TITLE: WOOD TREATMENT

Field of the Invention

The invention relates to the introduction of boric acid into timber by using a nonaqueous boron compound in a liquid phase.

Background

Pinus radiata framing timber in New Zealand was treated with a boron-based treatment using a water-based formulation. This provided protection against wood decay from borer and also provided mouldicidal coverage. This water-based treatment of boron worked well. For many years it was considered the best product for the current climate.

Changes were brought about by modern technology. The introduction of better carpentry equipment resulted in cost and time constraints being placed on the building industry. Buildings were required to be completed more quickly. The downstream effect was a quicker turnover time in the sawmills. This, along with costing constraints on air-drying methods (previous methods were too time-consuming) resulted in new requirements for the treated timber.

In addition, the industry shifted to pre-cut and pre-nailed framing. This resulted in the requirement for drier timber. Drier timber is lighter and easier to handle. The other advantage of dry timber over wet timber is that wet warps and twists as it dries. As a result, the walls have to be straightened to accommodate the prefabricated units not made on site.

The industry reacted to these changes by kiln-drying the aqueous boron-treated timber to provide dry timber. This had two significant problems:

1. Kiln-drying timber is very expensive. The additional kiln-drying step added significantly to the cost of timber.

2. Kiln-drying involves steam-based heating of the timber. This treatment leaches boron out of the timber making it difficult to obtain adequate treatment levels.

The result was the aqueous treatment was found to be inappropriate for the changed market.

The first step to resolving this problem lay in the realisation that kiln-treated timber was partially sterilised. The low moisture content of the timber inhibits the growth of the borer. This met the requirements of the regulated industry and the regulations were changed to allow kiln-dried timber to be used. This lowered the cost framing timber was available.

However, changing architectural styles, together with the evolution of new cladding systems and the design of different flashing systems, resulted in problems. The most well known of these problems was the so-called "Leaky Building Syndrome. " This was widely documented in the New Zealand media.

The "Leaky Building Syndrome" was caused by framing timber getting wet. Fungi were able to grow on and thereby caused the decay of the framing timber. This resulted in structural failure of the framing and the building.

The discovery of the Leaky Building Syndrome brought about major changes to the flashing and cladding systems. In addition, changes to the design of the buildings had to be made to allow moisture to be released from within the framing.

As another consequence of "Leaky Building Syndrome", the law was changed to require a level of mouldicide protection in framing timber. The market met this requirement in two ways:

1. By going back to the kiln-dried boron-treated timber; and

2. By adapting a product called Low Odour Solvent Preservative (LOSP) for the framing market. LOSP was originally developed for the finger-joint moulding market.

The LOSP method uses a different active to provide the mould and pest resistance to the timber. Boron is regarded as more benign environmentally and physiologically. This is an issue when dealing with liabilities.

There is a need for an improved boron-based treatment for wood that is cost effective and provides effective mouldicide and pesticidal treatment.

Borate esters have always been around and work has been done in this area (NZ220816, NZ225153, NZ244803). There seems to be a misunderstanding of the rate of hydrolysis in timber and no-one can envisage an effective way of manufacturing the borate esters. As a consequence, developments in boron treated timber have headed towards stable aqueous soluble organic boron with mouldicide properties (NZ523288). Also there has been work done on increasing the solubility of boric acid in polar solvents.

By combining known components to design a novel and beneficial solution, it is possible to introduce boric acid into the timber as borate ester in an organic solvent.

Throughout this specification reference will be made to organoboron molecules. The nomenclature used in this specification to refer to these molecules is that recommended in the IUPAC recommendation 2 April 2004, unless otherwise stated.

Specifically the boron structures with formula (RO) ₃ B ₅ can collectively be called trialkyloxyborane or referred to organically as trialkyl borate esters. The structures proceeding in this text will be referred to as trialkyl borates. The cyclic structures will be referred to as borates of the starting diol, with the substitute of the third hydroxy group preceding the diol. They can also be referred to as 1,3,2 dioxabor/ane with numbers 1 and 3 representing the oxy groups and the 2 representing the boron, and the ending referring to the ring size.

Object

The object of the invention is to provide a non-aqueous boron treatment for timber for the building market with regard to Hl .2, H3.1 and H2 treatment levels.

