1.1 Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the field of pharmacology. More particularly, it concerns novel anabaseine related compounds and methods of using these compounds for treating conditions associated with defects or malfunctioning of nicotinic subtype brain receptors.

1.2 Description of the Related Art There are many nicotinic receptor subtypes found in brain. Nicotine is a drug that can apparently activate all of these receptor subtypes, as can the endogenous transmitter acetylcholine. Nicotine itself has both positive and negative attributes in humans, depending on the receptor subpopulation involved. The quantitatively two predominant receptor subtypes in brain are alpha7 and alpha4beta2.

A variety of molecular, biochemical and physiological studies demonstrate the presence of multiple nicotinic receptor subunits in brain and other tissues. One of the predominant nicotinic receptor subtypes in the brain contains the a7-subunit, especially in telencephalic regions such as hippocampus and neocortex. These receptors function as homo-oligomers when expressed in oocytes, where they demonstrate characteristic high affinity binding to a-bungarotoxin, high calcium- permeability, and rapid desensitization. Recent studies with selective a7 agonists suggest that these receptors are involved in memory related behaviors as well as in the maintenance of intracellular calcium-homeostasis.

The best studied selective a7 agonist is GTS-21, (E-3-[2,4-dimethoxy- benzylidene] anabaseine, also referred to as DMXB). GTS-21 enhances performance in several spatial and non-spatial memory-related paradigms in rats and rabbits. It also exerts neuroprotective activity against trophic factor deprivation in PC 12 cells (Martin, et al. 1994), NMDA-receptor activation in primary neuronal cultures, (Shimohama, et al., 1996), and fimbria transections in vivo. Despite these behavioral and neuroprotective actions of GTS-21, however, it is only a modestly efficacious partial agonist at a7 receptors, with about 20% of the activity of ACh itself.

A fully efficacious and potent a7 agonist has been described, the 3- cinnamylidene substituted anabaseine, DMAC or E,E-3-(4- dimethylaminocinnamylidene) anabaseine. This compound also has memory- enhancing activity in rodents, but no neuroprotective activity has not been documented. DMAC also possesses the unusual property of inducing a long term inhibition of a7 receptors following activation. While the biological significance of this inhibitory activity is not presently known, it might be expected to interfere with long term actions of the compound dependent on receptor activation such as neuroprotection.

With respect to structure activity differences between GTS-21 and DMAC, it is not known to what extent either the full agonist efficacy or the pronounced antagonist activity of the latter compound derives from its cinnamylidene-anabaseine structure or from other substituent differences.

1.2.1 Nicotine and Smoking Nicotine is both the reinforcing and addictive agent present in tobacco smoke.

In smoking addiction, all N-acetylcholine receptor subtypes are potentially activated by nicotine, including those not directly involved in producing reinforcement.

Currently available replacement therapies such as nicotine-containing gums and patches, also activate all receptor subtypes. While nicotine gum and patches block some withdrawal symptoms, they also produce reinforcement. While difficult to quantify, the level of reinforcement produced by nicotine gum and patches does not appear as great as that produced by smoking, thought to be because gum and patches

are not as effective as cigarettes at delivering nicotine to produce reinforcement. (de Fiebre, et al.; Collins, et al.) Hence, abuse of gum or patches does not appear 6 be a major problem when these products are used in smoking cessation programs.

However, the rate of recidivism following the use of gum or patches remains almost as high as when no replacement therapy is provided. Although gum and patches attenuate withdrawal symptoms, their suboptimal reinforcing properties may prolong craving in recovering smokers and contributes to the high rate of smoking recidivism following their use.

Substances which inhibit the activation of nicotine receptors mediating the psychological reward/addiction properties of tobacco, administered by smoking or orally as a powder (called "snuff'), provide the ultimate therapy for acquiring a state of tobacco abstinence. This has not previously been achieved because known nicotine receptor antagonists (examples: mecamylamine, tubocurarine) are not selective for these particular nicotine receptors. Such antagonists act upon the autonomic nervous system, and at the neuromuscular synapse, causing a variety of toxic side effects, including autonomic block (causing a variety of changes including hypotension) and neuromuscular block (causing respiratory depression).

1.2.2 Ethanol and nicotine It is well documented that smoking and drinking are positively correlated to the extent that those who smoke usually also drink and vice versa. It has been shown that ethanol can increase smoking behavior (Burton and Tiffany, 1997). Studies in rats have shown that nicotine administration can increase ethanol consumption (Blomquist, et al., 1996). Other studies have shown that cross-tolerance develops between ethanol and nicotine (Collins, et al., 1996) and that sensitivity to ethanol and nicotine are genetically correlated (de Fiebre, et al., 1992). This has suggested that ethanol and nicotine may share a common site(s) of action at one or more nicotinic receptor subtypes. Recent studies have determined that apparently the alpha7 nicotinic receptor subtype is affected by ethanol (Yu, et al., 1996).

It has been speculated that activation of brain alpha7 receptors may be implicated in the propagation of certain types of seizures (e.g., nicotine-inSuced seizures, (Marks et al., 1989).

1.2.3 Ischemia Ischemia and resulting glutamate-release are a principle cause of neuronal loss in strokes, drownings and other insults to the brain. Glutamate is recognized as the principle excitotoxin responsible for much of the cell death following ischemic attack.

Nicotinic receptors have been well characterized at the neuromuscular junction as well as in electric organs of species such as Torpedo californica, where they form pentemetic transmembrane rings of four subunits termed a, , 6 and 7 (Deneris, et al., 1991). Less is known about brain nicotinic receptors, however, with ligand-binding, electrophysiological, and molecular biological techniques demonstrating multiple receptor subtypes with new properties and functions (Martin, etal., 1994; Wright, etal., 1993). At least 6 a subunits (a2-a7, a9 in mammals; a8 in chicks), 3 Q subunits ( 2- 4), but no y or 6 subunits have been cloned in brain. The a7 subunit, which forms apparent functional homooligomeric receptors (Koike, et al., 1989), is the predominant nicotinic receptor subtype in brain based on quantitative binding studies (Couturier, et al., 1990). Its density in hippocampus and neocortex along with the memory-enhancing actions of selective a7 nicotinic agonists such as 3-(2,4- dimethoxy-benzylidene) anabaseine (DMXB) (Pugh, et al., 1994), indicate a significant role for a7 receptors in learning and memory. In addition, these receptors <BR> <BR> <BR> <BR> are highly permeable to " Ca and rapidly desensitize after activation (Alkondon, et al., 1994; Koike, et al., 1989). These channel properties suggest a modulatory function with respect to neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis that may account for their reported involvement in synapse formation and neuronal viability. Selective a7 activation has been found to protect neurons against NGF-deprivation in vitro as well as neuronal degeneration following axotomy in vivo. More recently, a mutated a7 receptor that is incapable of desensitizing has been associated with neurotoxicity in the C. elegans (Treinin and Chalfie, 1995).

1.2.4 Age Related Learning and Memory Loss The loss of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease and~ other neuropathological disorders (e.g., pugilistic dementia; alcohol-induced dementia) is believed to underlie at least some of the memory-deficits observed in these diseases.

The loss of these cholinergic neurons in animal models can be prevented using neurotrophic factors, particularly nerve growth factor ("NGF"). NGF has accordingly been developed as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease. However, NGF does not cross the blood brain barrier, limiting its usefulness for treating brain-disorders.

2.0 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention concerns two classes of compounds, novel cinnamylidene-anabaseines and benzylidene-anabaseines, that target the alpha7 receptor subtype with little or no activation of the alpha4beta2 or other subtypes. A variety of animal and human studies show that these compounds will be useful in therapies and treatments that target these receptors, including methods that reduce the side effects associated with tobacco withdrawal; have an anti-alcohol action; have anti-stroke actions, without having the side effects associated with the less specific receptor agonists; and reduce the effects of age related learning and memory impairment.

The present invention thus addresses many problems associated with defects in or malfunctioning of brain nicotinic receptor subtypes by providing compositions that target the alpha7 nicotinic receptor subtype with little or no activation of the alpha4beta2 or other receptor subtypes.

An aspect of the present invention encompasses novel compositions of matter comprising a compound of the formula:

or a salt thereof, wherein R1, R6, and R7 are hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; and R2 is =CHCH=CHX, wherein X is wherein R3, R4, and R5 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cl-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, C1-C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, carboalkoxy having 1 to 4 carbons in the alkoxy (such as acetoxy), amino, amido having 1 to 4 carbons in the acyl (such as acetylamino), cyano, N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, halo, hydroxyl, and nitro. However, Rl, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are not all hydrogen, and if Rl, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are all hydrogen, then R3 is not 4-N,N-dialkyl amino.

In preferred embodiments R2 is attached to the 3-position of the tetrahydropyridine ring. In other preferred embodiments R3, which may preferably be attached to the 4- or the 2-position of the phenyl ring, is selected from the group consisting of amino, hydroxyl, chloro, cyano, dimethylamino, methyl, methoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, acetylamino, acetoxy, and nitro, with hydroxyl, acetylamino, acetoxy, and methoxy being particularly preferred groups. It

may also be desirable for Rl and R4 to be hydrogen, where R3 is attached to the 2- position of the phenyl ring and is an amino, hydroxyl, chloro, cyano, dimethylamino, methyl, methoxy, acetylamino, acetoxy, or nitro group, and R5, which is attached to the 4-position of the phenyl ring, is methoxy or hydroxyl. Other preferred compositions include such compositions where Rl, R4, and R5 are hydrogen.

The present invention further encompasses novel cinnamylidene-anabaseines.

As used herein, the term "cinnamylidene-anabaseines" refers to compounds containing both cinnamylidene and anabaseine groups, such as the cinnamylidene compounds in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. Thus, some preferred cinnamylidene- anabaseines encompassed by this invention include, but are not limited to, 3-(4- acetylaminocinnamylidene) anabaseine, 3 -(4-hydroxycinnamylidene) anabaseine, 3- (4-methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4-hydroxy-2- methoxycinnamylidene)anabaseine, 3 -(2 ,4-dimethoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine, and 3-(4-acetoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine.

An important aspect of the present invention encompasses a method of moderating or preventing tobacco-withdrawal effects in a mammal, preferably a human, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1, R6, and R7 are hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; and R2 is =CHX, =CCH3X, or =CHCH=CHX, wherein X is

wherein R3, R4, and R5 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cl-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, C1-C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, carboalkoxy having 1 to 4 carbons in the alkoxy, amino, amido having 1 to 4 carbons in the acyl, cyano, N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, halo, hydroxyl, and nitro, but wherein the compound is not 3-[2,4-dimethoxy-benzylidene] anabaseine.

Preferably, R2 is attached to the 3-position of the tetrahydropyridine ring and R3, which is preferably attached to the 4-position of the phenyl ring, is selected from the group consisting of amino, hydroxyl, chloro, cyano, dimethylamino, methyl, methoxy, isopropoxy, and nitro, with hydroxyl, isopropoxy, amino, acetylamino, acetoxy, and methoxy being particularly preferred. Another preferred embodiment is this method employing the compound such that R1 and R5 are both hydrogen, R3 is methoxy, and R4 is hydroxyl or methoxy. It may be desirable to have R3 and R4 attached to either the 4-or 2- position of the phenyl ring. Another example of a preferred compound employed in the methods described in this invention is wherein R1 is hydrogen, R3, R4 and R5 are all methoxy or wherein R3 is 4-dimethylamino, and R4 and R5 are both hydrogen.

