To provide a rolling bearing for a transmission, which is used inside the transmission and is capable of effectively inhibiting early flaking caused by hydrogen embrittlement without using any special steel material, and a transmission.

The rolling bearing 1 for a transmission is placed inside the transmission and rotatably supports an input shaft, an output shaft or a member that rotates along with the rotation of the input or output shaft. Here, at least one bearing ring chosen from an inner ring 2 and an outer ring 3 made of steel materials is subjected to a surface treatment, and Cr concentration ratio defined by the formula: (number of Cr atoms)/((number of Fe atoms)+(number of Cr atoms)) in a layer at a prescribed depth within 4 nm from a surface of a rolling surface of the bearing ring is 0.50.