTGGATCCAGCCAGTCTGAAAGTGACTG CTGTGTGGCCATGGCCAGCTCCTGTAGCGCTGTAACAAAAGATGATAGTGTGGGTGG AACTGCCAGCACGGGGAACCTCTCCAGCTCATTTATGGAGGAGATCCAGGGATATG ATGTAGAGTTTGACCCACCCCTGGAAAGCAAGTATGAATGCCCCATCTGCTTGATGG CATTACGAGAAGC AGTGC AAACGCCATGCGGCCATAGGTTCTGCAAAGCCTGCATC ATAAAATCAATAAGGGATGCAGGTCACAAATGTCCAGTTGACAATGAAATACTGCT GGAAAATC AACT ATTTCC AGAC AATTTTGC AAAACGTGAGATTCTTTCTCTGATGGT GAAATGTCCAAATGAAGGTTGTTTGCACAAGATGGAACTGAGACATCTTGAGGATC ATCAAGCACATTGTGAGTTTGCTCTTATGGATTGTCCCCAATGCCAGCGTCCCTTCCA AAAATTCCATATTAATATTCACATTCTGAAGGATTGTCCAAGGAGACAGGTTTCTTG TGACAACTGTGCTGCATCAATGGCATTTGAAGATAAAGAGATCCATGACCAGAACT GTCCTTTGGCAAATGTCATCTGTGAAT ACTGC AATACTATACTCATCAGAGAACAGA TGCCTAATCATTATGATCTAGACTGCCCTACAGCCCCAATTCCATGCACATTCAGTA CTTTTGGTTGCCATGAAAAGATGCAGAGGAATCACTTGGCACGCCACCTACAAGAG AACACCCAGTCACACATGAGAATGTTGGCCCAGGCTGTTCATAGTTTGAGCGTTATA CCCGACTCTGGGTATATCTCAGAGGTCCGGAATTTCCAGGAAACTATTCACCAGTTA GAGGGTCGCCTTGTAAGACAAGACCATCAAATCCGGGAGCTGACTGCTAAAATGGA AACTCAGAGTATGTATGTAAGTGAGCTCAAACGAACCATTCGAACCCTTGAGGACA AAGTTGCTGAAATCGAAGCACAGCAGTGCAATGGAATTTATATTTGGAAGATTGGC AACTTTGGAATGCATTTGAAATGTCAAGAAGAGGAGAAACCTGTTGTGATTCATAGC CCTGGATTCTACACTGGCAAACCCGGGTACAAACTGTGCATGCGCTTGCACCTTCAG TTACCGACTGCTCAGCGCTGTGCAAACTATATATCCCTTTTTGTCCACACAATGCAA GGAGAATATGACAGCCACCTCCCTTGGCCCTTCCAGGGTACAATACGCCTTACAATT CTTGATCAGTCTGAAGCACCTGTAAGGCAAAACCACGAAGAGATAATGGATGCCAA ACCAGAGCTGCTTGCTTTCCAGCGACCCACAATCCCACGGAACCCAAAAGGTTTTGG CTATGTAACTTTTATGCATCTGGAAGCCCTAAGACAAAGAACTTTCATTAAGGATGA C AC ATTATTAGTGCGCTGTGAGGTCTCC ACCCGCTTTGAC ATGGGTAGCCTTCGGAG GGAGGGTTTTCAGCCACGAAGTACTGATGCAGGGGTATAG

Human TTP CDS (SEQ ID NO: 37)

ATGGCCAACCGTTACACCATGGATCTGACTGCCATCTACGAGAGCCTCCTGTCGCTG AGCCCTGACGTGCCCGTGCCATCCGACCATGGAGGGACTGAGTCCAGCCCAGGCTG GGGCTCCTCGGGACCCTGGAGCCTGAGCCCCTCCGACTCC AGCCCGTCTGGGGTCAC CTCCCGCCTGCCTGGCCGCTCCACCAGCCTAGTGGAGGGCCGCAGCTGTGGCTGGGT GCCCCCACCCCCTGGCTTCGCACCGCTGGCTCCCCGCCTGGGCCCTGAGCTGTCACC CTCACCCACTTCGCCCACTGCAACCTCCACCACCCCCTCGCGCTACAAGACTGAGCT ATGTCGGACCTTCTCAGAGAGTGGGCGCTGCCGCTACGGGGCCAAGTGCCAGTTTGC CCATGGCCTGGGCGAGCTGCGCCAGGCCAATCGCCACCCCAAATACAAGACGGAAC TCTGTCACAAGTTCTACCTCCAGGGCCGCTGCCCCTACGGCTCTCGCTGCCACTTCAT CCACAACCCTAGCGAAGACCTGGCGGCCCCGGGCCACCCTCCTGTGCTTCGCCAGA GCATCAGCTTCTCCGGCCTGCCCTCTGGCCGCCGGACCTCACCACCACCACCAGGCC TGGCCGGCCCTTCCCTGTCCTCCAGCTCCTTCTCGCCCTCCAGCTCCCCACCACCACC TGGGGACCTTCCACTGTCACCCTCTGCCTTCTCTGCTGCCCCTGGCACCCCCCTGGCT CGAAGAGACCCCACCCCAGTCTGTTGCCCCTCCTGCCGAAGGGCCACTCCTATCAGC GTCTGGGGGCCCTTGGGTGGCCTGGTTCGGACCCCCTCTGTACAGTCCCTGGGATCC GACCCTGATGAATATGCCAGCAGCGGCAGCAGCCTGGGGGGCTCTGACTCTCCCGT CTTCGAGGCGGGAGTTTTTGCACCACCCCAGCCCGTGGCAGCCCCCCGGCGACTCCC CATCTTCAATCGCATCTCTGTTTCTGAGTGA

An anti sense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to all or part of a non-coding region of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, F-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTPMEKKlprotein. Non-coding regions (5' and 3' untranslated regions) are the 5' and 3' sequences that flank the coding region in a gene and are not translated into amino acids.

Based upon the sequences disclosed herein, one of skill in the art can easily choose and synthesize any of a number of appropriate antisense nucleic acids to target a nucleic acid encoding an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKKl/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, F-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP protein described herein. Antisense nucleic acids targeting a nucleic acid encoding an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, ΙκΒ, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKKl/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-KB, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTPMEKKl protein can be designed using the software available at the Integrated DNA

Technologies website.

An antisense nucleic acid can be, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, or 50 nucleotides or more in length. An antisense oligonucleotide can be constructed using enzymatic ligation reactions and chemical synthesis using procedures known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid can be chemically synthesized using variously modified nucleotides or naturally occurring nucleotides designed to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides or to increase the biological stability of the molecules.

Examples of modified nucleotides which can be used to generate an antisense nucleic acid include 1 -methyl guanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethyl guanine, 2-methyladenine, 2- methylguanine, 3 -methyl cytosine, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5- chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5'-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 5-methyl-2- thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil- 5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest). The antisense nucleic acid molecules described herein can be prepared in vitro and administered to a subject, e.g., a human subject. Alternatively, they can be generated in situ such that they hybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, ΙκΒ, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa,

TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP protein to thereby inhibit expression, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be by conventional nucleotide complementarities to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid molecule that binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. The antisense nucleic acid molecules can be delivered to a mammalian cell using a vector (e.g., an adenovirus vector, a lentivirus, or a retrovirus).

An antisense nucleic acid can be an a-anomeric nucleic acid molecule. An a-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual, β-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6625-6641, 1987). The antisense nucleic acid can also comprise a chimeric RNA-DNA analog (Inoue et al., FEBS Lett. 215:327-330, 1987) or a 2'-0- methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6131-6148, 1987).

Another example of an inhibitory nucleic acid is a ribozyme that has specificity for a nucleic acid encoding an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, ΙκΒ, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKK 1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA, e.g., specificity for any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-37). Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules with ribonuclease activity that are capable of cleaving a single-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementary region. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes (described in Haselhoff and Gerlach, Nature 334:585-591, 1988)) can be used to catalytically cleave mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibit translation of the protein encoded by the mRNA. An AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, ΙκΒ, IKK, IRAK, INK, LBP, MAPK, MEKl/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA can be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules. See, e.g., Bartel et al ., Science 261 : 1411-1418, 1993. Alternatively, a ribozyme having specificity for an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, F-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFR1, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA can be designed based upon the nucleotide sequence of any of the AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFRl, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA sequences disclosed herein. For example, a derivative of a Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be constructed in which the nucleotide sequence of the active site is complementary to the nucleotide sequence to be cleaved in an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2,

MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFRl, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP mRNA (see, e.g., U.S. Patent. Nos. 4,987,071 and 5, 116,742).

An inhibitory nucleic acid can also be a nucleic acid molecule that forms triple helical structures. For example, expression of an AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFRl, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP polypeptide can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the gene encoding the AP-1, ASKl, CD14, c-jun, ERKl/2, IKB, IKK, IRAK, JNK, LBP, MAPK, MEK1/2, MEKK1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, MK2, MyD88, NF-κΒ, NIK, p38, PKR, rac, ras, raf, RIP, TNFa, TNFRl, TNFR2, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, or TTP polypeptide (e.g., the promoter and/or enhancer, e.g., a sequence that is at least 1 kb, 2 kb, 3 kb, 4 kb, or 5 kb upstream of the transcription initiation start state) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the gene in target cells. See generally Maher, Bioassays 14(12):807-15, 1992; Helene, Anticancer DrugDes. 6(6):569-84, 1991; and Helene, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36, 1992.

In various embodiments, inhibitory nucleic acids can be modified at the sugar moiety, the base moiety, or phosphate backbone to improve, e.g., the solubility, stability, or hybridization, of the molecule. For example, the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids can be modified to generate peptide nucleic acids (see, e.g., Hyrup et al., Bioorganic Medicinal Chem. 4(l):5-23, 1996). Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are nucleic acid mimics, e.g., DNA mimics, in which the deoxyribose phosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and only the four natural nucleobases are retained. The neutral backbone of PNAs allows for specific hybridization to RNA and DNA under conditions of low ionic strength. PNA oligomers can be synthesized using standard solid phase peptide synthesis protocols (see, e.g., Perry-O'Keefe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 : 14670-675, 1996). PNAs can be used as antisense or antigene agents for sequence-specific modulation of gene expression by, e.g., inducing transcription or translation arrest or inhibiting replication.