Thus, the present invention encompasses a method of treating tobacco- withdrawal symptoms comprising administering to an animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a benzylidene-anabaseine or a cinnamylidene- anabaseine capable of selectively activating alpha7 receptors, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

As used herein the term "benzylidene-anabaseines" refers to compounds containing both benzylidene and anabaseine groups. Thus, benzylidene-anabaseines that may be used in practicing the methods of the present invention include, but are

not limited to, 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4-hydroxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3 -(4-methoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3 -(4-aminobenzylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3-(2-hydroxy-4- methoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4-isopropoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, and (7'- methyl-3-(2, ,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)).

Examples of benzylidene-anabaseine or a cinnamylidene-anabaseine capable of selectively activating alpha7 receptors include, but are not limited to, 3-(2,4- dimethoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4-hydroxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4- methoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3 -(4-aminobenzylidene) anabaseine, 3 -(4-hydroxy- 2-methoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4-isopropoxybenzylidene) anabaseine, (7'-methyl-3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)) anabaseine, 3 -(4-acetylaminocinnamylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4-hydroxycinnamylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4-methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine, 3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxy- cinnamylidene) anabaseine, 3-(2,4-dimethoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine, and 3-(4- acetoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine.

As used herein "capable of selectively activating alpha7 receptors" means compounds that activate nicotinic alpha7 receptors without appreciably activating other receptor subtypes such as alpha4beta2 receptors.

Another aspect of this invention comprises a method of stimulating brain alpha7 receptors antagonized by ethanol in a mammal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1, R6, and R7 are hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; and R2 is =CHX, =CCH3X, or =CHCH=CHX, wherein X is wherein R3, R4, and Rs are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cl-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, C1-C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, carboalkoxy having 1 to 4 carbons in the alkoxy, amino, amido having 1 to 4 carbons in the acyl, cyano, N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, halo, hydroxyl, and nitro, wherein the compound is not 3-[2, 4-dimethoxy-benzylidene] anabaseine.

The present invention also encompasses a method of protecting against cell loss induced by ischemia in a mammal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1, R6, and R7 are hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; and R2 is =CHX, =CCH3X, or =CHCH=CHX, wherein X is

wherein R3, R4, and R5 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cl-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, Cl-C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, carboalkoxy having 1 to 4 carbons in the alkoxy, amino, amido having 1 to 4 carbons in the acyl, cyano, N,N-dialkylamino having 1 to 4 carbons in each of the alkyls, halo, hydroxyl, and nitro, wherein the compound is not 3-[2,4-dimethoxy-benzylidene] anabaseine. The cell loss may be caused by a stroke or by glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Thus, this invention includes a method of protecting against cell loss induced by ischemia comprising administering to an animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a benzylidene-anabaseine or a cinnamylidene-anabaseine capable of selectively activating alpha7 receptors, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The invention also encompasses a method of prophylaxis against cell loss from focal ischemic insult, comprising administering to a mammal an amount of an alpha7 nicotinic agonist before occurrence of ischemia in an amount effective to protect against the cell loss. Preferred alpha7 nicotinic agonists comprise a benzylidene-anabaseine or a cinnamylidene-anabaseine.

Further embodiments of the invention also comprise a method of treating age related learning or memory impairment comprising administering to an animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a cinnamylidene-anabaseine, wherein the cinnamylidene-anabaseine is not 3-cinnamylidene anabaseine or 3-(4- dialkylaminocinnamylidene) anabaseine.

3.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.

FIG. 1. Shows 3-(2,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene) anabaseine (also known as "DMXB" or "GTS-21"), a model for benzylidene-anabaseines with alpha7

selective nicotinic agonist activity. Other 3 -(benzylidene)anabaseines are art identical except for different substituents on the benzylidene moiety.

FIG. 2. Shows the effect of cinnamylidene-anabaseines on passive avoidance behavior in rats that received bilateral nucleus basalis lesions. The unlesioned control valve was 247 W 35 Sec mean i. (A) is 3-cinnamylidene anabaseine; (B) is 3-(methoxy cinnamylidene) anabaseine; (C) is 3-(4-methoxy- cinnamylidene) anabaseine. Dosages are IP in mg/kg where I is O, # is 0.1; is 0.2; is 1.0 and is 3.0 mg/kg. * indicates that p < 0.05 compared to saline control one way ANOVA. All values are mean + SEM (n= 4-6/group).

FIG. 3. Shows the effects of cerebral ischemia (stroke) on brain cell death, and the ability of the benzylidene-anabaseine alpha7 nicotinic agonist to protect against this cell death. Rats received a 30 min ischemia attack through tying of their common carotid; the amount of cell death (proportional to Infarct Size) was determined 24 h later. Some animals received the benzylidene-anabaseine compound DMXB (1 mg/kg IP, salt weight) 1 h before ligation, or the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (0.5 mg/kg IP), or both mecamylamine and DMXB, or DMXB 5 min after the ligation. Only DMXB alone, given before ligation, protected against cell loss (*p<0.05 compared to saline injected controls; one way ANOVA, n = 4-5/group).

FIG. 4. Shows the effects of 100 mM ethanol on the responsiveness of n-acetylcholine receptor subtypes to an EC50 concentration of nicotine.

FIG. 5. Shows the inhibition of nicotine self-administration in rats by the injection of DMXB (GTS-21), as compared to injection of the control of saline.

FIG. 6A. Effects of DMXB on EAA-induced cytotoxicity in cultured neocortical neurons. No treatment.

FIG. 6B. As in FIG. 6A, cells incubated with 1 mM glutamate for 10 min, and then after washout glutamate for 1 h.

FIG. 6C. As in FIG. 6A, cells exposed to 10 HM DMXB for 24 h prior to glutamate treatment.

FIG. 6D. As in FIG. 6A, cells exposed to co-application of 10 ptM DMXB and 1 nM a-bungarotoxin prior to glutamate treatment. Scale bar, 50 clam.

FIG. 6E. Inhibition of neurotoxicity by DMXB pretreatment. After 24 h exposure to DMXB, 1 mM EAA was added for 10 min or 1 h followed by EAA-free medium for 1 h, or not, respectively. % of control is the ratio of viable cells with EAA exposure to those without.

FIG. 6F. DMXB or MK 801 (10 ptM each, was applied simultaneously with 1 mM glutamate for 10 min. * and &num refer top < 0.05 from glutamate or NMDA alone, respectively. Values reflect mean + SEM (n=5).

FIG. 7. Effects of cholinergic antagonists on DMXB-induced protection from glutamate cytotoxicity. Each antagonist was added to medium containing 1 pM DMXB or 10 uM nicotine for 24 h. HEX, 1 uM hexamethonium.

MEC, 1 pM mecamylamine. MLA, 10 nM methyllycaconitine. BTX, 1 nM (alpha)- bungarotoxin. ATR, 1 ptM atropine. * and It denote p < 0.05 compared to DMXB or nicotine alone, respectively (n=5).

FIG. 8A. Effects of DMXB on infarct size following focal ischemic insult. Coronal section 5 mm posterior to frontal pole, where infarct size was maximal. Shaded region is from typical stained saline-injected animal with 28% infarct (mean value). Bottom: Coronal section, same coordinates, of DMXB-treated animal with 19% infarct (mean value).

FIG. 8B. Effects of DMXB on infarct size following focal ischemic insult. Infarct sizes as fraction of total coronal area at 5 mm posterior to frontarpole.

Drugs were injected 24 h before ischemia. MEC: 0.5 mg/kg IP mecamylamine; DMXB: 1 mg/kg IP. Right panel.' DMXB injected during ischemia, *p < 0.05- compared to saline injected; one way ANOVA)(n=6-8) FIG. 9. Comparison of cinnamylidine structures with a benzylidene (GTS-21).

FIG. 10. Effects of mecamylamine on DMXB-induced improvement in passive avoidance behavior. Adult Sprague Dawley albino rats were bilaterally nucleus basalis-lesioned and tested for passive avoidance behavior 1 month later as described in the text. Latencies for training and testing intervals were determined 15 min after IP injection of saline vehicle, 0.5 mg/kg DMXB, 0.2 mg/kg mecamylamine (MEC) or both drugs, and described as mean i SEM of 5 animals/group. *p < 0.05 compared to saline injected group, one way ANOVA.

FIG. 11. Effects of DMXB on training in the Morris water task in bilaterally nucleus basalis lesioned rats. Animals that were lesioned or sham-operated began training one month later as described in the text. Saline diluent, 0.5 mg/kg DMXB, 0.2 mg/kg mecamylamine (MEC), or both drugs were injected IP 15 min prior to the first trial each day in the lesioned and unlesioned groups. Values are the mean times necessary to find the target (maximum: 60 sec) (N = 5). Intergroup comparisons are described in Table 1.

FIG. 12. Effects of DMXB on trial performance in the Morris water task in bilaterally nucleus basalis lesioned rats. Animals were lesioned, trained and injected as described in FIG. 3. The fraction of time spent in the target quadrant during the 60 sec trial interval on day 4 was determined for each group, and expressed as the mean i SEM of 5 animals/group. *p < 0.05 compared to lesioned group injected with saline (one way ANOVA).

FIG. 13A. Effects of chronic injections of DMXB or nicotine oh high affinity [3H]ACh or [l25I] a-bungarotoxin (BTX) binding in rat neocortices. Adult male rats were injected with saline vehicle, 1 mg/kg DMXB or 0.2 mg/kg nicotine (NIC) (IP) daily for 2 weeks. At that time, neocortices were removed and assayed for high affinity [3H]ACh or ['25I]a-bungarotoxin binding as described in the text. Each value is the mean + SEM of 4 animals/group; *p < 0.05 compared to saline injected control value (one way ANOVA). Responses of rat a7 AChR to 3-CA, 2-MeOCA and 4-MeOCA. Concentration-response relationships for the peak agonist activated currents of oocytes injected with RNA coding for the rat a7 subunit. All responses were initially measured relative to the individual oocyte-response to 500 pM ACh, applied 5 min prior to drug-application. Responses were normalized relative to the maximum response obtainable with ACh so that a response of 1 represents full efficacy. The ratio of 500 pLM ACh control response to ACh maximum was taken from Papke et al., 1997.

FIG. 13B. Effects of chronic injections of DMXB or nicotine on high affinity [3HjACh or ['25I]a-bungarotoxin (BTX) binding in rat neocortices. Adult male rats were injected with saline vehicle, 1 mg/kg DMXB or 0.2 mg/kg nicotine (NIC) (IP) daily for 2 weeks. At that time, neocortices were removed and assayed for high affinity [3H]ACh or [l25I] a-bungarotoxin binding as described in the text. Each value is the mean i SEM of 4 animals/group; *p < 0.05 compared to saline injected control value (one way ANOVA). Responses of rat a7 AChR to 3-CA, 2-MeOCA and 4-MeOCA. Residual inhibition of control (500 M) ACh responses of rat a7 injected oocytes after the application of 3-CA, 2-MeOCA or 4-MeOCA at specified concentrations. All responses are expressed relative to the oocyte-response to 500 pM ACh applied 5 min prior to the experimental agonist application.

FIG. 14A. Responses of a4 2 AChR to 3-CA, 2-MeOCA or 4-MeOCA.

Concentration-response relationships for the peak agonist activated currents of oocytes injected with RNA coding for rat a4 2 subunits. Responses are first

expressed relative to the response to 10 pLM ACh, applied 5 min before drug- application, then normalized to the maximum response obtainable with ACh sdthat a response of 1 represents full efficacy. The ratio between 10 uM ACh and maximum ACh response was determined in separate studies.

FIG. 14B. Responses of a4 2 AChR to 3-CA, 2-MeOCA or 4-MeOCA.

Residual inhibition of control (10 pM) ACh responses of rat a4 2 injected oocytes after the application of 3-CA, 2-MeOCA or 4-MeOCA at the specified concentration.

