DENG HONGFENG (US)
GOLDMAN REBECCA (US)
KARVE SHRIRANG (US)
KARMAKAR SASWATA (US)
DASARI RAMESH (US)
LANDIS RYAN (US)
TRANSLATE BIO INC (US)
WO2020257611A1 | 2020-12-24 | |||
WO2020227085A1 | 2020-11-12 | |||
WO2020219427A1 | 2020-10-29 | |||
WO2022066916A1 | 2022-03-31 | |||
WO2022221688A1 | 2022-10-20 | |||
WO2022221688A1 | 2022-10-20 | |||
WO2022066916A1 | 2022-03-31 | |||
WO2010144740A1 | 2010-12-16 | |||
WO2018089801A1 | 2018-05-17 | |||
WO2022099003A1 | 2022-05-12 |
US4373071A | 1983-02-08 | |||
US4401796A | 1983-08-30 | |||
US4415732A | 1983-11-15 | |||
US4458066A | 1984-07-03 | |||
US4500707A | 1985-02-19 | |||
US4668777A | 1987-05-26 | |||
US4973679A | 1990-11-27 | |||
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US5700642A | 1997-12-23 | |||
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CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound having a structure according to Formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A1 is selected f o , and ‐S‐S‐, wherein the left hand side of each depicted structure is bound to the –(CH2)a‐; Z1 is selected f rom , and ‐S‐S‐, wherein the right hand side of each depicted structure is bound to the –(CH2)a‐; each a is independently selected from 3 or 4; b is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; each c, d, e and f is independently selected from 3, 4, 5 or 6; and each R1A, R1B, R1C and R1D is independently selected from optionally substituted (C3‐C6)alkyl. 2. The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein b is 2. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure according to Formula (Ir): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally wherein each c, d, e and f is independently selected from 3, 4, or 6. 4. The compound of any one of claims 1‐3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each a is 3. 5. The compound of any one of claims 1‐3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each a is 4. 6. The compound of any one of claims 1‐3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the value for the a on the left hand side of the depicted Formula is 3 and the value for the a on the right hand side of the depicted Formula is 4. 7. The compound of any one of claims 1‐3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the value for the a on the left hand side of the depicted Formula is 4 and the value for the a on the right hand side of the depicted Formula is 3. 8. The compound of any one of claims 1‐7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R1A, R1B, R1C and R1D is independently selected from: . 9. A composition comprising the cationic lipid of any one of claims 1‐8, and further comprising: (i) one or more non‐cationic lipids, (ii) one or more cholesterol‐based lipids, and (iii) one or more PEG‐modified lipids. 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the composition is a lipid nanoparticle, optionally a liposome. 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the lipid nanoparticle encapsulates a nucleic acid, optionally an mRNA encoding a peptide or protein. 12. The composition of claim 10 or 11, wherein the lipid nanoparticle encapsulates an mRNA encoding a peptide or protein, optionally for use in a vaccine. 13. The composition of claim 12 for use in therapy. 14. The composition of claim 12 for use in a method of treating or preventing a disease amenable to treatment or prevention by the peptide or protein encoded by the mRNA, optionally wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen and/or the disease is (a) a protein deficiency, optionally wherein the protein deficiency affects the liver, lung, brain or muscle, (b) an autoimmune disease, (c) an infectious disease, or (d) cancer. 15. The composition for use according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the composition is administered intravenously, intrathecally or intramuscular, or by pulmonary delivery, optionally through nebulization. |
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein : A 1 is selected from and ‐S‐S‐, wherein the left hand side of each depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐; Z 1 is selected from , and ‐S‐S‐, wherein the right hand side of each depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐; each a is independently selected from 3 or 4; b is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; each c, d, e and f is independently selected from 3, 4, 5 or 6; and each R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D is independently selected from optionally subst ituted (C 3 ‐C 6 )alkyl. [091] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ia): (a) b is 2; ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or O ( c) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each c and d is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. [092] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ib): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or ( c) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each e and f is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. [093] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ic):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or ( c) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each c and d is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. [094] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Id): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; (b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or ( c) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each e and f is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. [095] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ie): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or ( c) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each c and d is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. [096] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (If):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or O ( c) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each e and f