Small Molecules In some embodiments, the anti-TNFa agent is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the small molecule is a tumor necrosis factor-converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitor (e.g., Moss et al., Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology 4: 300-309, 2008). In some embodiments, the anti- TNFa agent is C87 (Ma et al., J. Biol. Chem. 289(18): 12457-66, 2014). In some embodiments, the small molecule is LMP-420 (e.g., Haraguchi et al., AIDS Res. Ther. 3 :8, 2006). In some embodiments, the TACE inhibitor is TMI-005 and BMS-561392. Additional examples of small molecule inhibitors are described in, e.g., He et al., Science 310(5750): 1022-1025, 2005.

In some examples, the anti-TNFa agent is a small molecule that inhibits the activity of one of AP-1, ASK1, IKK, INK, MAPK, MEKK 1/4, MEKK4/7, MEKK 3/6, NIK, TRADD, RIP, NF-KB, and TRADD in a cell (e.g., in a cell obtained from a subject, a mammalian cell).

In some examples, the anti-TNFa agent is a small molecule that inhibits the activity of one of CD14, MyD88 (see, e.g., Olson et al., Scientific Reports 5: 14246, 2015), ras (e.g., Baker et al., Nature 497:577-578, 2013), raf (e.g., vemurafenib (PLX4032, RG7204), sorafenib tosylate, PLX-4720, dabrafenib (GSK2118436), GDC-0879, RAF265 (CHIR-265), AZ 628, NVP-BHG712, SB590885, ZM 336372, sorafenib, GW5074, TAK-632, CEP-32496, encorafenib (LGX818), CCT 196969, LY3009120, R05126766 (CH5126766), PLX7904, and MLN2480).

In some examples, the anti-TNFa agent TNFa inhibitor is a small molecule that inhibits the activity of one of MK2 (PF 3644022 and PHA 767491), INK (e.g., AEG 3482, BI 78D3, CEP 1347, c-JUN peptide, IQ I S, JIP-1 (153-163), SP600125, SU 3327, and TCS INK6o), c-jun (e.g., AEG 3482, BI 78D3, CEP 1347, c-JUN peptide, IQ I S, JIP-1 (153-163), SP600125, SU 3327, and TCS INK6o), MEK3/6 (e.g., Akinleye et al., J. Hematol. Oncol. 6:27, 2013), p38 (e.g., AL 8697, AMG 548, BIRB 796, CMPD-1, DBM 1285 dihydrochloride, EO 1428, JX 401, ML 3403, Org 48762-0, PH 797804, RWJ 67657, SB 202190, SB 203580, SB 239063, SB 706504, SCIO 469, SKF 86002, SX 011, TA 01, TA 02, TAK 715, VX 702, and VX 745), PKR (e.g., 2-aminopurine or CAS 608512-97-6), TTP (e.g., CAS 329907-28-0), MEK1/2 (e.g., Facciorusso et al., Expert Review Gastroentrol. Hepatol. 9:993-1003, 2015), ERKl/2 (e.g., Mandal et al., Oncogene 35:2547-2561, 2016), NIK (e.g., Mortier et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20:4515-4520, 2010), IKK (e.g., Reilly et al., Nature Med. 19:313-321, 2013), ΙκΒ (e.g., Suzuki et al., Expert. Opin. Invest. Drugs 20:395-405, 2011), NF-κΒ (e.g., Gupta et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1799(10-12):775-787, 2010), rac (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 9,278,956), MEK4/7, IRAK (Chaudhary et al., J. Med. Chem. 58(1):96-110, 2015), LBP (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,705,398), and TRAF6 (e.g., 3-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)amino]-l-phenyl-2-propen-l-one).

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the inhibitory nucleic acid can be about 10 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides (e.g., about 10 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 16 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 14 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 12 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 16 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 14 nucleotides, about 15 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 15 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides about 15nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides about 15nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides, about 15nucleotides to about 16 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides about 16 nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides about 18 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides about 20 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides about 24 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides about 24 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides about 24 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides about 24 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides about 24 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides about 24 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides about 24 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides about 24 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides about 26 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides about 26 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides about 26 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides about 26 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides about 26 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides about 26 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides about 28 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides about 28 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 28 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides about 28 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 28 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides about 30 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides about 30 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides to about 38 nucleotides about 30 nucleotides to about 36 nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides to about 34 nucleotides about 30 nucleotides to about 32 nucleotides, about 32 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides about 32 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 32 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides about 32 nucleotides to about 35 nucleotides, about 35 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides about 35 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 35 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides about 40 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 40 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, about 42 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, about 42 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides, or about 45 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides) in length. One skilled in the art will appreciate that inhibitory nucleic acids may comprises at least one modified nucleic acid at either the 5 ' or 3' end of DNA or RNA.

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid can be formulated in a liposome, a micelle (e.g., a mixed micelle), a nanoemulsion, or a microemulsion, a solid nanoparticle, or a nanoparticle (e.g., a nanoparticle including one or more synthetic polymers). Additional exemplary structural features of inhibitory nucleic acids and formulations of inhibitory nucleic acids are described in US 2016/0090598.

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., any of the inhibitory nucleic acid described herein) can include a sterile saline solution (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)). In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., any of the inhibitory nucleic acid described herein) can include a tissue-specific delivery molecule (e.g., a tissue-specific antibody). Compound Preparation and Biological Assays

As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, methods of synthesizing the compounds of the formulae herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and RGM. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.

Preparative examples

The following abbreviations have the indicated meanings: ACN = acetonitrile

BTC ^:::: trichlofomethyl chloroform ate DCM = dichlorom ethane

DEA ^:::: diethylamine

DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide

DM SO ^:::: dimethyl sulfoxide

EtOH == ethanol

Hex = hexane

HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography

LC-MS = liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry

Me ^' methyl

MeOH = methanol

NBS ^::: N-bromosuccinimi de

NCS = -chlorosuccinimide

\.\ IR = nuclear magnetic resonance

Pd(dppf)Cl ₂ ^::: dichloro[l, l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium

Ph = phenyl

PPh ₃ Cl ₂ = dichlorotriphenylphosphorane

Py = pyridine

RT ^:::: room temperature

TBAF = tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride

TBS = tert-bijtyldimethyistlyl

TBSCl ^:::: tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride

TEA = triethylarnine

TFA ^:::: trifluoroacetic acid

THE = tetrahydrofuran

TLC ^:::: thin layer chromatography

UV = ultraviolet

General

The progress of reactions was often monitored by TLC or LC-MS. The identity of the products was often confirmed by LC-MS. The LC-MS was recorded using one of the following methods. Method A: Shim-pack XR-ODS, C I 8, 3x50 mm, 2.5 um column, 1.0 uL injection, 1.5 mL/min flow rate, 90-900 amu scan range, 190-400 ran UV range, 5-100% ( 1.1 min), 100% (0.6 min) gradient with ACN (0.05% TFA) and water (0.05% TFA), 2 minute total run time.

Method B: Kinetex EVO, C 18, 3x50 mm, 2.2 um column, 1.0 uL injection, 1.5 mL/min flow rate, 90-900 amu scan range, 190-400 ran UV range, 10-95% (1.1 min), 95% (0.6 min) gradient with ACN and water (0.5% ¾HC0 ₃ ), 2 minute total run time. Method C: Shim-pack XR-ODS, CIS, 3x50 mm, 2.5 um column, 1.0 uL injection, 1 .5 mL/min flow rate, 90-900 amu scan range, 190-400 ran UV range, 5-100% (2.1 min), 100% (0.6 min) gradient with ACN (0.05% TFA) and water (0.05% TFA), 3 minute total run time.

Method D: Kinetex EVO, C18, 3x50 mm, 2,2 um column, 1.0 uL injection, 1.5 mL/min flow rate, 90-900 amu scan range, 190-400 ran UV range, 10-95% (2.1 min), 95% (0.6 min) gradient with ACN and water (0.5%) NH :i ICO ; ), 3 minute total run time.

The final targets were purified by Prep-HPLC. The Prep-HPLC was carried out using the following method.

Method E: Prep-HPLC: Column, XBridge Shield RP18 OBD (19x250 mm, 10 um); mobile phase, Water (lOmmol/L NH4HCO3) and ACN, UV detection 254/210 nm.

The final targets were purified by Prep-HPLC, The Prep-HPLC was carried out using the following method.

Method F: Prep-HPLC: Higgins Analytical Proto 200, C18 Column, 250 x 20 mm, 10 um; mobile phase, Water (0.1 % TFA) and ACN (0.1% TFA), UV detection 254/210 nm.

NMR was recorded on BRUKER NMR 300.03 MHz, DUL-C-H, ULTRASHIELD™300, AVANCE II 300 B-ACS™120 or BRUKER NMR 400.13 MHz, BBFO,

ULTRASHIELD™400, AVANCE III 400, B-ACS™120. NMR was recorded on 250 MHz, BRUKER AC 250 MR

Racemic compounds of this invention can be resolved to give individual enantiomers using a variety of known methods. For example, chiral stationary phases can used and the eluticm conditions can include normal phase or super-critical fluid with or without acidic or basic additives. Enantiomericaily pure acids or bases can be used to form diatereomeric salts with the racemic compounds whereby pure enantiomers can be obtained by fractional crystallization. The racemates can also be derivatized with enantiomericaily pure auxiliary reagents to form diastereomeric mixtures that can be separated. The auxiliary is then removed to give pure enantiomers.

The compounds herein may be prepared, for example, using the synthetic route as shown in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Scheme of final targets: Schemes A-E illustrate several conditions used for coupling of acid 1 and sulfonamide 2 to afford acyl sulfonamide 3.

Scheme A:

Scheme B:

Scheme C:

Scheme D:

Scheme E:

2 TEA, DCM

Scheme El Scheme of Sulfonamides Intermediates: Schemes F-Z illustrate the preparation of sulfonamide intermediates. It is understood that the numbering used in the schemes below refers only to the intermediates and that the intermediates are distinct from compounds of formula A, I, and/or II that may have the same numerical designation. Thus, by way of example, intermediate number "1 16" in Scheme AB below is distinct from compound 1 16 disclosed herein.

Scheme F:

5-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide

Step 1 : Methyl 2-mercaptothiazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed methyl 2-bromothiazole-5-carboxylate (10 g, 45 mmol), EtOH (100 mL), and sodium hydrogensulfide (5 g, 89 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 80°C and then was cooled to 0°C with a water/ice bath. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 3 with hydrogen chloride (1 N). The solids were collected by filtration. This resulted in 6 g (76%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 176.0 (M+l). Step 2: Methyl 2-(chlorosulfonyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed methyl 2-mercaptothiazole-5-carboxylate (6 g, 34 mmol), and acetic acid (60 mL). This was followed by the addition of sodium hypochlorite (60 mL, 8%-10% wt) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then was diluted with 100 mL of water. The solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 5 g (crude, 60%) of the title compound as yellow oil. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 3 : Methyl 2-sulfamoylthiazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed methyl 2-(chlorosulfonyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate (5 g, 21 mmol), and DCM (50 mL). This was followed by the addition of a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (10 mL) in portions at RT. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 3 g (65%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 223.0 (M+l).

