BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to novel compounds having retinoid-li e biological activity. More specifically, the present invention relates to amides formed between aryl or heteroryl amines and tetrahydronaphthalene, chroman, thiochroman and 1 , 2 ,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline carboxylic acids where at least one of the aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties of the amide bears an electron withdrawing substituent. The compounds are agonists of RAR retinoid receptors . 2. Background Art Compounds which have retinoid-like activity are well known in the art, and are described in numerous United States and other patents and in scientific publications. It is generally known and accepted in the art that retinoid-like activity is useful for treating animals of the mammalian species, including humans, for curing or alleviating the symptoms and conditions of numerous diseases and conditions. In other words, it is generally accepted in the art that pharmaceutical compositions having a retinoid-like compound or compounds as the active ingredient are useful as regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation, and particularly as agents for treating skin-related diseases, including, actinic keratoses, arsenic keratoses, inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne, psoriasis, ichthyoses and other keratinization and

hyperproliferative disorders of the skin, eczema, atopic dermatitis, Darriers disease, lichen planus, prevention and reversal of glucocorticoid damage (steroid atrophy), as a topical anti-microbial, as skin anti-pigmentation agents and to treat and reverse the effects of age and photo damage to the skin. Retinoid compounds are also useful for the prevention and treatment of cancerous and precancerous conditions, including, premalignant and malignant hyperproliferative diseases such as cancers of the breast, skin, prostate, cervix, uterus, colon, bladder, esophagus, stomach, lung, larynx, oral cavity, blood and lymphatic system, metaplasias, dysplasias, neoplasias, leukoplakias and papillomas of the mucous membranes and in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. In addition, retinoid compounds can be used as agents to treat diseases of the eye, including, without limitation, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), retinal detachment, dry eye and other corneopathies, as well as in the treatment and prevention of various cardiovascular diseases, including, without limitation, diseases associated with lipid metabolism such as dyslipidemias, prevention of post-angioplasty restenosis and as an agent to increase the level of circulating tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) . Other uses for retinoid compounds include the prevention and treatment of conditions and diseases associated with human papilloma virus (HPV), including warts and genital warts, various inflammatory diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, ileitis, colitis and Krohn's disease, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's

ι disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke, improper

2 pituitary function, including insufficient

3 production of growth hormone, modulation of

4 apoptosis, including both the induction of apoptosis

5 and inhibition of T-Cell activated apoptosis,

6 restoration of hair growth, including combination

7 therapies with the present compounds and other β agents such as Minoxidil ^R , diseases associated with

9 the immune system, including use of the present o compounds as immunosuppressants and i immunostimulants, modulation of organ transplant 2 rejection and facilitation of wound healing, 3 including modulation of chelosis. 4 United States Patent Nos. 4,740,519 (Shroot et s al.), 4,826,969 (Maiqnan et al. ) . 4,326,055 6 (Loeliqer et al.), 5,130,335 (Chandraratna et al.), 7 5,037,825 (Klaus et al. ) , 5,231,113 (Chandraratna et s al. ) . 5,324,840 (Chandraratna) , 5,344,959 9 (Chandraratna) , 5,130,335 (Chandraratna et al.) _t 0 Published European Patent Application Nos. 0 170 105 1 (Shudo), 0 176 034 A (Wuest et al. ) . 0 350 846 A 2 (Klaus et al. ) . 0 176 032 A (Frickel et al. ) . 0 176 3 033 A (Frickel et al. ) , 0 253 302 A (Klaus et al. ) . 4 0 303 915 A (Bryce et al. ) , UK Patent Application GB 5 2190378 A (Klaus et al. ) , German Patent Application 6 Nos. DE 3715955 Al (Klaus et al. ) , DE 3602473 Al 7 ( uest et al. , and the articles J. Amer. Acad. Derm. 8 !5_: 756 - 764 (1986) (Sporn et al. ) , Chem. Pharm. 9 Bull. 33: 404-407 (1985) (Shudo et al. ) . J. Med Chem. 1988 31, 2182 - 2192 (Kagechika et al.). 1 Chemistry and Biology of Synthetic Retinoids CRC Press Inc. 1990 p 334 - 335, 354 (Dawson et al. ) , describe or relate to compounds which include a

ι tetrahydronaphthyl moiety and have retinoid-like or

2 related biological activity. United States Patent

3 No. 4,391,731 (Boiler et al. ) describes

4 tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives which are useful

5 in liquid crystal compositions.

6 United States Patent Nos. 4,980,369, 5,006,550, 5,015,658, 5,045,551, 5,089,509, 5,134,159, β 5,162,546, 5,234,926, 5,248,777, 5,264,578, 9 5,272,156, 5,278,318, 5,324,744, 5,346,895, o 5,346,915, 5,348,972, 5,348,975, 5,380,877, i 5,399,561, 5,407,937, (assigned to the same assignee 2 as the present application) and patents and 3 publications cited therein, describe or relate to 4 chroman, thiochroman and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 5 derivatives which have retinoid-like biological 6 activity. Still further, several co-pending 7 applications and recently issued patents which are 8 assigned to the assignee of the present application, 9 are directed to further compounds having 0 retinoid-like activity. 1 It is now general knowledge in the art that two 2 main types of retinoid receptors exist in mammals 3 (and other organisms). The two main types or families of receptors respectively designated the RARs and RXRs. Within each type there are subtypes; in the RAR family the subtypes are designated RAR _α , RAR _β and RAR _r , in RXR the subtypes are: RXR _σ , RXB _β and RXR _r . it has also been established in the art that 9 the distribution of the two main retinoid receptor types, and of the several sub-types is not uniform 1 in the various tissues and organs of mammalian organisms. Accordingly, among compounds having agonist-like activity at retinoid receptors.

specificity or selectivity for one of the main types or families, and even specificity or selectivity for one or more subtypes within a family of receptors, is considered a desirable pharmacological property.

The present invention provides compounds having retinoid-like biological activity and specifically compounds which are agonists of one or more RAR retinoid receptor subtypes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention covers compounds of Formula 1

Formula 1 wherein X is S, 0, NR' where R' is H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, or

X is [C(R ₁ ) ₂ ] _n where n is an integer between 0 and 2;

R _x is independently H or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons;

R ₂ is hydrogen, or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons;

R ₃ is hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons or F; m is an integer having the value of 0 - 2; o is an integer having the value of 0 - 4;

ι p is an integer having the value of 0 - 2;

2 r is an integer having the value 0 - 2 with the

3 proviso that when Z is O the sum of p and r is at

4 least 1;

5 Y is a phenyl or naphthyl group, or heteroaryl

6 selected from a group consisting of pyridyl,

7 thienyl, furyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, β thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and pyrrazolyl, said 9 phenyl, naphthyl and heteroaryl groups being o optionally substituted with one or two R ₂ groups; 1 W is a substituent selected from the group 2 consisting of F, Br, Cl, I, C-alkyl, fluoro 3 substituted _x _ ₆ alkyl, N0 ₂ , N ₃ , OH, OCH ₂ OCH ₃ , 4 OC- _^jo alkyl, tetrazol, CN, S0 ₂ C ₁ _ ₆ -alkyl , S0 ₂ C ₁ _ ₆ -alkyl, s alkyl, 6 CO-C^alkyl, COOR ₈ , phenyl, phenyl itself substituted 7 with a W group other than with phenyl or substituted 8 phenyl; 9 L is -(C=Z)-NH- or -NH-(C=Z)- 0 Z is O or S; 1 A is (CH ₂ ) _q where q is 0-5, lower branched chain 2 alkyl having 3-6 carbons, cycloalkyl having 3-6 3 carbons, alkenyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 4 double bonds, alkynyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 5 triple bonds, and 6 B is COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt 7 thereof, COOR ₈ , CONR ₉ R ₁₀ , -CH ₂ OH, CH _j OR^, C^OCOR^, 8 CHO, CH(OR ₁₂ ) ₂ , CHOR ₁₃ 0, -COR ₇ , CR ₇ (OR ₁₂ ) ₂ , CR ₇ OR ₁₃ 0, 9 where R ₇ is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or alkenyl group 0 containing 1 to 5 carbons, R ₈ is an alkyl group of 1 1 to 10 carbons or trimethylsilylalkyl where the alkyl 2 group has 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl group of 3 5 to 10 carbons, or R ₈ is phenyl or lower

ι alkyIphenyl, R ₉ and R ₁₀ independently are hydrogen,

2 an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbons, or a cycloalkyl

3 group of 5-10 carbons, or phenyl or lower

4 alkyIphenyl, R _αι is lower alkyl, phenyl or lower

5 alkyIphenyl, R ₁₂ is lower alkyl, and R ₁₃ is divalent

6 alkyl radical of 2-5 carbons.

7 In a second aspect, this invention relates to β the use of the compounds of Formula 1 for the

9 treatment of skin-related diseases, including, o without limitation, actinic keratoses, arsenic 1 keratoses, inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne, 2 psoriasis, ichthyoses and other keratinization and 3 hyperproliferative disorders of the skin, eczema, 4 atopic dermatitis, Darriers disease, lichen planus, s prevention and reversal of glucocorticoid damage 6 (steroid atrophy), as a topical anti-microbial, as 7 skin anti-pigmentation agents and to treat and 8 reverse the effects of age and photo damage to the 9 skin. The compounds are also useful for the prevention and treatment of cancerous and 1 precancerous conditions, including, premalignant and malignant hyperproliferative diseases such as cancers of the breast, skin, prostate, cervix, uterus, colon, bladder, esophagus, stomach, lung, larynx, oral cavity, blood and lymphatic system, metaplasias, dysplasias, neoplasias, leukoplakias and papillomas of the mucous membranes and in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. In addition, the present compounds can be used as agents to treat diseases of the eye, including, without limitation, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), retinal detachment, dry eye and other corneopathies, as well as in the treatment and prevention of various

ι cardiovascular diseases, including, without

2 limitation, diseases associated with lipid

3 metabolism such as dyslipidemias, prevention of

4 post-angioplasty restenosis and as an agent to

5 increase the level of circulating tissue plasminogen e activator (TPA). Other uses for the compounds of the present invention include the prevention and β treatment of conditions and diseases associated with

9 human papilloma virus (HPV), including warts and o genital warts, various inflammatory diseases such as i pulmonary fibrosis, ileitis, colitis and Krohn's 2 disease, neurodegenerative diseases such as 3 Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke, 4 improper pituitary function, including insufficient 5 production of growth hormone, modulation of 6 apoptosis, including both the induction of apoptosis 7 and inhibition of T-Cell activated apoptosis, s restoration of hair growth, including combination 9 therapies with the present compounds and other 0 agents such as Minoxidil ^R , diseases associated with 1 the immune system, including use of the present 2 compounds as immunosuppressants and 3 immunostimulants, modulation of organ transplant 4 rejection and facilitation of wound healing, 5 including modulation of chelosis. This invention also relates to a pharmaceutical 7 formulation comprising a compound of Formula 1 in 8 admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable 9 excipient. In another aspect, this invention relates to 1 processes for making a compound of Formula 1 which processes comprise reacting, in the presence of an acid acceptor or water acceptor, a compound of

Formula 2 with a compound of Formula 3 or a compound of Formula 2a with a compound of Formula 3a where X _x is OH, halogen, or other group which renders the -COX _i group reactive for amide formation, and where the remaining symbols are defined as in connection with Formula 1.

Formula 2 Formula 3

Formula 2a Formula 3a

Still further, the present invention relates to such reactions performed on the compounds of Formula 1 which cause transformations of the B group while the reaction product still remains within the scope of Formula 1.

General EmbodimentsDefinitions

The term alkyl refers to and covers any and all

2 groups which are known as normal alkyl,

3 branched-chain alkyl and cycloalkyl. The term

A alkenyl refers to and covers normal alkenyl, branch

5 chain alkenyl and cycloalkenyl groups having one or

6 more sites of unsaturation. Similarly, the term

7 alkynyl refers to and covers normal alkynyl, and β branch chain alkynyl groups having one or more

9 triple bonds. io Lower alkyl means the above-defined broad ii definition of alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbons in

12 case of normal lower alkyl, and as applicable 3 to 6 i3 carbons for lower branch chained and cycloalkyl ι ₄ groups. Lower alkenyl is defined similarly having 2

15 to 6 carbons for normal lower alkenyl groups, and 3

16 to 6 carbons for branch chained and cyclo- lower i7 alkenyl groups. Lower alkynyl is also defined

18 similarly, having 2 to 6 carbons for normal lower

19 alkynyl groups, and 4 to 6 carbons for branch 0 chained lower alkynyl groups. 1 The term "ester" as used here refers to and 2 covers any compound falling within the definition of 3 that term as classically used in organic chemistry.