is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. [097] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ig): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; (b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or ( c) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each c and d is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. [098] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ih): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or ( c) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each e and f is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. [099] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ii):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; or ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. [0100] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ij): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; or ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. [0101] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ik): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; or ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. [0102] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Im): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; or ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. [0103] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (In):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; or ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. [0104] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Io): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; or ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. [0105] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ip):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; or ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. [0106] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Iq): ( q) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (a) b is 2; or ( b) b is 2, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. [0107] In embodiments, A 1 and Z 1 are the same. In embodiments, A 1 and Z 1 are different. [0108] In embodiments, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure O is bound to the –(CH2)a‐. In embodiments, A 1 is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐. In embodiments, A 1 is‐S‐S‐. [0109] In embodiments, Z 1 is , wherein the right hand side of the depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐. In embodiments, Z 1 is wherein the right hand side of the depicted structure is bound to the –( CH 2 )a‐. In embodiments, Z 1 is‐S‐S‐. [0110] In embodiments, b is 2, 3 or 4. In embodiments, b is 2 or 3. In embodiments, b is 1. In embodiments, b is 2. In embodiments, b is 3. In em bodiments, b is 4. In embodiments, b is 5. [0111] In embodiments, the cationic lipid has a structure a ccording to Formula (Ir): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein each c, d, e and f is independently selected from 3, 4, or 6. [0112] In embodiments, each a is 3. In embodiments, each a is 4. In embodiments, the value for the a on the left hand side of the depicted Formula is 3 and the value for the a on the right hand sid e of the depicted Formula is 4. In embodiments, the value for the a on the left hand side of the depicted [0113] In embodiments, c is 3, 4, or 6. In embodiments, c is 3. In embodiments, c is 4. In embodiments, c is 5. In embodiments, c is 6. [0114] In embodiments, d is 3, 4, or 6. In embodiments, d is 3. In embodiments, d is 4. In embodiments, d is 5. In embodiments, d is 6. [0115] In embodiments, e is 3, 4, or 6. In embodiments, e is 3. In embodiments, e is 4. In embodiments, e is 5. In embodiments, e is 6. [0116] In embodiments, f is 3, 4, or 6. In embodiments, f is 3. In embodiments, f is 4. In embodiments, f is 5. In embodiments, f is 6. [0117] In embodiments, each c, d, e and f is independently selected from 3, 4, or 6. [0118] In embodiments, c, d, e and f are the same. In em bodiments, c, d, e and f are 3. In embodiments, c, d, e and f are 4. In embodiments, c, d, e and f are 5. In embodiments, c, d, e and f are 6. [0119] In embodiments, c and d are the same. In embodiment s, c and d are 3. In embodiments, c and d are 4. In embodiments, c and d are 5. In e mbodiments, c and d are 6. [0120] In embodiments, e and f are the same. In embodiment s, e and f are 3. In embodiments, e and f are 4. In embodiments, e and f are 5. In e mbodiments, e and f are 6. [0121] In embodiments, c and d are the same and e and f are the same, but wherein c and d are different to e and f. In embodiments, c and d are 3 and e and f are 4. In embodiments, c and d ar e 3 and e and f are 5. In embodiments, c and d are 3 and e and f are 6. In embodiments, c and d are 4 and e and f are 3. In embodiments, c and d are 4 and e and f are 5. In embodiments, c and d are 4 and e and f are 6. In embodiments, c and d are 5 and e and f are 3. In embodiments, c and d are 5 and e and f are 4. In embodiments, c and d are 5 and e and f are 6. In embodiments, c and d are 6 and e and f are 3. In embodiments, c and d are 6 and e and f are 4. In embodiments, c and d are 6 and e and f are 5. [0122] In embodiments, each R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D is independently selected from optionally substituted (C 4 ‐C 6 )alkyl. In embodiments, each R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D is independently selected from optionally substituted (C 5 ‐C 6 )alkyl. In embodiments, each R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D is independently selected from optionally substituted (C 3 ‐C 5 )alkyl. In embodiments, each R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D is independently selected from optionally substituted (C 3 ‐C 4 )alkyl. [0123] In embodiments, R 1A is optionally substituted C 3 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1A is optionally substituted C 4 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1A is optionally substituted C 5 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1A is optionally substituted C 6 alkyl. [0124] In embodiments, R 1B is optionally substituted C 3 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1B is