Statement of the Invention

In one aspect the invention relates to the provision of an improved formulation for incorporating boric acid into timber. Preferably" the formulation includes a borate ester having the Formula I:

(RO) ₃ B

Where Rl may be a C3-C20 alkyl or alkenyl group, R2 is a C3-C20 alkyl or alkenyl group and R3 is a C3-C20 alkyl or alkenyl group.

R2 and R3 may form four or five membered ring structures with diols or aminoalcohols to give completely substituted monomeric borates. Borate esters suitable for use in the invention must possess the following characteristics:

1. The solubility has to be such that the required treatment concentration of boric acid equivalents needs to meet the relevant treatment standard.

By way of example, n-butyl, di-1-dodecyl borate when used to treat timber to a Hl plus standard in New Zealand would require 1.6kg/m ³ of boric acid equivalent (BAE) per cubic metre.

Molecular weight of n-butyl, di-1-dodecyl borate = 502.5

Ratio of n-butyl, di-1-dodecyl borate/boric acid =502.5/61.8

Therefore 1.6 kg BAE x502.5/61.8 = 13.0 kg of n-butyl, di-1-dodecyl borate

SG of n-butyl, di-1-dodecyl borate = 0.85

13.0 kg/0.85 = 15.3 ltrs/m ³ of n-butyl, di-1-dodecyl borate

For LOSP uptake of 35 ltrs/m ³ the solubility of n-butyl, di-1-dodecyl borate

With aliphatic/aromatic solvent = 15.3/35 xlOO

= 43.7%

2. The molecule should have a rate of hydrolysis such that it meets the technical requirement of the treatment conditions, using the relative rate of hydrolysis taken from Organoboron Chemistry, Volume I, by Howard Steinberg, Chapter 21 page 849.

By way of example Tri-dodecyl borate would be suitable. This rate of hydrolysis is gauged by comparing the US patent 5,024,861, which uses a vapor treatment with tri-

methyl borate. This has a relative rate of hydrolysis of 5.87x10 ⁵ . This molecule would be less preferable in the proposed liquid treatment system because the hydrolysis would cause over-treatment and large loss of the treatment solution. Tri- dodecyl borate has a relative rate constant of 2.77x10 ⁴ and is a molecule that fits the criteria and is very similar to the borate structure used in the trial. This proposed molecule has good solution stability and treatment stability.

Relative rates of hydrolysis of boric acid esters in aqueous dioxane

This table is taken from Organoboron Chemistry, Volume 1, page 849

Ester Relative rate

Trimethyl borate

Triethyl borate

Tri-n-propyl borate

Triisopropyl borate

Tri-(l,3-dichloro-2-propyl) borate

Tri-n-butyl borate

Triisobutyl borate >5.87xlO ⁵

Tri-(β,β,β-trichloro-t-butyl) borate

Tri-(hexylene glycol) biborate

Triphenyl borate

Tri-o-chlorophenyl borate

Tri-o-cresyl borate

Tri-(o-phenylphenyl) borate

Tri-(o-cyclohexylphenyl) borate J

Tri-n-amyl borate 5.87 xlO ⁵

Tri-(octylene glycol) biborate 3.92 xlO ⁵

Tri-hexyl borate 2.02 xl O ⁵

Tri-s-butyl borate 1.68 xl O ⁵

Tn-(I -ethynylcyclohexyl) borate 4.29 xlO ⁴

Tri-n-octyl borate 3.67 xlO ⁴

Trioleyl borate 3.57 xlO ⁴

Tri-n-dodecyl borate 2.77 xl O ⁴

Tristearyl borate 2.7I xIO ⁴

Tri-2-octyl borate 4.33 xlO ³

Tri-(2-ethylhexyl) borate 2.77 xlO ³

Tri-(methylisobutylcarbinyl) borate 2430

Tri-t-butyl borate 1370

Tri-3-pentyl borate 483

Tri-t-amyl borate 449

Tri-3-heptyl borate 415

Tri-(frrøz,y-2-plienylcylohexyl) borate 40.0

Tri-(2-phenylcyclohexyl) borate 34.1

Tri-(c/,y-2-phenylcyclohexyl) borate 28.2

Tri-(diisobutylcarbinyl) borate 5.86

Tri-(2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonyl) borate 4.83

W 2

7

Tri-(2-cyclohexyl) borate J&7

Tri-(dicyclohexylcarbinyl) borate 1

In a further related aspect the invention includes a preservative solution for timber including the borate ester of the invention dissolved in a solvent.

