PRIORITY CLAIM

[0001] The present document claims priority to U.S. Patent Application 15/985,599 entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ANGLE MEASUREMENT” filed on May 21, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The field of the disclosure generally relates to autonomous vehicles and, in particular, to a system and a method of measuring a trailer's angle of an autonomous truck.

BACKGROUND

[0003] In recent years, an increasing amount of interest and research effort has been put toward intelligent or autonomous vehicles. In autonomous driving systems, the successful perception and prediction of the surrounding driving environment and traffic participants are crucial for making correct and safe decisions for control of the autonomous or host vehicle. Autonomous driving for a truck is a special field in the autonomous driving industry and has some requirements different from those of other autonomous vehicles. One of the elements that distinguish an autonomous truck from an autonomous car is that a truck, as a cargo freighter, comes with a trailer at the back. Trailer angle and its angular velocity with respect to the pilot cabin play important roles in high- level autonomous control algorithm such as model predictive control (MPC) to successfully navigate the trailer of the truck through the driving environment.

[0004] Thus, an efficient system for analyzing the trailer angle and its angular velocity is needed.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0005] Various objects, features, aspects, and advantages of the present embodiment will become more apparent from the following detailed description of embodiments of the embodiment, along with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like components. [0006] In one example aspect, a method is disclosed. The method includes generating a point cloud based on information gathered from a rangefinder and includes a plurality of points. The plurality of points represents a relative position of a front edge of the second portion with respect to the first portion. An angle of the second portion relative to the first portion is calculated based on the point cloud. The rangefinder is mounted to the first portion or the second portion.

[0007] Another aspect is a system for measuring an angle between a first portion of a moving object and a second portion of the moving object. The system includes a rangefinder mounted to the first portion or the second portion, a memory, and at least one processor. The processor is configured to generate, based on information gathered from the rangefinder, a point cloud including a plurality of points, the plurality of points representing a relative position of a front edge of the second portion with respect to the first portion. The processor is further configured to calculate, based on the point cloud, an angle of the second portion relative to the first portion.

[0008] Yet another aspect is an autonomous vehicle including a first portion; a second portion towed by the first portion; and a LiDAR sensor mounted to the first portion or the second portion, the LiDAR sensor projecting beams towards a first surface of the first portion or a second surface of the second portion.

[0009] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method of measuring an angle between a first portion of a moving object and a second portion of the moving object, for a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing one or more programs. The one or more programs include instructions, which when executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform the following steps comprising: generating a point cloud representing information on a relative position of a front edge of the second portion with respect to the first portion; and calculating an angle between the first portion and the second portion from the point cloud.

[0010] In an embodiment, generating the point cloud is by a LiDAR.

[0011] In another embodiment, calculating the angle between the first portion and the second portion comprises filtering the point cloud with a predetermined threshold range.

[0012] In yet another embodiment, calculating the angle between the first portion and the second portion comprises performing coordinate change on the point cloud. [0013] In still another embodiment, performing coordinate change comprises turning the point cloud from polar coordinate into Cartesian coordinate.

[0014] In an embodiment, calculating the angle between the first portion and the second portion comprises performing linear fitting on the point cloud.

[0015] In another embodiment, performing linear fitting comprises a least squares method.

[0016] In yet another embodiment, calculating the angle between the first portion and the second portion comprises performing a data averaging on a plurality of calculated angles.

[0017] In still another embodiment, performing the data averaging comprises a moving average method.

[0018] In an embodiment, the method further comprises calculating an angular velocity from a plurality of calculated angles.

[0019] In still another embodiment, the system further comprises calculating an angular velocity from a plurality of calculated angles.