Responses are expressed relative to the individual oocyte-response to 10 uM ACh, applied 5 min prior to experimental agonist application.

FIG. 15. Effects of choline on neurite-viability in differentiated PC12 cells under NGF-deprivation. PC 12 cells that had differentiated for 1 week and then deprived of NGF + serum were exposed for 4 days to serum-free medium with or without 100 ng/ml NGF, the specified choline concentration + 10 ul mecamylamine.

The fraction of PC 12 cells expressing neurites at that time was quantified and expressed as the mean + SEM of 3-4 plates/group, * p < 0.05 compared to untreated cells (one way ANOVA).

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS The selective activation of alpha7, as opposed to alpha4beta2, nicotinic receptors, by benzylidene- and cinnamylidene-anabaseines as illustrated in the specific examples, has led to the development of several potential therapeutic uses in a variety of conditions associated with effects on alpha7 nicotinic receptors. Thus the benzylidine and cinnamylidine-anabaseines are useful in alleviating symptoms associated with tobacco withdrawal and alcohol consumption, protection from ischemia and stroke, and treatment of age related learning and memory impairment.

Nicotinic alpha7 receptor activation is one component of the effects of tobacco/nicotine that make it difficult to withdraw. The selective targeting of nicotinic receptor subtypes, such as the alpha7 subtype, in tobacco cessation therapy is expected to provide therapies which block withdrawal symptoms without producing

direct reinforcement. Such treatments may prove to be more effective than therapies with nicotine-containing gum or patches because craving may not be prolonged in recovering smokers.

There is no evidence that alpha7 receptors induce nicotine craving in rat or other species. Alpha-bungarotoxin does not appear to block the reinforcing action of nicotine, so this action is apparently not alpha7 mediated. Therefore, the anabaseines of the present invention, by virtue of their ability to activate alpha7 receptors selectively (Table 1), are expected to reduce withdrawal symptoms without reinforcing the addictive behavior.

Moreover, the alpha4beta2 antagonist properties of these agents is expected to permit them to interfere with any addictive actions mediated by these receptors.

Nicotine is highly potent at alpha4beta2 receptors, and these receptors normally upregulate with chronic nicotine exposure typical of addiction (Rowell and Li, 1997).

Since benzylidene- and cinnamylidene-anabaseines stimulate a sub-group of the nicotine receptors activated by the nicotine itself, these compounds should prevent side-effects associated with tobacco withdrawal, without exhibiting the same pattern of addictive properties elicited by nicotine. The ability of the anabaseine and cinnamylidene-anabaseines herein disclosed to block alpha4beta2 receptors are expected to counteract the up-regulation of these receptors observed with chronic administration. This combination of alpha7 agonist and alpha4beta2 antagonist activity has a potentially a useful profile for helping patients to withdraw while not exerting reinforcing actions or withdrawal symptoms.

3-(2,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine ("DMXB" or "GTS-21") While ethanol exerts many actions on a variety of brain proteins, the brain proteins activated by benzylidene- and cinnamylidene-anabaseines, such as nicotinic alpha7 receptors, are rendered hypofunctional by ethanol, placing them as prime sites for treating alcohol-induced intoxication and recovery from side effects associated with alcohol withdrawal. Anabaseines, such as DMXB, thus are expected to counteract the inhibitory activity of ethanol at these receptors, thereby attenuating ethanol's intoxicating properties.

A screening of different nicotinic receptor subtypes indicated that alpha7 nicotinic receptors were sensitive to antagonism by ethanol while other receptor types were not affected (FIG. 4). Activity at alpha7 receptors are therefore implicated in the intoxicating properties of ethanol, so that selective activation of alpha7 receptors is expected to be useful for preventing at least some of the effects of acute alcohol intoxication. Benzylidene- and cinnamylidene-anabaseines will be useful as a sober-up pill, as a therapy for withdrawal symptoms in alcoholics, and as a potential anti-intoxication medication.

Glutamate-release prompted by ischemia is a principle cause of neuronal loss in strokes. Glutamate is known to be a principle excitotoxin responsible for much of

the cell death following ischemic attack Shimohama et al. (1994) demonstrated that nicotinic agonists may protect against glutamate-induced toxicity in brain neurons in vitro. The inventors reasoned that benzylidene- and cinnamylidene-anabaseine compounds might protect against cell death associated with ischemic attacks or stroke, as well as against glutamate-induced toxicities in brain..

In studies with anabaseine compounds, the inventors demonstrated that such an effect is observed in vivo with a model alpha7 nicotinic agonist the prototypical benzylidene-anabaseine agent DMXB. The data show that DMXB protects against infarcts caused by cerebral ischemia in animals. Animals injected with 1 mg/kg DMXB 1 h prior to focal ischemic insult did not have as much cell loss, as measured by infarct area, as did saline injected controls. Data suggested that the action was mediated by nicotinic receptors as indicated by the blocking action of mecamylamine injected with the DMXB (FIG. 3). These studies indicate that benzylidene- and cinnamylidene-anabaseines may be used prophylactically to prevent the damage observed in strokes and transient ischemic attacks, as well as other likely diseases associated with glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.

3-Cinnamylidene-anabaseine compounds were synthesized and found to exert activities on brain cells derived from their selective action on alpha7 nicotinic receptors that give them the following properties: 1) improvement in learning and memory related behaviors in animals otherwise rendered hypofunctional; 2) protection against brain cell death in several models relevant to Alzheimer's disease and stroke; 3) the ability to prevent ethanol induced intoxication mediated through nicotinic receptors, as well as reduced withdrawal symptoms associated with ethanol withdrawal; and 4) the ability to prevent withdrawal symptoms associated with tobacco withdrawal.

4.1 Pharmaceutical Compositions The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or with an assimilable edible carrier, or they may be enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsule, or they may be compressed into tablets, or they may be incorporated directly with the food of the diet. For oral therapeutic

administration, the active compounds may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tables, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. Such compositions and preparations should contain at least 0. 1 % of active compound. The percentage of the compositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 to about 60% of the weight of the unit. The amount of active compounds in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.

The tablets, troches, pills, capsules and the like may also contain the following: a binder, as gum tragacanth, acacia, cornstarch, or gelatin; excipients, such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent, such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant, such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent, such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin may be added or a flavoring agent, such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring. When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier.

Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with shellac, sugar or both. A syrup of elixir may contain the active compounds sucrose as a sweetening agent methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring, such as cherry or orange flavor. Of course, any material used in preparing any dosage unit form should be pharmaceutically pure and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed. In addition, the active compounds may be incorporated into sustained-release preparation and formulations.

The active compounds may also be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally. Solutions of the active compounds as free base or pharmacologically acceptable salts can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.

The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of

sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.

Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile- filtered solution thereof.

As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the

therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.

For oral prophylaxis the active compositions may be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of non-ingestible mouthwashes and dentifrices. A mouthwash may be prepared incorporating the active ingredient in the required amount in an appropriate solvent, such as a sodium borate solution (Dobell's Solution). Alternatively, the active ingredient may be incorporated into an antiseptic wash containing sodium borate, glycerin and potassium bicarbonate. The active ingredient may also be dispersed in dentifrices, including: gels, pastes, powders and slurries. The active ingredient may be added in a therapeutically effective amount to a paste dentifrice that may include water, binders, abrasives, flavoring agents, foaming agents, and humectants.

The phrase "pharmaceutically-acceptable" refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction when administered to a human. The preparation of an aqueous composition that contains an active ingredient is well understood in the art. Typically, such compositions are prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to injection can also be prepared. The preparation can also be emulsified.

The composition can be formulated in a neutral or salt form.

Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, include the acid addition salts and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine and the like.

Upon formulation, solutions will be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation and in such amount as is therapeutically effective. The formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms such as injectable solutions, drug release capsules and the like.

For parenteral administration in an aqueous solution, for example, the solution should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose. These particular aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration. In this connection, sterile aqueous media which can be employed will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. For example, one dosage could be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion, (see for example, "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" 15th Edition, pages 1035-1038 and 1570-1580). Some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition of the subject being treated. The person responsible for administration will, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject. Moreover, for human administration, preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologics standards.

The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

5.0 EXAMPLES 5.1 Example 1-- Receptor Binding Properties of Benzylidene-anabaseines Benzylidene-anabaseine compounds (See FIG. 1) displaced high affinity alpha- bungarotoxin binding from rat brain membranes with higher affinity than nicotine dies (Table 1). The ability of benzylidene-anabaseines to act as agonists at alpha7 receptors but not at alpha4beta2 receptors was also demonstrated in oocytes.

Each benzylidene-anabaseine activated alpha7 receptors compared to the endogenous transmitter acetylcholine (Table 1). In contrast, none of these agents elicited significant activation of alpha4beta2 receptors (Table 1). These agents also antagonized the alpha7 receptor and alpha4beta2 receptor, the former observation occurring after receptor-activation. Blockade of the alpha4beta2 receptor though observed at higher concentrations than alpha7 activation, may be important for therapeutic activity as well.

TABLE 1<BR> Effects of Different 3-Benzylidene-Anabaseine Compounds<BR> on Alpha7 and Alpha4beta2 Receptor Activation<BR> Compound alpha7 binding1 alpha7 activation2 alpha4beta2 activation3<BR> DMXB 52 0.2 <0.01<BR> 3-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)anabaseine 69 0.31 0.02<BR> 3-(4-methoxybenzylidene)anabaseine 0.07 0.05<BR> 3-(4-aminobenzylidene)anabaseine (GTS-13) 93 0.72 0.05<BR> 3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzylidene)anabaseine 84 0.41 0.04<BR> 3-(4-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene) anabaseine 45 0.29 0.01<BR> 7'-methyl-DMXB 0.32 0.02<BR> 1% Inhibition of high affinity alpha-bungarotoxin binding (1 nM) at a concentration of 1 #M.<BR> <P>2Response to rat alpha7 receptor activation in Xenopus oocytes at 20 #M of the drug, normalized to 500 #M acetylcholine<BR> (maximum response).<BR> <P>3Response to rat alpha4beta2 receptor activation in Xenopus oocytes at maximal concentration of drug, compared to maximal<BR> acetylcholine concentration.

5.2 Example 2-- Preparation of 3-(4-isopropoxybenzylidene)anabaseine dihydrochloride ("GTS-85") A mixture of 4-isopropoxybenzaldehyde (197 mg, 1.2 mmol), anabaseine (233 mg, 1 mmol), 4 drops of concentrated HC 1 and 25 ml of absolute ethanol was refluxed for 6 h. A yellow precipitate was obtained on adding 40 ml of ethyl acetate. The product was washed with ethyl acetate to remove the unreacted 4- isopropoxybenzaldehyde. Recrystallization from hot ethanol-ethyl acetate gave the 3- (4-isopropoxybenzylidene) anabaseine dihydrochloride (310 mg, 68% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): 8.9l(H2,, doublet, J= 3.84 Hz), 8.81(H6,, doublet, J= 0.93 Hz), 8.17(H4,, doublet, J= 7.29 Hz), 7.77(H5,, doublet, J= 5.5 Hz), 7.64(H9, 13, doublet, J= 8.8 Hz), 7.19(H7, singlet), 7.09(H10,12, doublet, J= 8.61 Hz), 4.00 (isopropoxy-C2, triplet, J= 8.3 Hz), 3.80(H6, triplet, J= 5.64 Hz), 2.96 (H4, triplet, J= 12.03 Hz), 2.07(H5, triplet. J= 9.4 Hz), 1.45(propoxy-C2,3, doublet, J= 12.52 Hz).