optionally substituted C 4 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1B is optionally substituted C 5 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1B is optionally substituted C 6 alkyl. [0125] In embodiments, R 1C is optionally substituted C 3 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1C is optionally substituted C 4 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1C is optionally substituted C 5 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1C is optionally substituted C 6 alkyl. [0126] In embodiments, R 1D is optionally substituted C 3 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1D is optionally substituted C 4 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1D is optionally substituted C 5 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1D is optionally substituted C 6 alkyl. [0127] In embodiments, R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D are the same. In embodiments, R 1A and R 1B are the same. In embodiments, R 1C and R 1D are the same. [0128] In embodiments, R 1A and R 1B are the same and R 1C and R 1D are the same, but wherein R 1A and R 1B are different to R 1C and R 1D . [0129] In embodiments, each R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D where present is independently selected from: [0130] In embodiments, R 1A is . In embodiments, R 1A is . In embodiments, R 1A is . In embodiments, R 1A is . In embodiments, R 1A is . In 1A embodiments, R is [0131] In embodiments, R 1B is . In embodiments, R 1B is . In embodiments, R 1B is . In embodiments, R 1B is . In embodiments, R 1B is . In embodiments, R 1B is . [0132] In embodiments, R 1C is . In embodiments, R 1C is . In embodiments, R 1C is . In embodiments, R 1C is . In embodiments, R 1C is . In embodiments, R 1C is [0133] In embodiments, R 1D is . In embodiments, R 1D is . In embodiments, R 1D is . In embodiments, R 1D is . In embodiments, R 1D is In embodiments, R 1D is . [0134] In embodiments, c and d are 3 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 4 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 4 and R 1A and R 1B are embodiments, c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 4 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 3 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 4 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B are In embodiments, c and d are 3 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 4 and R 1A and R 1B are . In embodiments, c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B are . [0135] In embodiments, e and f are 3 and R 1C and R 1D are . In embodiments, e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D are . In embodiments, e and f are 6 and R 1C and R 1D are Inembodiments eandf are4andR 1C andR 1D are . In embodiments, e and f are 6 and R 1C and R 1D are . In embodiments, e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D are . In embodiments, 1C 1D e and f are 6 and R and R are . In embodiments, e and f 1C 1D are 3 and R and R are . In embodiments, e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D are . In embodiments, e and f are 6 and R 1C and R 1D are 1C 1D . In embodiments, e and f are 3 and R and R are . In embodiments, e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D are . In embodiments, e and f are 6 and R 1C and R 1D are . [0136] In embodiments, each a is 4, c and d are 6, R 1A and R 1B are , e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D are . [0137] In embodiments, the substituents are not optionally s ubstituted. [0138] In embodiments, the cationic lipids of the present i nvention have any one of the structures in Table A, Table B and/or Table C, or a pharmaceu tically acceptable salt thereof. [0139] In embodiments, the cationic lipids of the present i nvention have any one of the structures in the examples, or a pharmaceutically acceptable sal t thereof. [0140] In embodiments, provided herein is a composition comp rising a cationic lipid of the present invention, and further comprising: (i) one or more non‐cationic lipids (e.g. a phospholipi d, such as DOPE), (ii) one or more cholesterol‐based lipids (e.g. cholester ol) and (iii) one or more PEG‐modified lipids. [0141] In embodiments, this composition is a lipid nanoparti cle, optionally a liposome. In embodiments, the one or more cationic lipid(s) consti tute(s) about 30 mol %‐60 mol % of the lipid nanoparticle. In embodiments, the one or more cationi c lipid(s) constitute(s) about 31 mol %‐59 mol % of the lipid nanoparticle. In embodiments, the one or more cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 35 mol %‐45 mol % of the lipid nanoparticle. In embo diments, the one or more cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 40 mol % of the lipid nanopartic le. [0142] In embodiments, the one or more non‐cationic lipid( s) constitute(s) about 10 mol%‐50 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. In embodiments, the one o r more non‐cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 11 mol%‐49 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. In embo diments, the one or more non‐cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 20 mol%‐40 mol% of the lipid n anoparticle. In embodiments, the one or more non‐cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 25 mol%‐3 5 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. In embodiments, the one or more non‐cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 30 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. [0143] In embodiments, the one or more PEG‐modified lipid( s) constitute(s) about 1 mol%‐10 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. In embodiments, the one o r more PEG‐modified lipid(s) constitute(s) about 1.1 mol%‐9 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. In embo diments, the one or more PEG‐modified lipid(s) constitute(s) about 1 mol%‐5 mol% of the lipid nan oparticle. In embodiments, the one or more PEG‐ modified lipid(s) constitute(s) about 1.5 mol%‐3 mol % of the lipid nanoparticle. [0144] In embodiments, the cholesterol‐based lipid constitut es about 10 mol%‐50 