THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to United States Provisional

Application Serial No. 62/171,838, filed June 5, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

1. FIELD OF INVENTION

[0002] Provided herein are methods for treating or preventing nonsense mutation mediated diseases associated with a germline or somatic nonsense mutation in DNA that result in a premature termination codon in mRNA by administering an aminoglycoside or a composition thereof.

2. BACKGROUND PROVIDED HEREIN

[0003] Gene expression in cells depends upon the sequential processes of transcription and translation. Together, these processes produce a protein from the nucleotide sequence of its corresponding gene.

[0004] Transcription involves the synthesis of mRNA from DNA by RNA polymerase.

Transcription begins at a promoter region of the gene and continues until termination is induced, such as by the formation of a stem-loop structure in the nascent RNA or the binding of the rho gene product.

[0005] Protein is then produced from mRNA by the process of translation, occurring on the ribosome with the aid of tRNA, tRNA synthetases and various other protein and RNA species. Translation comprises three phases: initiation, elongation and termination. Translation is initiated by the formation of an initiation complex consisting of protein factors, mRNA, tRNA, cofactors and the ribosomal subunits that recognize signals on the mRNA that direct the translation machinery to begin translation on the mRNA.

[0006] Once the initiation complex is formed, growth of the polypeptide chain occurs by the repetitive addition of amino acids by the peptidyl transferase activity of the ribosome as well as tRNA and tRNA synthetases. The presence of one of the three termination codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) in the A site of the ribosome signals the polypeptide chain release factors (RFs) to bind and recognize the termination signal. Subsequently, the ester bond between the 3' nucleotide of the tRNA located in the ribosome's P site and the nascent polypeptide chain is hydrolyzed. The completed polypeptide chain is released, and the ribosome subunits are recycled for another round of translation.

[0007] Mutations of the DNA sequence in which the number of bases is altered are categorized as insertion or deletion mutations (frameshift mutations) and can result in major disruptions of the genome. Mutations of the DNA that change one base into another are labeled missense mutations and are subdivided into the classes of transitions (one purine to another purine, or one pyrimidine to another pyrimidine) and transversions (a purine to a pyrimidine, or a pyrimidine to a purine).

[0008] Insertions, deletions, transition and transversion mutations can all result in a nonsense mutation, or chain termination mutation, in which the base mutation or frameshift mutation changes an amino acid codon into one of the three stop codons. The resulting premature stop codon can produce an aberrant, partially functional or non-functional protein in cells as a result of premature translation termination. A nonsense mutation in an essential gene can be lethal and can also result in a number of nonsense mutation mediated diseases.

[0009] In bacterial and eukaryotic organisms with nonsense mutations, a nonsense mutation can arise as a result of a germline or somatic mutation in DNA that results in the production of a premature termination codon. Readthrough of the premature termination codon allows insertion of a near-cognate tRNA at the ribosomal A-site, leading to synthesis of a full- length protein from an otherwise defective mRNA. Small molecules that affect cellular processes involved in protein synthesis and/or the mRNA quality control process (among other quality control processes) can promote readthrough at premature termination codons.

Readthrough at a premature termination codon results when an amino acid is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain at the site of the premature termination codon. The inserted amino acid may not necessarily be identical to the original amino acid of the wild-type protein; however, many amino acid substitutions are well tolerated and do not have a deleterious effect on protein structure or function. Thus, a protein produced by the suppression of the premature termination codon would be likely to possess activity close to that of the wild-type protein. Such a result provides an opportunity to treat diseases associated with nonsense mutations by avoiding premature translation termination through suppression of the premature termination codon. [0010] Aminoglycosides have been suggested as possible candidates for premature termination codon suppression therapy. See Shalev et al., Med. Chem. Commun., 2014, 5, 1092- 1105. However, to date, no structures of the human A-site are known to complex with any of the available aminoglycosides that induce readthrough. Moreover, elucidation of the readthrough mechanism of the aminoglycoside complex known as gentamicin in eukaryotic systems remains to be determined. Id. Since aminoglycoside activity in eukaryotes is not fully understood, the rational design of new and improved derivatives remains complex. Id. Therefore, there remains a need for further elucidation of the biological activity of aminoglycosides and the identification of new derivatives that avoid known toxicities while conferring the benefits of readthrough protein production.

3. SUMMARY

[0011] Provided herein is Compound 1, pharmaceutical compositions thereof and methods of treatment therewith. Compound 1, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of treatment therewith are, in part, based upon the modulation of premature translation termination which plays a role in a variety of nonsense mutation mediated diseases. Without being limited by theory, such diseases can occur due to the decreased amount of active protein produced as a result of premature termination of translation. Compound 1 is believed to allow the translation of mRNA to continue past a nonsense mutation or a premature stop codon resulting to enable the production of full-length protein. Thus, provided herein is Compound 1, compositions thereof, and methods for their use for treating and preventing a variety of diseases, in particular nonsense mutation mediated diseases associated with premature translation termination.

[0012] Provided herein is Compound 1 :

having the name (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-amino-6-(((lR,2S,3 S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3- (((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)tetrah ydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2- hydroxycyclohexyl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran- 3,4-diol, and pharmaceutically acceptable polymorphs, prodrugs, salts, solvates, hydrates, and clathrates thereof (collectively referred to herein as "Compound 1"). The compound chemically named (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5- amino-6-(((lR,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-(((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,5 -dihydroxy-5-methyl-4- (methylamino)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2-hydroxycyclohex yl)oxy)-2- (hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diol is disclosed and chromatographically separated as Gentamicin X in U.S. Patent No. 3,915,955, granted on October 28, 1975, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.

[0013] In one embodiment, Compound 1 is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, clathrate, prodrug, polymorph, bio-hydrolyzable ester or purified stereoisomer including, but not limited to, an optically pure enantiomer or diastereomer.

[0014] Provided herein are methods of treating or preventing a nonsense mutation mediated disease by modulation of premature translation termination, a nonsense mutation or a premature stop codon, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In one embodiment, the disease is a germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated disease selected from the group consisting of a nonsense mutation mediated cancer, an inborn error of metabolism, autoimmune disease, a blood disease, a collagen disease, diabetes, a

neurodegenerative disease, a proliferative disease, a cardiovascular disease, a pulmonary disease, an ocular disease, a ciliopathy disease, an inflammatory disease, a central nervous system (CNS) disease, a liver disease, a kidney disease, a muscular dystrophy and a lysosomal storage disease.