Preferably, any aromatic/aliphatic solvent or mixture that will dissolve the borate ester at the required concentration for compliance treatment of the timber would be suitable.

hi a further related aspect the invention provides a process of introducing boric acid into timber, to provide a preservative/flame retardant in any manner that ensures uptake of sufficient borate ester to meet the regulatory requirements for boric acid equivalent needed.

Preferably the Low Odour Solvent Preservative method is used to introduce the preservative solution to the wood.

More preferably, the method uses the exact same process as the current LOSP timber. The only difference is the treatment solution and the treatment cycle to attain the required uptake; although this varies depending on the density of the timber and the size and treatment plant design.

The basic outline for LOSP treated timber is:

1. Kiln-dried timber is placed into the treatment vessel.

2. A vacuum is pulled in the cylinder; this removes any air that is inside the lattice of the timber. The amount of vacuum and length of time are all subject to trial and error to meet the uptake requirement of the timber.

3. The cylinder is flooded with a solution containing the borate ester of the present invention; and after a period of time the cylinder is drained of the treatment solution.

4. A vacuum is pulled again removing substantial amounts of the treatment solution that is remaining in the timber.

Preferably , ^"" approximately 1.6 kg, 0.8kg and 4.0kg of boric acid equivalent will remain in a cubic metre of wood (using the density of the timber as 400kg /m ³ ), to meet the New Zealand requirements for Hl .2, H3.1 and H2 applications.

There are many different treatment variations based on this outline; all designed to give uniform treatment for each piece of timber.

In a further related aspect the invention comprises a flame retardant treatment for wood.

The process for imparting flame retardant in the wood is similar to that detailed above for the preservative treatment. However a greater final concentration of boric acid equivalent per cubic metre of wood would be required.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 has molecules/mixture of molecules arranged in theoretical molecular weight.

In Figure 2, the molecular weight is compared with specific gravity using the arranged number system.

In Figure 3, the molecular weight is compared with the solubility using the arranged number system.

Detailed Description

Traditionally, boron has been used to treat timber to make it resistant to mould and borer. In general, aqueous solutions of a boron compound are used. These solutions involve dissolving a boron compound such as boric acid in water. However this

W

9 requires an additional drying step, which is very costly. In addition the drying process leaches boron from the timber. This leads either to:

(a) A requirement for an initial over-supply of boron;

(b) The provision of an insufficient amount of boron compound for effective treatment of the timber

The borate ester reacts with water to form boric acid. In general, the moisture content in dried wood is sufficient to lead to hydrolysis (breakdown) of the ester to form boric acid. It is the boric acid that provides the mouldicide and pesticidal activities.

Preferred borate esters are set out above.

Those skilled in the art will be able to prepare the ester using standard chemical techniques; however, preparation techniques found to be particularly efficacious, are shown.

Properties and synthesis

The definition of the borate esters is a borate ester having the formula I:

( RO) ₃ B

Where Rl is a C3-C20 alkyl, R2 is a C3-C20 alkyl and R3 is a C3-C20 alkyl.

R2 and R3 may form four or five membered ring structures with diols or aminoalcohols to give completely substituted monomelic borates. It should be noted that the longer chain alcohols are not commercially bought as pure substances but mixtures of the different chain lengths.

In order to understand the properties required of the borate esters, a range of molecules were made up to cover the definition range and their properties assessed. The molecules were synthesised by various methods with the view to find their

properties as well as using the information gained for upscaling to manufacturing. The borate esters synthesised are either a mixture of borate esters, each boron containing the same alcohol; or a synthesis with mixed alcohols on each boron. For the purpose of the patent the properties are more important than the definitive structure.

The table below contains the range of molecules/mixture of molecules used to display the physical and chemical properties required for the invention.

Figures 1-3 show the results of the characteristics of these compounds.

The samples used synthesis grade reagents to gain a better understanding of the properties. The commercial product will be based on the best commercial price. As a result of this, the alcohols would probably be a mixture of different molecular weight alcohols. An example would be alcohol grade made from coconut oil, which has a range from C ₈ to C ₁₈ including oleyl alcohol. Where possible, the most commercially available alcohols within the range have been used. The information gained from the synthesis of the molecules show the properties of all the possible molecules that can be used within the scope of the patent.