24 It includes organic and inorganic esters. Where B 5 of Formula 1 is -COOH, this term covers the products 6 derived from treatment of this function with 7 alcohols or thioalcohols preferably with aliphatic 8 alcohols having 1-6 carbons. Where the ester is 9 derived from compounds where B is -CH ₂ 0H, this term

30 covers compounds derived from organic acids capable 1 of forming esters including phosphorous based and 2 sulfur based acids, or compounds of the formula 3 -CH ₂ 0C0R _1;l where R _xl is any substituted or

unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic, heteroaromatic or aliphatic aromatic group, preferably with 1-6 carbons in the aliphatic portions. Unless stated otherwise in this application, preferred esters are derived from the saturated aliphatic alcohols or acids of ten or fewer carbon atoms or the cyclic or saturated aliphatic cyclic alcohols and acids of 5 to 10 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred aliphatic esters are those derived from lower alkyl acids and alcohols. Also preferred are the phenyl or lower alkyl phenyl esters. Amides has the meaning classically accorded that term in organic chemistry. In this instance it includes the unsubstituted amides and all aliphatic and aromatic mono- and di- substituted amides. Unless stated otherwise in this application, preferred amides are the mono- and di-substituted amides derived from the saturated aliphatic radicals of ten or fewer carbon atoms or the cyclic or saturated aliphatic-cyclic radicals of 5 to 10 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred amides are those derived from substituted and unsubstituted lower alkyl amines. Also preferred are mono- and disubstituted amides derived from the substituted and unsubstituted phenyl or lower alkylphenyl amines. Unsubstituted amides are also preferred. Acetals and ketals include the radicals of the formula-CK where K is (-OR) ₂ . Here, R is lower alkyl. Also, K may be -0R.0- where R ₇ is lower alkyl of 2-5 carbon atoms, straight chain or branched. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared for any compounds in this invention having

a functionality capable of forming such-salt, for example an acid functionality. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt is any salt which retains the activity of the parent compound and does not impart any deleterious or untoward effect on the subject to which it is administered and in the context in which it is administered. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be derived from organic or inorganic bases. The salt may be a mono or polyvalent ion. Of particular interest are the inorganic ions, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Organic salts may be made with amines, particularly ammonium salts such as mono-, di- and trialkyl amines or ethanol amines. Salts may also be formed with caffeine, tromethamine and similar molecules. Where there is a nitrogen sufficiently basic as to be capable of forming acid addition salts, such may be formed with any inorganic or organic acids or alkylating agent such as methyl iodide. Preferred salts are those formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. Any of a number of simple organic acids such as mono-, di- or tri- acid may also be used. Some of the compounds of the present invention may have trans and cis (E and Z) isomers. In addition, the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more chiral centers and therefore may exist in enantiomeric and diastereomeric forms . The scope of the present invention is intended to cover all such isomers per se, as well as mixtures of cis and trans isomers, mixtures of diastereomers and racemic mixtures of enantiomers (optical isomers) as well.

1 With reference to the symbol Y in Formula 1, the

2 preferred compounds of the invention are those where

3 Y is phenyl, pyridyl, 2-thiazolyl, thienyl, or furyl, more preferably phenyl. As far as

5 substitutions on the Y (phenyl) and Y (pyridyl)

6 groups are concerned, compounds are preferred where

7 the phenyl group is 1,4 (para) substituted by the L β and A-B groups, and where the pyridine ring is 2,5

9 substituted by the L and A-B groups. (Substitution o in the 2,5 positions in the "pyridine" nomenclature i corresponds to substitution in the 6-position in the 2 "nicotinic acid" nomenclature.) In the preferred 3 compounds of the invention there is no optional R ₂ 4 substituent on the Y group. s As far as the amide or carbamoyl function "L" is 6 concerned which links the two cyclic portions of the 7 molecule, L is preferably -CZ-NH-; in other words s amide or carbamoyl compounds are preferred in 9 accordance with the present invention where the 0 carbonyl (CO-) or thiocarbonyl (CS-) group is linked 1 to the condensed cyclic moiety. 2 With reference to the symbol X in Formula 1, 3 compounds are preferred in accordance with the 4 invention where X is [C(R ₁ ) ₂ ] _n and n is 1, and also 5 where X is 0 or S (chroman and thiochroman 6 derivatives). 7 The R _j groups are preferably H or CH ₃ . The R ₃ β group is preferably hydrogen. 9 The A-B group of the preferred compounds is o (CH ₂ ) _n -COOH or (CH ₂ ) _n -C00R ₈ , where n and R„ are defined 1 as above. Even more preferably n is zero and R ₈ is 2 lower alkyl, or n is zero and B is COOH or a 3 pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

1 Referring now to the W group in Formula 1, this

2 group is, generally speaking, an electron

3 withdrawing group, which is present in the compounds

4 of the invention either in the aromatic portion of

5 the condensed ring system, or as a substituent of

6 the aryl or heteroaryl group Y. Preferably the W

7 group is present in the Y group, or both in the Y β group and also in the aromatic portion of the

9 condensed ring system. When the Z group is S o (thioamides) a W group does not necessarily have to i be present in the compounds of the invention, 2 although preferably at least one W group is 3 nevertheless present. In the aryl or heteroaryl Y 4 moiety the W group is preferably located in the s position adjacent to the A-B group; preferably the 6 A-B group is in para position in the phenyl ring 7 relative to the "amide" moiety, and therefore the W s group is preferably in meta position relative to the 9 amide moiety. Where the W group is also present in 0 the aromatic portion of the condensed ring system, 1 it preferably occupies the 8 position of the chroman 2 or thiochroman nucleus with the Z=C-NH- group 3 occupying the 6 position. In tetrahydronaphthalene 4 compounds of the invention the Z=C-NH- group is 5 preferably in the 2-position, and the W group is in 6 the 3 or 4 position. Preferred W groups are F, NO-, 7 Br, I, CF ₃ , N ₃ , and OH. The presence of one or two 8 fluoro substituents in the Y group is especially 9 preferred. When the Y group is phenyl, the fluoro 0 substituents preferably are in the ortho and ortho' 1 positions relative to the A-B group, which is 2 preferably COOH or COOR ₈ . 3 The most preferred compounds of the invention

are shown in Table 1, with reference to Formulas 4 and 5.

Formula 4

Formula 5

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

The compounds of this invention may be administered systemically or topically, depending on such considerations as the condition to be treated, need for site-specific treatment, quantity of drug to be administered, and numerous other considerations. In the treatment of dermatoses, it will generally be preferred to administer the drug topically, though in certain cases such as treatment of severe cystic acne or psoriasis, oral administration may also be used. Any common topical formulation such as a solution, suspension, gel, ointment, or salve and the like may be used. Preparation of such topical formulations are well described in the art of pharmaceutical formulations as exemplified, for example. Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, Edition 17, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania. For topical application, these compounds could also be administered as a powder or spray, particularly in aerosol form. If the drug is to be administered systemically, it may be confected as a powder, pill, tablet or the like or as a syrup or elixir suitable

ι for oral administration. For intravenous or

2 intraperitoneal administration, the compound will be

3 prepared as a solution or suspension capable of

4 being administered by injection. In certain cases,

5 it may be useful to formulate these compounds by

6 injection. In certain cases, it may be useful to

7 formulate these compounds in suppository form or as β extended release formulation for deposit under the

9 skin or intramuscular injection. o Other medicaments can be added to such topical i formulation for such secondary purposes as treating 2 skin dryness; providing protection against light; 3 other medications for treating dermatoses; 4 medicaments for preventing infection, reducing s irritation, inflammation and the like. 6 Treatment of dermatoses or any other indications 7 known or discovered to be susceptible to treatment 8 by retinoic acid-like compounds will be effected by 9 administration of the therapeutically effective dose 0 of one or more compounds of the instant invention. 1 A therapeutic concentration will be that concentration which effects reduction of the 3 particular condition, or retards it expansion. In 4 certain instances, the compound potentially may be 5 used in prophylactic manner to prevent onset of a 6 particular condition. 7 A useful therapeutic or prophylactic 8 concentration will vary from condition to condition 9 and in certain instances may vary with the severity 0 of the condition being treated and the patient's 1 susceptibility to treatment. Accordingly, no single 2 concentration will be uniformly useful, but will 3 require modification depending on the

particularities of the disease being treated. Such concentrations can be arrived at through routine experimentation. However, it is anticipated that in the treatment of, for example, acne, or similar dermatoses, that a formulation containing between 0.01 and 1.0 milligrams per mililiter of formulation will constitute a therapeutically effective concentration for total application. If administered systemically, an amount between 0.01 and 5 mg per kg per day of body weight would be expected to effect a therapeutic result in the treatment of many disease for which these compounds are useful. Assay of Retinoid-like Biological Activity The retinoid-like activity of the compounds of the invention can be confirmed in assays wherein ability of the compound to bind to retinoid receptors is measured. As it is noted in the introductory section of this application for patent two main types of retinoic acid receptors (RAR and RXR) exist in mammals (and other organisms). Within each type there are sub-types (RAR _α , RAR _β , RAR _r , RXR _α , RXR _β and RXR _r ) the distribution of which is not uniform in the various tissues and organs of mammalian organisms. Selective binding of only one or two retinoid receptor subtypes within one retinoid receptor family can give rise to beneficial pharmacological properties because of the varying distribution of the sub-types in the several mammalian tissues or organs. For the above-summarized reasons, binding of any or all of the retinoid receptors, as well as specific or selective activity in a receptor family, or

ι selective or specific activity in any one of the

2 receptor subtypes, are all considered desirable

3 pharmacological properties.

4 In light of the foregoing the prior art has

5 developed assay procedures for testing the agonist e like activity of compounds in the RAR _α , RAR _β , RAR _r ,

7 RXR _α , RXR _β and RXR _r receptor subtypes. For example,

8 a chimeric receptor transactivation assay which

9 tests for agonist-like activity in the RAR _α , RAR _β , o RAR _r , and RXR _α receptor subtypes, and which is based 1 on work published by Feigner P. L. and Holm M. 2 (1989) Focus, 11 2 is described in detail in U.S. 3 Patent No. 5,455,265. The specification of United 4 States Patent No. 5,455,265 is expressly s incorporated herein by reference. 6 A holoreceptor transactivation assay and a 7 ligand binding assay which measure the ability of 8 the compounds of the invention to bind to the 9 several retinoid receptor subtypes, respectively, 0 are described in published PCT Application No. WO 1 W093/11755 (particularly on pages 30 - 33 and 37 - 2 41) published on June 24, 1993, the specification of 3 which is also incorporated herein by reference. A 4 description of the ligand binding assay is also 5 provided below. 6 BINDING ASSAY 7 All binding assays were performed in a similar 8 fashion. All six receptor types were derived from 9 the expressed receptor type (RAR , β, τ and RXR α, 0 β, r) expressed in Baculovirus. Stock solutions of 1 all compounds were prepared as lOmM ethanol 2 solutions and serial dilutions carried out into 1:1 3 DMSO; ethanol. Assay buffers consisted of the

ι following for all six receptor assays: 8% glycerol,

2 120mM KCI, 8mM Tris, 5mM CHAPS 4mM DTT and 0.24mM

3 PMSF, pH - 7.4 room temperature.

4 All receptor biding assays were performed in the

5 same manner. The final assay volume was 250μl and

6 contained from 10-40μg of extract protein depending

7 on receptor being assayed along with 5 nM of [ ³ H] β all-trans retinoic acid or lOnM [ ³ H] 9-cis retinoic

9 acid and varying concentrations of competing ligand o at concentrations that ranged from 0 - IO ^"5 M. The i assays were formatted for a 96 well minitube system. 2 Incubations were carried out at 4°C until 3 equilibrium was achieved. Non-specific binding was 4 defined as that binding remaining in the presence of s lOOOnM of the appropriate unlabeled retinoic acid 6 isomer. At the end of the incubation period, 50μl 7 of 6.25% hydroxyapitite was added in the appropriate 8 wash buffer. The wash buffer consisted of lOOmM 9 KCI, lOmM Tris and either 5mM CHAPS (RXR , β, r) or 0 0.5% Triton X-100 (RAR α, β, r). The mixture was 1 vortexed and incubated for 10 minutes at 4°C, centrifuged and the supernatant removed. The 3 hydroxyapitite was washed three more times with the appropriate wash buffer. The receptor-ligand complex was adsorbed by the hydroxyapitite. The amount of receptor-ligand complex was determined by liquid scintillation counting of hydroxyapitite pellet. After correcting for non-specific binding, IC ₅₀ values were determined. The IC ₅₀ value is defined as the concentration of competing ligand needed to reduce specific binding by 50%. The IC ₅₀ value was determined graphically from a loglogit plot of the

data. The K _d values were determined by application of the Cheng-Prussof equation to the IC ₅₀ values, the labeled ligand concentration and the K _d of the labeled ligand.

The results of ligand binding assay are expressed in K _d numbers. (See Cheng et al. Biochemical Pharmacology Vol. 22 pp 3099-3108, expressly incorporated herein by reference.)

Table 2 shows the results of the ligand binding assay for certain exemplary compounds of the invention.