[0020] In some embodiments, an autonomous vehicle may implement the above described methods and systems. The autonomous vehicle comprises the system mentioned above; a first portion; a second portion towed by the first portion; and a FiDAR projecting beams from one of the first portion and the second portion toward the other one of the first portion and the second portion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] It should be noted that the drawing figures may be in simplified form and might not be to precise scale. The various embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation. In reference to the disclosure herein, for purposes of convenience and clarity only, directional terms such as top, bottom, left, right, up, down, over, above, below, beneath, rear, front, distal, and proximal are used with respect to the accompanying drawings. Such directional terms should not be construed to limit the scope of the embodiment in any manner.

[0022] FIG. 1A shows a state of a moving object traveling in a straight direction in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

[0023] FIG. 1B shows a state of a moving object turning left in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. [0024] FIG. 1C shows a state of a moving object turning right in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

[0025] FIG. 2 shows a flow diagram illustrating a method of measuring an angle between a first portion of a moving object and a second portion of the moving object in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

[0026] FIG. 3 shows an effect of data averaging for different sample numbers in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

[0027] FIG. 4 shows an angle data and an angular velocity data in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

[0028] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a system for measuring an angle between a first portion of a moving object and a second portion of the moving object in accordance with some embodiments.

[0029] Identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is contemplated that elements disclosed in one implementation may be beneficially utilized in other implementations without specific recitation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] The various embodiments may be understood by turning to the following detailed description, presenting illustrated examples of the various embodiments. It is expressly understood that the embodiments may be broader than the illustrated embodiments described below.

[0031] In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various embodiments. It should be understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosed subject matter. Any combination of the following features and elements is contemplated to implement and practice the disclosure.

[0032] In the description, common or similar features may be designated by common reference numbers. As used herein,“exemplary” may indicate an example, an implementation, or an aspect, and should not be construed as limiting or as indicating a preference or a preferred implementation. [0033] Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, when an element is referred to as being "connected to" or "coupled to" another element, it may be directly connected to or coupled to the other element, or intervening elements may be present.

[0034] In the drawings, the shape and thickness may be exaggerated for clarity and convenience. This description will be directed in particular to elements forming part of, or cooperating more directly with, an apparatus in accordance with the present disclosure. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms. Reference throughout this specification to“one embodiment” or“an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described is included in at least one embodiment.

[0035] In the drawings, the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale, and in some instances the drawings have been exaggerated and/or simplified in places for illustrative purposes. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the many possible applications and variations of the present disclosure based on the following illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0036] The appearances of the phrases“in one embodiment” or“in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. It should be appreciated that the following figures are not drawn to scale; rather, these figures are merely intended for illustration.

[0037] It will be understood that singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, relative terms, such as "bottom" and "top," may be used herein to describe one element's relationship to other elements as illustrated in the Figures.

[0038] Many alterations and modifications may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiment. Therefore, it must be understood that the illustrated embodiment has been set forth only for the purposes of example and that it should not be taken as limiting the embodiment as defined by the following claims. For example, notwithstanding the fact that the elements of a claim are set forth below in a certain combination, it must be expressly understood that the embodiment includes other combinations of fewer, more, or different elements, which are disclosed herein even when not initially claimed in such combinations.

[0039] The words used in this specification to describe the embodiment and its various embodiments are to be understood not only in the sense of their commonly defined meanings, but to include by special definition in this specification structure, material or acts beyond the scope of the commonly defined meanings. Thus, if an element can be understood in the context of this specification as including more than one meaning, then its use in a claim must be understood to include all possible meanings supported by the specification and by the word itself.

[0040] The definitions of the words or elements of the following claims therefore include not only the combination of elements which are literally set forth, but all equivalent structure, material or acts for performing substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result.

[0041] In this sense it is therefore contemplated that an equivalent substitution of two or more elements may be made for any one of the elements in the claims below or that a single element may be substituted for two or more elements in a claim. Although elements may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, it is to be expressly understood that one or more elements from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination and that the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

[0042] Reference is now made to the drawings wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout.

[0043] As used herein, the term "wireless" refers to wireless communication to a device or between multiple devices. Wireless devices may be anchored to a location and/or hardwired to a power system, depending on the needs of the business, venue, event or museum. In one embodiment, wireless devices may be enabled to connect to Internet, but do not need to transfer data to and from Internet in order to communicate within the wireless information communication and delivery system.