Step 4: 5-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed a solution of methyl 2-sulfamoylthiazole-5-carboxylate (3 g, 13.5 mmol) in THF (25 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr/THF (3 M, 18 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 20 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 2.3 g (78%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 223.0 (M+l), 221.0 (M- 1).

Intermediate 2

5-Isopropylthiazole-2-sulfonamide

Step 5: 5-Isopropylthiazole-2-sulfonamide

Into a 40-mL sealed tube, was placed 5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide (500 mg, 2.25 mmol) in TFA (5 mL), and Et ₃ SiH (5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at 70°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :4 to 1 :2). This resulted in 380 mg (82%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 205.0 (M-l). Scheme G:

4-(l-Hydroxycyclopropyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide

Step 1 : 4-(l-Hydroxycyclopropyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed methyl 5-sulfamoylthiophene-3-carboxylate (5.525 g, 24.97 mmol), THF (80 mL), Ti(i- PrO) ₄ (1.5 mL). This was followed by the addition of EtMgBr/THF (3 M, 21 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 30 mL of H ₄ C1 (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x40 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 662 mg (12%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 218.0 (M-l).

Scheme H: Intermediate 4

3-Chloro-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Step 1 : 3-Chloro-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 100-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed a solution of methyl 3-chloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoate (579 mg, 2.32 mmol) in THF (30 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr/THF (3 M, 3.5 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 20 mL of H4CI (sat.). The solution was extracted with 3x20 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 415 mg (72%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 248.0, 250.0 (M-l).

Intermediate 5

3-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Step 1 : Methyl 3-sulfamoylbenzoate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl 3-(chlorosulfonyl)benzoate (2 g, 8.5 mmol) in DCM (35 mL). To the above was added a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (15 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 1.753 g (93%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 214.0 (M-1).

Step 2: 3-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 250-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed a solution of methyl 3-sulfamoylbenzoate (1.753 g, 8.14 mmol) in THF (70 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr/THF (3 M, 12.2 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 30 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 5x30 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 1.642 g (94%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 214.0 (M-1).

Table 2. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using the similar procedure for converting compound 7 to compound 8 shown in Scheme I.

Intermediate 8

5-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide

Intermediate 8 was prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 7 to

Intermediate 5 shown in Scheme I. MS-ESI: 220.0 (M-1). cheme J:

3-(Methylsulfonyl)benzenesulfonamide

Step 1 : 3-(Methylsulfonyl)benzene-l-sulfonyl chloride

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 3-(methylsulfonyl)benzenamine (200 mg, 1.17 mmol) in HC1 (6 M, 5 mL). This was followed by the addition of a solution of NaNC (97 mg, 1.41 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 20 min at 0°C. The above mixture was added to a saturated solution of S0 ₂ in AcOH (5 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. Then to the above was added CuCb (157 mg, 1.17 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 10 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x10 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 250 mg (84%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 2: 3-(Methylsulfonyl)benzenesulfonamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 3-(methylsulfonyl)benzene-l-sulfonyl chloride (250 mg, 0.98 mmol) and DCM (3 mL). To the above was added a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then was diluted with 5 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x10 mL of ethyl acetate; and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 220 mg (crude, 95%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 234.0 (M- 1). Table 3. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 9 to Intermediate 9 shown in Scheme J.

Scheme K:

Intermediate 13

1 -Isopropyl- lH-pyrazole-3 -sulfonamide

Step 1 : l-Isopropyl-3-nitro-lH-pyrazole

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 3-nitro-lH-pyrazole (10 g, 88.4 mmol) in DMF (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH (60%, 3.9 g) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 0°C. This was followed by the addition of 2- bromopropane (14.1 g, 1 14.6 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C in 10 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 11.8 g (86%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 156.1 (M+l).

Step 2: 3-Amino-l-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazole

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of l-isopropyl-3-nitro-lH-pyrazole (10.8 g, 69.6 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 1.5 g) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 7.27 g (83%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 126.1 (M+l).

Steps 3-4 used similar procedures for converting compound 9 to Intermediate 9 shown in Scheme J to afford Intermediate 13. MS-ESI: 188.0 (M-l).

Scheme L:

Intermediate 14

4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)furan-2-sulfonamide

Step 1 : Ethyl 5-(chlorosulfonyl)furan-3-carboxylate

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed ethyl furan-3-carboxylate (7 g, 50 mmol), DCM (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of chlorosulfonic acid (5.8 g, 49.8 mmol) dropwise with stirring at -10°C. Then the reaction was stirred for 48 h at RT and the system was cooled to -10°C. Then to the above was added pyridine (3.96 g, 50.1 mmol), phosphorus pentachloride (11.46 g, 55.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 200 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x200 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 7.13 g (60%) of the title compound as light brown oil. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 2: Ethyl 5-sulfamoylfuran-3-carboxylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of ethyl 5-(chlorosulfonyl)furan-3- carboxylate (6.111 g, 25.61 mmol) in DCM (60 mL). To the above was added a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (40 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :4 to 1 :2). This resulted in 3.698 g (66%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 218.0 (M-l).

Step 3 : 4-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)furan-2-sulfonamide

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed a solution of ethyl 5-sulfamoylfuran-3-carboxylate (3.698 g, 16.87 mmol) in THF (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr/THF (3 M, 25 mL) dropwise with stirring at -10°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 10 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 50 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 2.6 g (75%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 204.0 (M-l).

Table 4. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 15 to Intermediate 14 shown in Scheme L.

Scheme M

Intermediate 19.

3-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide Step 1 : Methyl 3-(chlorosulfonvD-2-methylbenzoate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed methyl methyl 3-amino-2-methylbenzoate (2 g, 12.1 mmol), HC1 (6 M, 10 mL). This was followed by the addition of a solution of NaN0 ₂ (1 g, 14.5 mmol) in water (5 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 20 min at 0°C. The above mixture was added to a saturated solution of S0 ₂ in AcOH (15 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. Then to the above was added CuCl ₂ (1.63 g, 12.1 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 15 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 2x20 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 2 g (66%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 2: Methyl 2-methyl-3-sulfamoylbenzoate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl 3-(chlorosulfonyl)-2- methylbenzoate (2 g, 8.04 mmol) in DCM (10 mL). To the above was added a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (15 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 1.2 g (65%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 228.0 (M-l).

Step 3 : 3-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide

Into a 100-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed a solution of methyl 2-methyl-3-sulfamoylbenzoate (1.2 g, 5.23 mmol) in THF (20 mL). This was followed by the addition MeMgBr/THF (3 M, 8.7 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C.

The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 15 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x20 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 1.1 g (crude, 92%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI: 228.1 (M-l).

Table 5. The Intermediates in the following Table were prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 18 to Intermediate 19 shown in Scheme M.

Scheme N:

Intermediate 34

3-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide Step 1 : Ethyl 3-nitro-5-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoate

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed ethyl 3-bromo-5-nitrobenzoate (5.5 g, 20.1 mmol), dioxane (250 mL), water(50 mL), (pyridin-4- yl)boronic acid (3.0 g, 24.4 mmol), Cs ₂ C0 ₃ (12.7 g, 38.98 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl ₂ (600 mg, 0.82 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at 90°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl

acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 1 to 3 : 1). This resulted in 4.2 g (77%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 273.1 (M+l).

Step 2: Ethyl 3-amino-5-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed ethyl 3-nitro-5-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoate (4.2 g, 15.4 mmol), MeOH (150 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 500 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 days at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting solution was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 3.7 g (99%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 243.1 (M+1).

Steps 3-5 used similar procedures for converting compound 18 to Intermediate 19 shown in Scheme M to afford Intermediate 34. MS-ESI: 293.1 (M+1), 291.1 (M-1).

Intermediate 35

5-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)biphenyl-3-sulfonamide

Intermediate 35 was prepared using the similar procedures for converting compound 21 to Intermediate 34 shown in Scheme N. MS-ESI: 290.1 (M-1).

cheme O:

Intermediate 36

5-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole-3-sulfonamide Step 1 : Ethyl 3-nitro-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed ethyl 3-nitro-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (5 g, 27.0 mmol), THF (150 mL), phenylboronic acid (6.59 g, 54.1 mmol), Cu(OAc) ₂ (7.36 g, 40.5 mmol), and pyridine (8.54 g, 108 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at 55°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :7 to 1 :4). This resulted in 2 g (28%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI: 262.1 (M+l).

Step 2: Ethyl 3 -amino- 1 -phenyl- lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed ethyl 3-nitro-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (2 g, 7.66 mmol), EtOH (50 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 200 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 1 g (56%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 232.1 (M+l).

Steps 3-5 used similar procedures for converting compound 18 to Intermediate 19 shown in Scheme M to afford Intermediate 36. MS-ESI: 280.1 (M-l).

Scheme P:

Intermediate 37

5-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-3-sulfonamide Step 1 : Methyl l-methyl-3-nitro-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed methyl 3-nitro-lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (15 g, 87.7 mmol), DMF (50 mL), potassium carbonate (22.4 g, 162 mmol), and CH ₃ I (18.5 g, 130 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 15 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 50 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x40 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 17 g (crude) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 186.0 (M+l).

Step 2: Methyl 3 -amino- 1 -methyl- lH-pyrazole-5-carboxylate Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed methyl l-methyl-3-nitro-lH-pyrazole-5- carboxylate (17 g, 91.8 mmol), and MeOH (100 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 2 g) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :4 to 2:3). This resulted in 11.6 g (81%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 156.1 (M+l).

Steps 3-5 used similar procedures for converting compound 18 to Intermediate 19 shown in Scheme M to afford Intermediate 37. MS-ESI: 218.0 (M-l).

Intermediate 38

3-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)-5-morpholinobenzenesulfonamide

3 -bromo-5-nitrobenzoate Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 3-bromo-5-nitrobenzoic acid (25 g, 101.6 mmol), EtOH (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of thionyl chloride (15 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at 80°C and then was quenched by the addition of 50 mL water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 27.5 g (99%) of the title compound as a white solid.