TABLE 2 Ligand Binding Assay

Compound # K _d (nanomolar)

RARα RARβ RARΓ RXRα RXRβ RXRΓ

2 1.90 480.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 23.00 23.00 96.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 1.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 24.0 0 00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.00 14 14.0 0 00 0.00 0.00 o.00 0.00 16 52.0 0 00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.00 18 51.0 0 00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.00 20 16.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.00 22 57.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24 126.C 584 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26 15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28 7.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30 245.C 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32 162.C 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36 2.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38 9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 indicates value greater than lOOOnM (nanomolar)

As it can be seen from the test results summarized in Table 2, the therein indicated exemplary compounds of the invention bind specifically or selectively to RARα receptors. CANCER CELL LINE ASSAYS MATERIALS AND METHODS Hormones All trans-Retinoic acid (t-RA) (Sigma Chemicals Co., St. Louis, MO) was stored at -70°C. Prior to each experiment the compound was dissolved in 100% ethanol at 1 mM and diluted in culture medium immediately before use. All experiments were performed in subdued light. Controls were assayed using the same concentration of ethanol as present in the experimental plates and this concentration of diluent had no effect in either assay. Cells and Cell Culture All cell lines, RPMI 8226, ME-180 and AML-193 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD) . RPMI 8226 is a human hematopoietic cell line obtained from the peripheral blood of a patient with multiple myeloma. The cells resemble the lymphoblastoid cells of other human lymphocyte cell lines and secrete α-type light chains of immunoglobulin. RPMI-8226 cells are grown in RPMI medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, glutamine and antibiotics. The cells were maintained as suspension cultures grown at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% C0 ₂ in air. The cells were diluted to a concentration of 1 x lOVml twice a week. ME-180 is a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line derived from the cervix. The tumor was a highly invasive squamous cell carcinoma with irregular cell clusters and no significant keratinization. ME-180 cells were grown and maintained in McCoy's 5a medium

(Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, glutamine and antibiotics. The cells were maintained as monolayer cultures grown at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% C0 ₂ in air. The cells were diluted to a concentration of 1 x lOVml twice a week. AML-193 was established from the blast cells classified as M5 Acute Monocyte Leukemia. The growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulation factor (GM-CSF) was required to establish this cell line and growth factors are necessary for its continuous proliferation in chemically defined medium. AML-193 cells were grown and maintained in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, glutamine and antibiotics with 5μg/ml insulin (Sigma Chemical Co.) and 2 ng/ml rh GM-CSF (R and D Systems). The cells were diluted to a concentration of 3 x lOVml twice a week. Incorporation of ³ H-Thymidine The method used for determination of the incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine was adapted from the procedure described by Shrivastav et al. RPMI-8226 cells were plated in a 96 well round bottom microtiter plate (Costar) at a density of 1,000 cells/well. To appropriate wells, retinoid test compounds were added at the final concentrations indicated for a final volume of 150 μl/well. The plates were incubated for 96 hours at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% C0 ₂ in air. Subsequently, 1 μCi of [5'- ³ H]-thymidine (Amersham, U.K. 43 Ci/mmol specific activity) in 25 μl culture medium was added to each well and the cells were incubated for an additional 6 hours. The cultures were further processed as described below. ME-180 wells, harvested by trypsinization were plated in a 96 well flat bottom microtiter plate

(Costar) at a density of 2,000 cells/well. The cultures were treated as described above for RPMI 8226 with the following exceptions. After incubation with thymidine the supernatant was carefully removed, and the cells were washed with a 0.5 mM solution of thymidine in phosphate buffered saline. ME180 cells were briefly treated with 50μl of 2.5% trypsin to dislodge the cells from the plate. AML-193 cells were plated in a 96 well round bottom microtiter plate (Costar) at a density of 1,000 cells/well. To appropriate wells, retinoid test compounds were added at the final concentrations indicated for a final volume of 150 μl/well. The plates were incubated for 96 hours at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% C0 ₂ in air. Subsequently, 1 μCi of [5'- ³ H]-thymidine (Amersham, U.K., 43 Ci/mmol specific activity) in 25 μl culture medium was added to each well and the cells were incubated for an additional 6 hours. All cells lines were then processed as follows: the cellular DNA was precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid onto glass fiber filter mats using a SKATRON multi-well cell harvester (Skatron Instruments, Sterling VA) . Radioactivity incorporated into DNA, as a direct measurement of cell growth, was measured by liquid scintillation counting. The numbers represent the mean disintegrations per minute of incorporated thymidine from triplicate wells ± SEM. In the above noted in vitro cell lines exemplary compounds 6, 8, 12, 14 and 20 of the invention caused significant decrease in the proliferation of the tumor cell lines (as measured by incorporation of radioactive labeled thymidine) in the 10 ^"11 to 10 ^~6 molar concentration range of the respective test compound.

SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS The compounds of this invention can be made by the synthetic chemical pathways illustrated here. The synthetic chemist will readily appreciate that the conditions set out here are specific embodiments which can be generalized to any and all of the compounds represented by Formula 1. Generally speaking the process of preparing compounds of the invention involves the formation of an amide by the reaction of a compound of the general Formula 2 with a compound of general Formula 3, or by the reaction of a compound of general Formula 2a with a compound of general Formula 3a as these formulas are defined in the Summary section of the present application for patent. Thus, as is noted above, a compound of Formula 2 is an acid or an "activated form" of a carboxylic acid attached to the aromatic portion of a tetrahydronaphthalene, (X = [C(R ₁ ) ₂ ] _n and n is 1), dihydroindene ([C(R ₁ ) ₂ ] _n where n is 0), chroman (X is O), thiochroman (X is S), or tetrahydroquinoline (X is NR' ) nucleus. The carboxylic acid, or its "activated form" is attached to the 2 or 3 position of the tetrahyronaphthalene, and to the 6 or 7 position of the chroman, thiochroman or tetrahydroquinoline moieties. In the pref rred compounds of the invention the attachment is to the 2 position of tetrahydronaphthalene and to the 6 position of chroman, thiochroman or tetrahydroquinoline. The term "activated form" of the carboxylic acid should be understood in this regard as such derivative of the carboxylic acid which is capable of forming an amide when reacted with a primary amine of Formula 3. In case of the "reverse amides" the activated form of a carboxylic acid is a derivative (Formula 3a) that is capable of forming

ι an amide when reacted with a primary amine of

2 Formula 2a. This, generally speaking, means such

3 derivatives of a carboxylic acid which are normally

4 known and used in the art to form amide linkages

5 with an amine. Examples of suitable forms or

6 derivatives for this purpose are acid chlorides,

7 acid bromides, and esters of the carboxylic acid, β particularly active esters, where the alcohol moiety

9 of the ester forms a good leaving group. Presently o most preferred as reagents in accordance with i Formula 2 (or Formula 3a) are acid chlorides ( _x is 2 Cl). The acid chlorides of Formula 2 (or of Formula 3 3a) can be prepared by traditional methods from the 4 corresponding esters (X _α is for example ethyl) by 5 hydrolysis and treatement with thionyl chloride 6 (S0C1 ₂ ). The acid chlorides of Formula 2 (or of 7 Formula 3a) can also be prepared by direct treatment of the carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride, where 9 the carboxylic acid, rather than an ester thereof is available commercially or by a known synthetic 1 procedure. The acid chlorides of Formula 2 (or of Formula 3a) are typically reacted with the amine of Formula 3 (or amine of Formula 2a) in an inert solvent, such as methylene chloride, in the presence of an acid acceptor, such as pyridine. The carboxylic acids themselves in accordance with Formula 2 (or Formula 3a) are also suitable for amide formation when reacted with an amine, a catalyst (4-dimethylaminopyridine) in the presence of a dehydrating agent, such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or more pereferably 1-(3-dimethylaminopropy1)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). The carboxylic acids or the corresponding esters of Formula 2, are generally speaking, prepared as described in the chemical scientific or patent

ι literature and the literature procedures for their

2 preparation may be modified, if necessary, by such

3 chemical reactions or processes which per se are

4 known in the art. For example, generally speaking,

5 2,2, 4,4 and/or 2,2,4,4-substituted chroman

6 6-carboxylic acids and chroman 7-carboxylic acids

7 are available in accordance with the teachings of β United States Patent Nos. 5,006,550, 5,314,159,

9 5,324,744, and 5,348,975, the specifications of o which are expressly incorporated herein by i reference. 2,2, 4,4 and/or 2,2,4,4-substituted 2 thiochroman 6-carboxylic acids are available in 3 accordance with the teachings of United States 4 Patent No. 5,015,658, the specifications of which is s expressly incorporated herein by reference. 6 5, 6,7,8-Tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acids 7 are, generally speaking, available in accordance s with the teachings of United States Patent No. 9 5,130,335, the specifications of which is expressly 0 incorporated herein by reference.

HNOyH,S0 ₄ T.CIVHCI

Compound A Compound B

Compound G

Compound C

Reaction Scheme 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

4 Krause, J. G Compound I Compound J Synthesis 197 ₂ , pl40 5 Compound H

Compound K 1 Compound L

3

0 1

Reaction Scheme 2

ι Reaction Schemes 1 and 2 provide examples for

2 the synthesis of derivatives of

3 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalene-2-

4 carboxylic acid, which are within the scope of

5 Formula 2 and which are reacted with an amine of

6 Formula 3 to provide

7 (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-naphthalene- β 2-yl)carbamoyl derivatives within the scope of

9 Formula 1. Thus, as is shown in Reaction Scheme 1, io ethyl

11 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalene-2- i2 carboxylate (Compound A) is nitrated to provide the

13 corresponding 3-nitro compound (Compound B) . The

14 nitro group of Compound B is reduced to provide the is corresponding 3-amino compound (Compound C) which is

16 described in the publication Lehmann et al. Cancer

17 Research, 1991, 51, 4804. Ethyl is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-aminonaphth 9 alene-2-carboxylate (Compound C) is bro inated to 0 yield the corresponding 4-bromo derivative (Compound 1 D) , which is converted by treatment with 2 isoamylnitrite and reduction with H ₃ P0 ₂ , to ethyl 3 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-4-bromonaphth 4 alene-2-carboxylate (Compound E) . Saponification of 5 Compound E yields 6 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-4-bromonaphth 7 alene-2-carboxylic acid (Compound F) which is used 8 as a reagent in accordance with Formula 2. Ethyl 9 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-aminonaphth 0 alene-2-carboxylate (Compound C) is also diazotized 1 and reacted with HBF ₄ to provide ethyl 2 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetra-methyl-3-fluoronaph 3 thalene-2-carboxylate (Compound G) which serves 4 either per se or after saponification as a reagent 5 in accordance with Formula 2. 6

ι 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-hydroxy-

2 naphthalene (Compound H, available in accordance

3 with the publication Krause Synthesis 1972 140), is

4 the starting material in the example shown in

5 Reaction Scheme 2. Compound H is brominated to

6 provide the corresponding 3-bromo compound (Compound

7 I) which is thereafter protected in the hydroxyl β function by treatment with methoxymethyl chloride

9 (MOMC1) to yield io 5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-methoxymet- ιι hoxy-2-bromonaphthalene (Compound J) . Compound J is

12 reacted with t-butyllithium and carbon dioxide to

13 provide the corresponding carboxylic acid (Compound

14 K) from which the methoxymethyl protecting group is is removed by acid to give

16 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetra-

1 methyl-2-hydroxynaphthalene-3-carboxylic acid

18 (Compound ) . Compound L is brominated to yield

19 5,6,7,8-tetrahy-

20 dro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-l-bromo-2-hydroxynaphthalene

21 -3-carboxylic acid (Compound M) . Compound L and

22 Compound M serve as reagents in accordance with

23 Formula 2. The hydroxy group of Compound M is

24 protected for further transformations with

25 methoxymethyl chloride (M0MC1) in the presence of 6 base, yielding

2 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-l-bromo-2-met

28 hoxymethoxynaphthalene-3-carboxylic acid (Compound

29 N) .

Compound P

Compound O Compound T

Compound V

Reaction Scheme 3

4 Compound O Compound X 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 ? 3 4 5 6 Reaction Scheme 3 -continued-

,f ^* Several Steps

Compound Y

BiVHOAc

Compound Z Compound Al

Reaction Scheme 4

Shxoot, B.

U. S. Patent 5,059,621

Reaction Scheme 5

ι Reaction Schemes 3, 4 and 5 provide examples for

2 the synthesis of derivatives of 2,2,4,4 and

3 4,4-substituted chroman-6-carboxylic acids which can

4 serve as reagents in accordance with Formula 2 for

5 the synthesis of the carbamoyl (amide) compounds

6 within the scope of the present invention. Thus,

7 referring now to Reaction Scheme 3, β 2,2,4,4-tetramethylchroman-6-carboxylic acid

9 (Compound O, see U. S. Patent No. 5,006,550) is o brominated with bromine in acetic acid to yield the i corresponding 8-bromo derivative (Compound P) . 2 Compound P is converted to the acid chloride by 3 treatment with thionyl chloride, and the resulting 4 acid chloride is suitable for reaction with an amine s of Formula 3 to provide the carbamoyl (amide) 6 compounds of the invention. The acid chloride is 7 also reacted with an alcohol (methanol) in the 8 presence of base to yield the corresponding ester, 9 methyl 0 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-bromochroman-6-carboxylate 1 (Compound R) . The bromo function of Compound R is 2 converted to a trifluoromethyl function by treatment 3 with sodium trifluoroacetate in the presence of 4 cuprous iodide catalyst and l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 5 (NMP), and the carboxylate ester group is saponified 6 to yield 7 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-trifluoromethylchroman-6-carbo 8 xylic acid (Compound S) . Compound S is within the 9 scope of Formula 2 and is suitable per se or as the o acid chloride or in other "activated" form to react 1 with the amines of Formula 3 to yield the carbamoyl 2 (amide) compounds of the invention. 3 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylchro-man-6-carboxylic acid 4 (Compound O) is also converted to the methyl ester 5 (Compound T) which is then nitrated to yield 6 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-nitrochroman-6-carboxylic acid

ι (Compound V), still another reagent within the scope

2 of Formula 2. Moreover, in the example further

3 shown in Reaction Scheme 3,

4 2,2,4,4-tetramethylchroman- 6-carboxylic acid

5 (Compound O) is converted to the ethyl ester and e nitrated thereafter to yield ethyl

7 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-nitrochroman-6-carboxylate β (Compound ) . Still further. Compound O is reacted

9 with IC1 to yield o 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-iodochroman-6-carboxylic acid 1 (Compound X) . 2 In accordance with the example shown in Reaction 3 Scheme 4, 2-methylphenol is subjected to a series of 4 reactions in accordance with the teachings of United s States Patent No. 5,045,551 (incorporated herein by 6 reference) to yield 2,2,4,4,8-pentamethylchroman 7 (Compound Y) . Compound Y is brominated with bromine 8 in acetic acid to give 9 2,2,4,4,8-pentamethyl-6-bromochroman (Compound Z) 0 which is reacted with t-butyl lithium and thereafter 1 with carbon dioxide to give 2 2,2,4,4, 8-pentamethylchroman-6-carboxylic acid 3 (Compound A-ft . 4 Reaction Scheme 5 illustrates the synthesis of 5 4,4-dimethyl-8-bromochroman-6-carboxylic acid 6 (Compound B _x ) by bromination of 7 4,4,-dimethyl-chroman-6-carboxylic acid which is β available in accordance with the teachings of United 9 States Patent No. 5,059,621, the specification of 0 which is incorporated herein by reference. i 2,2,4,4,8-Pentamethylchroman-6-carboxylic acid 2 (Compound A ₁ ) and 3 4,4,-dimethyl-8-bromochroman-6-carboxylic acid 4 (Compound B _x ) serve as reagents, either per se, or as 5 the corresponding acid chlorides (or other 6 "activated form), in accordance with Formula 2 for

97/19052

38 the synthesis of the carbamoyl (amide) compounds of the present invention.