[0015] In another embodiment, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, esophageal cancer, colorectal carcinoma, neurofibromatosis, retinoblastoma or Wilm's tumor. In another embodiment, the autoimmune disease is an immunodeficiency, rheumatoid arthritis or graft versus host disease. In another embodiment, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated blood disease is a hemophilia, von Willebrand disease or b-thalassemia. In another embodiment, the diabetes is Type I diabetes or Type II diabetes. In other embodiments, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated neurodegenerative disease is ataxia- telangiectasia. In other embodiments, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated proliferative disease is tuberous sclerosis. In other embodiments, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated cardiovascular disease is familial hypercholesterolemia. In another embodiment, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated pulmonary disease is cystic fibrosis.

[0016] In another embodiment, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated ocular disease is aniridia, choroideremia, renal-coloboma syndrome, Lebers congenital amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, glaucoma, foveal hypoplasia, cataracts, Usher syndrome, central auditory processing difficulties, chorioretinal degeneration, congenital lens opacities, elevated intraocular pressure, exudative vascular retinopathy, glaucoma, iris hypoplasia, keratopathy, corneal degeneration, optic nerve hypoplasia, retinal detachment, secondary strabismus or tunica vasculosa lentis. In another specific embodiment, the ocular disease is Usher syndrome type 2A. In certain specific embodiments, aniridia is familial aniridia or sporadic aniridia. In another specific embodiment, the aniridia is a symptom associated with WAGR (Wilms tumor-aniridia-genital anomalies-retardation) syndrome or Gillespie syndrome. In some embodiments, the gene is selected from the PAX6 gene, REP1 gene, CHD7 gene, PAX2 gene, or BBS2 gene.

[0017] In another embodiment, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated liver disease is cirrhosis, In another embodiment, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated ciliopathy disease is early embryonic death (some cases), hydrocephalus (some cases), polycystic liver disease or retinal degeneration (some forms). In another embodiment, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated kidney disease is polycystic kidney disease or kidney stones. In another embodiment, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated muscular dystrophy is Becker or Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

[0018] In another embodiment, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated lysosomal storage disease is a germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated

mucopolysaccharidosis, Sandhoff disease or Niemann-Pick Disease Type C.

[0019] In other embodiments, the germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated mucopolysaccharidosis is Hurler Syndrome (MPS IH), Hurler-Scheie Syndrome (MPS IH/S), Scheie Syndrome (MPS IS), Hunter Syndrome (MPS II), Sanfilippo Syndrome A (MPS IIIA), Sanfilippo Syndrome B (MPS IIIB), Sanfilippo Syndrome C (MPS IIIC), Sanfilippo Syndrome D (MPS HID), Morquio syndrome A (MPS IV A), Morquio Syndrome B (MPS IVB), Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome A (MPS VI), Sly Syndrome (MPS VII) or Natowicz Syndrome (MPS IX).

[0020] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for modulating premature translation termination comprising administering Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to a patient in need thereof or contacting cell exhibiting premature translation termination with an effective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for suppressing premature translation termination in a cell comprising administering Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to a patient in need thereof or contacting a cell exhibiting premature translation termination with an effective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for inducing nonsense mutation suppression in a cell comprising

administering Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to a patient in need thereof or contacting a cell exhibiting a nonsense mutation with an effective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for inducing readthrough of a premature stop codon comprising administering Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to a patient in need thereof or contacting cell exhibiting premature translation termination with an effective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. A nonsense codon can be present in the DNA of any type of cell and can arise naturally or result from germline or somatic mutagenesis. Accordingly, cells encompassed by the present methods include animal cells, mammalian cells, bacterial cells, plant cells and virally infected cells. In one embodiment, the nonsense codon is present in the progenitor DNA. In another embodiment, the nonsense codon results from a germline mutation. In another embodiment, the nonsense codon results from somatic mutation.

[0021] Without being limited to any particular theory, the ability of Compound 1 to promote readthrough of a nonsense mutation or a premature stop codon makes it useful in the treatment or prevention of any disease which is caused in whole or in part by a nonsense mutation in DNA or a premature stop codon in mRNA. Such diseases can occur due to the decreased amount of active, functional protein produced as a result of premature termination of translation. Without being limited to any particular theory, Compound 1 is believed to allow the translation of mRNA to continue past the premature stop codon resulting in the production of full length protein.

3.1 DEFINITIONS

[0022] As used herein, the term "premature translation termination" refers to the result of a germline or somatic mutation that results in the change of a codon corresponding to an amino acid to a stop codon (UAG, UGA, UAA).

[0023] As used herein, the term "premature termination codon" or "premature stop codon" refers to the occurrence of a stop codon in mRNA where a codon corresponding to an amino acid should be.

[0024] As used herein, the term "nonsense mutation" refers to a germline or somatic mutation in DNA changing a codon corresponding to an amino acid in mRNA to a stop codon. In one embodiment, the nonsense mutation is a mutation that occurs in DNA and is then transcribed into mRNA.

[0025] As used herein, the term "nonsense suppression" refers to the inhibition or suppression of premature translation termination.

[0026] As used herein, the term "modulation of premature translation termination" refers to the upregulation of gene expression in the presence of a nonsense suppression agent. For example, if it is desirable to increase production of a functional active protein compared to avoiding the production of a defective protein encoded by a gene with a premature stop codon, i.e., to permit readthrough of the premature stop codon in the gene so translation of the mRNA can occur, such modulation of premature translation termination requires the use of a nonsense suppression agent.

[0027] As used herein, the term "dose(s)" means a quantity of active agent to be administered.

[0028] As used herein, the term "unit dosage form(s)" includes liquid dosage forms such as solutions suitable for parenteral administration to a patient.

[0029] As used herein, the terms "dosing regimen" and "dosage(s)" refer to the amount of an active agent given per unit and the duration of administration during a given time period to achieve a certain plasma concentration or functional therapeutic benefit. [0030] As used herein, the terms "subject" and "patient" are used interchangeably to refer to an animal or any living organism having sensation and the power of voluntary movement, and which requires for its existence oxygen and organic food. Non-limiting examples include members of the human, primate, equine, porcine, bovine, leporine, rattus, murine, canine and feline species. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal or a warmblooded vertebrate animal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal. In specific embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain embodiments, the subject is a fetus, embryo, infant, child, adolescent or adult. In one embodiment, it has been determined through pre-screening that the subject possesses a nonsense mutation. In another embodiment, it has been determined through genetic pre-screening which premature stop codon the patient has (i.e., UAA, UGA, or UAG) and the associated context (i.e., UAAG, UAAA, UAAC, UAAU, UGAG, UGAA, UGAC, UGAU, UAGG, UAGA, UAGC or UAGU).

[0031] As used herein, a "therapeutically effective amount" refers to that amount of

Compound 1 sufficient to provide a functional therapeutic benefit in the treatment or

management of the disease or to delay or minimize symptoms associated with the disease.