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. In embodiments, the cholesterol‐based l ipid constitutes about 11 mol%‐49 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. In embodiments, the cholestero l‐based lipid constitutes about 20 mol%‐40 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. In embodiments, the cholesterol‐based lipid constitutes about 25 mol%‐35 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. In embodime nts, the cholesterol‐based lipid constitutes about 27 mol%‐28.5 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. [0145] In embodiments, the one or more cationic lipid(s) co nstitute(s) about 31 mol %‐59 mol % of the lipid nanoparticle, the one or more non‐cationi c lipid(s) constitute(s) about 11 mol%‐49 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle, the one or more PEG‐modifie d lipid(s) constitute(s) about 1.1 mol%‐9 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle, and the cholesterol‐based li pid constitutes about 11 mol%‐49 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. [0146] In embodiments, the one or more cationic lipid(s) co nstitute(s) about 35 mol %‐45 mol % of the lipid nanoparticle, the one or more non‐cationi c lipid(s) constitute(s) about 25 mol%‐35 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle, the one or more PEG‐modifie d lipid(s) constitute(s) about 1 mol%‐5 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle, and the cholesterol‐based li pid constitutes about 25 mol%‐35 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. [0147] In embodiments, the one or more cationic lipid(s) co nstitute(s) about 40 mol % of the lipid nanoparticle, the one or more non‐cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 30 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle, the one or more PEG‐modified lipid(s) constitute(s) about 1.5 mol%‐3 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle, and the cholesterol‐based lipid constit utes about 27 mol%‐28.5 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. [0148] In embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle encapsulates a nucleic acid, optionally an mRNA encoding a peptide or protein. In embodiments, the l ipid nanoparticle encapsulates an mRNA encoding a peptide or protein, optionally for use in a vaccine. In embodiments, the peptide is an antigen. [0149] As used herein, the phrase “encapsulation percentage ” refers to the fraction of therapeutic agent (e.g. mRNA) that is effectively encapsulated wi thin a liposomal‐based vehicle (e.g. a lipid nanoparticle) relative to the initial fraction of the rapeutic agent present in the lipid phase. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles have an encapsula tion percentage for mRNA of at least 50%. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles have an encap sulation percentage for mRNA of at least 55%. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles have an encapsulation percentage for mRNA of at least 60%. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles have an encapsulation percentage for mRNA of at least 65%. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles have an encapsulation percentage for mRNA of at least 70%. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparti cles have an encapsulation percentage for mRNA of at least 75%. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparti cles have an encapsulation percentage for mRNA of at least 80%. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparti cles have an encapsulation percentage for mRNA of at least 85%. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparti cles have an encapsulation percentage for mRNA of at least 90%. In embodiments, the lipid nanoparti cles have an encapsulation percentage for mRNA of at least 95%. In embodiments, the encapsulation p ercentage is calculated by performing the Ribogreen assay (Invitrogen) with and without the pre sence of 0.1% Triton‐X 100. [0150] In embodiments, the composition of the present invent ion is for use in therapy. [0151] In embodiments, the composition of the present invent ion is for use in a method of treating or preventing a disease amenable to treatment or pre vention by the peptide or protein encoded by the mRNA, optionally wherein the mRNA encodes an ant igen and/or wherein the disease is (a) a protein deficiency, optionally wherein the protein def iciency affects the liver, lung, brain or muscle, (b) an autoimmune disease, (c) an infectious disease, or (d) cancer. [0152] In embodiments, a method for treating or preventing a disease is provided, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a composition of the present invention and wherein the disease is amenable to treatment or prevention by the peptide or protein encoded by the mRNA, optionally wherein the mRNA encodes an antigen and/or the disease is (a) a protein deficiency, optionally wherein the protein deficiency affects the liver, lung, brain or muscle, (b) an autoimmune disease, (c) an infectious disease, or (d) cancer. [0153] In embodiments, the composition is administered intrav enously, intrathecally or intramuscularly, or by pulmonary delivery, optionally through nebulization. In embodiments, the composition is administered intramuscularly. In embodim ents, the composition is administered by intravenous administration. Exemplary Compounds [0154] In embodiments, the cationic lipids of the present i nvention include compounds selected from those depicted in Table A, or a pharmaceuticall y acceptable salt thereof. [0155] Exemplary compounds include those described in Table A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Table A [0156] Any of the compounds 1‐60 identified in Table A a bove may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and such salts are i ntended to be encompassed by the present invention. [0157] Exemplary compounds include those described in Table B, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Table B a on left hand side of Formula (Ir) = 4 c & d are C & d are c & d are c & d are each 6; each 6; each 6; each 6; R 1A &R 1B = R 1A & R 1B = R 1A &R 1B = R 1A & R 1B = a on hand 2 66 1 3 Form 3 1 55 72 4 6