Referring back now to the reaction between the reagent of Formula 2 with an amine compound of Formula 3 it is noted that the amine compounds are, generally speaking, available in accordance with the state-of-the-art. as described in the scientific and patent literature. More specifically, the amine compounds of Formula 3 can be prepared as described in the scientific and patent literature, or from known compounds of the literature, by such chemical reactions or transformations which are within the skill of the practicing organic chemist. Reaction Scheme 6 illustrates examples for the preparation of amine compounds of Formula 3 (where Y is phenyl) from commercially available starting materials (Aldrich Chemical Company, or Research Plus, Inc. The illustrated compounds of Formula 3 are used for the synthesis of several preferred compounds of the invention.

Compound C!

Compound D 1

Reaction Scheme 6

Compound FI

Compound HI

Reaction Scheme 6 -continue _d -

Thus, in accordance with Reaction Scheme 6, 3-nitro-6-methyl-fluorobenzene (Aldrich) is subjected to oxidation, conversion of the resulting carboxylic acid to an acid chloride and thereafter to an ethyl ester, followed by reduction of the nitro group, to yield ethyl 2-fluoro-4-amino-benzoate (Compound C _x ) . 3-Nitro-6-methyl-bromobenzene (Aldrich) and 3-nitro-6-methyl-chlorobenzene (Aldrich) are subjected to essentially to the same series of reactions to yield ethyl 2-bromo-4-amino-benzoate (Compound D _x ) and ethyl 2-chloro-4-amino-benzoate (Compound E _x ), respectively. 2-Nitro-4-aminobenzoic acid (Research Plus) is converted to its methyl ester (Compound F _x ) through the corresponding acid chloride. 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-amino-benzoic acid (Aldrich) is esterified by treatment with ethanol in the presence of l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine in CH ₂ C1 ₂ to give ethyl 2,3 , 5,6-tetrafluoro-4-amino-benzoate (Compound G, ) . 2,4, 6-Trifluorobenzoic acid (Aldrich) is converted to the methyl ester through the acid chloride, and the 4-fluoro atom is displaced by reaction with sodium azide, followed by hydrogenation, to yield methyl 2,6-difluoro-4-amino benzoate (Compound R^) . Compounds C _{ι r} D _x , E _lf F _x , Gi and H _j serve as amine reagents in accordance with Formula 3. Further examples of reagents in accordance with Formula 3 are nitro, fluoro, chloro, bromo and trifluoromethyl derivatives of amino substituted heteroaryl carboxylic acids, or their lower alkyl esters, such as ethyl 2-amino-4-chloropyridine 2-carboxylate, ethyl 5-amino-3-chloropyridine 5-carboxylate, and 3,4-dibromo-5-aminothiophene-2-carboxylic acid. The

1 latter examples can be prepared by respective

2 chlorination or bromination of

3 2-aminopyridine-5-carboxylic acid or of its ester,

4 3-aminopyridine-6-carboxylic acid or of its ester

5 (described in WO 93/06086) and of

6 2-aminothiophene-5-carboxylic acid (described in

7 PCT/US92/06485) . β The reaction between the compounds of Formula 2

9 and Formula 3 or between compounds of Formula 2a and o 3a, described above, comprises the actual synthesis i of the carbamoyl (amide) compounds of the invention. 2 Numerous examples of this reaction are described in 3 detail in the experimental section below. The carbamoyl (amide) compounds of the invention can be s converted into thiocarbamoyl (thioamide) compounds 6 of the invention where with reference to Formula 1 Z 7 is S, by reacting the carbamoyl (amide) compound 8 with 9 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-l,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetan e-2,4-disulfide (Lawesson's reagent). This reaction 1 is illustrated in Reaction Scheme 7 for two specific examples for the compounds of the invention.

Compound II Compound 25

Compound 1 Compound 27

Reaction Scheme 7 In Reaction Scheme 7 one starting material ethyl 4-[5' ,6 ' ,7 ' ,8 '-tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8 ' , 8 '-tetramethylnap hthalen-2-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 1 ₁ ) is obtained in accordance with the teachings of Kagechika et al. J. Med Chem. 1988 31, 2182 - 2192. The other starting material, ethyl

2-fluoro-4-[5 ' , 6 ' ,7 ' ,8 '-tetrahydro-5 ' ,5' , 8 ' , 8 '-tetra methylnaphthalen-2-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 1) is obtained in accordance with the present invention.

Compound K

Compound 7

Reaction Scheme 8

Compound N

Compound 36

Reaction Scheme 9

Compound Nl

Compound 15

Reaction Scheme 10 Reaction Schemes 8, 9 and 10 disclose examples for the preparation of carbamoyl (amide) compounds of the invention, first by a coupling reaction of a compound of Formula 2 with a compound of Formula 3 , followed by one or more reactions performed on the carbamoyl (amide) compound that has been first obtained directly in the coupling reaction. Thus, as is shown in Reaction Scheme 8, 5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-5,5,8, 8-tetramethyl- 3-me hoxymethoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylie acid (Compound K) is coupled with ethyl

4-amino-2-fluorobenzoate (Compound C ₁ ) in CH ₂ C1 ₂ in the presence of

1-( 3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) to give ethyl

2-fluoro-4-[5 ' , 6 ' , 7 ' , 8 '-tetrahydro-5 ' , 5 ' , 8 ' , 8 '-tetra meth-

1 y1-2 '-methoxymethoxy-naphthalen-3 '-yl)carbamoyl]benz

2 oate (Compound K _x ) . The methoxymethyl protecting

3 group is removed from Compound K _x by treatment with

4 thiophenol and borontrifluoride ethereate resulting

5 in ethyl e 2-fluoro-4-[5',6' ,7' ,8 '-tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8 ' ,8'-tetra

7 methyl-2 '-hydroxy-naphthalen-3 '-yl)carbamoyl]- β benzoate (Compound 7). The hydroxy function of

9 Compound 7 is converted into an n-hexyl ether by o treatment with hexyl iodide in the presence of mild i base. 2 In accordance with Reaction Scheme 9 3 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-l-bromo-2-met 4 hoxymethoxynaphthalene-3-carboxylic acid (Compound 5 N) is coupled with methyl 6 4-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoate (Compound Hi) in CH ₂ C1 ₂ 7 solvent in the presence of ethylcarbodiimide s hydrochloride (EDC) and DMAP to provide methyl 9 2,6-difluoro-4-[ (5' ,6' ,7' ,8 '-tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8' ,8'- 0 tetramethyl-1 '-bromo-2 '-methoxymethoxy-naphthalen-3 ' 1 -yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound Mi), from which the 2 esterifying methyl group and the methoxymethyl 3 protecting group are removed by treatement with base 4 and acid, respectively. 5 Reaction Scheme 10 discloses the example of 6 converting 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-nitrochroman-6- carboxylic acid (Compound V) into the corresponding β acid chloride by treatment with thionyl chloride, 9 followed by coupling with ethyl 0 4-amino-2-fluorobenzoate (Compound C _x ) and 1 hydrogenation to yield ethyl 2 2-fluoro-4-[ (2' ,2 ' ,4 ' ,4'-tetramethyl-8 '-amino-6 '-chr 3 omanyl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound N _x ) . Compound N _x 4 is converted to the corresponding 8-azido compound, 5 ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (2' ,2' ,4' ,4 '-tetramethyl-8 '-azido- 6 6 '-chromanyl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 15) by

Formula 2

Formula 7 H ₂ 0

Reaction Scheme 11

Reaction Scheme 11 illustrates the synthesis of the primary amine compounds of Formula 2a from the acid chlorides (X _x = Cl) or other form of activated acids of Formula 2 where the primary amine of Formula 2a is not available by a published literature procedure. Thus, substantially in accordance with the step of a Curtius rearrangement, the acid chloride of Formula 2 is reacted with sodium azide in acetone to yield the azide compound of Formula 6. The azide of Formula 6 is heated in a polar high boiling solvent, such as t-butanol, to provide the intermediate isocyanate of Formula 7 , which is hydrolyzed to yield a compound of Formula 2a.

Michael Reuman et al J. Med. Chem. 1995, 55, 2531-2540

Reaction Scheme 12

1 Reaction Scheme 12 illustrates examples for

2 preparing compounds of Formula 3a where such

3 compounds are not available commercially or by a

4 published literature procedure. Thus, by way of

5 example 2,5-difluoro-4-bromobenzoic acid (available

6 by the literature procedure of Sugawara et al. Kogyo

7 Kaguku Zasshi 1970, 73, 972-979) is first esterified β by treatment with ethyl alcohol and acid to yield

9 the corresponding ester, and thereafter is reacted o with butyl lithium followed by carbon dioxide to i give the monoester of 2,5-difluoro terephthalic acid 2 (Compound T _x ) . A similar sequence of reactions 3 performed on 2,3,5,6-difluoro-4-bromobenzoic acid 4 (available by the literature procedure of Reuman et s al. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 2531-2540) yields the 6 monoester of 2,3,5, 6-tetrafluoroterephthalic acid. 7 The just illustrated sequence of reaction can be, s generally speaking, utilized for the synthesis of 9 all compounds of Formula 3a with such modification 0 which will become readily apparent to those skilled 1 in the art, where such compounds are not available 2 by a known literature procedure. 3 Numerous other reactions suitable for preparing 4 compounds of the invention, and for converting 5 compounds of Formula 1 within the scope of the 6 present invention into still further compounds of 7 the invention, and also for preparing the reagents β of Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 2a and Formula 3a 9 will become readily apparent to those skilled in the 0 art in light of the present disclosure. In this 1 regard the following general synthetic methodology, 2 applicable for conversion of the compounds of 3 Formula 1 into further homologs and/or derivatives, 4 and also for preparing the reagents of Formula 2 and 5 3, (as well as 2a and 3a) is noted. 6 Carboxylic acids are typically esterified by

refluxing the acid in a solution of the appropriate alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst such as hydrogen chloride or thionyl chloride. Alternatively, the carboxylic acid can be condensed with the appropriate alcohol in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and dimethylaminopyridine. The ester is recovered and purified by conventional means. Acetals and ketals are readily made by the method described in March, "Advanced Organic

Chemistry," 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, p 810). Alcohols, aldehydes and ketones all may be protected by forming respectively, ethers and esters, acetals or ketals by known methods such as those described in McOmie, Plenum Publishing Press, 1973 and Protecting Groups, Ed. Greene, John Wiley & Sons, 1981. A means for making compounds where A is (CH ₂ ) _q (q is 1 - 5) is to subject the compounds of Formula 1, where B is an acid or other function, to homologation, using the well known Arndt-Eistert method of homologation, or other known homologation procedures. Similar homologations (and several of the other herein mentioned synthetic transformations) can be transformed on the reagent of Formula 3. Compounds of the invention, where A is an alkenyl group having one or more double bonds can be made, for example, by having the requisite number of double bonds incorporated into the reagent of Formula 3. Generally speaking, such compounds where A is an unsaturated carbon chain can be obtained by synthetic schemes well known to the practicing organic chemist; for example by Wittig and like reactions, or by introduction of a double bond by elimination of halogen from an alpha-halo-carboxylic acid, ester or like carboxaldehyde. Compounds of the invention where

ι the A group has a triple (acetylenic) bond can be

2 made by using the corresponding aryl or heteroaryl

3 aldehyde intermediate. Such intermediate can be

4 obtained by reactions well known in the art, for

5 example, by reaction of a corresponding methyl e ketone with strong base, such as lithium diisopropyl