3-(4-isopropoxybenzylidene)anabaseine dihydrochloride ("GTS-85")

5.3 Example 3--Preparation of New Cinnamylidene Derivatives of Anabaseine Preparation of trans-3-(4-Acetoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine Dihydrobromide by Condensation of trans-4-Acetoaxycinnamaldehyde with Anabaseine Dihydro- bromide.

5.3.1 trans-4-Acetoxycinnamic Acid A mixture of 3.28g (20 mmol) of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid in 10 mL of dry pyridine and 5 ml (53 mmol) of acetic acid anhydride was heated at reflux for 20 min. The yellow solution was poured onto ice/2N HC1 (50/50) and stirred for 10 min. The resultant solid was filtered, washed with water and dried in air. Recrystallization of the crude material from acetone gave 2.14 g (10.4 mmol, 51%), of a white solid having a melting point of 210"C.

5.3.2 trans-4-Acetoxycinnamic Acid Chloride To 4-acetoxycinnamic acid (2.00 g, 10.5 mmol) suspended in 40 mL of benzene and 2.00 g (16.8 mmol) of thionyl chloride was added 10 drops of N,N-dimethylformamide. After the suspension was heated at reflux for 2 h, the yellow solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resultant greenish solid was taken up in benzene. The solution was filtered to remove insoluble material.

Removal of the solvent and drying in vacuo gave 2.00 g (8.89 mmol, 85%) of the off-white acid chloride that was used in the next step without further purification.

5.3.3 trans-4-Acetoxycinnamaldehyde To a stirred solution of 2.00 g (9.62 mmol) of 4-acetoxycinnamic acid chloride in 20 mL of dry THF at -65"C was added 10 mL of lithium tri-t-butoxyaluminohydride (1N in THF) over a period 15 min. After the addition was complete, the heterologous reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at this temperature.

The cooling bath was then removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature to give a clear yellow solution. The reaction was quenched by

adding 50 mL of 1 N HCl and 60 mL of ether. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether (30 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with water (50 mL) and an aqueous solution of saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and then dried over Na2SO4. Removal of the solvent gave 1.43 g of a greenish oil, which was purified by chromatography on silica using hexanes/ethyl acetate (70/30) to give 910 mg (4.79 mmol, 50%) of the off-white 4-acetoxycinnamaldehyde, having a melting point of 77-80"C. The compound was dissolved in dichloromethane before it was applied to the column. Also collected was 460 mg of a yellowish byproduct, that was identified by 'H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) as the corresponding alcohol.

5.3.4 Condensation of trans-4-Acetoxycinnamaldeyde with Anabaseine Anabaseine dihydrobromide monohydrate (100 mg, 0.294 mmol) and 200 mg (1.05 mmol) of 4-acetoxycinnamaldehyde were dissolved in 5 mL of acetic acid containing 5 drop of acetic acid anhydride. The mixture was heated to 700C in a sealed tube for 24 h and the resultant yellow solid was isolated by filtration, washed with ether and dried in vacuo at 1000C. 'H NMR revealed the presence of a small amount of aldehyde; therefore, the material was heated at reflux in acetic acid containing several drops of acetic acid anhydride. Drying in vacuo at 1000C gave 86 mg (0.17 mmol, 59%) of an orange solid, having a melting point of >220°C.

Elemental analysis for C21H22Br2N2O2. Calculated: C, 51.04, H, 4.49, N, 5.67.

Found: C, 50.97; H, 4.06; N, 5.21. 'H NMR (DMSO-d6): 6 8.93 (1H, doublet, J=4 Hz), 8.84 (1H, singlet), 8.13 (1H, doublet, J=8 Hz), 7.74 (3H, multiplet), 7.50 (1H, multiplet), 7.33 (1H, doublet, J=1 1 Hz), 7.20 (2H, doublet, J=8 Hz), 7.00 (1H, doublet, J=11 Hz), 5.29 (broad), 3.80 (2H, triplet, J=6 Hz), 2.95 (2H, triplet, J=6 Hz), 2.28 (3H, singlet), 2.08 (2H, multiplet).

trans-3-(4-Acetoxycinnamylidene)anabaseine 5.4 Example 4--Preparation of trans-3-(4-Hydroxycinnamylidene)anabaseine Dihydrobromide Monohydrate by Condensation of trans 4-Hydroxy- cinnamaldehyde with Anabaseine.

5.4.1 trans-4-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde To an ice-water cooled solution of trans-4-acetoxycinnamaldehyde (1.10 g, 5.78 mmol) in 25 mL of chloroform was added 250 mg of sodium metal dissolved in 5 mL of methanol. The yellow mixture was allowed to stand for 30 min at room temperature. 50 mL of 1 N H2SO4 was added to the reaction mixture and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with chloroform (5 x 30 mL) and the combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4. The solvent was then removed and the greenish solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate (40 mL), mixed with 5 g of silica and evaporated to dryness. The adsorbed material then was dissolved in solvent, applied to a silica column preconditioned with a mixture of ethyl acetate to hexanes (3 to 7), and eluted with mixtures of ethyl acetate and hexanes (30 % increasing to 50% of ethyl acetate) to yield 710 mg (4.80 mmol, 82%) of a slightly yellow solid, melting point 135-137"C.

5.4.2 Condensation of trans-4-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde with Anabaseine Anabaseine dihydrobromide monohydrate (100 mg, 0.294 mmol) and 100 mg (0.65 mmol) of 4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde dissolved in 5 mL of acetic acid was heated to 700C in a sealed tube for 24 h. After the liquid was removed from the dark red crystals with a pasteur pipette, 3 mL of acetic acid was added and the solution was treated with ultrasound. The solid was filtered, washed with ether and dried in vacuo at 100°C to yield 132 mg (0.280 mmol, 96%) of a dark red crystalline solid, having a melting point of >220°C. Elemental analysis for C19H20Br2N2O.H2O. Calculated: C, 48.53; H, 4.72; N, 5.96. Found: C, 48.90; H, 4.40; N, 5.94. 'H NMR (DMSO-d6): 6 8.92 (1H, doublet, J=5 Hz), 8.83 (1H, singlet), 8.11 (1H, doublet, J=7 Hz), 7.75 (1H, doublet of doublets, J=5 Hz and 7.5 Hz), 7.59 (2H, doublet, J=8 Hz) 7.29 (2H, multiplet), 6.98 (1H, doublet, J=10 Hz), 6.82, (2H, doublet, J=8 Hz), 5.9 (broad), 3.77 (2H, multiplet), 2.90 (2H, multiplet), 2.05 (2H, multiplet). trans-3-(4-Hydroxycinnamylidene)anabaseine

5.5 Example 5--Preparation of trans-3-(4-Acetylaminocinnamylidene)- anabaseine by Condensation of trans-4-Acetylaminocinnamaldehyde with Anabaseine Dihydrobromide.

5.5.1 trans-4-Acetylaminocinnamaldehyde A solution of 0.8 mL (0.63 g, 14 mmol) of acetaldehyde in 40 mL of ethanol was added dropwise over 25 min to an ice-cold solution of 2.0 g (12 mmol) of 4-acetylaminobenzaldehyde in 60 mL of ethanolic KOH (2%). Stirring was continued at this temperature for 3 h. The mixture was then neutralized with concentrated HCl and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica with an elution solvent of 1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane. The recovered material was recrystallized from toluene to give 325 mg (1.72 mmol, 12%) of a yellow solid, melting range 167-173 0C. The 1H NMR spectrum showed the presence of an impurity (15%), probably the corresponding cis- isomer.

5.5.2 Condensation of trans-4-acetylaminocinnamaldehyde with Anabaseine Anabaseine dihydrobromide monohydrate (100 mg, 0.294 mmol) and 100 mg (0.53 mmol) of 4-acetylaminocinnamaldehyde dissolved in 5 mL of acetic acid containing 5 drops of acetic acid anhydride was heated to 700C in a sealed tube for 24 h. The black reaction mixture was diluted with 20 mL of ether. The precipitate was isolated by centrifugation and washed with acetic acid (5 mL) and ether (3 x 10 mL). The reddish solid was dissolved in 30 mL of H2O, made basic using 20 mL of 10% aqueous Na2CO3 and extracted with dichloromethane (4 x 25 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over Na2 CO3 and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The yellow oil (about 150 mg) was purified by chromatography on activity II alumina using freshly distilled acetone. Activity II alumina was made from 20 g of basic alumina (activity 1) by treating it with 0.8 mL of H2O; the suspension was shaken for 10 min and allowed to stand in a closed container for 30 min prior to use.

The yellow fractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow-orange oil, which crystallized on stirring in ether. The base was isolated by filtration and dried at 1000C in vacuo to give 66 mg (0.20 mmol, 67%) of an orange solid having an uncorrected melting point of 199-202. Elemental analysis for C21H21N30 1/4 H20.

Calculated: C, 75.08; H, 6.45; N, 12.51. Found: C, 75.51; H, 6.43; N, 12.29. 'H NMR (CDCl3): 6 8.69 (1H, singlet), 8.63 (1H, doublet, J=4 Hz), 7.78 (1H, doublet, J=8 Hz), 7.51 (2H, multiplet), 7.34 (3H, multiplet), 7.01 (1H doublet of doublet, J=11 Hz and 15 Hz), 6.56 (1H, J=15 Hz), 6.33 (1H, J=11 Hz), 3.87 (2H, triplet, J=5 Hz), 2.75 (2H, triplet, J=5 Hz), 2.18 (3H, singlet), 1.89 (2H, multiplet). trans-3-(4-Acetylaminocinnamylidene)anabaseine 5.6 Example 6--Preparation of trans-3-(Cinnamylidene) anabaseine Dihydrochloride To a solution of anabaseine dihydrochloride (180 mg, 0.770 mmol), trans- cinnamaldehyde (0.25 mL, 1.9 mmol) and ethanol (20 mL) was added aqueous concentrated HC1 (8 drops). The solution was heated at reflux for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and then diethyl ether was added dropwise until no more precipitate appeared (ca. 10-20 mL). The product was filtered off to give after drying 200 mg of a fine yellow powder which was recrystallized by dissolving it in warm isopropyl alcohol and precipitating it with ether. The result was 180 mg of a yellow solid (melting point 210-213°C, decomposed, 68% yield). 'H NMR (DMSO-d6): 6

8.93 (H6', 1H, doublet, J=5 Hz), 8.86 (H2', 1H, singlet), 8.17 (H4', 1H, doublet, J=9 Hz,), 7.77 (H5', 1H doublet of doublets), 7.70 (H2, H6, 2H, multiplet), 7.52 (hop, 1H, doublet of doublets, J=13 Hz and J=17 Hz), 7.40 (H3, H4, H5, 3H, multiplet), 7.29 (Ha, 1H, doublet, J=17 Hz), 6.98 (Hy, 1H, doublet, J=12 Hz), 5.4 (N-H, 2H, broad), 3.78 (CH2, 2H, multiplet), 2.93 (CH2, 2H, multiplet), 2.04 ppm (CH2, 2H, multiplet).

Elemental analysis for C19H20N2Cl2. Calculated: C, 65.70; H, 5.80; N, 8.07. Found: C, 65.69, H, 5.85, N, 7.98. trans-3-(Cinnamylidene)anabaseine 5.7 Example 7--Preparation of trans-3-(2-Methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine Dihydrochloride.

To a solution of anabaseine dihydrochloride (200 mg, 0.86 mmol), trans- 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (348 mg, 2.10 mmol) and 20 mL of ethanol was added concentrated HCl (8 drops). The solution was heated at reflux for 4 h while stirring.