Rate of Hydrolysis

The rate of hydrolysis has to be taken into account with these borate esters. If the rate of hydrolysis is too fast there will be difficulties with controlling the concentration of the boron in the final product. Stability for the storage of the product will also be compromised.

Hydrolysis data from Steinberg & Brotherton was used to compare the rate of hydrolysis in a three-dimensional system with a pseudo two-dimensional system.

From page 845, Volume 1, Steinberg & Brotherton, Organoboron Chemistry.

Table 21-1. Base catalysed rate of hydrolysis of boric acid esters of straight chain primary alcohols in 60% aqueous dioxane at 21°

Esters Half-life(sec)

Trimethyl borate Too fast to measure

Triethyl borate Too fast to measure

Tri-n-propyl borate Too fast to measure Tri-n-butyl borate Too fast to measure

Tri-n-amyl borate 1.0

Tri-n-hexyl borate 2.9

Tri-n-octyl borate 16.0

Tri-n-dodecyl borate 21.3 Tristearyl borate 21.7

A pseudo three-dimensional test was made by taking lOmls of distilled water and placing in a 19mm diameter test tube. 2OmIs of sample was then layered on the water;

the rate of hydrolysis was then measured. This was done by taking 2ml samples from the test tube over time, refluxing and titrating the 2ml samples to get the concentration. The test was with n-butyl di-n-propyl borate, which should have similar kinetic properties to tri-n-propyl borate and tri-n-butyl borate. The test was also done with tri-n-octyl borate.

n-butyl di-n-propyl borate half-life 6.5 hours

Tri-n-butyl borate half-life 89 hours

It can be seen that there is an exponential difference in the half-life when changing the conditions of hydrolysis. For the commercial method of which the patent covers, the hydrolysis rate is slow enough to give consistent uptake of product in the timber and provide stable solution concentration.

Although it is not covered in the conditions of the patent, it should be noted that the understanding of the rate of hydrolysis within the lattice of the timber is important if the hydrolysis of the borate is to deliver the required amount of boron to be effective as a mouldicide/pesticide.

Example 1

Two different borates were prepared in the treatment solution; n-butyl,di-l-dodecyl borate (or n-butoxy,di-l-dodecoxy borane which is the inorganic name) and 1- dodecyl,l,3 propylene glycol borate (or n-butoxy,l,3 ₅ 2dioxborinane which is the inorganic name).

The n-butyl,di-l-dodecanyl borate was prepared by adding in equimolar weights at a ratio 2 moles of 1-dodecanol with 1 mole boric acid.

These were then placed in a boiler flask with a Dean Stark apparatus attached. This was heated until 2 equimolar ratio of water was removed. This was evident by observing the scale on the Dean Stark apparatus. Once the water had been removed, the solution was left to cool to approximately 7O ⁰ C. Then 1 mole weight equivalent

of n-butanol was added. This was then heated until 1 mole equivalent of water was removed. After this the solution was removed from the boiler flask.

l-dodecyl,l,3 propylene glycol borate was prepared by placing 1 mole equivalents of boric acid and propyl glycol into a boiler flask with a Dean Stark apparatus attached. This was then heated until 2 equimolar amount of water was removed. This was then cooled to approximately 7O ⁰ C. Then 1 mole equivalent of 1-dodecanol was added to the boiler flask and heated until 1 equimolar amount of water was removed. The solution was then removed from the boiler flask and left to cool.

5 batches of n-butyl di-1-dodecyl borate yielded approximately 25OmIs of product at a time. 2 batches of l-dodecyl,l,3 propylene glycol borate yielded approximately 25OmIs a batch. This gave a total of approximately 170OmIs when added together. This was then diluted 50/50 with Fuelite giving a total of 2.4 litres of solution for treating. Fuelite is a commercial aliphatic/aromatic solvent available.

Treatment of timber samples

Clear 45mm x 45mm lengths of untreated mainly sapwood were selected and cut into 200mm lengths, then end sealed with PVA glue.

A treatment vessel was then constructed with a volume of 7 litres, using a venturi to pull a vacuum. The vessel had a vacuum gauge and valve to control an inlet-outlet pipe.

4 pieces of the prepared timber samples were placed in the treatment vessel at a time.