[0158] Any of the compounds 1‐4, 6‐24, 26‐29, 31‐54, 56‐57, 59‐130 and 155 identified in Table B above may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutic ally acceptable salt and such salts are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. [0159] Exemplary compounds include those described in Table C, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Table C [0160] Any of the compounds 131‐154 identified in Table C above may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and such salts are i ntended to be encompassed by the present invention. [0161] The compounds of the invention as described herein c an be prepared according to methods known in the art, including the exemplary syntheses of the Examples provided herein. Nucleic Acids [0162] The compounds of the invention as described herein c an be used to prepare compositions useful for the delivery of nucleic acids. Synthesis of Nucleic Acids [0163] Nucleic acids according to the present invention may be synthesized according to any known methods. For example, mRNAs according to the presen t invention may be synthesized via in vitro transcription (IVT). Briefly, IVT is typically perfo rmed with a linear or circular DNA template containing a promoter, a pool of ribonucleotide triph osphates, a buffer system that may include DTT and magnesium ions, and an appropriate RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7, mutated T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase), DNAse I, pyrophosphatase, and/or RNAse in hibitor. The exact conditions will vary according to the specific application. [0164] In some embodiments, for the preparation of mRNA acc ording to the invention, a DNA template is transcribed in vitro. A suitable DNA t emplate typically has a promoter, for example a T3, T7, mutated T7 or SP6 promoter, for in vitro transc ription, followed by desired nucleotide sequence for desired mRNA and a termination signal. [0165] Desired mRNA sequence(s) according to the invention m ay be determined and incorporated into a DNA template using standard methods. For ex ample, starting from a desired amino acid sequence (e.g., an enzyme sequence), a virtual revers e translation is carried out based on the degenerated genetic code. Optimization algorithms may then be used for selection of suitable codons. Typically, the G/C content can be optimized to achieve the highest possible G/C content on one hand, taking into the best possible account the frequency of the tRNAs according to codon usage on the other hand. The optimized RNA sequence can be established and displayed, for example, with the aid of an appropriate display devi ce and compared with the original (wild‐type) sequence. A secondary structure can also be analyzed to calculate stabilizing and destabilizing properties or, respectively, regions of the RNA. Modified mRNA [0166] In some embodiments, mRNA according to the present i nvention may be synthesized as unmodified or modified mRNA. Modified mRNA comprises nucleotide modifications in the RNA. A modified mRNA according to the invention can thus in clude nucleotide modification that are, for example, backbone modifications, sugar modifications or base modifications. In some embodiments, mRNAs may be synthesized from naturally occurring nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogues (modified nucleotides) including, but not li mited to, purines (adenine (A), guanine (G)) or pyrimidines (thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U)), and as modified nucleotides analogues or derivatives of purines and pyrimidines, such as e.g., 1‐methyl‐adenine, 2‐methyl‐adenine, 2‐ methylthio‐N‐6‐isopentenyl‐adenine, N‐6‐methyl adenine, N‐6‐isopentenyl‐adenine, 2‐thio‐cytos ine, 3‐methyl‐cytosine, 4‐acetyl‐cytosine, 5‐methyl cytosine, 2,6‐diaminopurine, 1‐methyl‐guanine, 2 methyl‐guanine, 2,2‐dimethyl‐guanine, 7‐methyl‐g uanine, inosine, 1‐methyl‐inosine, pseudouracil (5‐uracil), dihydro‐uracil, 2‐thio‐uracil, 4‐th io‐uracil, 5‐carboxymethylaminomethyl‐2‐thio‐urac il, 5‐ (carboxyhydroxymethyl)‐uracil, 5‐fluoro‐uracil, 5‐ bromo‐uracil, 5‐carboxymethylaminomethyl‐uracil, 5‐methyl‐2‐thio‐uracil, 5‐methyl‐uracil, N‐u racil‐5‐oxyacetic acid methyl ester, 5‐ methylaminomethyl‐uracil, 5‐methoxyaminomethyl‐2‐th io‐uracil, 5'‐methoxycarbonylmethyl‐uracil, 5‐methoxy‐uracil, uracil‐5‐oxyacetic acid methyl ester, uracil‐5‐oxyacetic acid (v), 1‐methyl‐ pseudouracil, queuosine, beta‐D‐mannosyl‐queuosine, wybutoxosine, and phosphoramidates, phosphorothioates, peptide nucleotides, methylphosphonate s, 7‐deazaguanosine, 5‐methylcytosine and inosine. The preparation of such analogues is known to a person skilled in the art e.g., from th e U.S. Pat. No. 4,373,071, U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,796, U. S. Pat. No. 4,415,732, U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066, U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,707, U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,777, U.S. Pa t. No. 4,973,679, U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,524, U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,418, U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,319, U.S. Pat. No s. 5,262,530 and 5,700,642, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety . Pharmaceutical Formulations of Cationic Lipids and Nuc leic Acids [0167] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the inventio n as described herein, as well as pharmaceutical and liposomal compositions comprising su ch lipids, can be used in formulations to facilitate the delivery of encapsulated materials (e.g ., one or more polynucleotides such as mRNA) to, and subsequent transfection of one or more targe t cells. For example, in certain embodiments cationic lipids described herein (and compositions suc h as liposomal compositions comprising such lipids) are characterized as resulting in one or mor e of receptor‐mediated endocytosis, clathrin‐ mediated and caveolae‐mediated endocytosis, phagocytos is and macropinocytosis, fusogenicity, endosomal