[0044] As used herein, the term“Smart Phone” or“smart phone” or“mobile device(s)” or “cellular phone” or“cellular” or“mobile phone” or the like refers to a wireless communication device, that includes, but not is limited to, an integrated circuit (IC), chip set, chip, system-on-a- chip including low noise amplifier, power amplifier, Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), digital integrated circuits, a transceiver, receiver, or transmitter, dynamic, static or non- transitory memory device(s), one or more computer processor(s) to process received and transmitted signals, for example, to and from the Internet, other wireless devices, and to provide communication within the wireless information communication and delivery system including send, broadcast, and receive information, signal data, location data, a bus line, an antenna to transmit and receive signals, and power supply such as a rechargeable battery or power storage unit. The chip or IC may be constructed (“fabricated”) on a“die” cut from, for example, a Silicon, Sapphire, Indium Phosphide, or Gallium Arsenide wafer. The IC may be, for example, analogue or digital on a chip or hybrid combination thereof. Furthermore, digital integrated circuits may contain anything from one to thousands or millions of signal invertors, and logic gates, e.g.,“and”, “or”,“nand” and“nor gates”, flipflops, multiplexors, etc., on a square area that occupies only a few millimeters. The small size of, for instance, IC’s allows these circuits to provide high speed operation, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with more complicated board-level integration.

[0045] As used herein, the terms“wireless”,“wireless data transfer,”“wireless tracking and location system,”“positioning system” and“wireless positioning system” refer without limitation to any wireless system that transfers data or communicates or broadcasts a message, which communication may include location coordinates or other information using one or more devices, e.g., wireless communication devices.

[0046] As used herein, the terms “module” or“modules” refer without limitation to any software, software program(s), firmware, or actual hardware or combination thereof that has been added on, downloaded, updated, transferred or originally part of a larger computation or transceiver system that assists in or provides computational ability including, but not limited to, logic functionality to assist in or provide communication broadcasts of commands or messages, which communication may include location coordinates or communications between, among, or to one or more devices, e.g., wireless communication devices.

[0047] Information about a trailer angle and its angular velocity with respect to the pilot cabin is important for motion planning during autonomous driving. Hence, how to measure the trailer angle of the autonomous truck with high accuracy becomes an important and pioneering topic where few companies or academic institutes have ever come up with a stable or practical solution.

[0048] Since autonomous driving for a truck may still be at the very pioneering stage, few related topics or solutions have been reported for measuring a truck’s trailer angle. Some work proposes using a mechanical angle measuring device in the junction between the pilot cabin and the trailer. However, such a device would suffer up-and-down bumping or all-around vibration during truck driving. The bumping or vibration might reduce the lifetime of the device. A mechanical measuring device would also require long hour endurance test and accuracy guarantee before putting into commercial use, and require frequent calibration after implementation.

[0049] The trailer angle detection faces many challenges. For example, there are many noise sources in the environment. Noise sources pose a challenge to successfully filter out outlier points throughout a calculation process during detection. When a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is used in the detection , there might be extreme conditions where a side of the trailer is also detected by the LiDAR. Consequently, side points thus inadvertently taken should be excluded from the calculation. The calculation may involve a least squares method computation.

[0050] The present disclosure provides a method and a system to achieve high-accuracy measurement of an angle or an angular velocity between a first portion of a moving object and a second portion of the moving object. The moving object may be a truck. The first portion may be a pilot cabin, while the second portion may be a trailer towed by the pilot cabin. Some embodiments of the present disclosure use light detection and ranging (LiDAR) as the source of angle measurement to achieve a stable, responsive and accurate solution for detecting a front edge of the trailer. The LiDAR may be a single beam LiDAR. A single beam LiDAR is relatively inexpensive among all types of LiDAR, and thus may be cost efficient. Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a computationally-efficient and fast-forward algorithm to compute the angle. Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a filtering algorithm to make the raw measurement more accurate and believable.