Treatment 1

With the treatment samples in the cylinder; a vacuum of -45 kpa for 5 minutes was pulled.

The vessel was then flooded with treatment fluid for 5 minutes.

Then the treatment fluid was emptied from the cylinder.

A vacuum of -70kpa was then pulled for Vi an hour.

Only two samples were recovered.

Sample weights before: 224g 177g

Sample weights after: 231 g 185g

7 8 average= 7.5g

SG of the treatment fluid was 0.77

Average volume of the treatment fluid = 7.5g/0.77

= 9.74mls or 9.74x10 ^"3 ltrs

Volume of the timber samples = 0.2m x0.045m x 0.045m

=4.05 xlOλn ³

Uptake in lts/m ³ =9.74x10 ^"3 /4.05xl 0 ^" V

= 24.0

Treatment 2

With the treatment samples in the cylinder; a vacuum of -70 kpa for 5 minutes was pulled.

The vessel was then flooded with treatment fluid for 5minutes.

Then the treatment fluid was emptied from the cylinder.

A vacuum of -85kpa was then pulled for VT. an hour.

Four samples

Sample weights before: 214g 227g 172g 178g

Sample weights after: 24Og 25 Ig 196g 202g

26 24 24 24

Average = 24.5g

SG of the treatment fluid was 0.77

Average volume of the treatment fluid = 24.5g/0.77

= 31.8mls or 31.8 xlO ^'3 ltrs

Volume of the timber samples = O2.m x0.045m x 0.045m

=4.05 xloλn ³

Uptake in lts/m ³ =31.8 xlO- ³ /4.O5xlθλn ³

= 78.6

Calculation of BAE of treated timber

* Calculation of boron in treated samples are measured as the amount of boric acid in the timber or boric acid equivalent (BAE)

A sample from treatment 2 was taken with the original weight of 178g and final weight of 202g.

This gave the approximate uptake of 78.6 ltr/m ³

This sample was then cut in half and a thin slice was taken and chopped in small pieces. From these treated wood samples, approximately 0.25 g (only measured to 2 decimal places) of wood chips were measured out twice. These were then refluxed with lOOmls of water in a boiler flask for 2.5 hours; after which they were titrated using an adapted method from A.I Vogel " Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis", 3 ^rd Edition, pg 252.

Results: Titration sample 1 : 2.6,2.8,2.6,2.4,2.7(mls) average 2.62

2: 2.5,2.6,2.8(mls) average 2.63

5mls of the 100ml H ₃ BO ₃ was titrated with 0.01m NaOH

Taking the titration valve as 2.6mls

No of moles of BAE in 5mls = 2.6mls x .01 x 1x10 ^~3

= 2.6 xlO ^'5

Mr H ₃ BO ₃ = 61.4

No of moles of BAE in lOOmls = 2.6 xlO ^"5 x20

= 5.24 xlO ^~4

Weight of the sample(g) =5.24 xl 0 ^"4 x 61.8

in lOOmls = 0.032g

Volume timber in 0.25g = 2.5x10 ^"3 /400

= 6.25 x 10 ^'6

Taking the standard density of 400kg/m ³

= 0.032 x 10 ^"3 g / 6.25 xlθ ^~6 m ³

= 5.12 kg/m ³

Converting back to solution strength = 5.12 kg/m ³ /78.6 ltrs/m ³

= 0.065 kg/ltrs or 65.0g/ltrs or 65.OgZlOOOmIs

Theoretical concentration

Molecular weight of n-butyl di-1-doceyl borate = 502.5

Molecular weight of 1-doceyl borate, 1,3 propylene glycol borate = 318.24

Ratio of n-butyl di-1-doceyl borate with boric acid = 61.4/502.5

Ratio of 1-doceyl borate, 1,3 propylene glycol borate =61.4/318.24

Weight of n-butyl di-1-doceyl borate with boric acid in 170OmIs

=1200mls x 0.85

= 102Og

Weight of 1-doceyl borate, 1,3 propylene glycol borate in 170OmIs = 500 x 0.80

= 400g

Amount of boric acid equivalent = 1020 x 61.8/502.5 + 400 x 61.8/318.24

= 203.12g in l700mls

= 203.12/170OmIs x 1000

= 119.3g/1000mls

Final solution was diluted 50/50 with fuelite = 119.3/2 = 59.7g/l OOOmls

There is enough agreement in the theoretical results versus the actual results for proof of concept.