Further, a therapeutically effective amount with respect to Compound 1 includes that amount alone, or in combination with other therapies, that provides a functional therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of the disease. Used in connection with an amount of Compound 1, the term can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of disease, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of or synergy with one or more therapeutic agents.

[0032] As used herein, a "prophylactically effective amount" refers to that amount of

Compound 1 sufficient to result in the prevention, recurrence or spread of the disease. A prophylactically effective amount may refer to the amount of Compound 1 sufficient to prevent initial disease or the recurrence or spread of the disease in a patient, including but not limited to those patients predisposed to the disease (i.e., known to possess a gene(s) having one or more nonsense mutations). A prophylactically effective amount of Compound 1 may also refer to the amount that prevents the disease. Used in connection with an amount of Compound 1, the term can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of or synergy with another prophylactic agent. [0033] As used herein, "in combination" refers to the use of more than one prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents coadministered with Compound 1.

[0034] As used herein, the terms "manage", "managing" and "management" refer to the beneficial effects that a subject having a nonsense mutation mediated disease derives from the administration of Compound 1, which administration may not result in the treatment or prevention of the nonsense mutation mediated disease. In certain embodiments, a subject is administered Compound 1 to "manage" a nonsense mutation mediated disease and prevent the progression or worsening of the disease.

[0035] As used herein, the terms "prevent", "preventing" and "prevention" refer to the administration of Compound 1 for the purpose of causing the onset, recurrence or spread of the nonsense mutation mediated disease to cease in a subject having such a disease.

[0036] As used herein, the terms "treat", "treating" and "treatment" refer to the administration of Compound 1 for the purpose of causing the eradication or amelioration of the nonsense mutation mediated disease or symptoms associated with the disease to cease in a subject. In certain embodiments, such terms refer to the administration of Compound 1 for the purpose of minimizing the spread or worsening of the nonsense mutation mediated disease in a subject having such a disease.

[0037] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refer to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic acids and organic acids. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids include, but are not limited to, inorganic and organic acids such as acetic, alginic, anthranilic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, formic, fumaric, furoic, galacturonic, gluconic, glucuronic, glutamic, glycolic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, phosphonic, propionic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, sulfate, sulfuric, tartaric acid, and p- toluenesulfonic acid. Specific non-toxic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and methanesulfonic acids. Examples of specific salts thus include hydrochloride and mesylate salts. In one embodiment, Compound 1 is provided as the sulfate salt. Other examples of salts are well known in the art, see, e.g., Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton PA (1990). [0038] As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term "prodrug" means a derivative of a compound that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwise react under biological conditions {in vitro or in vivo) to provide an active compound, particularly Compound 1.

Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, derivatives and metabolites of Compound 1 that include biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues. Preferably, prodrugs of compounds with carboxyl functional groups are the lower alkyl esters of the carboxylic acid. The carboxylate esters are conveniently formed by esterifying any of the carboxylic acid moieties present on the molecule. Prodrugs can typically be prepared using well-known methods, such as those described by Burger 's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery 6th ed. (Donald J. Abraham ed., 2001, Wiley) and Design and Application of Prodrugs (H. Bundgaard ed., 1985, Harwood Academic Publishers Gmfh).

[0039] As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the terms "optically pure" or

"stereomerically pure" mean that the stereoisomer of a compound is substantially free of the other stereoisomers of that compound. For example, a stereomerically pure compound having one chiral center will be substantially free of the opposite enantiomer of the compound. A stereomerically pure compound having two chiral centers will be substantially free of other diastereomers of the compound. A typical stereomerically pure compound comprises greater than about 80% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 20% by weight of other stereoisomers of the compound, more preferably greater than about 90% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 10% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, even more preferably greater than about 95% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 5% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, and most preferably greater than about 97% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 3% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound.

[0040] As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term "enantiomerically pure" means a stereomerically pure composition of a compound having one chiral center.

[0041] As used herein, "in combination" in the context of the administration of therapies refers to the use of more than one therapy. The use of the term "in combination" does not restrict the order in which therapies are administered to a subject with a nonsense mutation mediated disease. In certain embodiments, administration of one or more therapies to a subject with such a disease includes, without limitation, a first therapy that can be administered prior to (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks before), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) the administration of a second therapy to a subject which has been identified as having such a disease. The therapies are administered to a subject in a sequence and within a time interval such that a unit dosage form(s) described herein can act together with another therapy to provide an increased benefit than if the therapies were administered alone.

[0042] As used herein, the terms "about" or "approximately" mean an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, the term "about" or

"approximately" means within 1, 2, 3, or 4 standard deviations. In certain embodiments, the term "about" or "approximately" means within 50%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05% of a given value or range.

[0043] As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the terms "biohydrolyzable amide," "biohydrolyzable ester," "biohydrolyzable carbamate," "biohydrolyzable carbonate," "biohydrolyzable ureide," "biohydrolyzable phosphate" mean an amide, ester, carbamate, carbonate, ureide, or phosphate, respectively, of a compound that either: 1) does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but can confer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologically inactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound. Examples of

biohydrolyzable esters include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters, and choline esters. Examples of biohydrolyzable amides include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl amides, a-amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, and alkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides. Examples of biohydrolyzable carbamates include, but are not limited to, lower alkylamines, substituted ethylenediamines, aminoacids, hydroxyalkylamines, heterocycle and heteroaromatic amines, and polyether amines.

[0044] In one embodiment, Compound 1 is a member of a "gentamicin complex." [0045] In another embodiment, Compound 1 is administered independently of the

"gentamicin complex." In another embodiment, Gentamicin C2 is administered independently of the "gentamicin complex." In another embodiment, Compound 1 is administered in combination with Gentamicin C2.

[0046] It should be noted that if there is a discrepancy between a depicted structure and a name given that structure, the depicted structure is to be accorded more weight. In addition, if the stereochemistry of a structure or a portion of a structure is not indicated with, for example, bold or dashed lines, the structure or portion of the structure is to be interpreted as encompassing all stereoisomers thereof.

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

COMPOUND 1

Provided herein is Compound 1

having the name (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-amino-6-(((lR,2S,3 S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3- (((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)tetrah ydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2- hydroxycyclohexyl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran- 3,4-diol, including

pharmaceutically acceptable polymorphs, prodrugs, salts, solvates, hydrates, and clathrates thereof.

[0048] In one embodiment, Compound 1 is substantially free of other stereoisomers of

Compound 1. In another embodiment, Compound 1 is substantially free of other diastereomers of Compound 1. In even another embodiment, Compound 1 is substantially free of other enantiomers of Compound 1. In another embodiment, Compound 1 is substantially free of other compounds of the gentamicin complex. In certain embodiments, Compound 1 that is substantially pure contains less than about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of one or more members of the gentamicin complex on a weight basis.