or lysosomal disruption and/or releasable pr operties that afford such compounds advantages relative other similarly classified lipids. [0168] According to the present invention, a nucleic acid, e.g., mRNA encoding a protein (e.g., a full length, fragment or portion of a protein) as describ ed herein may be delivered via a delivery vehicle comprising a compound of the invention as described herein. [0169] As used herein, the terms “delivery vehicle,” “ transfer vehicle,” “nanoparticle,” or grammatical equivalents thereof, are used interchangeab ly. [0170] For example, the present invention provides a composi tion (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprising a compound described herein an d one or more polynucleotides. A composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) may f urther comprise (i) one or more cationic lipids, (ii) one or more non‐cationic lipids, (iii) one or more cholesterol‐based lipids and/or (iv) one or more PEG‐modified lipids. [0171] In certain embodiments a composition exhibits an enha nced (e.g., increased) ability to transfect one or more target cells. Accordingly, al so provided herein are methods of transfecting one or more target cells. Such methods generally c omprise the step of contacting the one or more target cells with the cationic lipids and/or pharmace utical compositions disclosed herein (e.g., a liposomal formulation comprising a compound described herein encapsulating one or more polynucleotides) such that the one or more target ce lls are transfected with the materials encapsulated therein (e.g., one or more polynucleotide s). As used herein, the terms “transfect” or “transfection” refer to the intracellular introduct ion of one or more encapsulated materials (e.g., nucleic acids and/or polynucleotides) into a cell (e. g., into a target cell). The introduced polynucleotide may be stably or transiently maintained in the target cell. The term “transfection efficiency” refers to the relative amount of such encapsulated material (e.g., polynucleotides) up‐ taken by, introduced into, and/or expressed by the t arget cell which is subject to transfection. In practice, transfection efficiency may be estimated by the amount of a reporter polynucleotide product produced by the target cells following transf ection. In certain embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described her ein demonstrate high transfection efficiencies thereby improving the likelihood that app ropriate dosages of the encapsulated materials (e.g., one or more polynucleotides) will be delivered to the site of pathology and subsequently expressed, while at the same time minimizing potentia l systemic adverse effects or toxicity associated with the compound or their encapsulated co ntents. [0172] Following transfection of one or more target cells b y, for example, the polynucleotides encapsulated in the one or more lipid nanoparticles comprising the pharmaceutical or liposomal compositions disclosed herein, the production of the product (e.g., a polypeptide or protein) encoded by such polynucleotide may be stimulated and the capability of such target cells to express the polynucleotide and produce, for example, a polype ptide or protein of interest is enhanced. For example, transfection of a target cell by one or mo re compounds or pharmaceutical compositions encapsulating mRNA will enhance (i.e., increase) the production of the protein or enzyme encoded by such mRNA. [0173] Further, delivery vehicles described herein (e.g., lip osomal delivery vehicles) may be prepared to preferentially distribute to other target tissues, cells or organs, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen or muscle. In embodiments, the delive ry vehicles described herein (e.g., liposomal delivery vehicles) may be prepared to preferentially distribute to the lungs. In embodiments, the delivery vehicles described herein (e.g., liposomal de livery vehicles) may be prepared to preferentially distribute to muscle tissue. In embod iments, the lipid nanoparticles of the present invention may be prepared to achieve enhanced deliver y to the target cells and tissues. For example, polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) encapsulated in one or more of the compounds or pharmaceutical and liposomal compositions described her ein can be delivered to and/or transfect targeted cells or tissues. In some embodiments, the encapsulated polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) are capable of being expressed and functional polypeptide products produced (and in some instances excreted) by the target cell, thereby conferring a b eneficial property to, for example the target cells or tissues. Such encapsulated polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) may encode, for example, a hormone, enzyme, receptor, polypeptide, peptide or other protei n of interest. Liposomal Delivery Vehicles [0174] In some embodiments, a composition is a suitable del ivery vehicle. In embodiments, a composition is a liposomal delivery vehicle, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle. [0175] The terms “liposomal delivery vehicle” and “lipo somal composition” are used interchangeably. [0176] Enriching liposomal compositions with one or more of the cationic lipids disclosed herein may be used as a means of improving the safety pro file or otherwise conferring one or more desired properties to such enriched liposomal composition (e.g ., improved delivery of the encapsulated polynucleotides to one or more target cells and/or r educed in vivo toxicity of a liposomal composition). Accordingly, also contemplated are phar maceutical compositions, and in particular liposomal compositions, that comprise one or more of the cationic lipids disclosed herein. [0177] Thus, in certain embodiments, the compounds of the i nvention as described herein may be used as a component of a liposomal composition to f acilitate or enhance the delivery and release of encapsulated materials (e.g., one or more therapeutic agents) to one or more target cells (e.g., by permeating or fusing with the lipid membranes