The reaction mixture was then cooled to OOC and the product was precipitated with diethyl ether (ca. 10-20 mL). The product was collected by filtration to give 220 mg of a yellow solid. The solid was recrystallized by dissolving it in warm isopropyl alcohol and precipitating it with diethyl ether to yield 200 mg of an orange solid (melting point 212-213"C, decomposed, 62% yield). A portion was converted to the

free base by using saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and extracting the product into ethyl acetate; a yellow solid then was collected. 'H NMR of the free base (CDCl3): 6 8.63 (H2', 1H, doublet, J=2 Hz), 8.57 (H6', 1H, doublet of doublets, J=2 Hz and 6 Hz), 7.70 (H4', 1H, doublet of triplets, J=2 Hz, 2 Hz and 9 Hz), 7.42 (H6, 1H, doublet of doublets, J=2 Hz and 8 Hz), 7.27 (H5', 1H, doublet of doublets, J=2 Hz, 6 Hz and 9 Hz), 7.17 (H4, 1H, doublet of triplets, J=2 Hz, 8 Hz and 8 Hz), 7.05 (H , 1H, doublet of doublet, J=12 Hz and 17 Hz), 6.90 (Hα, 1H, doublet, J=17 Hz), 6.85 (H5, 1H, triplet, J=8 Hz and 8 Hz), 6.78 (H3, 1H, doublet, J=8 Hz), 6.32 (Hy, 1H, doublet, J=12 Hz), 3.80 (CH2, 2H, multiplet), 3.78 (CH3O, 3H, singlet), 2.68 (CH2, 2H, multiplet), 1.80 ppm (CH2, 2H, multiplet). Elemental analysis for C20H22N2Cl2O H2O.

Calculated: C, 60.76, H, 6.12, N, 7.08. Found: C, 60.54, H, 6.03, N, 6.76. trans-3-(2-Methoxycinnamylidene)anabaseine 5.8 Example 8--Preparation of trans-3-(4-Methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine Dihydrochloride.

To a solution of anabaseine dihydrochloride (400 mg, 1.70 mmol) and trans- 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (696 mg, 4.30 mmol) in 20 mL of ethanol was added concentrated HCl (16 drops). The solution was heated at reflux for 4 h while stirring.

The reaction mixture was cooled to OOC and the product was precipitated with diethyl

ether (ca. 20-40 mL). The product was collected by filtration to give 410 mg of a yellow solid. The solid was recrystallized by dissolving it in warm isopropyl alcohol and precipitating it with diethyl ether to yield 350 mg of an orange solid (melting point 217-219"C, decomposed, 54% yield). 'H NMR (dihydrochloride, DMSO-d6): 6 8.98 (H6', 1H, doublet, J=6 Hz), 8.94 (H2', 1H, singlet), 8.32 (H4', 1H, doublet, J=9 Hz), 8.78 (H5', 1H, doublet of doublets, J=9 Hz and 6 Hz), 7.66 (H2, H6, 2H, doublet, J=10 Hz), 7.38 (hop, 1H, doublet of doublets, J=17 Hz and 12 Hz), 7.24 (Ha, 1H, doublet, J=17 Hz), 6.95 (H3, H5 and Hy, 3H, multiplet), 5.9 (N-H, 2H, broad), 3.76 (CH3, 3H, singlet), 3.74 (CH2, 2H, multiplet), 2.89 (CH2, 2H, multiplet), 2.04 ppm (CH2, 2H, multiplet). Elemental analysis for C20H22N2OC12. Calculated: C, 63.67; H, 5.88; N, 7.43. Found: C, 63.32; H, 5.87; N, 7.32. trans-3-(4-Methoxycinnamylidene)anabaseine 5.9 Example 9--Preparation of trans-3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine dihydrochloride ("GTS-86").

A mixture of 4-hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (178 mg, 0.93 mmol), anabaseine (150 mg, 0.63 mmol), 12 drops of concentrated HC1 and 30 mL of absolute ethanol was refluxed for 4 h. A yellow precipitate was obtained on adding 50 mL of ethylacetate. The product was washed with ethyl acetate to remove the

unreacted 4-hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde. Recrystallization from hot ethanol- ether gave the trans -3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine dihydrochloride (205 mg, 83%), 'H NMR (DMSO-d6) : 8.98 (H2,, doublet, J= 4.7 Hz), 8.89 (H6,, doublet, J= 1.9 Hz), 8.14 (H4', doublet, J= 9.9 Hz), 7.74 (H5', doublet of doublets, J= 5.2 Hz and 4.7 Hz), 7.54 (H4', doublet, J= 9.9 Hz), 7.74 (H5', doublet of doublets, J= 5.2 Hz and 4.7 Hz), 7.54 (H15, doublet, J= 8.8 Hz), 6.82-7.34 (H7,8,9, multiplet), 6.57(H14, doublet, J= 10.8 Hz), 6.49(H12, doublet, J= 2.3 Hz), 3.76(H6, triplet, J= 7.4 Hz), 3.63(OMe, singlet), 2.71 (H4, triplet, J= 5.9 Hz), 1.79 (H5, triplet, J= 7.4 Hz), 10.51(N1H+, broad), 12.70(N2H+, broad). MS (FAB) (M-2C1) + 321. trans-3-(4-Hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamylidene)anabaseine ("GTS-86") 5.10 Example 10--Preparation of trans-3-(2,4-dimethoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine dihydrochloride ("GTS-87").

5.10.1 Acetaldehyde N-tert-butylimine Acetaldehyde (8.8g, 0.2M) was added dropwise and with stirring over 1 h to tert-butylamine (14.6g, 0.2M) at OOC. Anhydrous potassium carbonate (3.0g) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 6 h, and then decanted on to barium

oxide (2.4g). After the mixture was stirred for 5 h, it was filtered and the organic filtrate was distilled to separate the imine as a colorless liquid at reduced pressure (yield 80%).

5.10.2 2,4-Dimethoxycinnamaldehyde To a cooled solution (-78"C) of lithium diisopropylamide in 8 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added acetaldehyde N-tert-butylimine (0.4 mL, 3.0 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Diethyl chlorophosphate (518 mg, 3.0 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at -780C for 2 h, allowed to warm to -100C over a period of 3 h, and recooled to -78°C. 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (232 mg, 2.0 mmol) was added to the yellow solution and the mixture was stirred for 30 min and allowed to warm to ambient temperature overnight. The mixture was then treated with oxalic acid (6 mmol in 20 mL of water) and then 20 mL of benzene was added.

The two phase system was stirred overnight at room temperature and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ether and the organic layers were combined and washed successively with 5% oxalic acid, 15% sodium bicarbonate, and brine. Drying (potassium carbonate) and concentration of the organic phase followed by purification of the residue (distillation or preparative TLC, silica gel, 30 ethyl acetate-hexane) gave 261 mg of 2,4-dimethoxycinnamaldehyde (yield 68%).

2,4-Dimethoxycinnamaldehyde 5.10.3 trans-3-(2 ,4-dimethoxycinnamylid ene) anabaseine dihydrochlorid e ("GTS-87") A mixture of 2,4-dimethoxycinnamaldehyde (230 mg, 1.2 mmol), anabaseine (233 mg, 1 mmol), 4 drops of concentrated HCl and 5 mL of absolute ethanol was refluxed for 6 h. A yellow precipitate was obtained on adding 50 mL of ethyl acetate.

The product was washed with ethyl acetate to remove the unreacted 2,4- dimethoxycinnamaldehyde. Recrystallization from hot ethanol-ether gave the trans- 3-(2,4-dimethoxycinnamylidene)anabaseine dihydrochloride (317 mg, 78% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): 8.89(H2', doublet, J= 4.5 Hz), 8.79 (H6', doublet, J= 2.0 Hz), 8.18 (H4,, doublet, J= 9.0 Hz), 7.64 (H5', doublet of doublets, J= 5.2 Hz and 4.7 Hz), 7.42 (H15, doublet, J= 8.8 Hz), 6.72-7.44(H7,8,9, multiplet), 6.65(H14, doublet, J= 10.1 Hz), 6.52(H12, doublet, J= 2.1 Hz), 3.79(H6, triplet, J= 7.1 Hz), 3.65(OMe, singlet), 2.75(H4, triplet, J= 5.9 Hz), 1.76 (H5, triplet, J= 7.4 Hz). MS(FAB) (M+H)+ 408. trans-3-(2,4-Dimethoxycinnamylidene)anabaseine dihydrochloride (GTS- 87)

5.11 Example 11--Receptor Properties and Therapeutic Actions of Cinnamylidene-anabaseines Cinnamylidene-anabaseine compounds were found to displace high affinity alpha-bungarotoxin binding from rat brain membranes with higher affinity than would be predicted from studies with benzylidene-anabaseines (Table 2). Further, the cinnamylidene-anabaseines displaced high affinity cytisine binding to rat brain membranes with lower affinity than other types of benzylidene-anabaseines. These observations are consistent with the cinnamylidene-anabaseines having some selectivity for alpha7 receptor subtypes over other types of nicotinic receptors, especially alpha4beta2 receptors, based on the types of receptors to which alpha-bungarotoxin and cytisine bind to in brain.

The ability of cinnamylidene-anabaseines to act as agonists at alpha7 receptors but not at alpha4beta2 receptors was demonstrated in Xenopus oocytes. Each cinnamylidene-anabaseine studied elicited significant or complete activation of alpha7 receptors compared to the endogenous transmitter acetylcholine (Table 2). In contrast, none of these agents elicited significant activation of alpha4beta2 receptors (Table 2). These agents also antagonized the alpha7 receptor and alpha4beta2 receptor, the former observation occurring after receptor-activation. Blockade of the alpha4beta2 receptor, though observed at higher concentrations than alpha7 activation, may be important for therapeutic activity as well, as described below. In addition, the cinnamylidene-anabaseines are the first class of compounds known to have full agonist efficacy and high agonist potency at alpha7 receptors, which provide a degree of potential therapeutic benefit not observed with partial agonists.

E,E-3 (Cinnamylidene) anabaseine(3 -CA), E,E-3 -(2-methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine(2-MeOCA), and E,E-3-(4-methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine (4- MeOCA) displaced [125I]α-bungarotoxin bindin from rat brain membranes and activated rat a7 receptors in an oocyte expression system fully efficaciously. The potency series for binding and receptor-activation was 2-MeOCA>4-MeOCA=3-CA and 2-MeOCA=3-CA>4-MeOCA, respectively. No compound activated oocyte- expressed a4 2 receptors. While each cinnamylidene-anabaseine caused a long term inhibition of a7 receptors, as measured by ACh-application 5 min later, this inhibition

ranged considerably, from under 20% (3-CA) to 90% (2-MeOCA) at identical 10 pM concentrations. These compounds improved passive avoidance behavior in nucleus basalis lesioned rats, with 2-MeOCA most potent in this respect. In contrast, only 3- CA was neuroprotective against neurite-loss during NGF-deprivation in differentiated PC12 cells. Choline, an efficacious a7 agonist without antagonist activity, was also protective in this model. These results suggest that the neurite-protective action of a7 receptor agonists may be more sensitive to potential long term antagonist properties than acute behavioral actions.

The alpha7 selective actions of these drugs is expected to give them a variety of activities of therapeutic value, including: 1) memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with learning and memory deficits; 2) brain cell loss associated with stroke, ischemia, or Alzheimer's disease; 3) treating alcohol withdrawal and intoxication; and 4) cigarette-withdrawal. Support for using alpha7 receptors agonists for each of these indications is indicated in the following studies.

Several analogs of DMAC were synthesized with the 3-cinnamylidene anabaseine structure containing either no substituent-group or a methoxy-group at the 2- or 4-position. These were characterized relative to a7 receptor binding in rat brain tissue, a7 receptor activity (agonist and antagonist) in an oocyte expression system, improvement in passive avoidance behavior in nucleus basalis lesioned rats, and neurite-protection in NGF-deprived, differentiated PC12 cells. Choline was also investigated with respect to its neuroprotective activity as a prototypical a7-selective agonist with no antagonistic activity.