[0049] Compound 1 can be prepared and isolated according to the methods described in

U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,955, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

4.2 BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS AND ANIMAL STUDIES

[0050] Compounds that modulate premature translation termination can be identified by a number of techniques. For example, methods for screening compounds that modulate the post- transcriptional expression of any gene with a premature translation stop codon are described in International Patent Publication No. WO 01/44516 A2, incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. In one embodiment, an mRNA transcript encoded with a premature termination codon is translated in vitro and is used to screen a library of test compounds. In one

embodiment, the mRNA transcript encoded with a premature termination codon is a reporter gene mRNA transcript encoded with a premature termination codon.

[0051] Two assays are developed for use in high throughput screens to identify small molecules that promote nonsense suppression. Each assay uses luciferase because luciferase is a functional reporter gene (light is only produced if the protein is functional), providing an extremely sensitive readout (light intensity is proportional to luciferase concentration in the nM range). The first assay is an in-vivo cell-based luciferase reporter assay and the second is a biochemical in-vitro cell-free assay consisting of rabbit reticulocyte lysate and a nonsense- containing luciferase reporter mRNA transcript. In the cell-based assay, a luciferase reporter construct containing a UGA, UAA or UAG premature termination codon is stably transfected in 293T Human Embryonic Kidney cells. In the biochemical assay, mRNA containing a UGA, UAA or UAG premature termination codon is used as a reporter in an in vitro translation reaction using rabbit reticulocyte lysate supplemented with tRNA, hemin, creatine kinase, amino acids, KOAc, Mg(OAc)2, and creatine phosphate. Translation of the mRNA is initiated within a virus derived leader sequence, which significantly reduces the cost of the assay because capped RNA is not required. Synthetic mRNA is prepared in vitro using the T7 promoter and the MegaScript in vitro transcription kit (Ambion). [0052] Animal model systems can also be used to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of

Compound 1. Compound 1 can be tested for biological activity using animal models for a disease, condition, or syndrome of interest. These include animals engineered to contain the target RNA element coupled to a functional readout system, such as a transgenic mouse.

[0053] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in the CFTR gene resulting in cystic fibrosis include, but are not limited to, cftr(-/-) mice (see, e.g., Freedman et al, 2001, Gastroenterology 121(4):950-7), cftr(tmlHGU/tmlHGU) mice (see, e.g., Bernhard et al, 2001, Exp Lung Res 27(4):349-66), CFTR-deficient mice with defective cAMP-mediated Cl(-) conductance (see, e.g., Stotland et al., 2000, Pediatr Pulmonol 30(5):413-24), and C57BL/6-Cftr(mlUNC)/Cftr(mlUNC) knockout mice (see, e.g., Stotland et al, 2000, Pediatr Pulmonol 30(5):413-24).

[0054] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in the dystrophin gene resulting in a muscular dystrophy include, but are not limited to, mouse, hamster, cat, dog, and C. elegans. Examples of mouse models include, but are not limited to, the dy-/- mouse (see, e.g., Connolly et al., 2002, J Neuroimmunol 127(l-2):80-7), with myositis (mdm) mouse mutation (see, e.g., Garvey et al., 2002, Genomics 79(2): 146-9), the mdx mouse (see, e.g., Nakamura et al., 2001, Neuromuscul Disord 11(3):251-9), the utrophin- dystrophin knockout (dko) mouse (see, e.g., Nakamura et al., 2001, Neuromuscul Disord 11(3):251-9), the dy/dy mouse (see, e.g., Dubowitz et al., 2000, Neuromuscul Disord 10(4- 5):292-8), the mdx(Cv3) mouse model (see, e.g., Pillers et al, 1999, Laryngoscope 109(8): 1310- 2), and the myotonic ADR-MDX mutant mice (see, e.g., Kramer et al, 1998, Neuromuscul Disord 8(8):542-50) and the like known to those skilled in the art. Examples of hamster models for muscular dystrophy include, but are not limited to, sarcoglycan-deficient hamsters (see, e.g., Nakamura et al, 2001, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281(2):C690-9) and the BIO 14.6 dystrophic hamster (see, e.g., Schlenker & Burbach, 1991, J Appl Physiol 71(5): 1655-62). An example of a feline model for muscular dystrophy includes, but is not limited to, the hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy model (see, e.g., Gaschen & Burgunder, 2001, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 101(6):591-600). Canine models for muscular dystrophy include, but are not limited to, golden retriever muscular dystrophy (see, e.g., Fletcher et al, 2001, Neuromuscul Disord 11(3):239-43) and canine X-linked muscular dystrophy (see, e.g., Valentine et al, 1992, Am J Med Genet 42(3):352-6). Examples of C. elegans models for muscular dystrophy are described in Chamberlain & Benian, 2000, Curr Biol 10(21):R795-7 and Culette & Sattelle, 2000, Hum Mol Genet 9(6): 869-77.

[0055] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in familial hypercholesterolemia include, but are not limited to, mice lacking functional LDL receptor genes (see, e.g., Aji et al., 1997, Circulation 95(2):430-7), Yoshida rats (see, e.g., Fantappie et al, 1992, Life Sci 50(24): 1913-24), the JCR:LA-cp rat (see, e.g., Richardson et al., 1998, Atherosclerosis 138(1): 135-46), swine (see, e.g., Hasler-Rapacz et al., 1998, Am J Med Genet 76(5):379-86), and the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbit (see, e.g., Tsutsumi et al, 2000, Arzneimittelforschung 50(2): 118-21; Harsch et al, 1998, Br J Pharmacol 124(2):227-82; and Tanaka et a/., 1995, Atherosclerosis 114(l):73-82).

[0056] An example of an animal model engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in human cancer in general includes, but is not limited to, spontaneously occurring tumors of companion animals (see, e.g., Vail & MacEwen, 2000, Cancer Invest 18(8):781-92). Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in lung cancer include, but are not limited to, lung cancer animal models described by Zhang & Roth (1994, In Vivo 8(5):755-69) and a transgenic mouse model with disrupted p53 function (see, e.g., Morris et al, 1998, J La State Med Soc 150(4): 179-85). An example of an animal model engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in breast cancer includes, but is not limited to, a transgenic mouse that overexpresses cyclin Dl (see, e.g., Hosokawa et al, 2001, Transgenic Res 10(5):471-8). An example of an animal model engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in colon cancer includes, but is not limited to, a TCRbeta and p53 double knockout mouse (see, e.g., Kado et al, 2001, Cancer Res 61(6):2395-8). Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in pancreatic cancer include, but are not limited to, a metastatic model of Panc02 murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma (see, e.g., Wang et al, 2001, Int J Pancreatol 29(l):37-46) and nu-nu mice generated in subcutaneous pancreatic tumours (see, e.g., Ghaneh et al, 2001, Gene Ther 8(3): 199-208). Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma include, but are not limited to, a severe combined immunodeficiency ("SCID") mouse (see, e.g., Bryant et al, 2000, Lab Invest 80(4):553-73) and an IgHmu-HOXl l transgenic mouse (see, e.g., Hough et al, 1998, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(23): 13853-8). An example of an animal model engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in esophageal cancer includes, but is not limited to, a mouse transgenic for the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncogene (see, e.g., Herber et al, 1996, J Virol 70(3): 1873-81).

Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in colorectal carcinomas include, but are not limited to, Ape mouse models (see, e.g., Fodde & Smits, 2001, Trends Mol Med 7(8):369-73 and Kuraguchi et al, 2000, Oncogene 19(50):5755-63). An example of an animal model engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in neurofibromatosis includes, but is not limited to, mutant NF1 mice (see, e.g., Cichowski et al, 1996, Semin Cancer Biol 7(5):291-8). Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in retinoblastoma include, but are not limited to, transgenic mice that expression the simian virus 40 T antigen in the retina (see, e.g., Howes et al, 1994, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 35(2):342-51 and Windle et al, 1990, Nature 343(6259):665-9) and inbred rats (see, e.g., Nishida et al., 1981, Curr Eye Res l(l):53-5 and Kobayashi et al., 1982, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 57(2-3):203-8). Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a tumor suppressor gene resulting in Wilm's tumor include, but are not limited to, a WT1 knockout mice (see, e.g., Scharnhorst et al., 1997, Cell Growth Differ 8(2): 133-43), a rat subline with a high incidence of neuphroblastoma (see, e.g., Mesfin & Breech, 1996, Lab Anim Sci 46(3):321-6), and a Wistar/Furth rat with Wilms' tumor (see, e.g., Murphy et al, 1987, Anticancer Res 7(4B):717-9).

[0057] In a specific embodiment, the gene is associated with a nonsense mutation mediated ocular disease. In certain embodiments, the ocular disease is aniridia, choroideremia, renal-coloboma syndrome, Lebers congenital amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, glaucoma, foveal hypoplasia, cataracts, Usher syndrome, central auditory processing difficulties, chorioretinal degeneration, congenital lens opacities, elevated intraocular pressure, exudative vascular retinopathy, glaucoma, iris hypoplasia, keratopathy (corneal degeneration), optic nerve hypoplasia, retinal detachment, secondary strabismus or tunica vasculosa lentis. In another specific embodiment, the ocular disease is Usher syndrome type 2A. In certain specific embodiments, aniridia is familial aniridia or sporadic aniridia. In another specific embodiment, the aniridia is a symptom associated with WAGR (Wilms tumor-aniridia-genital anomalies- retardation) syndrome or Gillespie syndrome. In some embodiments, the gene is selected from the PAX6 gene, REPl gene, CHD7 gene, PAX2 gene, or BBS2 gene.

[0058] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in retinitis pigmentosa include, but are not limited to, the Royal College of Surgeons ("RCS") rat (see, e.g., Vollrath et al, 2001, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(22); 12584-9 and Hanitzsch et al., 1998, Acta Anat (Basel) 162(2-3): 119-26), a rhodopsin knockout mouse (see, e.g., Jaissle et al., 2001, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 42(2):506-13), and Wag/Rij rats (see, e.g., Lai et al, 1980, Am J Pathol 98(l):281-4).

[0059] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in aniridia include, but are not limited to, Hill, R., et al, 1991, "Mouse Small eye results from mutations in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene," Nature 354(6354): 522-525 and Gregory-Evans, C, et al, Postnata manipulation of Pax6 dosage reverses congenital tissue malformation defects," J. Clin. Invest. Doi: 10.1172/JCI70462, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0060] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in cirrhosis include, but are not limited to, CCU-exposed rats (see, e.g., Kloehn et al, 2001, Horm Metab Res 33(7):394-401) and rodent models instigated by bacterial cell components or colitis (see, e.g., Vierling, 2001, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 15(4):591-610).

[0061] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in hemophilia include, but are not limited to, rodent models for hemophilia A (see, e.g., Reipert et al, 2000, Thromb Haemost 84(5):826-32; Jarvis et al.,. 1996, Thromb Haemost 75(2):318-25; and Bi et al, 1995, Nat Genet 10(1): 119-21), canine models for hemophilia A (see, e.g., Gallo-Penn et al, 1999, Hum Gene Ther 10(11): 1791-802 and Connelly et al, 1998, Blood 91(9);3273-81), murine models for hemophilia B (see, e.g., Snyder et al, 1999, Nat Med 5(l):64-70; Wang et al, 1997, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(21): 11563-6; and Fang et al, 1996, Gene Ther 3(3):217-22), canine models for hemophilia B (see, e.g., Mount et al, 2002, Blood 99(8):2670-6; Snyder et al, 1999, Nat Med 5(l):64-70; Fang et al, 1996, Gene Ther 3(3):217-22); and Kay et al, 1994, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(6):2353-7), and a rhesus macaque model for hemophilia B (see, e.g., Lozier et al, 1999, Blood 93(6): 1875-81). [0062] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in von Willebrand disease include, but are not limited to, an inbred mouse strain RIIIS/J (see, e.g., Nichols et al, 1994, 83(11):3225-31 and Sweeney et al, 1990, 76(11):2258-65), rats injected with botrocetin (see, e.g., Sanders et al, 1988, Lab Invest

59(4):443-52), and porcine models for von Willebrand disease (see, e.g., Nichols et al., 1995, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(7):2455-9; Johnson & Bowie, 1992, J Lab Clin Med 120(4):553-8); and Brinkhous et al, 1991, Mayo Clin Proc 66(7): 733 -42).

[0063] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in b-thalassemia include, but are not limited to, murine models with mutations in globin genes (see, e.g., Lewis et al., 1998, Blood 91(6):2152-6; Raja et al., 1994, Br J Haematol 86(1): 156-62; Popp et al, 1985, 445:432-44; and Skow e/ a/., 1983, Cell 34(3): 1043- 52).

[0064] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in kidney stones include, but are not limited to, genetic hypercalciuric rats (see, e.g., Bushinsky et al., 1999, Kidney Int 55(l):234-43 and Bushinsky et al, 1995, Kidney Int 48(6): 1705-13), chemically treated rats (see, e.g., Grases et al, 1998, Scand J Urol Nephrol 32(4):261-5; Burgess et al, 1995, Urol Res 23(4):239-42; Kumar et al, 1991, J Urol 146(5): 1384-9; Okada e/ a/., 1985, Hinyokika Kiyo 31(4):565-77; and Bluestone et al, 1975, Lab Invest 33(3):273-9), hyperoxaluric rats (see, e.g., Jones et al, 1991, J Urol 145(4):868-74), pigs with unilateral retrograde flexible nephroscopy (see, e.g., Seifmah et al, 2001, 57(4):832-6), and rabbits with an obstructed upper urinary tract (see, e.g., Itatani et al, 1979, Invest Urol 17(3):234-40).