Step 2: Ethyl 3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-nitrobenzoate

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed ethyl 3-bromo-5-nitrobenzoate (10 g, 36.5 mmol), toluene (250 mL), morpholine (4.6 g, 52.8 mmol), t-BuONa (5 g, 52.0 mmol), Pd ₂ (dba) ₃ CHCl ₃ (1.9 g, 1.93 mmol), BINAP (1.2 g, 1.93 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 18 h at 60°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :30 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 2.8 g (27%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 281.1 (M+l).

Step 3 : Ethyl 3-amino-5-(morpholin-4-yl)benzoate

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed ethyl 3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-nitrobenzoate (3.0 g, 10.7 mmol), MeOH (100 mL). Then Pd/C (10% wt, 300 mg) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 2.6 g (97%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 251.1 (M+l).

Steps 4-6 used similar procedures for converting compound 18 to Intermediate 19 shown in Scheme M to afford Intermediate 38. MS-ESI: 299.1 (M-l). Scheme R:

Intermediate 39

3-((Tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl)-4-(2-hvdroxypropan-2- yl)benzenesulfonamide Steps 1-3 used similar procedures for converting compound 18 to Intermediate 19 shown in Scheme M to afford compound 45. MS-ESI: 212.1 (M-l).

Step 4: 3-((Tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl)-4-(2-hvdroxypropan-2- yl)benzenesulfonamide Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2- yl)benzenesulfonamide (1.9 g, 7.75 mmol), DMF (20 mL), imidazole (1.06 g, 15.57 mmol), and TBDPSC1 (3.2 g, 11.64 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT and then was diluted with 20 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 2x20 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (IntelFlash- 1): Column, C18 silica gel; mobile phase, ACN/H ₂ 0 (10 mmol/NH ₄ HC0 ₃ ) =1 :4 increasing to ACN/H2O (10 mmol/NH ₄ HC0 ₃ ) =4: 1 within 30 min; Detector, UV 210 nm. This resulted in 1.4 g (37%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI: 482.2 (M-l). cheme S:

Intermediate 40

5-((Tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide Step 1 : (2-Bromothiazol-5-yl)methanol

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl 2-bromothiazole-5- carboxylate (15 g, 67.55 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of sodium borohydride (5.13 g, 139.3 mmol) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 10 g (crude, 76%) of the title compound as a light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 195.9, 193.9 (M+l).

Step 2: 2-Bromo-5-((tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl)thiazole

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed (2-bromothiazol-5-yl)methanol (8 g, 41.2 mmol), DMF (50 mL), TBDPSCI (12.5 g, 45.5 mmol), and imidazole (5.6 g, 82.4 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100 to 1 :80). This resulted in 15 g (84%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 434.0, 432.0 (M+l).

Step 3 : 5-((Tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed a solution of 2-bromo-5-((tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl)thiazole (15 g, 34.7 mmol) in THF (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of n-BuLi (2.5 M, 16.7 mL) dropwise with stirring at -78°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at -78°C. To the above S0 ₂ was introduced. The reaction was warmed to RT and stirred for 30 min and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue diluted in DCM (150 mL) and then NCS (5.7 g, 42.69 mmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at RT. To the above was added a saturated solution of ammonia in DCM (100 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 7.5 g (50%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 431.1 (M-l).

Scheme T:

Intermediate 41

5-(l-(Tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole-2-sulfonamid e Step 1 : 2-Bromothiazole-5-carbaldehyde

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed (2-bromothiazol-5-yl)methanol (20 g, 103 mmol), DCM (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of Dess-Martin reagent (46 g, 103 mmol) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl

acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 18 g (91%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 193.9, 191.9 (M+l). Step 2: l-(2-Bromothiazol-5-yl)ethanol

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed a solution of 2-bromothiazole-5-carbaldehyde (18 g, 93.7 mmol) in THF (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr/THF (3 M, 33 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 0°C. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 200 mL of NH ₄ C1 (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 2x200 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :20 to 1 : 15). This resulted in 15 g (77%) of the title compound as colorless oil. MS-ESI: 209.9, 207.9 (M+l).

Steps 3-4 used similar procedures for converting compound 46 to Intermediate 40 shown in Scheme S to afford Intermediate 41. MS-ESI: 445.1 (M-l).

Scheme U:

Intermediate 42

5-(l-(Tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)propan-2-yl)thiazole-2-sulf onamide Step 1 : l-(2-Bromothiazol-5-yl)ethanone

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed l-(2-bromothiazol-5-yl)ethanol (5.792 g, 27.84 mmol), DCM (150 mL), and Dess-Martin reagent (17.72 g, 41.78 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :5). This resulted in 5.29 g (92%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. MS-ESI: 207.9, 205.9 (M+l).

Step 2: 2-Bromo-5-(l-methoxyprop-l-en-2-yl)thiazole

Into a 250-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed (methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphanium chloride (13.16 g, 38.39 mmol) and THF (100 mL). This was followed by the addition of LiHMDS (1 M, 38.52 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 0°C. To this was added a solution of l-(2- bromothiazol-5-yl)ethanone (5.29 g, 25.67 mmol) in THF (30 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x80 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 4.38 g (73%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 235.9, 234.0 (M+l).

Step 3 : 2-(2-Bromothiazol-5-yl)propanal

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-bromo-5-(l-methoxyprop-l-en-2-yl)thiazole (4.38 g, 18.7 mmol), THF (30 mL), water (50 mL), and HBr (47 % wt, 50 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at 70°C and then was diluted with 30 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 3.79 g (crude, 92%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 221.9, 219.9 (M+l).

Step 4: 2-(2-Bromothiazol-5-yl)propan-l-ol

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(2-bromothiazol-5-yl)propanal (4 g, 18.2 mmol) and EtOH (60 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaBH ₄ (1.38 g, 36.5 mmol) in portions at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 50 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 3.79 g (94%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 223.9, 222.0 (M+l). Step 5: 2-Bromo-5-(l-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)propan-2-yl)thiazol e

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(2-bromothiazol-5-yl)propan-l-ol (3.79 g, 17.1 mmol), DMF (25 mL), imidazole (2.33 g, 34.2 mmol), TBDMSC1 (3.87 g, 25.7 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT and then was diluted with 30 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 15 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 3.12 g (54%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 338.0, 336.0 (M+l).

Step 6 used similar procedure for converting compound 47 to Intermediate 40 shown in Scheme S to afford Intermediate 42. MS-ESI: 335.1 (M-l).

Intermediate 43

5-(2-Methoxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-2-sulfonamide

Step 1 : 2-(Thiazol-5-yl)propan-2-ol

Into a 250-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed a solution of ethyl ethyl thiazole-5-carboxylate (3.75 g, 23.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr/THF (3 M, 40 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 50 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x80 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 2.1 g (61%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 144.0 (M+l).

Step 2: 5-(2-Methoxypropan-2-yl)thiazole

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 2-(thiazol-5-yl)propan-2-ol (2.06 g, 14.4 mmol) in DMF (20 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH (60%, 1.15 g, 28.8 mmol) in portions at 0°C. To this was added CH ₃ I (3.07 g, 21.6 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 20 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 1.42 g (63%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS-ESI: 158.1 (M+l). Step 3 used similar procedure for converting compound 47 to Intermediate 40 shown in Scheme S to afford Intermediate 43. MS-ESI: 235.0 (M-l). Scheme W:

5-(2-(Tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole-2-sulfonamid e Step 1 : 2-Bromo-5-(2-methoxyvinyl)thiazole

Into a 100-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed (methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphanium chloride (3.2 g, 9.33 mmol), THF (15 mL). This was followed by the addition of LiHMDS (1 M, 9.4 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. To this was added a solution of 2-bromo-l,3-thiazole-5-carbaldehyde (1.5 g, 7.81 mmol) in THF (10 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 0°C and then was quenched by the addition of 50 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100 to 1 :80). This resulted in 1.3 g (76%) of the title compound as brown oil. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 2: 2-(2-Bromo-1.3-thiazol-5-vnacetaldehvde

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed 2- bromo-5-(2-methoxyvinyl)thiazole (1.3 g, 5.91 mmol), THF (10 mL). This was followed by the addition of aqueous hydrogen chloride (4 M, 5 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at 60°C. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 1.1 g (90%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 205.9, 207.9 (M+l).

Step 3 : 2-(2-Bromo-1.3-thiazol-5-vOethan-l-ol

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(2-bromo-l,3-thiazol-5-yl)acetaldehyde (1.1 g, 5.34 mmol), EtOH (10 mL), and sodium borohydride (200 mg, 5.43 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 20 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , then concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 1.0 g (90%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 207.9, 209.9 (M+l).

Step 4: 2-Bromo-5-(2-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl)thiazole

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-(2-bromo-l,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethan-l-ol (1.0 g, 4.81 mmol), DMF (10 mL), imidazole (650 mg, 9.56 mmol), and TBDMSC1 (1.1 g, 7.30 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was diluted with 20 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 2x20 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 1.2 g (77%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 324.0, 322.0 (M+l).

Step 5 used similar procedure for converting compound 47 to Intermediate 40 shown in Scheme S to afford Intermediate 44. MS-ESI: 321.1 (M-l).

Intermediate 45

5-(l-(Tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-methylpropan-2-yl)thiazo le-2-sulfonamide Step 1 : Tert-butyl 2-(thiazol-5-yl)acetate

Into a 100-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed 5-bromothiazole (3 g, 18.29 mmol), THF (30 mL), X-phos (1.74 g, 3.66 mmol), and Pd2(dba)3CHCb (950 mg, 0.91 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at RT. To the above was added tert-butyl 2-(bromozincio)acetate (7.13 g, 27.37 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at 70°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 2.4 g (66%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 200.1 (M+l).

Step 2: Tert-butyl 2-methyl-2-(thiazol-5-yl)propanoate

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed tert- butyl 2-(thiazol-5-yl)acetate (1 g, 5.02 mmol), DMF (20 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH (60%, 600 mg, 25.00 mmol) in portions at 0°C. The solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 0°C. This was followed by the addition of CH3I (2.13 g, 15.06 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 40 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x50 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :3). This resulted in 0.7 g (61%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS-ESI: 228.1 (M+l).

Step 3 : 2-Methyl-2-(thiazol-5-vnpropan-l-ol

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl 2-methyl-2-(thiazol-5-yl)propanoate (700 mg, 3.08 mmol), THF (20 mL). This was followed by the addition of LiAlH ₄ (200 mg, 5.27 mmol) in portions at 0°C and was stirred for 2 h at 0°C and then was quenched by the addition of 1 mL of water. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 400 mg (83%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 158.1 (M+l).

Steps 4-5 used similar procedures for converting compound 54 to Intermediate 42 shown in in Scheme U to afford Intermediate 45. MS-ESI: 349.1 (M-l).