The present invention is advantageous as it provides a solution able to treat timber using existing application methods, to provide effective mouldicidal and pesticide and flame retardant activity. Use of an intermediate in organic solution is a novel approach, which delivers the boric acid into the timber by hydrolysis.

Treatment trials

Requirements: 150 litre open top drum

3 phase heating element 130-litre treatment plant, able to pull -85kpa

Untreated Pinus radiata timber with dimensions(m) of 0.09x0.045 and average moisture content of 11.2% (measured with a Carrel & Carrel moisture meter)

Trial 1

To make (C ₄ OBOCO)I- n-butyl,l,3 propylene glycol borate.

The following materials and weights were required:

H ₃ BO ₃ 21.2 kg n-C ₄ OH 36.0 kg

White spirits 42.3 kg + 20kg (for azeotrope & dilution)

Propyl glycol 26.0 kg

C ₄ OH + white spirits + H ₃ BO ₃ were heated together until a temperature of 1 lOoc was reached; the heat was then turned off. The solution was left to cool. Upon reaching a temperature of 50oc, white spirits + n-C ₄ OH were added. This was then heated until only residue solid was left in the bottom of the heating vessel and the solution was transparent.

This was then left to cool; it was then diluted with 20 litres and titrated for boron.

The titration gave a boric acid equivalent (BAE) of 147.0 g/1.

Treatment

Pinus radiata timber was selected visually so that mainly sapwood was obtained. 20 pieces were cut with the dimensions 0.09 x 0.045 x 0.9 metres. This timber was then end sealed with PVA glue. The timber was then weighed and placed in the treatment vessel.

A vacuum of - 85 Kpa for 60 minutes within the treatment vessel

The vessel was then flooded with treatment solution for 30 minutes. Then the treatment vessel was drained of the treatment solution.

Then a vacuum of -25 Kpa was pulled in the treatment vessel for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes the vacuum was released and the timber removed and weighed.

Treatment trial uptakes average moisture content

Trial 1 C4OBOC3O 11.2% volume of timber 0.0036 weight before weight after uptake (g) uptake (l/m3 w/w% BAE m3

SG of solution

1 1758 2189 431 153.93 0.88

2 1786 2238 452 161.43 BAE 147.4g/l

3 1656 1918 262 93.57

4 1794 2038 244 87.14

5 1766 2002 236 84.29

6 1680 1905 225 80.36

7 1838 2155 317 113.21

8 1654 1812 158 56.43

9 1788 1994 206 73.57

10 1766 2302 536 191.43

11 1688 2099 411 146.79

12 1574 1981 407 145.36

13* 1712 2059 347 123.93

14 1574 1766 192 68.57

15 1738 2165 427 152.50

16* 1838 2172 334 119.29

17 1664 1882 218 77.86

18 1706 2465 759 271.07

19 1606 2000 394 140.71

20 1644 2064 420 150.00 aveiraαe uotake ilL/m3) 124.572

Two samples were cut up and tested for boric acid equivalent content (BAE).

Using method described previously (pg 17)

Sample 13 uptake weight 347g

Sample 16 uptake weight 334g

Sample 13 weight of sample for titration 6.45g Sample 16 weight of sample for titration 9.86g

Using SG of 0.88, average moisture content 11.2 %(0.888)

Dilution of sample 13 was weighed, diluted to 100ml, 10ml taken and titrated. Dilution for sample 16 was weighed, diluted to 1000ml, 5mls taken and titrated.

Sample 13, titration average was 30mls. This gave a concentration of 3.2% m/m. The m/m% from uptake is 123.93 l/m3 x 0.149 kg/1 / 400x100 kg = 4.6% m/m.

Sample 16, titration average was 4.0 mis. This gave a concentration of 5.0 % m/m.

The m/m% from uptake is 119.29 l/m3 x 0.149 kg/1 / 400x100 kg = 4.4 % m/m.

Trial 2

Using (C ₄ OBOCO)I- n-butyl,l,3 propylene glycol borate.

Pinus radiata timber was selected visually so that mainly sapwood was obtained. 20 pieces were cut with the dimensions 0.09 x0.045 xθ.9 metres. This timber was then end sealed with PVA glue. The timber was then weighed.