[0065] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in ataxia-telangiectasia include, but are not limited to, murine models of ataxia-telangiectasia (see, e.g., Barlow et al, 1999, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(17):9915-9 and Inoue et al, 1986, Cancer Res 46(8):3979-82).

[0066] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in a nonsense mutation mediated lysosomal storage disease include, but are not limited to, mouse models for a nonsense mutation mediated mucopolysaccharidosis including those for a mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disease selected from Hurler Syndrome (MPS IH), Hurler-Scheie Syndrome (MPS IH/S), Scheie Syndrome (MPS IS, formerly MPS V), Hunter Syndrome (MPS II), mouse models for Sanfilippo Syndrome A (MPS III A, also referred to as Sulfamidase deficiency) (see, e.g., Bhattacharyya et al., 2001, Glycobiology 11(1):99-10 and Bhaumik et al., 1999, Glycobiology 9(12): 1389-96), Sanfilippo Syndrome B (MPS IIIB, also referred to as NAGLU deficiency), Sanfilippo Syndrome C (MPS IIIC), Sanfilippo Syndrome D (MPS HID), Morquio Syndrome A (MPS IV A), Morquio Syndrome B (MPS IVB), feline models of Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome A (MPS VI, also referred to as Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) deficiency) (see, e.g., Crawley et al, 1998, J Clin Invest. 101(1): 109-19 and Norrdin et al., 1995, Bone 17(5):485-9), Sly Syndrome (MPS VII, also referred to as GUSB Deficiency) (see, e.g., Brooks et al, 2002, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99(9):6216-21; Monroy et al, 2002, Bone 30(2):352-9; Vogler et al, 2001, Pediatr Dev Pathol. 4(5):421-33; Vogler et al, 2001, Pediatr Res. 49(3):342-8; and Wolfe et al., 2000, Mol Ther. 2(6):552-6) and Natowicz Syndrome (MPS IX, also referred to as Hyaluronidase Deficiency); a mouse model of Sandhoff disease (see, e.g., Sango et al, 2002, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 28(l):23-34), arylsulfatase A (ASA)-deficient mouse model for metachromatic leukodystrophy (see, e.g., D'Hooge et al, 1999, Brain Res. 847(2):352-6 and D'Hooge et al, 1999, Neurosci Lett. 273(2):93-6; Matzner et al, 2002, Gene Ther. 9(l):53-63); mice with an aspartylglucosaminuria mutation (see, e.g., Jalanko et al, 1998, Hum Mol Genet. 7(2):265-72); a feline model of Niemann-Pick disease type C (see, e.g., March et al, 1997, Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 94(2): 164-72); acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mice (see, e.g., Otterbach & Stoffel, 1995, Cell 81(7): 1053-6), and bovine mannosidosis (see, e.g., Jolly et al, 1975, Birth Defects Orig Arctic Ser. 11(6):273-8).

[0067] Examples of animal models engineered to have one or more premature stop codons in a gene resulting in tuberous sclerosis ("TSC") include, but are not limited to, a mouse model of TSC 1 (see, e.g., Kwiatkowski et al, 2002, Hum Mol Genet. 11(5): 525-34), a Tscl (TSC1 homologue) knockout mouse (see, e.g., Kobayashi et al., 2001, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jul 17;98(15):8762-7), a TSC2 gene mutant(Eker) rat model (see, e.g., Hino 2000, Nippon Rinsho 58(6): 1255-61; Mizuguchi et al, 2000, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 59(3): 188-9; and Hino et al, 1999, Prog Exp Tumor Res. 35:95-108); and Tsc2(+/-) mice (see, e.g., Onda et al, 1999, J Clin Invest. 104(6):687-95). 4.3 METHODS OF USE

[0068] Provided herein are methods of treating or preventing nonsense mutation mediated diseases or disorders by the suppression of premature translation termination, or enabling readthrough of a premature stop codon in a patient, which comprise administering to a patient in need of such treatment or prevention a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0069] In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for treating or preventing a disease associated with premature translation termination, a nonsense mutation or a premature stop codon, comprising administering to a patient having said disease an effective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0070] In one embodiment, provided herein are methods for the treatment or prevention of any disease that is associated with a gene resulting from premature translation termination. In one embodiment, the disease is due, in part, to the lack of expression of the gene resulting from a premature stop codon. Specific examples of genes which may exhibit premature translation termination and diseases associated with premature translation termination are found in U.S. Patent No. 7,291,461, titled: Methods For Identifying Small Molecules That Modulate Premature Translation Termination And Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0071] In some embodiments, the patient is a mammal, more preferably a human susceptible to or at risk of acquiring a genetic disease. In an alternative embodiment, the patient has undergone a screening process to determine the presence of a nonsense mutation comprising the steps of screening a subject or cells extracted therefrom by an acceptable nonsense mutation screening assay. In a related embodiment, the therapy is personalized in that the patient is screened for a nonsense mutation screening assay and treated by the administration of

Compound 1. In a further embodiment, the patient is an infant or child. In yet another embodiment, provided herein is the treatment of pregnant woman or the fetus directly.

[0072] In certain embodiments, the nonsense mutation mediated diseases associated with a gene exhibiting premature translation termination, a nonsense mutation or a premature stop codon include, but are not limited to: a germline or somatic nonsense mutation mediated disease, selected from the group consisting of a nonsense mutation mediated cancer, an inborn error of metabolism, an autoimmune disease, a blood disease, a collagen disease, diabetes, a neurodegenerative disease, a proliferative disease, a cardiovascular disease, a pulmonary disease, an ocular disease, a ciliopathy disease, an inflammatory disease, a central nervous system (CNS) disease, a liver disease, a kidney disease, a muscular dystrophy and a lysosomal storage disease.

[0073] In one embodiment, the autoimmune disease is an immunodeficiency, rheumatoid arthritis or graft versus host disease.

[0074] In one embodiment, the blood disease is hemophilia, Von Willebrand disease or b-thalassemia.

[0075] In another embodiment, the diabetes is Type I diabetes or Type II diabetes.

[0076] In one embodiment, the neurodegenerative disease is ataxia-telangiectasia.

[0077] In one embodiment, the proliferative disease is tuberous sclerosis.

[0078] In one embodiment, the cardiovascular disease is familial hypercholesterolemia.

[0079] In one embodiment, the inflammatory disease is arthritis.

[0080] In one embodiment, the CNS disease is multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease,

Tay Sachs disease, LINCL or Parkinson's disease.