Scheme Y:

Intermediate 46

2-Fluoro-5 -(2 -methyl- 1 ,3 -dioxolan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide Step 1 : 2-(3-Bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-L3-dioxolane

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of l-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)ethan-l- one (5 g, 23.0 mmol) in toluene (50 mL), ethane- 1,2-diol (4 mL), and TsOH (200 mg, 1.16 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 6 h at 120°C. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x100 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :4). This resulted in 5.5 g (91%) of the title compound as yellow oil.

Step 2 used similar procedure for converting compound 47 to Intermediate 40 shown in Scheme S to afford Intermediate 46. MS-ESI: 260.0 (M-l).

Intermediate 47

5-Acetyl-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide

Step 3 : 5-Acetyl-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2-fluoro-5-(2-methyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-yl)benzene-l- sulfonamide (300 mg, 1.15 mmol), THF (5 mL), and hydrogen chloride (1 N, 5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 7-8 with NaOH (2 N). The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 240 mg (crude, 96%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 216.0 (M-l).

Scheme Z:

Intermediate 48

2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonamide

Compound 73 was prepared using similar procedures for converting compound 68 to

Intermediate 47 shown in Scheme Y.

Step 4: 2-(2-Hvdroxypropan-2-yl)thiazole-5-sulfonamide

Into a 100-mL 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed 2-acetylthiazole-5-sulfonamide (1 g, 4.85 mmol), and THF (20 mL). This was followed by the addition of MeMgBr (3 M, 7 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 14 h at RT and then was quenched by the addition of 20 mL of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with 2x30 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 :3). This resulted in 580 mg (54%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 221.0 (M-l).

Scheme MM

Intermediate 49

Step 1: 4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed 4-nitrobenzoic acid (20 g, 120 mmol), DCM (200 mL), and DMF (0.2 mL). This was followed by the addition of oxalyl chloride (15 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 22 g (crude) of the title compound as yellow oil. The crude product was used in the next step.

Step 2: N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzamide

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed dimethylamine hydrochloride (6.5 g, 79.7 mmol), DCM (200 mL), and TEA (50 mL). This was followed by the addition of 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (22 g, 119 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 6 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting mixture was washed with 2x50 mL of water. The solids were collected by filtration. This resulted in 16 g (69% over two steps) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 195.1 (M+l).

Step 3: 4-Amino-N,N-dimethylbenzamide

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask was placed N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzamide (16 g, 82.4 mmol), MeOH (100 mL). Then Pd/C (10% w , 1 g) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 13 g (96%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 165.1 (M+l).

Steps 4-5 used similar steps as described for intermediate 38 shown in Scheme Q to afford compound 41. MS-ESI: 229.1 (M+l).

Scheme NN:

2-(4-Chloro-3 , 5 -difluoro-2, 6-dii sopropylphenyOacetic acid

Step 1 : 4-Chloro-3,5-difluorobenzenamine

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 3,5-difluorobenzenamine (10.3 g, 79.8 mmol), ACN (100 mL), NCS (10.8 g, 80.9 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 5 h at 80°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :3 to 1 : 1). This resulted in 7.1 g (54%) of the title compound as a gray solid. 164.0, 166.0 (M+l).

Step 2: 2,6-Dibromo-4-chloro-3,5-difluorobenzenamine

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-chloro-3,5-difluorobenzenamine (4.0 g, 24.5 mmol), ACN (100 mL), NBS (13.0 g, 73.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :6 to 1 :4). This resulted in 7.4 g (94%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 319.8, 321.8, 323.8 (M+l).

Steps 3-7 used similar procedures for converting compound 87 to Intermediate 51 shown in Scheme OO (below) to afford Intermediate 50. MS-ESI: 289.1, 291.1 (M-1).

Compound 84: ¾ MR (400 MHz, COCh-d) δ 3.67 (hept, J= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 12H).

Scheme OO:

2-(4-Chloro-2-isopropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetic acid Step 1 : 2-Bromo-4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (5 g, 25.6 mmol), ACN (150 mL), BS (9.2 g, 51.7 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 15 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 6 g (86%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI: 275.9, 273.9 (M+l).

Step 2: 4-chloro-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed 2- bromo-4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (1 equiv.), dioxane (0.372 M in limiting reagent), water (14.9 equiv.), CS2CO3 (3.0 equiv.), 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (2.67 equiv.), and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (9.8 mol%). The resulting solution was stirred for 15 h at 100°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether. This resulted in the title compound.

Step 3 : 4-chloro-2-isopropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 4-chloro-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-6- (trifluoromethyl)aniline (1 equiv.) and MeOH (0.24 M in limiting reagent). Then Pd/C (10% wt, ca. 1.76 mol% Pd) was added. The flask was evacuated and flushed three times with hydrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether. This resulted in the title compound.

Step 4: 2-bromo-5-chloro-l-isopropyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed 4- chloro-2-isopropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (1.0 equiv.), ACN (0.12 M in limiting reagent), and CuBr (1.50 equiv.). This was followed by the addition of tert-butyl nitrite (1.50 equiv.) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 60°C and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with petroleum ether. This resulted in the title compound.

Step 5: tert-butyl 2-(4-chloro-2-isopropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetate

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed 2-bromo-5-chloro-l-isopropyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (1.0 equiv.), THF (0.077 M in limiting reagent), X-phos (10 mol%), and Pd2(dba)3CHCb (5 mol%). The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at RT. Then to the above tert-butyl 2-(bromozincio)acetate (1.9 equiv.) was added. The resulting solution was stirred for 5 h at 70°C and then was quenched by the addition of H4CI (sat.). The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 : 100 to 3 :97). This resulted in the title compound.

Step 6: 2-(4-chloro-2-isopropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetic acid

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed tert-butyl 2-(4-chloro-2-isopropyl-6- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetate (1.0 equiv.), DCM (0.53 M in limiting reagent), TFA (0.53 M in limiting reagent). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at RT and then was concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS-ESI: 279.0 (M-1).

Compound 91 : ¾ NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.11- 2.97 (m, 1H), 1.35 (s, 9H), 1.17 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 6H). heme PP:

Intermediate 52

2-(4-Chloro-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid

Step 1 : 4-Chloro-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)aniline

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)aniline (5 g, 28.2 mmol), DMF (20 mL), NCS (4.9 g, 36.7 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 15 h at RT and then was diluted with 20 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x20 mL of DCM and the organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/ petroleum ether (1 : 10 to 1 :5). This resulted in 3.7 g (62%) of the title compound as brown oil. MS-ESI: 212.1, 214.1 (M+l).

Steps 2-4 used similar procedures for converting compound 89 to Intermediate 51 shown in Scheme 00 to afford Intermediate 58. MS-ESI: 253.1, 255.1 (M-l).

Sch

99 Sstes&sSSsis SS Intermediate 53

2-(8-Chloro-L2,3,5,6,7-hexahydros-indacen-4-yl)acetic acid Step 1 : 8-Chloro-l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydros-indacen-4-amine

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed l,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydros-indacen-4-amine (1.73 g, 9.99 mmol), DMF (10 mL), NCS (1.47 g, 11.0 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 12 h at RT and then was diluted with 50 mL of DCM. The resulting mixture was washed with 3x10 mL of water. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1 :5 to 1 : 10). This resulted in 1.88 g (91%) of the title compound as a yellow solid. MS-ESI: 208.1, 210.1 (M+l).

Steps 2-4 used similar procedures for converting compound 89 to Intermediate 51 shown in Scheme OO to afford Intermediate 60. MS-ESI: 249.1, 251.1 (M-l). Intermediate 54

Scheme RR: Preparation of 2-H-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid

1-4 1-5 Intermediate 54

Step 1: Preparation -bromo-2,6-diisopropylaniline

To a stirred solution of 2,6-diisopropylaniline (5.05 g, 28.4 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in N,N- dimethylformamide (70 mL) at 0° C was added a solution of BS (5.05 g, 28.4 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL) dropwise over 60 min. The reaction was stirred for another hour at 0 °C, at which time water (300 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 300 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with saturated H4CI solution (3 x 100 mL) followed by water (100 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Concentration of the solution under vacuum afforded 4-bromo-2,6- diisopropylaniline (6.5 g, 88% yield). LCMS (Method A): 256.1 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 2.97 min. Step 2: Preparation of 5-bromo-2-iodo-l,3-diisopropylbenzene

4-Bromo-2,6-diisopropylaniline (35.6 g, 138.96 mmol) was added to a suspension of p-TsOH monohydrate (118.95 g, 625.34 mmol) in a mixture of t-BuOH (500 mL) and water (30 mL). The mixture was cooled to 0 °C in an ice bath and a solution of sodium nitrite (28.76 g, 416.89 mmol) and potassium iodide (86.51 g, 521.11 mmol) in water (70 mL) was then added dropwise over 2.5 h, keeping the temperature of the mixture at 10-15 °C. Following the addition, the temperature was then allowed to rise to 25 °C, and the mixture was stirred for an additional 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with Et ₂ 0. The ether layer was then washed with 10% sodium bisulfite solution to remove iodine related by-products. The organic layer was dried over MgS0 ₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was flushed through the silica gel plug eluting with hexane / EtOAc (100 / 0 to 90 / 10). Fractions containing the desired product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford pure 5- bromo-2-iodo-l,3-diisopropylbenzene (34.5 g, 67% yield). LCMS (Method A): 366.0 [M ⁺ ], retention time 4.31 min.

Step 3: Preparation of tert-butyl 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetate

(2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)zinc(II) bromide solution: Under a N ₂ atmosphere, to a 500 mL round-bottom flask were added zinc powder (32.19 g, 492.17 mmol), dry THF (200 mL), and TMSC1 (2.08 mL, 16.41 mmol). The suspension was warmed to 56 °C and stirred at this temperature for 30 min. A solution of t-butyl bromoacetate (32 g, 164.06 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added dropwise to the suspension. After insoluble matter precipitated, the light yellow supernatant solution was decanted and used for subsequent experiment as is.

tert-Butyl 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetate: Into a 5 L 3 -necked round-bottom flask purged with and maintained under nitrogen, was placed 5-bromo-2-iodo-l,3-diisopropylbenzene (34.5 g, 93.99 mmol), THF (150 mL), X-phos (4.48 g, 9.4 mmol), Pd ₂ (dba) ₃ CHCl ₃ (3.2 g, 4.7 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature, at which time the previously prepared solution of 2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)zinc(II) bromide was added. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 76 °C and then quenched by the addition of 200 mL of H4CI (saturated). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with EtOAc (200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by percolation through silica gel, eluting with mixtures of hexane and EtOAc. The product was analyzed on HPLC and had a retention time of 4.11 min using method A. Fractions containing pure product were concentrated and used in the next step without further purification.