[0051] In some embodiments, a point cloud generated by a single beam LiDAR or any kind of a scanning laser rangefinder is taken as an input of the calculation process, from which the angle and angular velocity is calculated and output. Between the input and output, there may be some data processing steps.

[0052] In some embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, a non-transitory, i.e., non-volatile, computer readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium is stored with one or more programs. When the program is executed by the processing unit of a computing device, the computing device is caused to conduct specific operations set forth below in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0053] In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 5, examples of non-transitory storage computer readable storage medium may include magnetic hard discs, optical discs, floppy discs, flash memories, or forms of electrically programmable memories (EPROM) or electrically erasable and programmable (EEPROM) memories. In certain embodiments, the term“non- transitory” may indicate that the storage medium is not embodied in a carrier wave or a propagated signal. In some embodiments, a non-transitory storage medium may store data that can, over time, change (e.g., in RAM or cache).

[0054] In some embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, in operation, a client application is transmitted to the computing device upon a request of a user, for example, by a user device 54 such as a smart phone capable of downloading the application from a computer server. In operation, the application is installed at the vehicle. Accordingly, specific functions may be executed by the user through a computing device, such as calibrating sensors and time synchronization, and, for example, sending and receiving calibration files for data alignment purposes.

[0055] FIGS. 1A to 1C show a moving object 20 at different states. Referring to FIG. 1A, the moving object 20 includes a first portion 22, a second portion 24 and a LiDAR 225. The first portion 22 includes a pilot cabin, while the second portion 24 is a trailer towed by the first portion 22. The LiDAR 225 may be mounted on or installed in the first portion 22, and projects light beam from the first portion 22 toward the second portion 24. The relative position or an angle between the first portion 22 and the second portion 24 varies in different states as shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C. For example, FIG. 1 A illustrates a state that the moving object 22 moves in a straight direction. FIG. 1B illustrates a state that the moving object 22 is on the way of turning left. FIG. 1C illustrates a state that the moving object 22 is on the way of turning right.

[0056] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing a method 100 of measuring an angle between a first portion of a moving object and a second portion of the moving object, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0057] Referring to FIG. 2 and FIGS. 1A to 1C, in operation 102, a raw point cloud P within a light beam range 225B of the LiDAR 225 is generated. In an embodiment, the LiDAR 225 includes a 2D LiDAR. The point cloud P corresponds to a trajectory or a line L projected on a surface or an edge 241 of the second portion 24 by the LiDAR 225 during a swing of the LiDAR 225. In addition, the point cloud P represents information on a relative position of the edge 241 with respect to the first portion 22. The point cloud P includes a plurality of points Pl to Pn on the trajectory L, wherein n is the number of points. The point cloud P carries information about a range collection R. The range collection R includes distances Rl to Rn, which are the respective distances between Pl to Pn and the position of the LiDAR 225. For example, Rl is the distance between Pl and the LiDAR 225. The LiDAR 225 may have a scanning angle range (- q , Q ) and an angle step by which the LiDAR 225 swings in the scanning angle range. In some embodiments, the scanning angle range is (-30°, 30°), and the angle step is 0.35°. [0058] In operation 104, the point cloud P is filtered with a predetermined threshold range. For example, in some embodiments, the LiDAR 225 supports a range between 1 meter (m) and 2.5m, which can be set as the threshold range. Points that are located outside the threshold range are filtered to facilitate calculation. For example, points within a range shorter than approximately 1 m or longer than approximately 2.5 m are filtered before further processing. A point outside the threshold range may be affected by various environmental noise sources and thus are filtered to improve the precision of calculation.