This timber was then dipped for 2 minutes in the treatment solution, then drained of excess solvent and re- weighed.

Treatment trial uptakes average moisture content

Trial 2 11.2% volume of timber 0.0020 weight before weight after uptake (g) uptake (I/m3 w/w% BAE m3

SG of solution

1116 1133 17 6.07 3.40.88

BAE 149 .0

2 968 983 15 5.36 3.0 g/L

3 1027 1048 21 7.50 4.3

4 1038 1071 33 11.79 6.7

5 1002 1022 20 7.14 4.1

6 988 1001 13 ^• 4.64 2.6

7 966 978 12 4.29 2.4

8 971 985 14 5.00 2.8

9 1081 1104 23 8.21 4.7

10 1008 1026 18 6.43 3.7

average uptake(L/m3) 3.8

Two samples were cut up and tested for boric acid equivalent content (BAE).

Using method described previously (pg 17)

Sample 5 uptake weight 2Og Sample 9 uptake weight 23 g Sample 5 weight of sample for titration 6.16g Sample 9 weight of sample for titration 3.99g Using SG of 0.88, average moisture content 11.2% (0.888)

Dilutions of sample 5&9 were weighed, diluted to 100ml, 10ml taken and titrated.

Sample 5 titration average was 1.8mls. This gave a concentration of 0.20% m/m. The m/m% from uptake is 7.14 l/m3 x 0.149 kg/1 / 400xl00kg = 0.26 % m/m.

Sample 9 titration average was 1.9mls. This gave a concentration of 0.30 % m/m. The m/m% from uptake is 8.2 l/m3 x 0.149 kg/1 / 400x 100 kg = 0.30 % m/m.

Trial 3

Using (C ₄ OBOCO)I- n-butyl,l,3 propylene glycol borate. This was then diluted with white spirits to give an approximate solution strength of 130 g/l BAE.

Treatment

Pinus radiate timber was selected visually so that mainly sapwood was obtained. 20 pieces were cut with the dimensions 0.09 x 0.045 x 0.9 metres. This timber was then end sealed with PVA glue. The timber was then weighed and placed in the treatment vessel.

Treatment trial uptakes average moisture content

Trial 1 11.2% volume of timber 0.0036 weight before weight after uptake (g) uptake (l/m3 w/w% BAE m3

SG of solution

1 1879 1988 109 38.93 0.85

2 1893 1969 76 27.14 BAE 116 g/l

3 2008 2144 136 48.57

4 1675 1824 149 53.21

5 1676 1822 146 52.14

6 1918 2047 129 46.07

7 1693 1817 124 44.29

8 1927 2039 112 40.00

9 1729 1799 70 25.00

10 2153 2307 154 55.00

11 2007 2174 167 59.64

12 1788 1899 111 39.64

13 1596 1686 90 32.14

14 1794 1848 54 19.29

15 1890 1956 66 23.57

16 1634 1686 52 18.57

17 1590 1694 104 37.14

18 1584 1689 105 37.50

19 1666 1725 59 21.07

20 1704 1755 51 18.21 avei raαe uotake ( ^r L/m3) 36.856

A vacuum of - 85 Kpa for 5 minutes within the treatment vessel

The vessel was then flooded with treatment solution for 5 minutes. Then the treatment vessel was drained of the treatment solution.

Then a vacuum of -85 Kpa was pulled in the treatment vessel for 30minutes. After 30 minutes the vacuum was released and the timber removed and weighed.

Two samples were cut up and tested for boric acid equivalent content (BAE).

Using method described previously (pg 17)

Sample 12 uptake weight 11 Ig

Sample 18 uptake weight 105g

Sample 12 weight of sample for titration 8.75g Sample 18 weight of sample for titration 5.93g

Using SG of 0.88, average moisture content 11.2% (0.888)

Dilutions of samples 12&16 were weighed, diluted to 100ml, lOmls taken and titrated.

Sample 12 titration average was 11.2mls. This gave a concentration of 0.89% m/m. The m/m% from uptake is 39.4 l/m3 x 0.116 kg/1 / 400 kgxlOO = 1.1% m/m.

Sample 18 titration average was 6.7mls. This gave a concentration of 0.79% m/m. The m/m% from uptake is 37.5 l/m3 x 0.116 kg/1 / 400 kgxlOO = 1.1 % m/m.