Step 4: Preparation of 2- 4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl) acetic acid

tert-Butyl 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetate from the previous step was dissolved in dichloromethane (60mL) and treated with TFA (35 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature and then concentrated and partially purified by silica gel flash chromatography. The majority of the desired product eluted with 100% hexanes, but further fractions collected from 1 - 20% EtOAc/hexanes also contained product. Those fractions which contained product were combined, concentrated in vacuo, and then partitioned between hexane and aqueous 10% Na ₂ C03. The product-containing aqueous layer was washed once with hexanes and then acidified to pH~l using 2N HC1. The product was extracted into EtOAc (150 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give desired product 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid as white solid (7 g, 25% yield over two steps).

The product does not have discernible [M+H] ⁺ but does have a UV and ELSD signal. The retention time was 3.2 min on an LCMS run using method A. ¾ MR (250 MHz, DMSO-de): 7.26 (s, 2H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 3.08 (m, 2H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 12H). Intermediates 55 and its use in the preparation of a compound of Formula AA

Scheme SS: Preparation of 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4- ((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl) sulfonyl) acetamide )

55

Step 1: Perparation of 4-(bromomethyl)benzenesulfonamide

1-6 1-7

4-(bromomethyl)benzenesulfonyl chloride (2.5 g, 9.3 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (20 mL). To this solution was added concentrated H4OH (5 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. After the initial exotherm, the solution was poured into the water and extracted with EtOAc several times. The combined organic extracts were dried over MgS0 ₄ , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting sulfonamide was used without further purification. Product does not ionize on LCMS but has a UV (254 nm) signal at 2.0 min (Method A). Step 2: Preparation -((dimethylamino)methyl)benzenesulfonamide

To a solution of 4-(bromomethyl)benzenesulfonamide (2.5 g, 10 mmol) in DMSO (10 mL) was added dimethylamine hydrochloride followed by K2CO3. The reaction mixture was heated at 70 °C for 1 h. LCMS showed complete conversion of the starting material and the mixture was poured into the water and extracted with EtOAc several times. The the product in the combined organic layers was extracted with 1M HCI. The aqueous phase was washed with EtOAc and dichloromethane to remove impurities and the aqueous layer was basified with 2M NaOH and extracted with EtOAc. The solution was dried over MgS0 ₄ , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford pure 4-((dimethylamino)methyl) benzenesulfonamide as white crystals (0.800 g, 37% yield over two steps). LCMS (Method A): 215.1 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 0.86 min. ¾ NMR (250 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ): 7.77 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 2.15 (s, 6H).

Step 3: Preparation of 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4- ((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)-sulfonyl)acetamide

A solution of 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid (0.598 g, 2 mmol), 4- ((dimethyl amino)- methyl) benzene sulfonamide (0.643 g, 3 mmol, 1.5 eq.), 4- dimethyaminopyridine (DMAP, 0.489 g, 4 mmol, 2 equiv), and l-[3-(dimethyamino)-propyl]-3- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI, 0.767 g, 4 mmol, 2 eq.) in CH2CI2 (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After LCMS showed complete conversion of the acid, the reaction was quenched by the addition of water, and aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over MgS0 ₄ , and evaporated in vacuo to afford 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4-((dimethylamino) methyl)phenyl)-sulfonyl)acetamide (0.891 g, 90% yield) of sufficient purity to be used as a scaffold for the cross coupling reactions without further purification. An analytically pure sample was obtained when the product was purified on HPLC with TFA buffer. LCMS (Method A): 497.3, 495.3 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 2.63 min. ¾ MR (250 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ): 7.79 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.14 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.58 (s, 2H), 2.97 (m, 2H), 2.41 (s, 6H), 0.97 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 12H).

General Protocol 1: General Procedure for Suzuki Coupling of 2-(4-bromo-2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)sulfo nyl)acetamide with Boronic Acids / Esters Scheme TT

2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4-((dimethylamino)meth yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)acetamide (30.0 mg, 0.06 mmol, 1 equiv), a boronic acid or ester (0.18 mmol, 3 equiv), [Ι, - Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (Pd(dppf)Cb, 22.15 mg, 0.5 equiv) and cesium carbonate (59.18 mg, 0.16 mmol, 3 equiv, 1M aqueous, 181.6 μL) were mixed with DMF (1 mL) and heated overnight at 80 °C.The cooled mixture was filtered and the filtrate was purified by preparative HPLC method F. R in Scheme TT is as defined for Y-Z in Formula AA. General Protocol 2: For Stille Coupling of 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphen;

((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)acetamide with Aryl (Heteroaryl)

Tributylstannanes

Scheme UU

Intermediate 55

An intimate mixture of palladium acetate (11 mg, 0.05 mmol) and XPhos (53 mg, 0.11 mmol) was prepared in a 4 mL vial. Cesium fluoride was added (34 mg, 0.22 mmol) and the vial was purged with dry nitrogen. The heteroaryl tributylstannane (0.406 mmol) was added followed by 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4-((dimethylamino)meth yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)acetamide (50 mg, 0.10 mmol) suspended / dissolved in anhydrous dimethoxyethane (1.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously at 80 °C for 2 - 4 h or until LCMS analysis indicated complete reaction. The cooled reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite to remove solids and the Celite was washed with methanol and the combined organic solvents were evaporated to dryness. Purification was carried out by preparative HPLC method E. Het in Scheme UU is as defined for Y-Z in Formula AA.

Examples of compounds that may be prepared in a manner analogous to Schemes UU and TT are as follows:

N-[4- [(dimethylamin o)methyl]pheny l]sulfonyl-

47 2-[4-[3-

132 523.61 1.87

Suzuki (hydroxymethy =S=0 l)phenyl]-2,6- di(propan-2-yl) phenyl] acetami de

1

N-[4- [(dimethylamin o)methyl]pheny l]sulfonyl-

50 2-[4-

137 543.42 2.53

Suzuki naphthalen-1- o=s=o yl-2,6- di(propan-2- yl)phenyl] acet amide 1

N-[4- [(dimethylamin o)methyl]pheny l]sulfonyl-

51 2-[4-

139 543.42 2.46

Suzuki naphthalen-2- yl-2,6- o=s=o di(propan-2- yl)phenyl] acet amide

1

Preparation of 2-[2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)-4-(tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)phj {4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}acetamide

Scheme VV

1 ^2h

To a solution of 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4-((dimethylamino)meth yl)phenyl)- sulfonyl)acetamide (530 mg, 1.06 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) and MP (2mL) was added 4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- l,3,2-dioxaborolane (410 mg, 1.61 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cb.DCM (86 mg, 0.106 mmol) and potassium acetate (312 mg, 3.18 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 12 h. Reaction mixture was brought to room temperature, filtered through a pad of celite, diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 30 mL). The combined organic layer was washed water and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide titled compound (437 mg, 75%) as light buff color solid.

General Procedure for Reverse Suzuki Coupling of 2-[2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)-4-(tetramethyl- l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]-N-{4-[(dimethylamino)methyl] benzenesulfonyl}acetamide with Aryl Bromides and Heteroaryl Chlorides/Bromides:

Scheme WW

12h

To a solution of 2-[2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)-4-(tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)phenyl]-N-{4- [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}acetamide (0.1 mmol) in dioxane (1.5 mL) was added arylbromide or heteroaryl chloride or bromide (0.2 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl2.DCM (0.01 mmol) and 1M aqueous cesium carbonate solution (0.3 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 12 h. Reaction mixture was brought to room temperature, filtered through a pad of celite and rinsed with EtOAc (5 mL). Filtrates were concentrated in vacuo and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain desired product.

General Procedure for Sonogashira Coupling of 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4- ((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)acetamide with Alkynes:

Scheme XX

48h To a solution of 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4-((dimethylamino)meth yl)phenyl)- sulfonyl)acetamide (0.2 mmol) in dioxane (0.8 mL) was added alkyne (0.4 mol), Pd(dppf)Cl ₂ .DCM (0.02 mmol), Cul (0.02 mmol) and triethylamine (0.6 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was then stirred at 90 °C for 48 h. Reaction mixture was brought to room temperature, filtered through a pad of celite and rinsed with EtOAc (5 mL). Filtrates were concentrated in vacuo and purified by prep-FIPLC to obtain desired product.

General Procedure for the Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Compounds:

Scheme YY

Hydrogenation Method A:

To a solution of unsaturated starting material (0.1 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) was added 10 weight% Pd/C (10% w/w), trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL) and the resulting mixture was hydrogenated at 45 psi for 12 h. Reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite, filtrates were concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC.

Hydrogenation Method B:

To a solution of unsaturated starting material (crude obtained either from Suzuki or Sonogashira coupling at 0.1 mmol scale) in ethyl acetate (15 mL) was added Pd(OH) ₂ (22 mg) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL) and the resulting mixture was hydrogenated at 45 psi for 12 h. Reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite, filtrates were concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC.

General Procedure for the De-protection of tert-Butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) Group:

25% TFA/DCM solution (1.3 mL) was added to Boc-protected amine (0.065 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting solution was then warmed up to room temperature and stirred until the completion of reaction. Reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by prep-HPLC.

Examples of compounds that may be prepared in a manner analogous to Schemes VV, WW, XX and/or YY are as follows:

Example # 137: Preparation of N-{4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}-2-{4- [hydroxy(phenyl)methyl]-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl} acetamide (Compound 372) cheme AAA

To a solution of 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4-((dimethylamino)meth yl)phenyl)- sulfonyl)acetamide (83 mg, 0.167 mmol) (83 mg, 0.167 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3.8 mL) was added NaH (6.7 mg, 0.167 mmol, 60% dispersed in oil) under nitrogen at - 78 °C. t-BuLi ( 0.107 mL, 0.182 mmol, 1.7M in pentane) was added slowly and after 3 min benzaldehyde (0.12 mL) was added quickly. Reaction mixture was further stirred at - 78 °C for 5 min before quenching with water. Reaction mixture froze. Dry ice/acetone cooling bath was removed. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed up to room temperature and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 5 mL). Combined organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to obtain crude material which was purified by prep-HPLC to obtain titled compound (10 mg, 11%). LCMS (Method A): 523.32 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 2.19 min.