7 amide. β The acids and salts derived from compounds of

Θ Formula 1 are readily obtainable from the o corresponding esters. Basic saponification with an 1 alkali metal base will provide the acid. For 2 example, an ester of Formula 1 may be dissolved in a 3 polar solvent such as an alkanol, preferably under 4 an inert atmosphere at room temperature, with about s a three molar excess of base, for example, potassium 6 or lithium hydroxide. The solution is stirred for 7 an extended period of time, between 15 and 20 hours, s cooled, acidified and the hydrolysate recovered by 9 conventional means. 0 The amide (in Formula 1 B is CONR ₉ R ₁₀ ) may be 1 formed by any appropriate amidation means known in the art from the corresponding esters or carboxylic acids. One way to prepare such compounds is to convert an acid to an acid chloride and then treat that compound with ammonium hydroxide or an appropriate amine. Alcohols are made by converting the corresponding acids to the acid chloride with thionyl chloride or other means (J. March, "Advanced Organic Chemistry", 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book 1 Company) , then reducing the acid chloride with sodium borohydride (March, Ibid, pg. 1124), which gives the corresponding alcohols. Alternatively, esters may be reduced with lithium aluminum hydride at reduced temperatures. Alkylating these alcohols with appropriate alky halides under Williamson

reaction conditions (March, Ibid, pg. 357) gives the corresponding ethers. These alcohols can be converted to esters by reacting them with appropriate acids in the presence of acid catalysts or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and dimethylaminopyridine. Aldehydes can be prepared from the corresponding primary alcohols using mild oxidizing agents such as pyridinium dichromate in methylene chloride (Corey, E. J., Schmidt, G., Tet. Lett. , 399, 1979) , or dimethyl sulfoxide/oxalyl chloride in methylene chloride (Omura, K., Swern, D., Tetrahedron, 1978, 3_4, 1651). Ketones can be prepared from an appropriate aldehyde by treating the aldehyde with an alkyl Grignard reagent or similar reagent followed by oxidation. Acetals or ketals can be prepared from the corresponding aldehyde or ketone by the method described in March, Ibid, p 810. Compounds of Formula 1 where B is H can be prepared from the corresponding halogenated aromatic compounds, preferably where the halogen is I. Specific ExamplesEthyl 4-Amino-2-fluorobenzoate (Compound C _x ) To a mixture of 2-fluoro-4-nitrotoluene (1.0 g, 6.4 mmol, Aldrich) and Na ₂ Cr ₂ 0 ₇ (2.74 g, 8.4 mmol) in 13.7 ml of HOAc was added slowly 6.83 ml of H ₂ S0 ₄ . This mixture was slowly heated to 90 °C for 1 h to give a greenish heterogeneous solution. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate. The PH of the solution was adjusted to 4 with NaOH (aq.). The mixture was extracted with more ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with NaHC0 ₃ (sat.), then brine and dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ . After filtration, the solution was

concentrated to dryness which then was dissolved in 6 ml of S0C1 ₂ , and heated at 80 °C for 1 h. The excess of S0C1 ₂ was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 5 ml of CH ₂ C1 ₂ , 2 ml of EtOH and 2 ml of pyridine. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and concentrated to dryness. Ethyl 2-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoate was obtained as a white solid after column chromatography of the residue with ethyl acetate/hexane (1/9). This solid was then dissolved in 10 ml of ethyl acetate, and Pd/C (50 mg) was added. Hydrogenation with a hydrogen balloon converted ethyl 2-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoate into the title compound. *H NMR δ 7.77 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, IH), 6.41 (dd, J ₁ = 8.6, J ₂ = 2.2 Hz, IH), 6.33 (dd, J _x = 13.0, J ₂ = 2.2 Hz, IH), 4.33 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.3 (b, 2H), 1.37 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H) . Methyl 4-Amino-2,6-difluorobenzoate (Compound H- A solution of trifluorobenzoic acid (150 mg, 0.85 mmol, Aldrich) in 0.5 ml of S0C1 ₂ was heated under reflux for 2h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and excess of S0C1 ₂ was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 1 ml of pyridine and 0.2 ml of methanol. After stirring at room temperature for 30 min, solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane 1/10) to give methyl trifluoro- benzoate as a colorless oil. This oil was then dissolved in 1 ml of CH ₃ CN, then a solution of NaN ₃ (100 mg, 1.54 mmol) in 0.5 ml of water was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for two days. Salt was filtered and the remaining solution was concentrated to an oil. This oil was then dissolved in 1 ml of methanol, followed by a catalytic amount

of Pd/C (10%, w/w). The reaction mixture was hydrogenated under a hydrogen balloon for 12 h. Catalyst was removed and the solution was concentrated to an oil. After column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane 1/3), the title product was obtained as colorless crystals. ^r H NMR δ 6.17 (d, J = 10.44 Hz, 2H), 4.2 (b, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H). 8-Bromo-2,2,4.4-tetramethyl-6-chromanoic acid (Compound P) To a solution of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-6- chromanoic acid (200 mg, 0.85 mmol) in 0.5 ml of AcOH was added Br ₂ (0.07 ml, 1.28 mmol). The resulting dark-orange solution was stirred at room temperature for overnight. The excess bromine was removed under reduced pressure. Then the solution was poured into 5 ml of water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x3ml). The combined ethyl acetate layers were further washed with NaHC0 ₃ (sat.), brine and dried over MgS0 ₄ . After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane 1/3) to yield the desired product (170 mg, as white solids. ^l E NMR δ 8.11 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 8.00 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 1.90 (s, 2H), 1.43 (s, 6H), 1.39 (s, 6H). 8-Iodo-2,2,4.4-tetramethyl-6-chromanoic Acid (Compound X) To a solution of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-6- chromanoic acid (66 mg, 0.28 mmol) in 0.8 ml of AcOH was added IC1 (0.07 ml, 1.4 mmol). The resulting colored solution was stirred at room temperature for overnight. Following the same procedure as for the synthesis of 8-bromo-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-6- chromanoic acid (Compound P), the reaction gave the title compound (107 mg) as white solids. ^X H NMR δ 8.35 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 8.03 (d, J = 2.2

Hz , IH ) , 1 . 87 ( s , 2H ) , 1 . 43 ( s , 6H ) , 1 . 38 ( s , 6H ) . 2.2 , 4 .4-Tetramethyl-8-trif luoromethylchroman-6-oic acid ( Compound S ) A solution of 8-bromo-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-6- chromanoic acid (Compound R, 150 mg, 0.48 mmol) in 1 ml of S0C1 ₂ was refluxed for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the excess of S0C1 ₂ was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 1 ml of pyridine and 0.2 ml of methanol. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Solvent was removed and the residue was passed through a column (silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane 1/10) to give the methyl 8-bromo-2,2,4,4-tetra- methylchromanoate (158 mg) as a colorless oil. To a solution of this methyl ester in 3 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added NaC0 ₂ CF ₃ (502 mg, 3.7 mmol) and Cul (350 mg, 1.84 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated to 175 °C (bath temp) for 2 h. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into ice-water. The product was extracted into ethyl acetate (3x3ml). The combined organic layers were dried and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/chloroform 1/10) to give the title compound as a colorless oil (120 mg) . This was hydrolyzed under standard conditions to give the title compound. ^X H NMR δ 8.21 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH) , 8.17 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH), 1.92 (s, 2H), 1.41 (s, 12H) . Ethyl 8-Nitro-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-6-chromanoate (Compound ) Ethyl 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-6-chromanoate (150 mg, 0.57 mmol) was slowly added to 0.3 ml of cone. H ₂ S0 ₄ at 0 °C. To this mixture was added very slowly 0.03 ml of HN0 ₃ . The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min and poured into ice-water. The product

was extracted into 5 ml of ethyl acetate, washed with NaHC0 ₃ (sat.), brine and dried over MgS0 ₄ . After concentration, the product was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane 1/10) to yield 74 mg of light-yellow oil. ^X H NMR δ 8.24 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH), 8.17 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH), 4.38 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.95 (s, 2H), 1.43 (s, 6H), 1.42 (s, 6H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H) . 2-0x0-4,4,8-trimethylchroman (Compound P _x ) In a 500 ml of round bottom flask, NaH (1.66 g, 60% suspension in oil, 0.046 mol) was washed with dry hexane. Then, dry THF (22 ml) was added followed by o-cresol (5 g, 0.046 mol) in 10 ml of dry THF. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min followed by addition of 3,3-dimethyl acryloyl chloride in 10 ml of THF. The resulting white slurry was stirred at room temperature for 12 h, then slowly quenched with water. The mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, water and dried over MgS0 ₄ . After filtration and removal of the solvent, a yellow oil was obtained (10.44 g) . This oil was then dissolved in 50 ml of dry CH ₂ C1 ₂ , and was canulated into a solution of A1C1 ₃ (10.8 g, 0.069 mmol) in 10 ml of CH ₂ Cl ₂ . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Then ice-water was carefully added and the organic layer was separated, and washed with NaHC0 ₃ (sat), brine, water and finally dried over MgS0 ₄ After removal of the drying agent and solvent, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane 1/9) to yield the title compound (4.408 g) as an oil. ^J H NMR δ 7.1 ( , 3H), 2.62 (s, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 6H) .

ι 2 ,4-Dimethyl-4-(2 '-hydroxy-3'-methylphenyl)pentan-2-

2 o_l (Compound R ₁ )

3 To a solution of 2-oxo-4,4,8-trimethylchroman

4 (Compound P _x , 2.20 g, 11.5 mmol) in 40 ml of dry

5 ethyl ether was added methyl magnesium bromide e (12.67 ml, 38 mmol, 3 M solution in THF). The

7 reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for e 12 h, then quenched with NH ₄ C1 (sat.) until all

9 precipitate dissolved. The mixture was extracted o with diethyl ether and the combined organic layers i were separated and washed with brine, water and 2 dried over MgS0 ₄ . After filtration and removal of 3 the solvent, the title compound was obtained as a 4 tan solid (2.215 g) . 5 ^l H NMR δ 7.16 (d, J = 7.88 Hz, IH), 7.00 (d, J = 6.72 6 Hz, IH), 6.81 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, IH), 5.89 (b, IH), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 2H), 1.48 (s, 6H), 1.10 (s, 6H). 2. 2, 4, 4, 8-Pentamethyl-6-bromochroman (Compound Z ) 1 A solution of 2,4-dimethyl-4-(2'-hydroxy-3 '- methylphenyl )pentan-2-ol (Compound R _{l f} 2.215 g, 9.98 mmol) in 30 ml of 15% of H ₂ S0 ₄ was heated to 110 °C . After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic layer was washed with NaHC0 ₃ (sat.), brine and water. After filtration and removal of solvent, the residue was passed through a column (silica gel, pure hexane) to give the title compound as a clear oil (1.636 g) . This oil was then dissolved in 1.5 ml of HOAc, then Br ₂ (0.4113 ml, 7.98 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and to the residue was added ethyl acetate, and the resulting mixture was washed with NaHC0 ₃ (sat.), brine, water and dried over MgS0 ₄ .

ι After filtration and removal of solvent, the residue

2 was passed through a column (silica gel, pure

3 hexane) to give the title compound as a white solid

4 (2.227 g) .

5 H NMR δ 7.21 (s, IH), 7.06 (s, IH), 2.14 (s, 3H),

6 1.79 (s, 2H), 1.32 (S, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H).

7 2.2,4,4,8-Pentamethyl-6-chromanoic Acid (Compound A _x ) β To a solution of 2,2,4,4, 8-pentamethyl-6-bromo- 9 chroman (Compound Z) (1.2 g, 4.24 mmol) in 18 ml of o dry THF at -78 °C under argon gas was added slowly 1 5.48 ml of t-BuLi (1.7 M in hexane, 9.33 mmol). The 2 reaction mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 1 h. Then 3 C0 ₂ was bubbled through the solution for 1 h. After 4 removal of C0 ₂ stream, the reaction mixture was s stirred for an additional hour at -78 °C. Then 10% 6 of HCI was added. After warming up to room temperature, the reaction mixture was extracted with 8 ethyl acetate. The organic layer was further washed 9 with brine and dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ . After 0 concentration, the residue was purified by column 1 chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane 5/95) to yield 2 the title compound as a white solid (774 mg) . 3 *H NMR δ 7.96 (s, IH), 7.75 (s, IH), 2.23 (s, 3H), 4 1.88 (s, 2H), 1.39 (s, 6H). 5 8-Bromo-4,4-dimethyl-6-chromanoic Acid (Compound B _x ) 6 Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of 7 8-bromo-2,2,4,4-tetramethylchromanoic acid (Compound 8 P) but using 4,4-dimethylchromanoic acid (100 mg, 9 0.49 mmol), the title compound was obtained as a 0 white solid. 1 ^l E NMR δ 8.10 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.98 (d, J = 2.1 2 Hz, IH), 4.39 (t, J = 5.44 Hz, 2H), 1.89 (t, J = 5.4 3 Hz, IH), 1.38 (s, 6H). 4 Ethyl 2-Amino-1-bromo-5,5,8,8-tetrahydro- 5 5,5,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalene-3-carboxylate 6 (Compound D)

1 To a solution of ethyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-

2 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-aminonaphthalene-2-carboxylate

3 (Compound C, 58 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 2 ml of HOAc was