[0059] In operation 106, a coordinate change is performed on the point cloud P. In some embodiments, the coordinate change includes turning the point cloud P from a polar coordinate into a Cartesian coordinate. For example, an X-Y 2D Cartesian coordinate about an origin point or a central point (0, 0) of the LiDAR 225 can be constructed. Then each point Pi in the point cloud P, with its range Ri and the corresponding angle Q i of the LiDAR 225 given, can be mapped from a polar coordinate into the Cartesian coordinate using the following formula.

xi = Ri cos qί, yi = Ri sin qΐ

[0060] In operation 108, a linear fitting is performed on the point cloud P. In some embodiments, the linear fitting includes a least squares method. A least squares method is an efficient way to compute an angle under a Cartesian coordinate. The trajectory L of the point cloud P can be represented by a linear formula y = kx + b, and a linear fitting can be realized with the following formula.

, wherein

[0061] After the linear fitting is completed, the trajectory L of the point cloud P is obtained. The trajectory L corresponds to the outline or the position of the edge 241 on the X-Y 2D Cartesian coordinate, with the position of LiDAR 225 as the origin point. [0062] In operation 110, an angle A[i] between the trajectory L:y = kx+b and the X-axis can be calculated. A[i] corresponds to P[i], which is the point cloud P formed by the LiDAR 225 at the i- th swing, wherein i is a positive integer. The result corresponds to the angle between the first portion 22 and the second portion 24. Calculating an angle from a linear formula on a Cartesian coordinate can be done with various well-known methods, such as by the formula's normal vector or slope.

[0063] In operation 112, a data averaging is performed on a plurality of calculated angles A[i]. The reason for a data averaging is that, even though some noises and outliers may have been filtered out from the raw point cloud P with a threshold range, there still remains some white noise on the data itself. One observation is that even when a trailer keeps in still pose (not moving around at all), the angle data is still vibrating significantly (or variance is high). For example, some simulations show that the standard deviations of raw angles are 0.1356, 0.1466 and 0.1474 degrees, while the standard deviations of filtered angles are 0.0531, 0.0163 and 0.0658 degrees, respectively. A data averaging process can further optimize the computed angle data and make the result more reliable. In some embodiments, the data averaging includes a moving average method, for example, a weighted moving average method. When a weighted moving average is utilized, the current observation or calculated value is not output directly, rather, the previous n samples of data are taken into the averaging process by weights. For example, a linear weighted method can be used, which is simple to implement and can achieve a relative stable result. Let the sample number be 20, then the formula for such averaging method is as below.

A[i] = (20 x A[i] + 19 x A[i - 1] + ··· + 1 x A[i - 20])/(20 + ··· + 1)

[0064] FIG. 3 shows the effect of data averaging for different sample numbers. The data with sample number = 1 is the raw data. As shown in FIG. 3, the white noise is effectively filtered and alleviated using the weighted moving average method. Note that the weighted method advantages over an unweighted one in that it is more adapted to immediate changes, so the calculation or the system is more responsive. [0065] In operation 114, an angular velocity is calculated from the calculated angles. For example, a temporal time difference can be used to compute the angular velocity below:

V[i] = (A[i]-A[i-l])/TD wherein V[i] is the angular velocity at the i time index and TD is the time difference.

[0066] FIG. 4 shows an example of an angle data and an angular velocity data calculated from the angle data. In this simulation, a flat board is used to simulate the second portion 24 or a trailer’s movement with respect to the first portion 22 or a pilot cabin, giving it a sine input. As shown in the figure, the angle is quite smooth and looks like a sine wave. The angular velocity looks like a cosine wave (the velocity is the derivative of the angle, so it should be a cosine wave), though it is less smooth, but it is quite normal for the velocity to be a bit bumpy.

[0067] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a system 50 for measuring an angle between a first portion of a moving object and a second portion of the moving object, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0068] Referring to FIG. 5, the system 50 includes a processor 51, a computer server 52, a network interface 53, an input and output (I/O) device 55, a storage device 57, a memory 59, and a bus or network 58. The bus 58 couples the network interface 53, the I/O device 55, the storage device 57 and the memory 59 to the processor 51.