Example # 138: Preparation of 2-[4-benzoyl-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-N-{4- [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}acetamide (Compound 373)

Scheme BBB

To the crude material of N-{4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}-2-{4- [hydroxy(phenyl)methyl]-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl}acetamide obtained from 2-(4-bromo-2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)-sulf onyl)acetamide (83 mg, 0.167 mmol) as described in example 137, in DCM (4 mL) was added Dess-Martin reagent (140 mg, 0.33 mmol) portion wise over 1.5 h at room temperature. 10% aqueous Na2S ₂ 03 solution (1 mL), water (3 mL) and EtOAc (4 mL) was added. A sticky solid appeared which was collected and purified by prep-HPLC to give titled compound (9 mg, 10%). LCMS (Method A): 521.22 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 2.37 min.

Example # 139: Preparation of N-cyclohexyl-4-[({4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzene- sulfonyl}carbamoyl)methyl]-3,5-bis(propan-2-yl)benzamide (Compound 374)

Scheme CCC

Step 1: Preparation of methyl 4-[({4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}- carbamoyl)methyl]-3,5-bis(propan-2-yl)benzoate

To a solution of 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-((4-((dimethylamino)meth yl)phenyl)- sulfonyl)acetamide (200 mg, 0.404 mmol) in MeOH (35 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl ₂ .DCM (29 mg, 0.035 mmol) and triethylamine (0.169 mL, 1.21 mmol). The resulting mixture was autoclaved under CO (250 psi) at 90 °C for 72h. Reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite, rinsed with MeOH and concentrated to give titled compound (158 mg, 83%) which was used in the next step without any further purification.

Step 2: Preparation of 4-[({4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}carbamoyl)meth yl]- 3,5-bis(propan-2-yl)benzoic acid

To a solution of methyl 4-[({4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}carbamoyl)meth yl]-3,5- bis(propan-2-yl)benzoate (158 mg, 0.332 mmol) in a 1 : 1 mixture of THF and MeOH (3 mL) was added Li OH ( 10 mg, 0.39 mmol) and the resulting mixture was heated at 50 °C for 2 h. Reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and basified with aqueous 1 N NaOH solution. The resulting precipitates were filtered and dried under high vacuum to give titled compound (113 mg, 74%).

Step 3: Preparation of N-cyclohexyl-4-[({4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzene-sulfonyl} - carbamoyl)methyl]-3,5-bis(propan-2-yl)benzamide (Compound 374)

A solution of 4-[({4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}carbamoyl)meth yl]-3,5- bis(propan-2-yl)benzoic acid (46 mg, 0.1 mmol), cyclohexylamine (0.034 mL, 0.3 mmol), DIEA (0.068 mL, 0.4 mmol) and HATU (45 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DMF (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for lh. Subsequently the reaction mixture was directly purified using prep-HPLC to obtain titled compound (19 mg, 35%). LCMS (Method A): 542.53 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 1.96 min.

Example # 140: Preparation of N-{4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}-2-[4- (piperidine-l-carbonyl)-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl] acetamide (Compound 375)

Scheme DDD

Using the same method as described above in Step 3 of example 139, by replacing cyclohexylamine with piperidine (0.029 mL, 0.3 mmol), the titled compound was obtained (19 mg, 37%). LCMS (Method A): 528.42 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 1.83 min.

Example # 141: Preparation of 2-[4-cyclopropyl-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-N-{4- [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}acetamide (Compound 376) cheme EEE

Step 1: Preparation of 2-(4-cyclopropyl-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid

In the 20 mL vial were placed 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl) acetic acid (20 mg, 0.067 mmol), tricyclohexylphosphine tetrafluorob orate (25 mg , 0.067 mmol), Pd(OAc) ₂ (7.5 mg,0.033 mmol) K3PO4, (42 mg, 0.20 mmol) and cyclopropylboronic acid (17.2 mg, 0.020 mmol). A solution of toluene (3 mL) and water (0.3 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 115 °C for 2h. Reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. Filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford crude titled compound which was directly used in the next without any purification.

Step 2: Preparation of 2-[4-cyclopropyl-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-N-{4-[(dimethyl amino)- methyl]benzenesulfonyl}acetamide

A solution of 2-(4-cyclopropyl-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid (crude from step 1), 4- ((dimethylamino)methyl) benzene sulfonamide (120 mg, 0.56 mmol), 4-dimethyaminopyridine (DMAP, 137 mg, 1.12 mmol), and l-[3-(dimethyamino)-propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI, 214.7 mg, 1.12 mmol) in CH ₂ C1 ₂ (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by prep- HPLC to obtain titled compound (4.7 mg, 16% over two steps). LCMS (Method A): 457.58 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 2.13 min. Example # 142 and 143: Preparation of 2-[4-(cyclohex-l-en-l-ylmethyl)-2,6-bis(propan-2- yl)phenyl]-N-{4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}aceta mide (Compound 377) and 2-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-N-{4- [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}acetamide (Example 378)

Scheme FFF

Step 1: Preparation of a mixture of 2-(4-(cyclohexenylmethyl)-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid and 2-(4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid

In the 20 mL vial were placed 2-(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl) acetic acid (20 mg, 0.067 mmol), tricyclohexylphosphine tetrafluorob orate (25 mg , 0.067 mmol), Pd(OAc) ₂ (7.5 mg,0.033 mmol) K3PO4, (42 mg, 0.20 mmol) and cyclohexylmethylboronic acid (28.5 mg, 0.20 mmol). A solution of toluene (3 mL) and water (0.3 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 115 °C for 2h. Reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. Filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford crude titled compounds which were directly used in the next without any purification.

Step 2: Preparation of 2-[4-(cyclohex-l-en-l-ylmethyl)-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl]- N-{4- [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}acetamide and 2-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2,6- bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-N-{4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenes ulfonyl}acetamide

A solution of 2-(4-(cyclohexenylmethyl)-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid and 2-(4- (cyclohexylmethyl)-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acetic acid (crude from step 1), 4- ((dimethylamino)methyl) benzene sulfonamide (200 mg, 0.93 mmol), 4-dimethyaminopyridine (DMAP, 228 mg, 1.86 mmol), and l-[3-(dimethyamino)-propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI, 358 mg, 1.86 mmol) in CH2CI2 (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain titled compound 2-[4-(cyclohex-l-en-l-ylmethyl)-2,6-bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl]- N-{4- [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenesulfonyl}acetamide (6.1 mg, 18% over two steps), LCMS (Method A): 511.61 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 2.57 min and 2-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2,6- bis(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-N-{4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]benzenes ulfonyl}-acetamide (3.4 mg, 10% over two steps), LCMS (Method A): 513.41 [M+H] ⁺ , retention time 2.69 min.

Prophetic Examples

The following schemes depict synthetic sequences that can be used to prepare a variety of sulfonamide intermediates. The sulfonamide intermediates may be coupled, according to any one of schemes A-E above, to carboxylic acids (such as the carboxylic acids prepared according to schemes MM-RR or schemes EEE-FFF) to form a variety of N-acyi sulfonamides which can, optionally, be funetionalized using conditions described in Schemes TT-YY and AAA-DDD.

Intermediate 56

Scheme GGG

1-12 Intermediate 56

Referring to Scheme GGG, Intermediate 56 is prepared from compound 1-9. Pyrazolone 1-9 is reacted with 1,3-dibromopropane (e.g., using potassium carbonate as a base at elevated temperatures (e.g., 130 °C)) to provide compound 1-10. Bromination of 1-10 (e.g., using BS) allows the formation of compound 1-11. Treatment of 1-11 with n-BuLi leads to lithium -halogen exchange. The resulting organolithium species is contacted with ZnCb, whereupon treatment of the intermediate with TCPC leads to compound 1-12. Intermediate 56 is obtained by reacting 1- 12 with aqueous ammonia.

Intermediate 57

Scheme HHH

1-15 1-16 Intermediate 57

Referring to Scheme HHH, pyrazolone 1-9 is reacted with 2-((l,3-dibromopropan-2- yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran to produce compound 1-13 which is brominated (e.g., with NBS) to provide compound 1-14. Sequential treatment of compound 1-14 with n-butyl lithium, zinc chloride, and TCPC affords compound 1-15. The reaction between 1-15 and aqueous ammonia then provides 1-16. The THP protecting group in 1-16 is removed with HCI, affording Intermediate 57. Intermediate 58

Scheme III

1-19 Intermediate 58

Referring to Scheme III, compound 1-14 is exposed to concentrated HCl which leads to the removal of the THP protecting group, resulting in 1-17. Compound 1-17 is methylated (e.g., with NaH and Mel) to provide compound 1-18. Sequential treatment of 1-18 with n-butyl lithium, zinc chloride, and TCPC provides compound 1-19 which is reacted with aqueous ammonia to provide Intermediate 58.

Intermediate 59

Schem

aq. K ₂ C0 ₃ DMF

140 °C

Intermediate 59 1-25 1-24 1-23 Referring to Scheme JJJ, pyrazolone 1-9 is acetylated (e.g., with acetic anhydride and pyridine at elevated temperatures) to provide compound 1-20. The non-acylated nitrogen of 1-20 can engage (R)-oxiran-2-ylmethanol in a Mitsunobu reaction (e.g., with DEAD, PPh ₃ ) to afford compound 1- 21. The epoxide moiety in 1-21 is opened with a chloride nucleophile (e.g., LiCl), leading to the formation of 1-22. Removal of the acetyl protecting group (e.g„ with aqueous potassium carbonate) allows the formation of 1-23, which is brominated (e.g., with NBS) to provide compound 1-24. Compound 1-24 is methylated (e.g., with Mel and NaH) to provide compound 1- 25. Sequential treatment of 1-25 with n-butyl lithium, zinc chloride, TCPC, and ammonium hydroxide provides Intermediate 59. The (S)-enantiomer of Intermediate 59 can be prepared in an analogous fashion using (S)-oxiran-2-ylmethanol in the reaction with 1-20.

Intermediate 60

Scheme KKK

1-27

1-28 Intermediate 60

Referring to Scheme KKK, cyclopropane- 1,1-diyldimethanol is mesylated (e.g., with MsCI and TEA). Treatment of the ensuing mesylate with pyrazolone 1-9 affords compound 1-26 (e.g., using potassium carbonate as the base and DMF as the solvent). Compound 1-26 is brominated (e.g., with NBS) to afford 1-27 which is reacted sequentially with n-butyl lithium, zinc chloride, and TCPC to furnish compound 1-28. Intermediate 60 is obtained by reacting compound 1-28 with aqueous ammonia. Intermediate 61

Scheme LLL

Referring to Scheme LLL, the amino group in diol 1-29 is protected with Boc ₂ 0 to provide compound 1-30 which is mesylated (e.g., with MsCI and TEA) to afford compound 1-31. Compound 1-31 is subjected to a double nucleophilic substitution with pyrazolone 1-9, providing 1-32, which is brominated (e.g., with NBS) to afford compound 1 -33. Sequential treatment of 1- 33 with n-butyl lithium, zinc chloride, and TCPC provides compound 1-34. Intermediate 61 is obtained when 1-34 is reacted with aqueous ammonia.