4 added Br ₂ (0.02 ml, 0.42 mmol). The orange solution

5 was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The

6 excess Br ₂ and HOAc were removed under reduced

7 pressure and the residue was passed through a column β (silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane 1/10) to yield the 9 title compound as a light-orange oil (59 mg, 79.5%). o ^X H NMR δ 7.90 (s, IH), 6.41 (b, 2H), 4.36 (q, J = 7.2 1 Hz, 2H), 1.70 (m, 4H), 1.58 (s, 6H), 1.40 (t, J = 2 7.2 Hz, 3H) , 1.28 (s, 6H) . 3 Ethyl 5,6.7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl 4 -4-bromonaphthalene-2-carboxylate (Compound E) 5 Ethyl 2-Amino-1-bromo-5,5,8,8-tetrahydro- 6 5,5,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalene-3-carboxylate 7 (Compound D, 59 mg, 0.17 mmol) was dissolved in 2 ml s of EtOH at 0°C. To this solution was added 1ml of 9 trifluoroacetic acid and 1 ml of isoamylnitrite. 0 The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 30 min i then H ₃ P0 ₂ (0.325 ml, 3.14 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 12 h. NaHC0 ₃ (sat.) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with 5 ethyl acetate, dried over MgS0 ₄ , filtered and concentrated to give an oil. The product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane 1/10) to give the title compound as a colorless oil. ^: H NMR δ 8.02 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.95 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, IH), 4.35 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.71 (m, 4H), 1.56 (s, 6H), 1.38 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.31 (s, 6H) . Ethyl 5.6.7.8-tetrahydro-5.5,8,8-tetramethyl-3- fluoronaphthalen-2-yl-carboxylate (Compound G) In an ice bath, ethyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-

ι 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-aminonaphthalene-2-carboxylate

2 (Compound C, 150 mg, 0.55 mmol) was added 0.24 ml of

3 HBF ₄ (48% solution in water), followed by a solution

4 of NaN0 ₂ (81 mg, 1.16 mmol) in 1 ml of water. The

5 slurry was left in a refrigerator for 3 days. The

6 reaction mixture was washed successively with ethyl

7 acetate until TLC showed no UV visible spot at the β baseline. The ethyl acetate layer was dried with

9 MgS0 ₄ and the solution was concentrated to an oil. o The oil was further dissolved in 1 ml of toluene and 1 the mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h. After 2 the reaction cooled to room temperature, solvent was 3 evaporated and the residue was passed through a 4 column (silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane 1/10) to s give the title compound as an oil. 6 ^l E NMR δ 7.85 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, IH), 7.04 (d, J = 12.3 7 Hz, IH), 4.38 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (s, 4H), 8 1.38 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.28 (s, 9 6H). 0 2-Bromo-3-hydroxy-5,5.8,8-tetrahydro-5,5.8,8-tetrame 1 thylnaphthalene (Compound I) 2 Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of 3 8-bromo-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-6-chromanoic acid 4 (Compound P) but using 2-hydroxy-5,5, 8,8-tetrahydro- 5 5,5,8,8-tetramethyltetralin (700 mg, 3.43 mmol) and 6 Br ₂ (0.177 ml, 3.43 mmol) in 1.5 ml of HOAc, the 7 title compound was obtained as a white solid (747 8 mg) . 9 ^X H NMR δ 7.36 (s, IH), 6.96 (s, 2H), 5.32 (b, IH), o 1.66 (s, 4H), 1.25 (s, 12H) . 1 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-methoxymet- 2 hoxy-2-bromonaphthalene (Compound J) 3 To a solution of 2-bromo-3-hydroxy-5,5,8,8-tet- 4 rahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethylnaphthalene (Compound I, 5 600 mg, 2.12 mmol) and catalytic amount of Bu ₄ NBr in 6 20 ml of dry CH ₂ C1 ₂ at 0 °C was added

diisoproylethylamine (1.138 ml, 12.75 mmol), followed by methoxymethyl chloride (0.484 ml, 6.39 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 45 °C for 12 h. The reaction mixture was washed with 10% of citric acid, then NaHC0 ₃ (sat.), brine and dried over MgS0 ₄ . After filtration and removal of the solvent, the residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane 1/9) to yield the title compound (722 mg) as a white solid. ^X H NMR δ 7.43 (s, IH), 7.06 (s, IH), 5.21 (s, 2H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 1.66 (s, 4H), 1.26 (s, 6H), 1.25 (s, 6H) . 3-Methoxymethoxy-5,5,8.8-tetramethyl-5.6,7.8-tetrah ydronaphthalen-2-yl carboxylic acid (Compound K) Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of 2,2,4,4,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanoic acid (Compound A _x ) but using 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8- tetramethyl-3-methoxymethoxy-2-bromonaphthalene (Compound J, 722 mg, 2.21 mmol) and 2.86 ml of t-BuLi (4.87 mmol, 1.7 M solution in hexane), the title compound was obtained as a white solid (143 mg) . ^X H NMR δ 8.12 (S, IH), 7.19 (s, IH), 5.40 (S, 2H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 1.70 (s, 4H), 1.30 (s, 12H) . Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4-T (5'.6'.7'.8'-tetrahvdro- 5 ' .5' .8' .8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2 '-y1)carbamoyl]be nzoate (Compound 1) To 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 2-naphthoic acid (46 mg, 0.2 mmol) was added 1 ml thionyl chloride. This mixture was refluxed for 2 h. Excess thionyl chloride was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 2 ml of CH ₂ C1 ₂ . To this solution was added ethyl 4-amino-2-fluorobenzoate ((Compound C _{l t} 37 mg, 0.2 mmol) followed by 0.5 ml of pyridine. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h and

ι was concentrated under reduced pressure. The

2 residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl

3 acetate/hexane 1/10) to give the title compound as

4 white solids.

5 ^l E NMR δ 8.06 (b, IH) , 7.93 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, IH), 7.85

6 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.78 (dd, J _x = 2.0 Hz, J ₂ = 12.9

7 Hz, IH), 7.55 (dd, Ji = 2.0 Hz, J ₂ = 8.2 Hz, IH), β 7.40 (d, J » 8.3 Hz, IH), 7.32 (dd, J _x = 2.02 Hz, J ₂

9 = 8.8 Hz, IH), 4.38 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.71 (s, o 4H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.30 (s, 1 6H). 2 Ethyl 4-T ( 3 '-fluoro-5' .6 ' .7 ' .8 '-tetrahydro- 3 5 ' .5' ,8' ,8'-tetramethylnaphthalen-2'-yl)carbamoyl1be 4 nzoate (Compound 3) s Ethyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 6 3-fluoronaphthalene-2-carboxylate (Compound G, 75 7 mg, 0.27 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 3 ml of s EtOH and 1 ml of NaOH ( 1 M in water). The reaction 9 mixture was left overnight at room temperature. The 0 reaction was neutralized with 5% of HCI. Water 1 (2ml) was added and the mixture was extracted with 2 ethyl acetate (3x3ml). The combined layers were 3 washed once with 3 ml of brine and dried over MgS0 ₄ . 4 After filtration, the clear organic solution was 5 concentrated to give 3-fluoro-5,5,8,8-tetrahydro- 6 5,5,8,8-methylnaphthalen-2-yl carboxylic acid. 7 Using the same procedure as for ethyl 8 2-fluoro-4-[ (5',6',7',8'-tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8 ' ,8 '-tetr 9 amethylnaphthalen-2 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound o 1), except using ethyl 4-amino benzoate (45 mg, 0.27 1 mmol), the carboxylic acid was converted to the 2 title compound (white solid). 3 *H NMR δ 8.66 (b, IH), 8.13 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, IH), 8.05 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.07 5 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, IH), 4.36 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.70 6 (s, 4H), 1.49 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1,32 (s, 6H),

1 1.30 (s, 6H).

2 Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4-r t5'.6'.7'.8'-tetrahvdro-4'-

3 bromo-5' .5' .8' .8'-tetramethylnaphthalen-2'-y1)carbarn A oy11benzoate (Compound 5)

5 Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of e ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[-5' ,6' ,7' ,8'-tetrahydro-

7 5',5',8',8'-tetramethylnaphthalen-2'-y1)carbamoyl]be

8 nzoate (Compound 1), but using 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-

9 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-4-bromonaphthalene-2-carboxylic o acid (Compound F), the title compound was obtained 1 as a white solid. 2 E NMR δ 8.30 (b, IH), 7.92 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, IH), 7.84 3 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.81 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.74 4 (dd, J _: = 2.1 Hz, J ₂ = 12.8 Hz, IH), 7.35 (dd, J _: = s 2.0 Hz, J ₂ = 8.4 Hz, IH), 4.36 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6 1.67 (m, 4H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 1.39 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 7 3H), 1.31 (s, 6H). s Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4-r (3'-methoxymethoxy-5 ' ,6' .7' ,8'- 9 tetrahydro-5' , 5' ,8' ,8'-tetramethyl- naphthalen-2 '-yl)carbamoyl benzoate (Compound K^) 1 Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (3'-methoxymethoxy-4 '-bromo- 5' ,6' ,7' ,8 '-tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8' ,8'-tetramethylnaphth alen-2'-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound S _Λ ), but using 3-methoxymethoxy-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl carboxylic acid (Compound K, 143 mg, 0.49 mmol) and 4-amino-2-fluorobenzoate (Compound C _lt 98.5 mg, 0.54 mmol), the title compound was obtained as a white solid. ^X H NMR δ 10.1 (b, IH), 8.20 (s, IH), 7.93 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, IH), 7.83 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, IH), 7.29 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, IH), 5.41 (s, 2H), 4.39 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 1.70 (s, 4H), 1.31 (s, 12H), 1.26 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H) . Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4- r ( 3 ' -hvdroxy-5 ' .6 ' .7 ' .8 ' -tetra-

ι hydro-5' .5' .8 ' , 8'-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl ) -

2 carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 7)

3 A solution of ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (3 '-methoxymet-

4 hoxy-5' ,6 ' ,7' ,8 '-tetrahydro-5' ,

5 5' ,8 ' ,8 '-tetramethyl-

6 naphthalen-2 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound K _lf

7 50.7 mg, 0.11 mmol) in 2 ml of CH ₂ C1 ₂ was added β thiophenol (0.061 ml, 0.55 mmol). The reaction

9 mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 5 min, then BF ₃ .Et ₂ 0 o (0.027 ml, 0.22 mmol) was added. The reaction 1 mixtrue was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h, then NaHC0 ₃ 2 (sat.) was added. The organic layer was separated, 3 and washed with brine, water and dried over MgS0 ₄ . 4 After filtration and removal of solvent, the residue s was passed through a column (silica gel, ethyl 6 acetate/hexane 1/3) to give the title compound as 7 white solid (44.2 mg) . 8 ^l E NMR δ 8.61 (b, IH), 7.94 (t, J = 8.42 Hz, IH), 9 7.71 (dd, J = 10.8, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.53 (s, IH) , 7.35 0 (dd, J = 6.4, 2.0 Hz, IH), 6.96 (s, IH), 4.39 (q, J 1 = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (s, 4H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 3H), 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.27 (s, 6H). 3 Ethyl 4 2-Fluoro-4-1 ^" (4 ' .4 '-dimethyl-8'-bromochroman-6'-yl)ca 5 rbamoy11benzoate (Compound 9) In a 10 ml of round 6 bottom flask, 4,4-dimethyl-8-bromo-6-chromanoic acid 7 (Compound B _lf 139 mg, 0.485 mmol) was added S0C1 ₂ (1 8 ml, large excess). The resulting solution was 9 heated at 90 °C for 2 h and let cooled to room 0 temperature. The excess of S0C1 ₂ was evaporated 1 under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved 2 in CH ₂ C1 ₂ (3 ml). Ethyl 4-amino-2-fluorobenzoate 3 (Compound C _lf 90 mg, 0.49 mmol) was added followed by 4 pyridine (0.5 ml, large excess). The reaction 5 mixture was stirred for overnight and then 6 concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified

by column chromatography with ethyl acetate/hexane (1/5) to yield the title compound as a white solid (190 mg) . ^l E NMR δ 7.95 (t, J = 8.31 Hz, IH), 7.88 (b, IH), 7.83 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.80 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.75 (dd, J = 12.89, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.30 (dd, J = 8.55, 2.0 Hz, IH), 4.37 (m, 5H), 1.89 (t, J = 5.49 Hz, 2H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.39 (s, 6H) . Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4- 1(2' .2* .4' .4'-tetramethyl-8 '-bromo- chroman-6'-yl)carbamoyl!benzoate (Compound 11) Using the same procedure as for ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (4 ' ,4'-dimethyl-8'-bromochroman-6 '-yl)ca rbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 9), but using 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-bromo-6-chromanoic acid (Compound P, 70 mg, 0.22 mmol) and ethyl 4-amino-2-fluorobenzoate (Compound C _x , 38 mg, 0.22 mmol), the title compound was obtained as a white solid (80 mg, 76%). ^X H NMR δ 8.25 (b, IH), 7.92 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, IH), 7.83 (s, 2H), 7.74 (dd, J _χ = 2.0, J ₂ = 13.0 Hz, IH), 7.34 (dd, J ₂ = 2.0, J ₂ = 8.7 Hz, IH), 4.37 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (s, 2H) , 1.41 (s, 6H), 1.39 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.37 (s, 6H) . Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4-r (2' .2' .4' .4'-tetramethyl-8 '-trifluoromet hylchroman-6'-yl)carbamoyl1 benzoate (Compound 13) Using the same procedure as for ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (4' ,4 '-dimethyl-8 '-bromochroman-6 '-yl)ca rbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 9), but using 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-trifluoromethyl-6-chromanoic acid (Compound S, 57 mg, 0.19 mmol) and ethyl 4-amino-2-fluorobenzoate (Compound C _lf 35 mg, 0.19 mmol), the title compound was obtained as white solids. *H NMR δ 8.06 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.99 (b, IH), 7.95 (t, J = 8.55 Hz, IH), 7.81 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.76