Trial 4

To make (C ₁₆ O) ₂ BOC _{4 y} di hexadecanyl,n-butyl borate

H ₃ BO ₃ 2.4 kg n-C ₁₆ OH 19.0 kg n-C ₄ OH 4.1 kg White spirits 1.82 kg (for azetrope)

H ₃ BO ₃ + n-C ₁₆ OH were added together and heated. This was heated until 134oc; the heat was then turned off and left to cool.

Once the temperature had dropped below 80oc, the white spirits and butanol mix was added. This was heated until 1 lOoc, then left to cool.

This was then diluted with 35 litres of white spirits and 35 litres of SAE 30/40 mineral oil.

Treatment

Pinus radiata timber was selected visually so that mainly sapwood was obtained. 20 pieces were cut with the dimensions 0.09 x 0.045 x 0.9 metres. This timber was then end sealed with PVA glue. The timber was then weighed and placed in the treatment vessel.

A vacuum of - 45 Kpa for 5 minutes within the treatment vessel

The vessel was then flooded with treatment solution for 5 minutes. Then the treatment vessel was drained of the treatment solution.

Then a vacuum of -85 Kpa was pulled in the treatment vessel for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes the vacuum was

released and the timber removed and weighed.

Treatment trial uptakes average moisture content

Trial 1 11.2% volume of timber 0.0036 weight before weight after uptake (g) uptake (l/m3 m3

SG of solution

1 1830 1863 33 11.79 0.81

2 1706 1741 35 12.50 BAE 27 g/l

3 1687 1727 40 14.29

4 1670 1710 40 14.29

5 1600 1643 43 15.36

6 2024 2073 49 17.50

7 1651 1681 30 10.71

8 1705 1766 61 21.79

9 2009 2090 81 28.93

10 1628 1687 59 21.07

11 1838 1905 67 23.93

12 1786 1856 70 25.00

13 1748 1783 35 12.50

14 2096 2161 65 23.21

15 1723 1753 30 10.71

16 2116 2202 86 30.71

17 2099 2209 110 39.29

18 1887 1974 87 31.07

19 1820 1863 43 15.36

20 1662 1691 29 10.36

Averaαe uotake i (L/m3) 19.5185

Two samples were cut up and tested for boric acid equivalent content (BAE).

Using method described previously (pg 17)

Sample 10 uptake weight 59g Sample 19 uptake weight 43 g

Sample 10 weight of sample for titration 6.5Og

Sample 18 weight of sample for titration 6.64g

Using SG of 0.81, average moisture content 11.2% (0.888)

Dilutions of samples 12&16 were weighed, diluted to 100ml, lOmls taken and titrated.

Sample 10 titration average was 1.45mls. This gave a concentration of 0.15 % m/m. The m/m% from uptake is 21 l/m3 x 0.027 kg/1 / 400 kgxlOO = 0.14 % m/m.

Sample 19 titration average was 0.9 mis. This gave a concentration of 0.096 % m/m. The m/m% from uptake is 15.63 l/m3 x 0.027 kg/1 / 400 kgxlOO = 0.10 % m/m.

Two pieces of 0.075 x 0.025 x 0.9 timber were treated with moisture contents of 21% and 22%. The uptakes were 24.3 and 6.9 Iitres/m3; which indicates the same issues when treating at lower moisture levels.

Trial Objectives

• These trials were set up to demonstrate the upscaling of the borate esters as a means of introducing boron into timber.

• To meet the treatment levels of 5% m/m BAE for class 2(FSI) fire retardancy standard. It would also be possible with harsher treatment cycles to treat to a class I standard.

• To meet the level of 1.0 % BAE m/m to meet the H2 termite standard.

• To meet the 0.4 % m/m BAE to meet the Hl .2 standard.

Also other issues that have been demonstrated are the ability to have uptakes with less than 10 litres of volatile organics per cubic metre in the final product. These are shown in trials 2 and 4. Another issue faced is the stability of the borate ester with more than one treatment cycle.

Some of the treatment levels were not reached. As the viscosities were high and some of the uptake cycles needed to be changed. These are all prior art. The purpose of the trials was to show that the borate ester has the ability to be used as a carrier to introduce boron into timber at the required commercial levels.