Intermediate 62

Scheme MMM

1-40 1-41 Intermediate 62

Referring to Scheme MMM, bis-chloride 1-35 is reacted with pyrazolone 1-9 to yield compound 1-36. Hydroboration-oxidation of 1-36 provides compound 1-37, whereupon the primary alcohol is converted into an azido group (e.g., with DPPA and DBU). The azide moiety in the resulting 1- 38 is then reduced (e.g., with Pd/C, H ₂ ); and the ensuing amino group is protected with Boc ₂ 0 to afford 1-39. Compound 1-39 is brominated to provide 1-40. Sequential treatment of 1-40 with n- butyl lithium, zinc chloride, and TCPC affords compound 1-41. Intermediate 62 is obtained by treating 1-41 with aqueous ammonia.

Intermediate 63, 63a and 63b

Scheme NNN

Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate

63 63a 63b

Referring to Scheme NNN, compound 1-17 is ethylated (e.g., with ethyl iodide) to provide 1-42. Sequential treatment of 1-42 with n-butyl lithium, zinc chloride, and TCPC affords 1-43 which is reacted with aqueous ammonia to provide Intermediate 63. Chiral resolution of Intermediate 63 affords Intermediate 63a and 63b.

Intermediate 64

Scheme OOO

Intermediate 64

Referring to Scheme OOO, compound 1-44 is reacted with sulfonyl azide 1-49 (in a Regitz-type diazo transfer) to provide compound 1-45. Compound 1-45 is subjected to Rh ₂ (OAc)4 and i-Prl to afford compound 1-46. The ester groups in 1-46 is reduced (e.g., with lithium borohydride) to afford diol compound 1-47 which is mesylated (e.g., with MsCl) to provide compound 48. Compound 48 is reacted with pyrazolone 1-9 to furnish 1-49, whereupon bromination of the pyrazole ring affords 1-50. Sequential treatment of 1-50 with n-butyl lithium, zinc chloride, TCPC, and aqueous ammonia provide Intermediate 64. Intermediate 65

Scheme PPP

Intermediate 65

Referring to Scheme PPP, aminodiol 1-29 is converted into 1-30 upon treatment with Boc ₂ 0. Compound 1-30 is mesylated (e.g., with MsCI) to provide 1-31. Reaction of 1-31 with 1-9 provides 1-32, whereupon bromination of 1-32 affords 1-33. The carbamate nitrogen of 1-33 is then methylated (e.g., with Mel and NaH) to provide 1-51. Sequential treatment of 1-51 with n-butyl lithium, zinc chloride, and TCPC provides 1-52, whereupon treatment with aqueous ammonia provide Intermediate 65.

Intermediate 66, 66a and 66b

Scheme QQQ

Intermediate 66a Intermediate 66b

Referring to Scheme QQQ, diester compound 1-53 is reduced to give rise to diol 1-54 which is mesylated (e.g., with MsCl) to provide 1-55. Treatment of 1-55 with pyrazolone 1-9 affords bicyclic compound 1-56. Exposure of 1-56 to CISO3H (e.g., at elevated temperatures) provides 1- 57, whereupon treatment with aqueous ammonia affords Intermediate 66. Chiral separation of Intermediate 66 affords Intermediate 66a and 66b.

Intermediate 67

Scheme RRR

1-61 1-62 1-63

Intermediate 67

Referring to Scheme RRR, compound 1-58 is treated sequentially with n-butyl lithium, zinc chloride, and TCPC to provide compound 1-59. Reaction of 1-59 with dibenzylamine provides 1- 60. The THP group in 1-60 is removed (e.g., with concentrated HCI) to afford compound 1-61. The secondary alcohol in 1-61 is oxidized to a ketone (e.g., with Dess-Martin's reagent). The resuling 1-62 is subjected to a reductive amination with 3-fluoroazetidine to provide 1-63, whereupon removal of the benzyl protecting groups affords Intermediate 67. Intermediate 68

Scheme SSS

Referring to Scheme SSS, compound 1-62 is subjected to a reductive amination with 3- hydroxyazetidine to provide compound 1-64 which is then methylated (e.g., with Mel) to afford 1-65. Removal of the benzyl protecting groups on 1-65 affords Intermediate 68.

The following protocols are suitable for testing the activity of the compounds disclosed herein.

IL-Ιβ production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells stimulated with Gramicidin.

THP-1 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and sub-cultured according to instructions from the supplier. Prior to experiments, cells were cultured in complete RPMI 1640 (containing 10% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml)), and maintained in log phase prior to experimental setup. Prior to the experiment THP-1 were treated with PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (20 ng/ml) for 16-18 hours. On the day of the experiment the media was removed and adherent cells were detached with trypsin for 5 minutes. Cells were then harvested, washed with complete RPMI 1640, spun down, resuspended in RPMI 1640 (containing 2% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) . The cells were plated in a 384-well plate at a density of 50,000 cells/well (final assay volume 50 μΐ). Compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and added to the culture medium to achieve desired concentration (e.g. 100, 33, 11, 3.7, 1.2, 0.41, 0.14, 0.046, 0.015, 0.0051, 0.0017 μΜ). Cells were incubated with compounds for 1 hour and then stimulated with gramicidin (5μΜ) (Enzo) for 2 hours. Cell free supernatant was collected and the production of IL-Ιβ was evaluated by HTRF (cisbio). A vehicle only control was run concurrently with each experiment. Final DMSO concentration was 0.38%.

Compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-Ιβ production in PMA- differentiated THP-1 cells.

IL-ip production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells stimulated with Gramicidin.

THP-1 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and sub- cultured according to instructions from the supplier. Prior to experiments, cells were cultured in complete RPMI 1640 (containing 10% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml)), and maintained in log phase prior to experimental setup. Prior to the experiment THP-1 were treated with PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (20 ng/ml) for 16- 18 hours. Compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to generate a 30mM stock. On the day of the experiment the media was removed and adherent cells were detached with trypsin for 5 minutes. Cells were then harvested, washed with complete RPMI 1640, spun down, resuspended in RPMI 1640 (containing 2% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μ§/ιη1) . The cells were plated in a 384-well plate at a density of 50,000 cells/well (final assay volume 50 μΐ). Compounds were first dissolved in assay medium to obtain a 5x top concentration of 500μΜ. 10 step dilutions (1 :3) were then undertaken in assay medium containing 1.67% DMSO. 5x compound solutions were added to the culture medium to achieve desired final concentration (e.g. 100, 33, 11, 3.7, 1.2, 0.41, 0.14, 0.046, 0.015, 0.0051, 0.0017 μΜ). Final DMSO concentration was at 0.37%. Cells were incubated with compounds for 1 hour and then stimulated with gramicidin (5μΜ) (Enzo) for 2 hours. Plates were then centrifuged at 340g for 5 min. Cell free supernatant (40μΙ.) was collected using a 96-channel PlateMaster (Gilson) and the production of IL-Ιβ was evaluated by HTRF (cisbio). A vehicle only control and a dose titration of CRID3 (100 - 0.0017 μΜ) were run concurrently with each experiment. Data was normalized to vehicle-treated samples (equivalent to 0% inhibition) and CRJD3 at 100 μΜ (equivalent to 100% inhibition). Compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-Ιβ production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells.

IL-Ιβ production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells stimulated with Gramicidin.

TFIP-1 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and sub- cultured according to instructions from the supplier. Cells were cultured in complete RPMI 1640 (containing 10% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml)), and maintained in log phase prior to experimental setup. Prior to the experiment, compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to generate a 30mM stock. The compound stock was first pre-diluted in DMSO to 3, 0.34, 0.042 and 0.0083 mM intermediate concentrations and subsequently spotted using Echo550 liquid handler into an empty 384-well assay plate to achieve desired final concentration (e.g. 100, 33, 11, 3.7, 1.2, 0.41, 0.14, 0.046, 0.015, 0.0051, 0.0017 μΜ). DMSO was backfilled in the plate to achieve a final DMSO assay concentration of 0.37%. The plate was then sealed and stored at room temperature until required.

THP-1 cells were treated with PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (20 ng/ml) for 16- 18 hours. On the day of the experiment the media was removed and adherent cells were detached with trypsin for 5 minutes. Cells were then harvested, washed with complete RPMI 1640, spun down, and resuspended in RPMI 1640 (containing 2% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 μ§/ιη1) . The cells were plated in the 384-well assay plate containing the spotted compounds at a density of 50,000 cells/well (final assay volume 50 μΐ). Cells were incubated with compounds for 1 hour and then stimulated with gramicidin (5μΜ) (Enzo) for 2 hours. Plates were then centrifuged at 340g for 5 min. Cell free supernatant (40μΙ.) was collected using a 96-channel PlateMaster (Gilson) and the production of IL-Ιβ was evaluated by HTRF (cisbio). The plates were incubated for 18 h at 4°C and read using the preset HTRF program (donor emission at 620 nm, acceptor emission at 668 nm) of the SpectraMax i3x spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices, software SoftMax 6). A vehicle only control and a dose titration of CRID3 (100 - 0.0017 μΜ) were run concurrently with each experiment. Data was normalized to vehicle-treated samples (equivalent to 0% inhibition) and CRTD3 at 100 μΜ

(equivalent to 100% inhibition). Compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-Ιβ production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells.

Table 6 shows the biological activity of compounds in hTHP-1 assay containing 2% fetal bovine serum: <0.008 μΜ = "++++++"; >0.008 and <0.04 μΜ = "+++++"; >0.04 and <0.2 μΜ = "++++"; >0.2 and <1 μΜ = "+++"; >1 and <5 μΜ = "++"; >5 and <30 μΜ = "+".

Table 6. Average IC50 of compounds in hTHP-1 assay

114 ++

115 +

116 ++

117 +++

118 +++

119 +++

120 ++

121 ++

122 > 30.0000

124 +

125 +

137 ++++

139 ++++

145 ++

146 +++

147 ++

147 ++

148 ++

149 ++

313 ++

314 ++

315 > 30.0000

316 ++

321 ++

322 +++

323 ++

324 ++++

325 ++

355 +

370 ++++

372 > 30.0000

373 > 30.0000

377 ++

378 +

379 ++ A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.