(dd, J = 12.8, 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.55, 1.9 Hz, IH), 4.37 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.93 (s, 2H), 1.41 (s, 12H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H) . Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4-T t2'.2'.4'.4'-tetramethyl-8 '-amino- chroman-6 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound N _x ) Using 8-nitro-2, 2, 4, 4-tetramethylchroman-6-carboxylic acid (Compound V) and following the same procedure as for the synthesis of ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (4' ,4 '-dimethyl-8'-bromochroman-6 '-yl)ca rbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 9), ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[2' ,2' ,4 ' ,4 '-tetramethyl-8 '-nitrochroman- 6 '-yl) ]carbamoylbenzoate was obtained as a white solid. This compound (50 mg, 0.12 mmol) was dissolved in 2 ml of methanol. A catalytic amount of Pd/C was added to the solution and the solution was maintained under H ₂ atmosphere (hydrogen balloon) for overnight. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the solvent was evaporated to give the title compound as a white solid. ^X H NMR δ 7.93 (t, J = 8.43 Hz, IH), 7.90 (b, IH), 7.73 (dd, J = 12.9, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.29 (dd, J = 8.43, 1.96 Hz, IH), 7.23 (d, J = 2.14 Hz, IH), 7.01 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 4.35 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (s, 2H), 1.39 (s, 6H), 1.38 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.37 ( s , 6H ) . Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4-rf2'.2',4',4'-tetramethyl-8 '-azido- chroman-6 '-y1)carbamoyl benzoate (Compound 15) To a solution of ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (2 ' ,2 ' ,4 ' ,4 '-tetramethyl-8 '-aminochroman -6 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound N _lf 32 mg, 0.077 mmol) in 3 ml of EtOH was added 0.5 ml of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and 0.5 ml of isoamylnitrite at 0°C. The reaction was stirred for 2 h when a solution of NaN ₃ (5 mg, ) in 0.2 ml of water was added. The reaction mixture was allowed

1 to warm to room temperature and stirred for

2 overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue

3 was purified by column chromatography ( silica gel,

4 ethyl acetate/ hexane 1/10) to give the title

5 compound as a colorless oil.

6 ^X H NMR δ 8.0 (b, IH), 7.94 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, IH), 7.73

7 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, IH), 7.64 (s, IH), 7.31 (dd, J = e 8.5, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.21 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, IH), 4.37 (q, _β J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.90 (s, 2H), 1.39 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, io 3H), 1.45 (s, 6H), 1.40 (s, 6H) .

11 Methyl 2,6-Difluoro-4-r ( 2 ' ,2' ,4' ,4 '-tetramethyl-

12 8'-trifluoromethylchroman-6 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate

13 (Compound 17) ι ₄ Using the same procedure as for ethyl

15 2-fluoro-4-[ (4 ' ,4'-dimethyl-8'-bromochroman-6 '-yl)ca

16 rbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 9), but using

17 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-trifluoromethylchromanoic acid

18 (Compound S, 11.2 mg, 0.037 mmol) and methyl

19 4-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoate (Compound K _{l f} 6.6 mg, 0 0.035 mmol), the title compound was obtained as 1 white crystals. 2 ^X H NMR δ 8.21 (b, IH), 8.05 (s, IH), 7.82 (s, IH), 3 7.36 (d, J = 10.20 Hz, IH), 3.93 (s, 3H), 1.92 (s, 4 2H), 1.40 (s, 12H). Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4-f ( 2 ' , 2', 4', 5 4 '-tetramethyl-8'-iodo- 6 chroman-6 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 19) 7 Using the same procedure as for ethyl 8 2-fluoro-4-[ (4 ' ,4'-dimethyl-8 '-bromochroman-6 '-yl)ca 9 rbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 9), but using 0 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-8-iodochromanoic acid (Compound 1 X, 81 mg, 0.25 mmol) and ethyl 2 4-amino-2-fluorobenzoate ((Compound C _{l f} 55 mg, 0.30 3 mmol), the title compound was obtained as a white 4 solid. 5 ^: H NMR δ 8.05 (b, IH), 8.01 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.94 6 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, IH), 7.86 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.75

1 (dd, J = 12.88, 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.1

2 Hz, IH), 4.37 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.89 (s, 2H),

3 1.42 (s, 6H), 1.38 (s, 6H).

4 Ethyl

5 2-Fluoro-4-r (2' .2'.4',4',8'-pentamethylchroman- e 6 '-yl)carbamoyl1benzoate (Compound 21)

7 Using the same procedure as for ethyl β 2-fluoro-4-[ (4' ,4 '-dimethyl-8 '-bromochroman-6'-yl)ca

9 rbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 9), but using o 2,2,4,4, 8-pentamethyl-6-chromanoic acid (Compound i A _ιr 92 mg, 0.37 mmol) and ethyl 2 4-amino-2-fluorobenzoate (Compound C _lf 75 mg, 0.41 3 mmol), the title compound was obtained as a white 4 solid ( 100 mg) . s ^α H NMR δ 8.31 (b, IH), 7.90 (t, J = 8.24 Hz, IH), 6 7.76 (dd, J = 14.29, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.74 (s, IH), 7.43 7 (s, IH), 7.35 (dd, J = 8.67, 1.7 Hz, IH), 4.32 (q, J 8 = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.84 (s, 2H), 1.38 (t, 9 J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H). 0 Ethyl 1 2-Fluoro-4-f (2' .2 ' .4 ' .4'-tetramethylthiochroman-6 '-y 2 Dcarbamoy11benzoate (Compound 23) 3 Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of 4 ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (4 ' ,4 '-dimethyl-8 '-broraochroman- 5 6 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 9) but using 6 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-6-thiochromanoic acid (15 mg, 7 0.06 mmol) and ethyl 2-fluoro-4-aminobenzoate 8 (Compound C _lf 11.2 mg, 0.06 mmol), the title compound 9 was obtained as colorless oil. o ^X E NMR δ 7.95 (m, 2H), 7.75 (d, J = 12.75 Hz, IH), 1 7.58 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, IH), 7.28 (dd, J 2 =10.6, 1.9 Hz, IH), 4.38 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.99 3 (s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 6H), 1.42 (s, 6H), 1.40 (t, J = 4 7.1 Hz, 3H) . 5 Ethyl 4-f t5' .6 ' .7' .8'-tetrahvdro-5' .5' .8 ' .8 '- 6 tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)thiocarbamoyl benzoate

(Compound 25) To a solution of ethyl 4-[(5',6',7',8'-tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8 ' , 8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2-yl)carbamoylJbenzoate (Compound ϊ ₁ , 61 mg, 0.16 mmol) in 2 ml of anhydrous benzene was added Lawesson's reagent (45 mg, 0.112 mmol). The resulting yellow solution was refluxed under N ₂ for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane 1/5) to give the title compound as a yellow solid (55 mg, 87%). ^X E NMR δ 9.04 (b, IH), 8.11 (d, J = 8.70 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (b, 2H), 7.75 (b, IH), 7.55 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.9 Hz, IH), 7.36 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, IH), 4.38 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.71 (S, 4H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (s, 12H). Ethyl 2-Fluoro-4- rt5'.6'.7'.8'-tetrahydro- 5 ' .5 ' .8 ' .8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2 '-yl)thiocarbamoy 11benzoate (Compound 27) Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of ethyl 4-[ (5 ' ,6 ' ,7 ' ,8'-tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8 ' ,8 '-tetrameth- yl-2-naphthalenyl)thiocarbamoylJbenzoate (Compound 25) but using ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (5',6',7',8'-tetrahydro-5' ,5' , 8 ' ,8 '-tetr amethylnaphthalen-2 '-yl)carbamoylJbenzoate (Compound 1, 167 mg, 0.42 mmol) in 8 ml of benzene and Lawensson's reagent (220 mg, 0.544 mmol), the title compound was obtained as a bright yellow solid (127.5 mg ) . *H NMR δ 9.30 (b, IH), 8.05 (b, IH), 7.95 (t, J = 8.37 Hz, IH), 7.77 (d, J = 1.89 Hz, IH), 7.53 (dd, J = 8.24, 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.49 (b, IH), 7.35 (d, J = 8.24 Hz, IH), 4.33 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, IH), 1.71. (s, 4H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.30 (s, 6H). 3-Hydroxy-5.5.8.8-tetramethyl-5.6.7.8-tetrahydronap

ι hthalen-2-yl carboxylic acid (Compound L)

2 To a solution of

3 2-bromo-3-methoxymethoxy-5,5,8,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-

4 tetramethylnaphthalene (Compound J, 722 mg, 2.2

5 mmol) in 10 ml of dry THF at -78°C under argon was e added slowly 2.86 ml of t-BuLi (1.7 M in hexane, 4.8

7 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at -78°C β for 1 h. Then C0 ₂ was bubbled through the solution

9 for 1 h. After removal of C0 ₂ stream, the reaction io mixture was stirred for an additional hour at -78°C.

11 Then 10% of HCI was added. After warming up to room

12 temperature, the reaction mixture was left overnight

13 then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic i4 layer was washed with brine and dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ . is After concentration, the residue was purified by

16 column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane 1/3) to

17 yield the title compound as a white solid.

18 ^X H NMR d 7.85 (s, IH), 6.93 (s, IH), 1.68 (s, 4H), 9 1.28 (s, 12H). 0 4-Bromo-3-hydroxy-5,5,8.8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrah 1 ydronaphthalen-2-yl carboxylic acid (Compound M) 2 3-Hydroxy-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7, 8-tetra-

23 hydronaphthalen-2-yl acid (Compound L, 155 mg, 0.62 4 mmol) was dissolved in 1 ml of HOAc. To this 5 solution was added Br ₂ (0.033 ml, 0.62 mmol). The 6 reaction mixture was left at room temperature for 7 over night. A stream of air was passed through the 8 reaction mixture to remove the unreacted Br ₂ . The 9 remaining solid was dissolved in small amount of THF

30 and purified by column chromatography (ethyl 1 acetate/hexane 1/1) to yield the desired product as 2 a cream colored solid. 3 ^X H NMR d 7.91 (s, IH), 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 2H), 1,62 (s, 6H), 1.30 (s, 6H). 5 4-Bromo-3-methoxymethoxy-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8 6 -tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl carboxylic acid (Compound

N) To a solution of 4-bromo-3-hydroxy-5,5,8,8-tetra- methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl acid (Compound M) , 233 mg, 0.71 mmol) in 6 ml of CH ₂ C1 ₂ was added chloro ethyl methyl ether (0.162 ml, 2.1 mmol), diisopropylethyl amine (0.764 ml, 4.2 mmol) and a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammouimn bromide. The reaction mixture was heated to 45 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography

(ethyl acetate/hexane 1/9) to yield the methoxymethyl ester of the title compound as a white solid (200 mg). This white solid was further dissolved in 20 ml of EtOH. An aqueous solution of NaOH (0.5 ml, IM) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for over night. The EtOH was removed and the residue was added 2 ml of ethyl acetate and 3 ml of water. This mixture was very slowly acidified with 10% HCI to PH = 7. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ . After filtration of the drying agent and removal of solvent, the reaction yielded the title compound as a white solid (155 mg). ^l E NMR d 7.99 (s, IH), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.67 ( , 2H) , 1.60 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H) . Ethyl 2-fluoro-4-r (3'-methoxymethoxy-4'-bromo-5' .6 ' ,7' ,8'- tetrahydro-5 ' .5' .8 ' ,8'-tetramethylnaphtha- len-2'-y1)carbamoyl1benzoate (Compound S _x ) To a solution of 4-bromo-3-methoxymethoxy-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8 -tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl acid (Compound N, 80 mg, 0.22 mmol) in 4 ml of CH ₂ C1 ₂ was added DMAP (60 mg, 0.26 mmol), ethyl 2-fluoro-4-aminobenzoate (Compound C _x , 43 mg, 0.24 mmol) and EDC (50 mg, 0.26 mmol).