[0069] Accordingly, the processor 51 is configured to enable the computer server 52, e.g., Internet server, to perform specific operations disclosed herein. It is to be noted that the operations and techniques described herein may be implemented, at least in part, in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. For example, various aspects of the described embodiments, e.g., the processor 51, the computer server 52, or the like, may be implemented within one or more processing units, including one or more microprocessing units, digital signal processing units (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or any other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry, as well as any combinations of such components. [0070] The term“processing unit” or“processing circuitry” may generally refer to any of the foregoing logic circuitry, alone or in combination with other logic circuitry, or any other equivalent circuitry. A control unit including hardware may also perform one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure.

[0071] In some embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, the computer server 52 is configured to utilize the I/O port 55 to communicate with external devices via a network 58, such as a wireless network. In certain embodiments, the I/O port 55 is a network interface component, such as an Ethernet card, an optical transceiver, a radio frequency transceiver, or any other type of device that can send and receive data from the Internet. Examples of network interfaces may include Bluetooth®, 3G and WiFi® radios in mobile computing devices as well as USB. Examples of wireless networks may include WiFi®, Bluetooth®, and 3G. In some embodiments, the internet server 62 is configured to utilize the I/O port 55 to wirelessly communicate with a client device 54, such as a mobile phone, a tablet PC, a portable laptop or any other computing device with internet connectivity. Accordingly, electrical signals are transmitted between the computer server 52 and the client device 54.

[0072] In some embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, the computer server 52 is a virtual server capable of performing any function a regular server has. In certain embodiments, the computer server 52 is another client device of the system 50. In other words, there may not be a centralized host for the system 50, and the client devices 54 in the system are configured to communicate with each other directly. In certain embodiments, such client devices 54 communicate with each other on a peer-to-peer (P2P) basis.

[0073] The processor 51 is configured to execute program instructions that include a tool module configured to perform a method as described and illustrated with reference to FIG. 2. Accordingly, in an embodiment in accordance with the method 100 illustrated in FIG. 2, the tool module is configured to execute the operations including: generating a point cloud representing information on a relative position of a front edge of the second portion with respect to the first portion, such as by a FiDAR; filtering the point cloud with a predetermined threshold range; performing coordinate change on the point cloud, such as turning the point cloud from polar coordinate into Cartesian coordinate; performing linear fitting on the point cloud; calculating an angle from the linear fitting result; performing a data averaging on a plurality of calculated angles, such as by a moving average method; and calculating an angular velocity from a plurality of calculated angles.

[0074] The network interface 53 is configured to access program instructions and data accessed by the program instructions stored remotely through a network (not shown).

[0075] The I/O device 55 includes an input device and an output device configured for enabling user interaction with the system 50. In some embodiments, the input device comprises, for example, a keyboard, a mouse, and other devices. Moreover, the output device comprises, for example, a display, a printer, and other devices.

[0076] The storage device 57 is configured for storing program instructions and data accessed by the program instructions. In some embodiments, the storage device 57 comprises, for example, a magnetic disk and an optical disk.

[0077] The memory 59 is configured to store program instructions to be executed by the processor 51 and data accessed by the program instructions. In some embodiments, the memory 59 comprises a random access memory (RAM) and/or some other volatile storage device and/or read-only memory (ROM) and/or some other non-volatile storage device including other programmable read only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, a hard disk, a solid state drive (SSD), a compact disc ROM (CD-ROM), a floppy disk, a cassette, magnetic media, optical media, or other computer-readable media. In certain embodiments, the memory 59 is incorporated into the processor 51.

[0078] Some embodiments described herein may be captured using the following clause-based description.

[0079] Clause 1: A method for measuring an angle between a first portion of a moving object and a second portion of the moving object includes generating a point cloud based on information gathered from a rangefinder and includes a plurality of points. The plurality of points represents a relative position of a front edge of the second portion with respect to the first portion. An angle of the second portion relative to the first portion is calculated based on the point cloud. The rangefinder is mounted to the first portion or the second portion.