[0081] In one embodiment, the lysosomal storage disease is tuberous sclerosis, a mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disease selected from Hurler syndrome (MPS HI), Hurler-Scheie syndrome (MPS IH/S), Scheie syndrome (MPS IS, formerly MPS V), Hunter syndrome (MPS II), Sanfilippo syndrome A (MPS IIIA, also referred to as Sulfamidase deficiency), Sanfilippo syndrome B (MPS MB, also referred to as NAGLU deficiency), Sanfilippo syndrome C (MPS IIIC), Sanfilippo syndrome D (MPS HID), Morquio syndrome A (MPS IV A), Morquio syndrome B (MPS IVB), Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome A (MPS VI, also referred to as ARSB deficiency), Sly syndrome (MPS VII, also referred to as GUSB deficiency), Natowicz syndrome (MPS IX, also referred to as Hyaluronidase deficiency), metachromatic leukodystrophy,

Niemann Pick's disease or Sandhoff disease.

[0082] In one embodiment, the kidney disease is polycystic kidney disease or kidney stones.

[0083] In one embodiment, the collagen disease is osteogenesis imperfecta, Marfan syndrome, or cirrhosis. [0084] In one embodiment, the pulmonary disease is cystic fibrosis.

[0085] In one embodiment, the ocular disease is aniridia.

[0086] In one embodiment, the muscular dystrophy is Becker or Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

[0087] In one embodiment, the cardiovascular disease is familial hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerosis.

[0088] Specific nonsense mutation mediated diseases within the scope of the methods provided herein include, but are not limited to, amyloidosis, aniridia, arthritis, hemophilia, Alzheimer's disease, Tay Sachs disease, LINCL, atherosclerosis, giantism, dwarfism, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, aging, obesity, Parkinson's disease, Niemann Pick's disease, cystic fibrosis, heart disease, kidney stones, ataxia-telangiectasia, familial hypercholesterolemia, retinitis pigmentosa, tuberous sclerosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, Marfan syndrome, Von Willebrand disease, b-thalassemia, Type I or Type II diabetes, tuberous sclerosis, (MPS IH), Hurler-Scheie syndrome (MPS IH/S), Scheie syndrome (MPS IS, formerly MPS V), Hunter syndrome (MPS II), Sanfilippo syndrome A (MPS IIIA, also referred to as Sulfamidase deficiency), Sanfilippo syndrome B (MPS IIIB, also referred to as NAGLU deficiency), Sanfilippo syndrome C (MPS IIIC), Sanfilippo syndrome D (MPS HID), Morquio syndrome A (MPS IV A), Morquio syndrome B (MPS IVB), Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome A (MPS VI, also referred to as ARSB deficiency), Sly syndrome (MPS VII, also referred to as GUSB deficiency), Natowicz syndrome (MPS IX), metachromatic leukodystrophy, Sandhoff disease and osteogenesis imperfecta.

[0089] In one embodiment, the nonsense mutation mediated cancer is of the head and neck, eye, skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, chest, bone, lung, colon, sigmoid, rectum, stomach, prostate, breast, ovaries, kidney, liver, pancreas, brain, intestine, heart, or adrenals, or wherein the cancer is a solid tumor selected from sarcoma, carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma,

endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma, melanoma,

neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, a blood-born tumor, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic B-cell leukemia, acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute monoblastic leukemia, acute erythroleukemic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute

nonlymphocyctic leukemia, acute undifferentiated leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia or multiple myeloma. Both nonsense mutation mediated solid tumor and other cancers are included within the methods provided here.

[0090] In one embodiment, the cancer associated with a germline or somatic nonsense mutation in a tumor suppressor gene (see e.g. Garinis et al. 2002, Hum Gen 111 : 115-117;

Meyers et al.1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 15587-15591; Kung et al. 2000, Nature Medicine 6(12): 1335-1340) including, but not limited to, a gene selected from APC, ATM, BRAC1, BRAC2, MSH1, pTEN, Rb and p53. In particular embodiments, the mutation in a tumor suppressor gene results in expression of an mRNA transcript containing one or more premature stop codons.

[0091] In one embodiment, the tumor suppressor gene is the p53 gene. Nonsense mutations have been identified in the p53 gene and have been implicated in cancer. Several nonsense mutations in the p53 gene have been identified (see, e.g., Masuda et al., 2000, Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 25(2):69-77; Oh et al, 2000, Mol Cells 10(3):275-80; Li et al, 2000, Lab Invest. 80(4):493-9; Yang et al, 1999, Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 21(2): 114-8; Finkelstein et al, 1998, Mol Diagn. 3(1):37-41; Kajiyama et al, 1998, Dis Esophagus. 11(4):279-83; Kawamura et al, 1999, Leuk Res. 23(2): 115-26; Radig et al, 1998, Hum Pathol. 29(11): 1310-6; Schuyer et al, 1998, Int J Cancer 76(3):299-303; Wang-Gohrke et al, 1998, Oncol Rep. 5(l):65-8; Fulop et al, 1998, J Reprod Med. 43(2): 119-27; Ninomiya et al, 1997, J Dermatol Sci. 14(3): 173-8; Hsieh et a/., 1996, Cancer Lett. 100(1-2): 107-13; Rail et al, 1996, Pancreas. 12(l): 10-7;

Fukutomi et al, 1995, Nippon Rinsho. 53(11):2764-8; Frebourg et al., 1995, Am J Hum Genet. 56(3):608-15; Dove et al, 1995, Cancer Surv. 25:335-55; Adamson et al, 1995, Br J Haematol. 89(l):61-6; Grayson et al., 1994, Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 16(4):341-7; Lepelley et al., 1994, Leukemia. 8(8): 1342-9; Mclntyre et al., 1994, J Clin Oncol. 12(5):925-30; Horio et al., 1994, Oncogene. 9(4): 1231-5; Nakamura et al, 1992, Jpn J Cancer Res. 83(12): 1293-8;

Davidoff et al., 1992, Oncogene. 7(l): 127-33; and Ishioka et al, 1991, Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 177(3):901-6; the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties). Any disease associated with a p53 gene encoding a premature translation codon including, but not limited to, the nonsense mutations described in the references cited above, can be treated or prevented by Compound 1.

[0092] In one embodiment, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing a disease by modulation of premature translation termination comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of Compound 1 or a composition thereof. Cells encompassed by the present methods include animal cells, mammalian cells, bacterial cells, plant cells and virally infected cells. In one embodiment, the nonsense codon was present in the progenitor DNA. In another embodiment, the nonsense codon resulted from germline mutation. In another embodiment, the nonsense codon resulted from somatic mutation.

[0093] In certain embodiments, Compound 1 is administered to a patient, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human, as a preventative measure against a disease associated with premature translation termination, a nonsense mutation or a premature stop codon.