The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight and then concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane 1/3) to yield the title compound as a clear oil (45 mg) . ^X H NMR d 9.92 (b, IH), 8.10 (s, IH), 7.94 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, IH), 7.81 (dd, J = 12.9; 1.9 Hz, IH), 7.35 (dd, J = 8.5; 1.8 Hz, IH) , 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.39 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 2H), 1.60 (s, 6H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (s, 6H). Methyl 2.6-Difluoro-4-f (3'-methoxymethoxy-4 '-bromo- 5' .6 ' .7 ' ,8 '-tetrahvdro-5' ,5' .8 ' .8 '-tetramethylnaphth alen-2 '-yl)carbamoylJbenzoate (Compound M _x ) Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of compound ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (3 '-methoxymethoxy-4 '- bromo-5' , 6 ' ,7 ' ,8'-tetrahydro-5' ,5 ' ,8 ' ,8 '-tetramethyl naphthalen-2'-yl)carbamoylJbenzoate (Compound S _x ) but using 4-bromo-3-methoxymethoxy-5,5,8,8-tetramethy1- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl acid (Compound N, 80 mg, 0.22 mmol), DMAP (60 mg, 0.26 mmol), methyl 2,6-difluoro-4-aminobenzoate (Compound H _1# 52 mg, 0.24 mmol) and EDC (50 mg, 0.26 mmol), the title compound was obtained as a clear oil. ^: H NMR d 10.01 (b, IH), 8.11 (s, IH), 7.42 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 2H), 5.2 (s, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 3H) , 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.61 (s, 6H), 1.35 ( s , 6H) . General procedure for the syntheses of benzoic acid derivatives by hydrolyzing the corresponding methyl or ethyl esters. To a solution of ester (3.0 mmol) in 20 ml of EtOH was added 5 ml of 1 N NaOH in water. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight and neutralized with 10% HCI to PH=5. The alcohol was removed by evaporation and the aqueous

layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x1Oml). The combined ethyl acetate layers were washed with NaHC0 ₃ (sat.), brine and dried over MgS0 ₄ . After concentration, the desired acid was obtained which could be recrystallized in ethyl acetate or in acetonitrile. 2-Fluoro-4-f(5',6',7',8'-tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8 ' ,8'-tetr amethylnaphthalen-2 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoic Acid (Compound 2) ^α H NMR δ (acetone-D ₆ ) 9.86 (b, IH), 7.95 (m, 3H), 7.75 (dd, J = 7.9, 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.62 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.6 Hz, IH), 7.50 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, IH), 1.73 (ε, 4H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.30 (s, 6H). 4-r (3 '-Fluoro-5' ,6' ,7 ' ,8'-tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8 ' ,8 '-tet ramethylnaphthalen-2 '-y1)carbamoyl1benzoic Acid (Compound 4) *H NMR δ (acetone-D ⁶ ) 9.50 (b, IH), 8.04 (b, 2H), 7.90 (b, 2H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.81 Hz, IH), 7.19 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, IH), 1.72 (s, 4H), 1.30 (s, 12H). 2-Fluoro-4-r 4'-bromo-5' ,6 ' ,7' ,8'-tetrahydro-5' .5' ,8 ' ,8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2'-y1)carbamoylJbenzoic Acid (Compound 6) ^l E NMR δ (acetone-D ₆ ) 9.97 (b, IH), 8.04 (d, J = 1.89 Hz, IH), 8.01 (d, J = 1.90 Hz, IH), 7.95 (t, J = 8.55 Hz, IH), 7.90 (dd, J = 12.28, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.59 (dd, J = 8.67, 1.50 Hz, IH) , 1.76 (m, 4H), 1.58 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H). 2-Fluoro-4-r (3 '-hydroxy-5' .6 ' .7 ' .8'-tetrahvdro-5 ' .5' ,8' ,8'-tetramethylnaphthalen-2'-yl)carbamoyl1benzoic Acid (Compound 8) ^X H NMR (acetone-D ₆ ) δ 11.3 (b, IH), 10.2 (b, IH), 7.94 (m. 2H), 7.85 (dd, J = 11.4, 1.95 Hz, IH) , 7.53 (dd, J = 6.59, 2.08 Hz, IH), 6.94 (s, IH), 2.85 (b, IH), 1.70 (s, 4H), 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.28 (s, 12H). 2-Fluoro-4-f (8'-bromo-4' .4 '-dimethylchroman-6 '-vDca rbamoylJbenzoic Acid (Compound 10)

1 ^X NMR (acetone-d ₆ ) δ 9.87 (b, IH), 8.04 (d, J = 2.1

2 Hz, IH), 8.03 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.94 (t, J = 8.66

3 Hz, IH), 7.91 (dd, J = 13.8, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.57 (dd,

4 J = 8.6, 2.0 Hz, IH), 4.37 (t, J = 5.44 Hz, 2H),

5 1.92 (t, J = 5.44 Hz, 2H), 1.40 (s, 6H) . e 2-Fluoro-4-f ( 2 ' .2'.4'.4'-tetramethyl-8'-bromochroman

7 - 6'-yl)carbamoyl1benzoic Acid (Compound 12) β *H NMR δ (acetone-d ₆ ) 9.87 (b, IH), 8.06 (d, J = 2.2

9 Hz, IH), 8.04 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.94 (t, J = 8.54 io Hz, IH), 7.91 (dd, J = 14.0, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.59 (dd,

11 J = 8.5, 2.3 Hz, IH), 1.96 (s, 2H), 1.42 (s, 6H),

12 1.41 (s, 6H).

13 2-Fluoro-4-r (2 ' .2 ' ,4 ' .4 '-tetramethyl-8 '-trifluoro- ι methylchroman-6 '-yl)carbamoylJ benzoic Acid

15 (Compound 14)

16 ^X H NMR (acetone-d ₆ ) δ 10.02 (b, IH), 8.31 (s, IH),

17 8.09 (s, IH), 7.92 (m, 2H), 7.56 (d, J = 7.69 Hz, is IH), 2.00 (s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 6H), 1.41 (s, 6H).

19 2-Fluoro-4-[ (2 ' .2 ' .4 ' ,4 '-tetramethyl-8 '-azidochroman 0 - 6 '-yl)carbamoyl1benzoic Acid (Compound 16) 1 ^X H NMR δ 8.03 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, IH), 7.87 (b, IH), 7.79 2 (dd, J = 13, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.64 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 3 7.32 (dd, J = 8.66, 1.9 Hz, IH), 7.22 (d, J = 2.1

24 Hz, IH), 1.91 (s, 2H), 1.45 (s, 6H), 1.41 (s, 6H). 5 2, 6-Difluoro-4-r (2' ,2' ,4' ,4 '-tetramethyl-8 '- 6 trifluoromethylchroman-6 '-ypcarbamoy11benzoic acid 7 (Compound 18) 8 ^X H NMR (acetone-d ₆ ) δ 8.30 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, IH), 8.06

29 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.59 (d, J = 10.32 Hz, 2H), so 1.954 (S, 2H), 1.44 (s, 6H), 1.41 (s, 6H). 1 2-Fluoro-4-[ (2 ' . 2 ' ,4' ,4 '-tetramethyl-8 '-iodochroman- 2 6 '-yl)carbamoyl1benzoic Acid (Compound 20) 3 ^X E NMR δ (acetone-d ₆ ) 10.0 (b, IH), 8.24 (s, IH), 4 8.07 (s, IH), 7.94 (m, 2H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.67 Hz, 5 IH), 1.95 (s, 2H), 1.41 (s, 12H) . 6 2-Fluoro-4-f ( 2 ' . 2 ' .4'.4' .8'-pentamethylchroman-6 '-yl

1 )carbamoyl1benzoic Acid (Compound 22)

2 ^X H NMR δ (acetone-d ₆ ) 9.77 (b, IH) , 7.90 (m, 3H),

3 7.65 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.56 (dd, J = 8.61, 2.0

4 Hz, IH), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 2H), 1.38 (s, 6H),

5 1.37 (S, 6H).

6 2-Fluoro-4-r (2' .2' .4' .4 '-tetramethylthiochroman-6'-v

7 1)carbamoyl]benzoic acid (Compound 24) β ^y E NMR δ 7.95 (m, 2H), 7.75 (d, J = 12.75 Hz, IH) , 9 7.58 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, IH) , 7.28 (dd, J o = 10.6, 1.9 Hz, IH), 1.99 (s, 2H) , 1.44 (s, 6H), 1 1.42 (s, 6H). 2 4-f (5' .6 ' .7' .8 '-tetrahydro-5' .5 ' .8 ' .8 '-tetramethylna 3 phthalen-2 '-yl)thiocarbamoy11benzoic Acid (Compound 4 26) 5 *H NMR δ 9.08 (b, IH), 8.17 (d, J = 8.61, 2H), 7.95 6 (b, 2H), 7.77 (b, IH), 7.57 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.1 Hz, 7 IH), 7.37 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, IH), 1.72 (s, 4H), 1.32 8 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H). 9 2-Fluoro-4-r (5' . 6', 7'. 8 '-tetrahvdro-5' , 5'. 8'. 8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2 '-y1)thiocarbamoy1]benzoic 1 Acid (Compound 28) ^l E NMR δ (acetone-d ₆ ) 11.1 (b, IH), 8.27 (b, J = 13.2 Hz, IH), 8.02 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, IH), 7.89 (s, IH) , 7.86 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, IH), 7.62 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, IH), 7.41 (d, J = 8.37 Hz, IH), 1.72 (s, 4H) , 1.30 (s, 12H) . 2-Fluoro-4-f ( 3 '-hydroxy-4 '-bromo-5 ' . 6', 7' , 8'-tet- rahydro-5'. 5'. 8'. 8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2'-y1)carbamoyl1benzoic Acid (Compound 34)

A solution of ethyl 2-fluoro-4-[ (3'-methoxymet-hoxy-4 '-bromo-5 ' ,6 ' ,7 ' ,8 ' -tetrahydro-5' ,5' ,8' ,8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2'-yl) carbamoylJbenzoate (Compound S _lf 45 mg, 0.084 mmol) in 1 ml of EtOH was added 1 ml of aqueous solution of NaOH (IM). The reaction mixture was stirred at

ι room temperature for overnight and acidified to PH =

2 1 with 10% HCI. EtOH was removed and ethyl acetate

3 and more water were added to the solution. The

4 organic layer was separated and washed with NaHC0 ₃ ,

5 brine and dried over MgS0 ₄ . After filtration and

6 concentration, the reaction yielded

7 2-fluoro-4-[ (3'-methoxymethoxy-4 '-bromo-5' , 6', 7', β 8'-tetrahydro-5' , 5', 8',

9 8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoic o acid as a white solid. The methoxymethyl group was i removed by dissolving the white solid in 2 ml of 2 MeOH and 3 drops of HCI (con.). After stirring for s overnight, the reaction mixture was concentrated to 4 dryness. The residue was partitioned between ethyl s acetate and water. The organic layer was separated, 6 washed with NaHC0 ₃ , brine and dried over MgS0 ₄ . 7 After filtration and concentration, the residual 8 solid was purified in a mini (pipette) column with 9 ethyl acetate /hexane (1/1) to give the title 0 compound as a white solid (5.0 mg) . 1 *H NMR d (acetone-d ⁶ ) 10.19 (b, IH), 8.01 (s, IH), 2 7.96 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, IH), 7.76 (dd, J = 11.2; 2.0 3 Hz, IH), 7.54 (dd, J = 8.8; 2.0 Hz, IH), 1.75 (m, 4 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.61 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H). 5 2 ,6-Difluoro-4-f (3'-hvdroxy-4 '-bromo-5' , 6', 7', 6 8'-tetrahvdro-5' , 5', 8', 7 8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2 '-y1)carbamoyl]benzoic 8 Acid (Compound 36) 9 Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of 0 2-fluoro-4-[ (3 '-hydroxy-4'-bromo-5' , 6', 7', 8'-tet- 1 rahydro-5', 5', 8', 2 8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2 '-y1)carbamoyl]benzoic 3 acid (Compound 34) the title compound was obtained as a white solid. 5 ^X H NMR d(acetone-d ⁶ ) 10.23 (b, IH), 8.01 (s, IH), 6 7.52 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 2H), 4.8 (b, IH), 1.75 (m.

1 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.60 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H).

2 2.6-Difluoro-4-r (5' . 6'. 7'. 8'-tetrahvdro-5' . 5'.

3 8 ' . 8'-tetramethylnaphthalen-2 '-yl)carbamoyl1benzoic

4 Acid (Compound 38)

5 To 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-

6 naphthoic acid (43 mg, 0.19 mmol) was added 1 ml of

7 thionyl chloride. This mixture was refluxed for 2 β h. Excess thionyl chloride was removed under

9 reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 2 o ml of CH ₂ C1 ₂ . To this solution was added methyl i 4-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoate (Compound H _lf 7 mg, 0.2 2 mmol) followed by 0.5 ml of pyridine. The reaction 3 mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h and 4 was concentrated under reduced pressure. The 5 residue was purified by column chromatography (ethyl 6 acetate/hexane 1/5) to give the methyl ester of the 7 desired product as a colorless oil. 8 ^l E NMR d 8.11 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, IH) , 8.05 (b, IH), 7.86 9 (dd, J = 6.2, 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.41 (m, 3H), 3.93 (s, 0 3H), 1.69 (s, 4H), 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.28 (s, 6H). This 1 colorless oil was hydrolyzed to the desired product with NaOH/H ₂ 0/EtOH according to the general 3 procedure. *H NMR d (acetone-d ⁶ ) 9.74 (b, IH) , 7.95 (s, IH), 5 7.70 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, IH), 7.43 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 3H), 6 1.71 (s, 4H), 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.28 (s, 6H). 7 Methyl 8 2-nitro-4-f (4 '-bromo-5' .6' .7 ' .8'-tetrahydro-5' .5' .8 ^• 9 .8 '-tetramethylnaphthalen-2 '-yl)carbamoyl]benzoate (Compound 29) 1 Using the same procedure as for the synthesis of Compound 1, but using Compound F and Compound F _lf the desired product was obtained as a white solid. ^X H NMR δ 9.24 (b, IH), 9.23 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, IH), 7.92 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.4, Hz, IH), 7.87 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.84 (d, 3 = 2.1 Hz, IH), 7.80 (d, J = 8.7 Hz,

IH), 3.91 (s, 3H), 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H). 2-Nitro-4-r (4'-bromo-5' .6 ' .7 ' .8'-tetrahvdro-5' .5' .8 ' , 8' ,-tetramethylnaphthalen-2'-yl)carbamoyl1benzoic acid (Compound 30) ^l E NMR δ (acetone-d ⁶ ) : 10.16 (b, IH), 8.42 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, IH), 8.09 (dd, J = 8.6; 2.1 Hz, IH), 8.06 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 8.04 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.93 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, IH), 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H).