of suc h target cells). [0178] As used herein, liposomal delivery vehicles, e.g., li pid nanoparticles, are usually characterized as microscopic vesicles having an interi or aqua space sequestered from an outer medium by a membrane of one or more bilayers. Bil ayer membranes of liposomes are typically formed by amphiphilic molecules, such as lipids of s ynthetic or natural origin that comprise spatially separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains (Lasic, Trends Biotechnol., 16: 307‐321, 1998). Bilayer membranes of the liposomes can also be forme d by amphophilic polymers and surfactants (e.g., polymerosomes, niosomes, etc.). In the contex t of the present invention, a liposomal delivery vehicle typically serves to transport a desired mRNA to a target cell or tissue. [0179] In certain embodiments, such compositions (e.g., lipos omal compositions) are loaded with or otherwise encapsulate materials, such as for examp le, one or more biologically‐active polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA). [0180] In embodiments, a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprises an mRNA encoding a peptide or protein, encapsulated within a liposome. In embodiments, a liposome comprises: (i) one or more cationic lipids, (ii) one or more non‐cationic lipids, (iii) one or more cholesterol‐based lipids and (iv) one or more PEG‐modified lipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is a compound of the invention as described herein. [0181] In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encod ing for a peptide or protein (e.g., any peptide or protein described herein). In embodime nts, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for a peptide (e.g., any peptide described herein). In embodiments, a composition comprises an mRNA encoding for a protein (e.g., any protein described herein). [0182] In embodiments, a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) comprises a nucleic acid encapsulated within a liposome, wherein the lipo some comprises a compound described herein. [0183] In embodiments, a nucleic acid is an mRNA encoding a peptide or protein. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or protein for use in th e delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subjec t or a lung cell. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or protein for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cel l. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or protein for use in the delivery to or treatment of a muscle cell. In embodiments, an mRNA encodes a peptide or protein for use in the delivery to or t reatment of an immune cell. Still other exemplary mRNAs are described herein. [0184] In embodiments, a liposomal delivery vehicle (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle) can have a net positive charge. [0185] In embodiments, a liposomal delivery vehicle (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle) can have a net negative charge. [0186] In embodiments, a liposomal delivery vehicle (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle) can have a net neutral charge. [0187] In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle that encapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide or protein) comprises one or more compounds of the invention as described herein. [0188] For example, the amount of a compound of the invent ion as described herein in a composition can be described as a percentage (“wt% ) of the combined dry weight of all lipids of a composition (e.g., the combined dry weight of all li pids present in a liposomal composition). [0189] In embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions desc ribed herein, a compound of the invention as described herein is present in an amoun t that is about 0.5 wt% to about 30 wt% (e.g., about 0.5 wt% to about 20 wt%) of the combined dry weight of all lipids present in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition). [0190] In embodiments, a compound of the invention as descr ibed herein is present in an amount that is about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to a bout 25 wt% of the combined dry weight of all lipids present in a composition (e.g., a liposomal c omposition). In embodiments, a compound of the invention as described herein is present in an amoun t that is about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 10 wt% to about 20 wt% of the combined dry weight of all lipids present in a comp osition such as a liposomal delivery vehicle. [0191] In embodiments, the amount of a compound of the inv ention as described herein is present in an amount that is at least about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 15 wt%, about 20 wt%, about 25 wt%, about 30 wt%, about 35 wt%, about 40 wt%, abo ut 45 wt%, about 50 wt%, about 55 wt%, about 60 wt%, about 65 wt%, about 70 wt%, about 75 wt%, about 80 wt%, about 85 wt%, about 90 wt%, about 95 wt%, about 96 wt%, about 97 wt%, abo ut 98 wt%, or about 99 wt% of the combined dry weight of total lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition). [0192] In embodiments, the amount of a compound of the inv ention as described herein is present in an amount that is no more than about 5 wt%, ab out 10 wt%, about 15 wt%, about 20 wt%, about 25 wt%, about 30 wt%, about 35 wt%, about 40 wt%, about 45 wt%, about 50 wt%, about 55 wt%, about 60 wt%, about 65 wt%, about 70 wt%, about 75 wt%, about 80 wt%, about 85 wt%, about 90 wt%, about 95 wt%, about 96 wt%, about 97 wt%, abo ut 98 wt%, or about 99 wt% of the combined dry weight of total lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition). [0193] In embodiments, a composition (e.g., a liposomal deli very vehicle such as a lipid nanoparticle) comprises about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt % (e.g., about 0.1 wt% to about 15 wt%) of a compound described herein. In embodiments, a deliver y vehicle (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle such as a lipid nanoparticle) comprises about 0.5 wt %, about 1 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt% of a