5.11.1 Cinnamylidene synthesis Preparation ofE, E-3-(cinnamylidene)anabaseines.

All chemicals were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Cinnamylidene-anabaseines were synthesized and characterized as follows: E,E-3- (Cinnamylidene)anabaseine dihydrochloride : To a solution of anabaseine dihydrochloride 1 (180 mg, 0.772 mmoles), trans-cinnamaldehyde (0.25 mL, 1.9 mmol) and ethanol (20 mL) was added aqueous concentrated HC1 (8 drops). The

solution was heated at reflux for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to OOC and then diethyl ether was added dropwise until no additional precipitate appeared (ca. 10- 20 mL). The product was filtered to give after drying 200 mg of a fine yellow powder which was recrystallized by dissolving it in warm isopropyl alcohol and precipitating it with ether. The result was 180 mg (0.519 mmol) of a yellow solid (mp 210-213°C decomp., 67% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6):# 8.93 (H6', d, 5 Hz, 1H), 8.86 (H2', s, 1H), 8.17 (H4', d, 9 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (H5', dd, 1H), 7.70 (H2, H6, m, 2H), 7.52 (H#, dd, 13 and 17 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (H3, H4, H5, m, 3H), 7.29 (Ha, d, 17 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (Hy, d, 12 Hz, 1H), 5.4 (N-H, b, 2H), 3.78 (CH2, m, 2H), 2.93 (CH2, m, 2H), 2.04 ppm (CH2, m, 2H). Anal. Calcd. for C19H20N2C12: C, 65.70; H, 5.80; N, 8.07. Found: C, 65.69, H, 5.85, N, 7.98.

E, E-3- (2-Methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine dihydrochloride.

To a solution of anabaseine dihydrochloride (200 mg, 0.858 mmol), trans 2- methoxycinnamaldehyde (348 mg, 2.10 mmol) and 20 mL of ethanol was added concentrated HC1 (8 drops). The solution was heated at reflux for 4 h while stirring.

The reaction mixture was cooled to OOC and the product was precipitated with diethyl ether (ca. 10-20 mL). The product was collected by filtration to give 220 mg of a yellow solid. The solid was recrystallized by dissolving it in warm isopropyl alcohol and precipitating it with diethyl ether to yield 200 mg (0.506 mmol) of an orange solid (mp 212-213°C decomp., 59% yield). A portion was converted to the free base by using sat. aqueous NaHCO3 and extracting the product into ethyl acetate; a yellow solid then was collected. lH NMR of the free base (CDC13): 6 8.63 (H2', d, 2 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (H6', dd, 2 and 6 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (H4', dr, 2, 2 and 9 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (H6, dd, 2 and 8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (H5', ddd, 2, 6 and 9 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (H4, dr, 2, 8 and 8 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (H#, dd, 12 and 17 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (Ha, d, 17 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (H5, t, 8 and 8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (H3, d, 8 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (Hy, d, 12 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (CH2, m, 2H), 3.78 (CH30, s, 3H), 2.68 (CH2, m, 2H), 1.80 ppm (CH2, m, 2H). Anal. Calcd. for C20H22N2Cl2O.H20: C, 60.76; H, 6.12, N, 7.08. Found: C, 60.54, H, 6.03, N, 6.76.

E, E-3- (4-Methoxycinnamylidene)anabaseine dihydro chloride.

To a solution of anabaseine dihydrochloride (400 mg, 1.72 mmol) of trans 4- methoxycinnamaldehyde (696 mg, 4.30 mmol) and 20 mL of ethanol was added concentrated HC 1 (16 drops). The solution was heated at reflux for 4 h while stirring.

The reaction mixture was cooled to OOC and the product was precipitated with diethyl ether (ca. 20-40 mL). The product was collected by filtration to give 410 mg of a yellow solid. The solid was recrystallized by dissolving it in warm isopropyl alcohol and precipitating it with diethyl ether to yield 350 mg (0.928 mmol) of an orange solid (mp 217-219 0C, dec., 54% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): 6 8.98 (H6', d, 6 Hz, 1H), 8.94 (H2', s, 1H), 8.32 (H4', d, 9 Hz, 1H), 8.78 (H5', dd, 9 and 6 Hz), 7.66 (H2,6 d, 10 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (H , dd, 17 and 12 Hz), 7.24 (Ha, d, 17 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (H3,5 and Hy, m, 3H), 5.9 (NH, b, 2H), 3.76 (CH3, s, 3H), 3.74 (CH2, m, 2H), 2.89 (CH2, m, 2H), 2.04 ppm (cm2, m, 2H) Anal. Calcd. for C20H22N2OC12: C, 63.67; H, 5.88; N, 7.43.

Found: C, 63.32; H, 5.87; N, 7.32.

5.11.2 Animals Male Sprague Dawley albino rats (250-350 g) were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Boston, MA) and maintained in the University of Florida Health Center Vivarium according to NIH guidelines, on a 12 h:12 h day:night cycle. They had ad libitum access to food (Purina rat chow) and water. Female Xenopus were housed in aquarium tanks maintained precisely at 1 80C to reduce potential problems with seasonal variability in oocyte viability. Frogs were fed frog brittle (Nasco) and kept on a 12 h light : dark cycle.

5.11.3 Oocyte recordings Oocytes were prepared and recordings made as described previously (de Fiebre, et al., 1995). Frogs were anesthetized by submersion in 0.1% (3)- aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester and several lobes of the ovary surgically removed through a small incision in the abdomen wall. Oocytes were freed from the follicle cells by treatment with collagenase (in calcium-free Barth's solution: 88 mM NaC1, 1 mM KC1, 15 mM Hepes pH 7.6, 0.33 mM MgSO4, 0.1 mg/ml gentamicin sulfate) for

2 h at room temperature and Stage 5 oocytes were isolated. Oocytes were rinsed and stored at 180C in Barth's saline (88 mM NaCl, 1 mM KCl, 15 mM Hepes pH 7.6, 0.3 mM Ca(NO3)2, 0.41 mM CaCl2, 0.82 mM MgSO4, 0.1 mg/ml gentamicin sulfate) before and after microinjection with RNA. Microinjection was conducted with a Drummond Scientific "Nanoject Variable" automatic injector. Oocytes were injected with a 50 nl solution of specified rat nicotinic subunit mRNA species (2-10 mg/ml; derived from the cDNA containing HIP 306 plasmid kindly provided by Dr. Jim Boulter, Salk Institute) and incubated 2-7 days at 1 80C before electrophysiological recording.

For electrophysiological recordings, oocytes were perfused in a Warner Instruments RC-8 recording chamber with a perfusion solution containing 115 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM Hepes pH 7.2, 1.8 mM CaCl2 and 1 FM atropine to block muscarinic responses. Perfusion was continuous at a rate of 10 ml/min. Drags were diluted in perfusion solution and applied using a solenoid valve to switch from perfusion to drug solutions. Current responses to drug administration were studied under two electrode voltage clamp at a holding potential of -70 mV using a Dagan Corp. TEV-200 voltage clamp connected to a 386-SX IBM computer using a TL-l DMA interface (Axon Instruments). Micropipettes were filled with 3 M KCl and had resistances of 0.5-2 MOhms. Drug responses are analyzed with PClamp software (Axon Instruments). Oocytes with resting potentials of less than -30 mV were rejected.

5.11.3 High affinity [125I]α-bungarotoxin binding Rats were decapitated, and cerebral cortices were removed and homogenized in 10 vol of ice-cold Krebs-Ringer's Hepes (KRH) buffer (NaCl, 118 mM; KCl, 4.8 mM; MgSO4, 1.2 mM; CaCl2, 2.5 mM; and Hepes, 20 mM; pH adjusted to 7.5 with <BR> <BR> <BR> 125 <BR> <BR> NaOH), and then assayed for high affinity [ (x-bungarotoxin binding. Atropine (1 #M) and physostigrnine (10 1M) were added to prevent muscarinic receptor binding and ACh-hydrolysis, respectively. Binding assays were conducted at 40C in KRH buffer. The final incubation contained 500-800 #g protein/250 #1 with 0.5 nM [125I]α-bungarotoxin. Binding was terminated by diluting with 3 ml of ice-cold KRH

buffer, followed immediately by filtration through glass fiber filters soaked in buffer containing 0.5% polyethylenimine. The filters were washed 4 times with 3 ml aliquots of ice-cold buffer. Nonspecific binding was determined with 100 pM unlabeled nicotine.

5.11.4 Neuroprotection Assay PC12 cell-culture methods were modified from Greene and Tischler (1976).

Cells were plated at 30-40% confluence and grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium containing 10% heat-inactivated horse serum, 5% fetal bovine serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 pg/ml streptomycin and 0.5 mM 1-glutamine. Cultures were maintained at 370C, 94% 02/6% CO2 and 90-92% humidity in culture plates pre- coated with poly- 1 -lysine (10 g/L). Cultures were maintained for 7 days in serum- supplemented medium to which 100 ng/ml rat 2.5S NGF was added at day 1. On day 7, conditioned medium was replaced serum-free medium containing specified drugs.

Four days later, cell density was estimated using the NIH Image program version 1.47 and number of neurite-expressing cells counted manually in blind fashion as described previously (Martin et al., 1994). A Nikon inverted microscope (100x magnification) was attached to a Mac II computer via a monochrome video camera (Cohu, Inc., San Diego, CA). Four random areas were counted per plate and there were 4 plates per treatment group, unless otherwise indicated. Neurites were defined as processes at least 2X the length of the perikaryon. To assess the reliability of the image analyses, a reticle was used for direct quantification of cells in the same view as the one analyzed in random samples.

5.11.5 Passive Avoidance Behavior Passive avoidance behavior was measured in nucleus basalis lesioned rats after intraperitoneal (IP) injections of drugs (base weight) or 0.9% saline diluent. For lesions, male 5 month old Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital (IP) and then infused bilaterally with 1 1ll of 5 ug/ul ibotenic acid in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, into the nucleus basalis. Infusion

coordinates were anterior 7.0 mm, lateral 2.6 mm and vertical 6.5 mm according to Paxinos and Watson (Paxinos and Watson, 1986).

Following surgery, animals were returned to their individual home cages and fed semi-solid mash made from Purina Rat Chow for several days. One month later, animals were trained in a two chamber passive avoidance paradigm. Fifteen min after IP drug injection, they were placed in the lit compartment, and allowed to enter the dark adjoining chamber. Animals that entered the second chamber received a mild foot shock (0.8 mA) for 1 sec. Rats were tested for latency 24 h later for up to 5 min; this test also began 15 min after injection. Statistical analyses utilized rank order nonparametric comparisons of latencies.

Histological assessments of the ibotenic acid placements in the nucleus basalis were made after behavioral measurements, using cholinesterase staining in formalin- fixed tissues. These injections typically reduced the number of cholinesterase- staining cells by over 80% in the nucleus basalis, with some loss of staining in the globus pallidus and thalamus as well, as determined with the NIH Image 1.47 program.

5.11.6 Results Rat brain membranes bound to [125I]α-bungarotoxin in a 100 #M nicotine- displaceable manner with a Kd of 1.9 nM according to Scatchard analysis (r = 0.98; single site model). Each 3-cinnamylidene anabaseine completely blocked high affinity, nicotine-displaceable [125I]α-bungarotoxin binding from rat brain membranes in a concentration-related manner (IC50 values: 3-CA, 80 nM; 4-MeOCA, 54 nM; 2- MeOCA, 8 nM) (FIG. 10).