[0080] Clause 2: The method of clause 1, wherein the rangefinder is a LiDAR sensor.

[0081] Clause 3: The method of clause 1, further comprising: filtering a point of the plurality of points in the point cloud based on a predetermined threshold range.

[0082] Clause 4: The method of clause 1, further comprising: performing a coordinate change on each point of the plurality of points in the point cloud.

[0083] Clause 5: The method of clause 4, wherein the performing the coordinate change comprises converting each point of the plurality of points in the point cloud from polar coordinates into Cartesian coordinates.

[0084] Clause 6: The method of clause 1, further comprising: performing linear fitting on the plurality of points in the point cloud; and obtaining a trajectory of the point cloud based on the linear fitting of the plurality of points in the point cloud.

[0085] Clause 7 : The method of clause 6 wherein performing the linear fitting on the point cloud is carried out by a least squares computation method.

[0086] Clause 8: The method of clause 1 further comprising: performing a data averaging on a plurality of calculated angles.

[0087] Clause 9: The method of clause 8 wherein the data averaging comprises a moving average method.

[0088] Clause 10: The method of clause 1 further comprising: calculating an angular velocity from a plurality of calculated angles.

[0089] Clause 11: A system for measuring an angle between a first portion of a moving object and a second portion of the moving object. The system includes a rangefinder mounted to the first portion or the second portion, a memory, and at least one processor. The processor is configured to generate, based on information gathered from the rangefinder, a point cloud including a plurality of points, the plurality of points representing a relative position of a front edge of the second portion with respect to the first portion. The processor is further configured to calculate, based on the point cloud, an angle of the second portion relative to the first portion.

[0090] Clause 12: The system of clause 11, wherein the rangefinder is a LiDAR sensor. [0091] Clause 13: The system of clause 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: filter a point of the plurality of points in the point cloud based on a predetermined threshold range.

[0092] Clause 14: The system of clause 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: perform a coordinate change on each point of the plurality of points in the point cloud.

[0093] Clause 15: The system of clause 14, wherein performing the coordinate change comprises converting each point of the plurality of points in the point cloud from polar coordinates into Cartesian coordinates.

[0094] Clause 16: The system of clause 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: perform linear fitting on the plurality of points in the point cloud; and obtain a trajectory of the point cloud based on the linear fitting of the plurality of points in the point cloud.

[0095] Clause 17: The system of clause 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: perform a data averaging on a plurality of calculated angles.

[0096] Clause 18: The system of clause 17, wherein the data averaging comprises a moving average method.

[0097] Clause 19: The system of clause 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: calculate an angular velocity from a plurality of calculated angles.

[0098] Clause 20: An autonomous vehicle including a first portion; a second portion towed by the first portion; and a LiDAR sensor mounted to the first portion or the second portion, the LiDAR sensor projecting beams towards a first surface of the first portion or a second surface of the second portion.

[0099] In particular, the terms“comprises” and“comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced.

[0100] The disclosed and other embodiments, modules and the functional operations described in this document can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this document and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. The disclosed and other embodiments can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computer readable medium can be a machine- readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more them. The term“data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.

[0101] A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or another unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

[0102] The processes and logic flows described in this document can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit). [0103] Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random-access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Computer readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

[0104] While this patent document contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this patent document in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

[0105] Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described in this patent document should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments. [0106] Only a few implementations and examples are described, and other implementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in this patent document.

[0107] The illustrations of embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments, and they are not intended to serve as a complete description of all the elements and features of components and systems that might make use of the structures described herein. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the description provided herein. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The figures herein are merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions thereof may be exaggerated, while others may be minimized. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

[0108] Some embodiments implement functions in two or more specific interconnected hardware modules or devices with related control and data signals communicated between and through the modules, or as portions of an application-specific integrated circuit. Thus, the example system is applicable to software, firmware, and hardware implementations.

[0109] The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.

[0110] While the foregoing is directed to implementations of the present disclosure, other and further implementations of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.