[0094] In one embodiment, it is first determined that the patient is suffering from a disease associated with premature translation termination, a nonsense mutation or a premature stop codon. In another embodiment, the patient has undergone a screening process to determine the presence of a nonsense mutation comprising the steps of screening a subject, or cells extracted therefrom, by an acceptable nonsense mutation screening assay. In one embodiment, the DNA of the patient can be sequenced or subject to Southern Blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), use of the Short Tandem Repeat (STR), or polymorphic length restriction fragments (RFLP) analysis to determine if a nonsense mutation is present in the DNA of the patient.

Alternatively, it can be determined if altered levels of the protein or truncated protein resulting from a nonsense mutation are expressed in the patient by western blot or other immunoassays. In another embodiment, the patient is an unborn child who has undergone screening in utero for the presence of a nonsense mutation. Administration of Compound 1 can occur either before or after birth. In a related embodiment, the therapy is personalized in that the patient is screened for a nonsense mutation screening assay and treated by the administration of one or more compounds provided here; particularly, the patient may be treated with a compound particularly suited for the mutations in question; e.g., depending upon the disease type, cell type, and the gene in question. Such methods are well known to one of skill in the art.

[0095] In another embodiment, the cells (e.g., animal cells, mammalian cells, bacterial cells, plant cells and virally infected cells) are screened for premature translation termination, a nonsense mutation or a premature stop codon with a method such as that described above (i.e., the DNA of the cell can be sequenced or subjected to Southern Blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), use of the Short Tandem Repeat (STR), or polymorphic length restriction fragments (RFLP) analysis to determine if a nonsense mutation is present in the DNA of the cell).

[0096] In another embodiment, Compound 1 can be used in combination with an agent that inhibits the nonsense mediated mRNA decay pathway (NMDI-1, caffeine, and the like). In another embodiment, Compound 1 can be used in combination with an agent that suppresses premature termination codons (ataluren, other aminoglycosides, RTC13, RTC14 and the like) and allows readthrough.

[0097] In certain embodiments, Compound 1 can be administered in combination with an anticancer agent. Suitable anticancer agents include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents; nitrogen mustards; folate antagonists; purine antagonists; pyrimidine antagoinists; spindle poisons; topoisomerase inhibitors; apoptosis inducing agents; angiogenesis inhibitors;

podophyllotoxins; nitrosoureas; cisplatin; carboplatin; interferon; asparginase; tamoxifen;

leuprolide; flutamide; megestrol; mitomycin; bleomycin; doxorubicin; irinotecan and taxol.

[0098] The magnitude of a prophylactic or therapeutic dose of Compound 1 in the acute or chronic management of a disease or condition will vary, however, with the nature and severity of the disease or condition, and the route by which Compound 1 is administered. The dose, and perhaps the dose frequency, will also vary according to the age, body weight, and response of the individual patient. Suitable dosing regimens can be readily selected by those skilled in the art with due consideration of such factors.

4.4 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS

[0099] Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions and single unit dosage forms comprising Compound 1. Individual dosage forms provided herein may be suitable for parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, bolus injection, intraarterial, or intravenous) administration.

[00100] Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein comprise

Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, polymorph, salt, solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof. Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein typically also comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

[00101] Single unit dosage forms provided herein are suitable for parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, bolus injection, intramuscular, or intraarterial) administration to a patient. Examples of dosage forms include, but are not limited to: liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient; and sterile solids (e.g., crystalline or amorphous solids) that can be reconstituted to provide liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient.

[00102] The composition, shape, and type of dosage forms provided herein will typically vary depending on their use. For example, a dosage form used in the acute treatment of inflammation or a related disease may contain a greater amount of Compound 1. A dosage form for acute treatment may contain more of an active ingredient than a dosage form used in the chronic treatment of the same disease. Similarly, a parenteral dosage form may contain a smaller amount of Compound 1 than an oral dosage form used to treat the same disease or disorder. These and other ways in which specific dosage forms are provided herein will vary from one another will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Remington 's

Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton PA (1990).

[00103] Typical pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprise one or more carriers, excipients or diluents. Suitable excipients are well known to those skilled in the art of pharmacy, and non-limiting examples of suitable excipients are provided herein. Whether a particular excipient is suitable for incorporation into a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form depends on a variety of factors well known in the art including, but not limited to, the way in which the dosage form will be administered to a patient. For example, oral dosage forms such as tablets may contain excipients not suited for use in parenteral dosage forms. The suitability of a particular excipient may also depend on Compound 1 in the dosage form. 4.4.1 PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS

[00104] Parenteral dosage forms can be administered to patients by various routes including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous (including bolus injection),

intramuscular, and intraarterial. Because their administration typically bypasses patients' natural defenses against contaminants, parenteral dosage forms are preferably sterile or capable of being sterilized prior to administration to a patient. Examples of parenteral dosage forms include, but are not limited to, solutions ready for injection, dry products ready to be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for injection, suspensions ready for injection, and emulsions.

[00105] Suitable vehicles that can be used to provide parenteral dosage forms provided herein are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to:

Water for Injection USP; aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to, Sodium Chloride

Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, and Lactated Ringer's Injection; water-miscible vehicles such as, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol; and non-aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, and benzyl benzoate.

[00106] Compounds that increase the solubility of Compound 1 disclosed herein can also be incorporated into the parenteral dosage forms provided herein.

4.4.2 MUCOSAL DOSAGE FORMS

[00107] Mucosal dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, ocular solutions, sprays and aerosols, or other forms known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g.,

Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton PA (1990); and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 4th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1985).

[00108] Suitable excipients {e.g., carriers and diluents) and other materials that can be used to provide mucosal dosage forms provided herein are well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts, and depend on the particular site or method which a given pharmaceutical composition or dosage form will be administered. Examples of such additional ingredients are well known in the art. See, e.g., Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th eds., Mack

Publishing, Easton PA (1990). 5. EXAMPLES

5.1 Premature Stop Codon Readthrough

[00109] Table 1 shows the median concentration (μΜ) that doubles (EC ₂ x) the intensity of the nonsense suppression induced by Compound 1 alone as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Table 1 also provides the median maximum fold increase of the full length protein production over DMSO-treated samples as also determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay within the concentration range tested (up to 1 mM).

[00110] Table 1.

5.2 Typical Composition of the Gentamicin Complex

[00111] Table 2 shows the compositon of the gentamicin complex (see, Vydrin, A. F.;

Shikhaleev, I. V.; Makhortov, V. L.; Shcherenko, N. N.; Kolchanova, N. V., Component Composition of Gentamicin Sulfate Preparations, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal (Translation of Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal) (2003), 37(8), 448-450).

[00112] Table 2.