ACh displayed typical agonist activity at a7 and a4 2 nicotinic receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes (FIG. 11 AND FIG. 12). The cinnamylidene- anabaseine compounds were also efficacious with respect to activating rat a7 homo- oligomeric receptors, without activity at the a4 2 combination. 3-CA and 2-MeOCA had similar a7 EC50 potency values (3.2 i 0.7 pM and 6.2 + 2.2 pM, respectively), while 4-MeOCA was 2-3 times less potent (ECso = 15.9 + 7.9 pM).

Antagonist properties subsequent to agonist activity were measured as a decrease in responsiveness to ACh applied 5 min after compound-appication, normalized to ACh application instead of the anabaseine-derivative (FIG. 13A AND FIG. 13B). ACh administration had no long term inhibitory activity, as noted in previously. However, the cinnamylidene-anabaseines displayed concentration- dependent antagonist activity that varied in relative potency from what was observed with agonist activity. The IC50 values for 3-CA, 2-MeOCA and 4-MeOCA were 15 i 6 pM, 2.3 + 0.7 pM, and 5.0 i 2.3 uM, respectively. There was no clear relationship between agonist- and antagonist-potencies for a7 receptors among these 3 compounds. None of the compounds elicited significant antagonism to a4 2 receptors up to concentrations of 30 uM (FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B).

Bilaterally nucleus basalis-lesioned rats injected with saline diluent performed poorly in the passive avoidance paradigm compared to sham-operated controls (FIG.

2). The 3 cinnamylidene-anabaseines each improved passive avoidance behavior in the lesioned animals in an inverted U-shaped, dose-related manner when administered IP. 2-MeOCA was the most potent performance-enhancing agent of this group. None of the agents altered performance during the training interval over the dose-ranges in which test-performance was improved, suggesting that there was no drug-induced change in locomotor function; higher doses did cause animals to be untrainable, with apparent loss of coordination without convulsions or unconsciousness.

Removal of NGF from differentiated PC 12 cultures led to significant neurite loss 4 days later compared to plates in which NGF remained (FIG. 11). 3-CA protected against NGF-deprivation neurite loss at a 10 I1M concentration, while the other two compounds had no effect. Choline also protected against NGF-withdrawal induced cell death at over 1-10 mM concentration range previously found to activate these receptors selectively in oocytes (FIG. 15).

5.11.7 Discussion Binding and physiological studies have indicated that the 3-cinnamylamine anabaseine structure is sufficient to confer high affinity and agonist-potency for rat a7 receptors. The simplest 3-cinnamylamine anabaseine, 3-CA, was potent and

efficacious, and also expressed relatively little antagonist activity. Addition of a methoxy group to either the 2 or 4 position conferred significant additional properties at the a7 receptor. Addition of the methoxy group to the 2-position conferred the highest affinity for a7 of any compound yet reported in this class, while also increasing antagonist potency. The 4-substituted cinnamylidene anabaseine (4- MeOCA) had agonist and antagonist receptor properties similar to those reported for DMAC, which is also a 4-substituted cinnamylidene-anabaseine (de Fiebre, et al., 1995): less affinity for the a7 receptor than the unsubstituted, but higher antagonist potency.

One of the long term difficulties in comparing the results of oc7 binding studies to studies of receptor-function has been the much higher potency of agonists in the former type of system. This discrepancy is seen for cinnamyladine anabaseines as well, with displacement of a-bungarotoxin by each ligand observed at concentrations 10-100 less than those necessary to activate the receptor. Oocyte-expression studies yield agonist potencies similar to those observed in rat brain, so this phenomenon is not the result of an artifact in the oocyte-expression system. Instead, the rapid desensitization of the a7 receptor, which occurs before the peak agonist-concentration can be attained in the superfusion system, and appears to be at least one underlying factor of the binding/potency difference.

While the brain possesses many nicotinic receptor subtypes, the two predominant ones appear to consist of a4P2 and a7 subunits, based on binding and immunological studies. All of the 3-cinnamylidene anabaseines characterized to date (DMAC, 3-CA, 2-MeOCA, 4-MeOCA) selectively activate a7 receptors over a4 2, indicating at least some degree of nicotinic receptor selectivity. DMAC selectivity is observed over other nicotinic receptor subunit combinations as well (de Fiebre, et al., 1995). The 3-substituted benzylidene anabaseine DMXB is also selective as an agonist for a7 versus other nicotinic receptor subtypes, although it has only weak partial agonist activity at these receptors compared to the cinnamylidene-substituted analogs in the present study.

Ibotenate-treated, nucleus basalis-lesioned rats offer a well studied model for memory-related dysfunction in passive avoidance behavior. a7 receptor activation is

sufficient to improve this type of behavior, consistent with these receptors being localized in hippocampus and neocortex, areas associated with learning and behavior.

The relative potencies of the 3 novel compounds in this behavioral paradigm are consistent with their receptor binding or activation. There was no relationship between this behavioral activity and antagonist activity. DMAC is also effective in this behavioral paradigm as (Meyer, et al., 1994) while possessing potent antagonist activity. It therefore appears that possessing antagonist activity does not interfere with this type of learning and memory related behavior.

NGF-deprivation in differentiated PC 12 cells has been characterized extensively as a model of neuronal atrophy (Martin, et al., 1994). It has been demonstrated that a7 activation by GTS 21 is sufficient to reduce this neurotoxicity in this model (Martin, et al., 1994). The present results are consistent with this observation, since choline as well as 3-CA exhibited cytoprotective activity. Choline has been shown to activate rat a7 receptors with a potency 10-fold lower than that of ACh, without effect at a4, a2, 2 or 4 containing subtypes (Papke, et al., 1996).

The potency of choline at oocyte-expressed a7 receptors is therefore comparable to that observed for neuroprotection in the present assay.

Neither 2-MeOCA nor 4-MeOCA elicited neurite-protection at the same 10 IlM concentration at which 3-CA was effective. This concentration was selected based on the results of oocyte studies because it permitted a comparison of the relative importance of agonist versus antagonist activity in neurite-protection, especially when comparing 3-CA to 2-MeoCA. Based on the oocyte receptor-expression results, it was estimated that 10 uM 3-CA and 2-MeOCA would activate similar fractions (over 75%) of a7 receptors, but would differentially inhibit a7 receptors: less than 20% inhibition for 3-CA and over 90% inhibition for 2-MeOCA. Based on this comparison, it appears that neuroprotective activity in the PC 12 cell model is attenuated by a7 receptor antagonism when a similar level of receptor activation is present. This is consistent with the observation that choline has no antagonist activity at a7 receptors (Papke, et al., 1996). For 4-MeOCA it is difficult to resolve whether the lack of neurite protection may be due to low agonist potency or to significant antagonism, or both.

The apparent sensitivity of the neurite-protective activity to the antagonist properties of the a7 agents may derive from the long term nature of these studies. In contrast to behavioral studies that are conducted shortly after drug administration, the present neuroprotection studies take place over 4 days. Alternatively, it is possible that different mechanisms may be underlying the neuroprotective vs. behavioral action. The role of the a7 receptor in maintaining calcium homeostasis and intracellular transduction processes may be differentially sensitive to the antagonist- properties of a7 agonists than the acute changes in membrane potential, which may be sufficient to modulate behavior.

5.12 Example 12--Cinnamylidene-anabaseines to treat Alzheimer's disease and other pathological conditions interfering with learning and memory Nicotine improves learning and memory related behaviors in humans and animals. In Alzheimer's disease, for example, nicotine improves performance in several memory-related tasks, though the side effects associated with this disease were such that high doses could not be tolerated. Weak, albeit selective alpha7 receptor agonists with benzylidene-anabaseine structures improve learning and memory in a variety of animal models, including passive avoidance behavior, active avoidance behavior, and Morris Water task. These agents are effective only at rather high doses compared to nicotine, however, and their ability to only partially activate alpha7 receptors (in contrast with the full activation by the cinnamylidene-anabaseines described herein) may have been a factor in this observation as well as the observation that the range of effective doses for improving learning and memory related behaviors was not much greater than that of nicotine itself.

The disclosed alpha7 selective cinnamylidene-anabaseine compounds improved learning and memory behavior, using a passive avoidance paradigm and cholinergically hypofunctional rats that received nucleus basalis lesions comparable to cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer's disease (FIG. 2). The high potency of one of the cinnamylidene-anabaseines trans-3 -(2-methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine, along with its wider effective dose-response range (less than 0.1 mg/kg to at least 3 mg/kg) indicates that the cinnamylidene-anabaseines will have therapeutic advantages over

benzylidene-anabaseines. In that the wider dose - response range indicates that patients may be dosed less often since there is a wider range of drug concentrations in brain that are behaviorally effective. The high potency indicates that low doses will be effective for improving memory related behaviors, which is generally associated with fewer side effects. trans-3-(2-methoxy-cinnamylidene) anabaseine was less potent than the present compounds.

The alpha4beta2 receptor blocking actions of the disclosed cinnamylidenes- anabaseines may also be important for their therapeutic activity in learning and memory. Mice which have been genetically altered to have no alpha4beta2 receptors in their brains perform better in learning and memory tasks than normal animals.

These results indicate that cinnamylidene-anabaseine compounds will have improved memory- and learning-enhancing effects compared to existing agents. A higher therapeutic index is expected due to a combination of full alpha7 efficacy and alpha4beta2 blockade.

5.13 Example 13--Cinnamylidene-anabaseines as neuroprotecting agents Cinnamylidene-anabaseines were found to protect differentiated cholinergic PC12 neurons that were otherwise dependent on NGF for survival (Table 3). PC12 cells are known to possess both alpha7 and NGF receptors. The NGF - deprivation model shows apoptosis as evidenced by loss of neurites unless a neuro protective agent is added (Rukenstein, et al., 1991). This neuronal survival model was found previously to be sensitive to drugs that stimulate protein kinase C activity or increased calcium-influx (Rukenstein, et al., 1991). Alpha7 receptors increase both calcium influx and protein kinase C activity when activated. These data suggested that cinnamylidene-anabaseines could replace the cytoprotective action of NGF in differentiated cells, and that these compounds would therefore be useful in conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, for which NGF is currently thought to be a potential treatment. As contemplated by the inventors, the cinnamylidene anabaseines provided protection in the NGF-deprivation model when NGF was removed. Apoptosis may be involved in a variety of neuropathological conditions. Because this cytoprotective action may be mediated through a general phenomenon of receptor activation (calcium and protein kinase C activation (Rukenstein, et al., 1991), it is likely that related agents with alpha7 activation capacity will be similarly cytoprotective as well.

Further, since nicotinic agents can protect against stroke-induced cell death, it is likely that these cinnamylidenes will be effective along these lines as well (e.g., FIG. 3).

TABLE2<BR> Receptor-Characteristics of Cinnamylidene Compounds<BR> Compound alpha7 alpha4beta alpha7 alpha4beta2 alpha7 alpha4beta2<BR> bindin1 2binding2 activation3 activation4 antagonism5 antagonism6<BR> trans-3-cinnamylidene anabaseine 94.7 6.2 92 <3 45 10<BR> trans-3-(2-methoxy-cinnamylidene) 94.9 29 96 <3 90 10<BR> anabaseine<BR> trans-3-(4-methoxy-cinnamylidene) 94.1 32 45 <2 75 34<BR> anabaseine<BR> 1% inhibition of alpha-bungarotoxin binding at 1 #M concentration (higher number = higher affinity)<BR> 2% inhibition of cytistine binding at 1 #M concentration (higher number = higher affinity)<BR> 3% response observed with 500 #M acetylcholine (higher number = more agonist activity)<BR> 4% response observed with 10 #M acetylcholine (higher number = more agonist activity)<BR> 5% of antagonism of acetylcholine administered after drug (high number = more antagonism)<BR> 6% of antagonism of acetylcholine administered after drug (high number = more antagonism)

TABLE 3 Protection of NGF-Dependent PC12 Cells in Culture Compound Neurite Counts None 83112 NGF (100 ng/ml) 342 + 56* trans-3-cinnamylidene-anabaseine 185 + 19* trans-3-(2-methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine 213 + 26* trans-3-(4-methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine 155 + 23* PC12 cells were differentiated for 1 week with NGF. Drugs were administered for the 4 day interval after removal of serum and NGF. Neurites were counted and expressed as the mean + SEM of at least 3 plates/group. Drug concentrations (except NGF) were 10 pM. *p<0.05 compared to no drug treatment (one way ANOVA).

5.14 Example 14--Receptor Binding Properties of Benzylidene- and Cinnamylidene-Anabaseines TABLE 4<BR> Receptor Binding Oocytes<BR> Agonist/ PC12 PA NB<BR> Compound Syn Stab α4 α7 α4 α7 Antagonist Cyto. Behav. Lesion<BR> GTS-21DMXB ~ ~ 72 52 <.01 .20 .20 + +++ +<BR> GTS-13 PABA 3-(4-amino- + + >90 93 ? .72 .69 + +++ ?<BR> benzylidine)anabaseine<BR> -- Acetate-- + ? 78.1 59.2 ? .50 .46 ? ? ?<BR> GTS-2 3-(4-methoxy-benzylidene) anabaseine + + >80 -- ? ? ? ? ++<BR> GTS-7 3-(4-hydroxy-benzylidene) anabaseine + + >90 69.3 ? ? ? -- ~<BR> GTS-80 3-(2,4-dimethoxy-α-methyl- + + 41 85 ? ? ? ? ?<BR> benzylidene)<BR> GTS-62 3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzylidene) + + 87 84 ? .43 .35 ? +(+)<BR> anabaseine<BR> GTS-51 3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene) + + >60 ? .29 .26 -- ++(+)<BR> anabaseine<BR> trans-3-(cinnamylidene)anabaseine + + 6.2 94.7 .026 .92 .50 +? ++<BR> trans-3-(2-methoxycinnamylidene) + + 29.2 94.9 .022 .96 .08 -- ++++<BR> anabaseine<BR> trans-3-(4-methoxycinnamylidene) + + 31.8 94.1 <0.05 .45 .104 -- ++<BR> anabaseine TABLE 4 (continued)<BR> Receptor Binding Oocytes<BR> Agonist/ PC12 PA NB<BR> Compound Syn Stab α4 α7 α4 α7 Antagonist Cyto. Behav. Lesion<BR> GTS-82 or 86?? trans-3-(4-hydroxy-2- + + 53 90 -- -- -- -- --<BR> methoxycinnamylidene) anabaseine<BR> GTS-87 trans-3-(2,4-dimethoxy- + + -- 76<BR> cinnamylidene)anabaseine<BR> GTS-81 trans-3-(4-nitro-cinnamylidene)<BR> anabaseine<BR> Antagonists<BR> 15 3(4-dimethylaminopropoxy- + + 58 87 ? .03 .02 (?) (?)<BR> benzylidene)anabaseine<BR> Reduced GTS - 3(4-dimethoxy- + + 50 9 ? ? ? + --<BR> benzylidene)anabaseine<BR> (+) = In Between or Unknown<BR> ~ = Not Yet Active<BR> + = # 0.5<BR> ++ = 0.2<BR> +++ = 0.1<BR> ++++ = <0.1

5.15 Example 15--Inhibition of Nicotine Self-Administration by Anabaseines The most accepted animal test for demonstrating ability to block the nicotine reward is that of nicotine self-administration. The inventors have used this sophisticated technique to show that DMXB, a compound which acts as a nicotine antagonist at putative receptors mediating the nicotine reward, inhibits nicotine self- administration in the adult rat which has acquired the ability and motivation for nicotine ingestion. The advantage of this compound is that it accomplishes this without adversely affecting the animal's other functions, including its spontaneous locomotor activity.

Eleven male Sprague-Dawley rats were first trained to press the left lever in a two lever operant conditioning chamber. They had limited access to food for 23 h prior to the first training session and then received 20 grams of food for the remainder of the study. Once subjects reliably pressed the left lever, a catheter was surgically implanted into the right jugular vein. The catheter consisted of three separate pieces of tubing, a 37 mm length of silicon rubber tubing which entered the circulatory system (Silastic Medical Grade tubing), a 65 mm length of polyethylene tubing (Intramedic, PE10) and a 170mm length of polyethylene tubing with the same internal diameter (Intramedic, PE20). The catheter exited between the scapulae and could be hooked up to a swivel which itself was connected to a pneumatic syringe.

Nicotine bitartrate (0.01 mg/kg of free base) could be delivered in a volume of 0.1 ml/kg over 0.75 sec. Once subjects had recovered from surgery they were trained to complete a fixed ratio 2 schedule (FR 2) to activate the pneumatic syringe. A time- out (TO) period of 60 sec, followed each administration of nicotine. Each daily experimental session lasted 50 min. After several sessions under these conditions, subjects received an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of physiological saline (1 ml/kg), 15 min prior to the start of the self-administration session. The next day subjects were IP injected with 8 mg/kg of GTS-21, also 15 min before the beginning of the session.

FIG. 5 shows that subject were less likely to self-administer nicotine after GTS-21 than after saline administration (paired t(10)=2.48, p <0.05).

5.16 Example 16--DMXB Protection against NMDA triggered excitotoxicity This example illustrates that a7 activation by DMXB protects against excitotoxicity triggered by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation.

NMDA receptors are highly permeant to calcium ions, but unlike desensitizing a7 nicotinic receptors, induce calcium-mediated excitotoxicity by remaining in an open state for extended intervals after activation.

Activation of a7 nicotinic receptors has previously been found to protect neurons against apoptotic degeneration caused by trophic factor deprivation. The inventors have shown that the selective a7 receptor agonist dimethoxy benzylidene anabaseine (DMXB) also protects rat primary neocortical neurons against NMDA- receptor mediated excitotoxicity. Dose-related DMXB-induced neuroprotection was observed when administered 24h before, but not concomitantly, with excitatory amino acids. This was blocked by nicotinic but not muscarinic antagonist DMXB.

Protection was observed primarily in penumbral areas and was blocked with the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine, indicating that a7 receptor activation is neuroprotective.

5.16.1 Methods Primary rat neocortical neuronal cultures Neuron-enriched cultures were isolated from the rat cerebral cortex on embryonic days 16-18, and then cultured on plastic coverslips under conditions that killed dividing, non-neuronal cells (01). Only mature cultures (10-11 days post- plating) were employed. Neurotoxicity was induced with exposure to excitatory amino acids (EAA), for 10 min (glutamate or NMDA) or 60 min (kainate), followed by a 60 min EAA-free interval. Viable cells were determined by the Trypan blue exclusion procedure, and expressed as the fraction of total cells counted.

Focal ischemia model Male Sprague Dawley albino male rats (250-300 g) were anesthetized with a subcutaneous injection of ketamine, xylazine, and acepromazine (3:3:1 mixture, 0.7 cc/kg). Atropine (0.4 mg/kg IP) was injected several min prior to dissection of the carotid artery from the vagus. The internal carotid artery (ICA) was dissected until its

proximal bifurcation into the terminal ICA and pterygopalatine arteries were clearly defined. The pterygopalatine artery was clipped parallel to and flush with the terminal ICA. Another clip was applied to the common carotid artery (CCA). The distal aspect of the external carotid artery (ECA) was coagulated and a straight aneurysm clip was applied 4 mm distal to the proximal ICA bifurcation. A suture was passed through the arteriotomized ECA stump into the ICA until the tip was resting against the aneurysm clip. The suture was removed 30 min later, with body temperature maintained between 36.5-37.50C. The ECA stump was coagulated with bipolar electrocautery. Clips were removed and the wound was irrigated with saline prior to suturing.

Rats were euthanised 24h post-infarction and their brains removed and sectioned coronally (2 mm). Sections were placed into a 2% solution of 2,3,5- triphyenyl-tetrazolium cholide (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis. MO) for 20 min at 37"C. The sections were removed to a petri dish and covered with 10% formaldehyde solution. The outline function of the NIH Image computer program (version 1.47) was used to estimate the infarcted and total brain areas for each section. Infarct size was calculated as percent of total brain area.

5.16.2 Results Acute exposure to a 1 mM concentration of each EAA was sufficient to kill 50-60% of the neurons 1 h later. DMXB protected against NMDA receptor-mediated toxicity in primary rat brain neuronal cultures in a concentration-dependent manner when administered 24 h prior to either glutamate or NMDA (FIG. 6E). It had no effect on kainate-induced neurotoxicity, which is mediated by a non-NMDA receptor.

The neuroprotective effect of DMXB was not observed when administered concomitantly with glutamate, in contrast to the blocking effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (FIG. 6F). DMXB did not interfere with high affinity [3H]MK801 binding to rat brain membranes at concentrations up to 30 pM, arguing against a neuroprotective action via direct NMDA receptor blockade. These results indicate an indirect or non-competitive attenuation of NMDA-induced excitotoxicity by DMXB.

DMXB-induced neuroprotection was sensitive to the non-selective nicotinic receptor antagonists hexamethonium, methyllycaconitine and mecamylamine, as well as the a7-selective antagonist a-bungarotoxin (FIG. 7). The non-selective agonist nicotine similarly protected against neuronal loss in a methyllycaconitine-sensitive manner, consistent with its previously reported action in this model (Akaike, et al., 1994).

The in vitro results prompted an investigation of the effects of DMXB- treatment on focal ischemia-induced infarct size following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in vivo. Most of the damage was localized to the lateral caudate and neocortex, maximally 5 mm posterior to the frontal pole, which was used for statistical analyses (FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B). DMXB protected principally in the posterior infarct area, including portions of the lateral caudate nucleus and occipital cortex.

These penumbral areas correspond to those protected by MK801 (Papke, 1993). The antagonist mecamylamine blocked this neuroprotective action of DMXB, corroborating nicotinic involvement. DMXB was ineffective when administered during the 30 mm ischemic insult, consistent with the lack of neuroprotection observed when it was administered concomitantly with glutamate in vitro. The need to activate a7 receptors prior to NMDA-receptor activation in order to observe neuroprotection may account for the inability of endogenous acetylcholine to be neuroprotective when released during ischemic attacks.

These results indicate that the protective action of nicotine against NMDA- induced toxicity in primary neocortical neurons is mediated at least in part through the a7 receptor subpopulation. a7 receptor activation is sufficient to protect neurons in degeneration-models that are at least partially apoptotic in nature, such as differentiated PC 12 cells after NGF-deprivation and septal cholinergic neurons after axotomy. In the sympathetic ganglion, choline also maintains neurons during NGF- deprivation through nicotinic receptor activation at concentrations which are selective for a7 receptors (Steinbach and Ifune, 1989). The neuroprotective action of choline required receptor-mediated elevations in intracellular Ca2+ levels, supporting the concept that a7 receptor activation protects against trophic factor-deprivation through <BR> <BR> 2 <BR> a Ca + triggered mechanism.

Nicotine attenuates apoptosis in several non-neuronal cells through a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent mechanism, and this calcium-sensitive enzyme appears to be activated by a7 agonists in PC12 cells. Overall, these results suggest a model in which a7-activation elevates intracellular calcium ion concentrations transiently, followed by PKC activation.

All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure.

While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

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