compound described herein. In e mbodiments, a delivery vehicle (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle such as a lipid nanoparticle) compri ses up to about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 15 wt%, or about 20 wt% of a compound described herein. In embodiments, the percentage results in an improved beneficial effect (e.g., improved delivery to targeted tissues such as the liver, the lung or mus cle). [0194] The amount of a compound of the invention as descri bed herein in a composition also can be described as a percentage (“mol%”) of the com bined molar amounts of total lipids of a composition (e.g., the combined molar amounts of all lipids present in a liposomal delivery vehicle). [0195] In embodiments of pharmaceutical compositions described herein, a compound of the invention as described herein is present in an amoun t that is about 0.5 mol% to about 50 mol% (e.g., about 0.5 mol% to about 20 mol%) of the combined m olar amounts of all lipids present in a composition such as a liposomal delivery vehicle. [0196] In embodiments, a compound of the invention as descr ibed herein is present in an amount that is about 0.5 mol% to about 5 mol%, about 1 m ol% to about 10 mol%, about 5 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 15 mol% to about 30 mol%, about 20 mol% to about 35 mol%, about 25 mol% to about 40 mol%, abo ut 30 mol% to about 45 mol%, about 35 mol% to about 50 mol%, about 40 mol% to about 55 mol % , or about 45 mol% to about 60 mol% of the combined molar amounts of all lipids present in a c omposition such as a liposomal delivery vehicle. In embodiments, a compound of the invention as descr ibed herein is present in an amount that is about 1 mol% to about 60 mol%, 1 mol% to about 50 mol%, 1 mol% to about 40 mol%, 1 mol% to about 30 mol%, about 1 mol% to about 20 mol%, abou t 1 mol% to about 15 mol%, about 1 mol% to about 10 mol%, about 5 mol% to about 55 mol%, abou t 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, about 5 mol% to about 35 mol% or about 5 mol% to about 25 mol% of the combined molar amounts of all lipids present in a composition such as a liposomal deliver y vehicle. [0197] In certain embodiments, a compound of the invention as described herein can comprise from about 0.1 mol% to about 50 mol%, or from 0.5 mol% to about 50 mol%, or from about 1 mol% to about 50 mol%, or from about 5 mol% to about 5 0 mol%, or from about 10 mol% to about 50 mol%, or from about 15 mol% to about 50 mol%, or from about 20 mol% to about 50 mol%, or from about 25 mol% to about 50 mol%, or from about 30 mol% to about 50 mol%, of the total amount of lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle). [0198] In certain embodiments, a compound of the invention as described herein can comprise greater than about 0.1 mol%, or greater than about 0.5 mol%, or greater than about 1 mol%, greater than about 5 mol%, greater than about 10 mol%, grea ter than about 20 mol%, greater than about 30 mol%, or greater than about 40 mol% of the total a mount of lipids in the lipid nanoparticle. [0199] In certain embodiments, a compound as described can comprise less than about 60 mol%, or less than about 55 mol%, or less than about 50 mol %, or less than about 45 mol%, or less than about 40 mol%, or less than about 35 mol %, less than a bout 30 mol%, or less than about 25 mol%, or less than about 10 mol%, or less than about 5 mol%, or less than about 1 mol% of the total amount of lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal delivery vehicle). [0200] In embodiments, the amount of a compound of the inv ention as described herein is present in an amount that is at least about 5 mol%, about 10 mol%, about 15 mol%, about 20 mol%, about 25 mol%, about 30 mol%, about 35 mol%, about 40 mo l%, about 45 mol%, about 50 mol%, about 55 mol%, about 60 mol%, about 65 mol%, about 70 mol%, about 75 mol%, about 80 mol%, about 85 mol%, about 90 mol%, about 95 mol%, about 96 mol%, about 97 mol%, about 98 mol%, or about 99 mol% of the combined molar amounts of total lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition). [0201] In embodiments, the amount of a compound of the inv ention as described herein is present in an amount that is no more than about 5 mol%, a bout 10 mol%, about 15 mol%, about 20 mol%, about 25 mol%, about 30 mol%, about 35 mol%, about 40 mol%, about 45 mol%, about 50 mol%, about 55 mol%, about 60 mol%, about 65 mol%, about 70 mol%, about 75 mol%, about 80 mol%, about 85 mol%, about 90 mol%, about 95 mol%, about 96 mol%, about 97 mol%, about 98 mol%, or about 99 mol% of the combined molar amounts of tota l lipids in a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition). [0202] In embodiments, the percentage results in an improved beneficial effect (e.g., improved delivery to targeted tissues such as the liver, the lung or muscle, optionally muscle). [0203] In a typical embodiment, a composition of the invent ion (e.g., a liposomal composition) comprises: (i) one or more cationic lipids, (ii) one or more non‐cationic lipids, (iii) one or more cholesterol‐based lipids, and (iv) one or more PEG‐modified lipids, wherein at least one cationic lipid is a compound of the invention as described herein. [0204] For example, a composition suitable for practicing th e invention has four lipid components comprising a compound of the invention as described herein as the cationic lipid component, and further comprising: (i) a non‐cationic lipid, (ii) a cholesterol‐based lipid and (iii) a PEG‐modified lipid. [0205] The non‐cationic lipid may be DOPE or DEPE. The c holesterol‐based lipid may be cholesterol. The PEG‐modified lipid may be DMG‐PEG2K. [0206] In further embodiments, pharmaceutical (e.g., liposomal ) compositions comprise one or more of a PEG‐modified lipid, a non‐cationic lipi d and a cholesterol lipid. In other embodiments, such pharmaceutical (e.g., liposomal) compositions comp rise: one or more PEG‐modified lipids; one or more non‐cationic lipids; and one or more chole sterol lipids. In yet further embodiments, such pharmaceutical (e.g., liposomal) compositions comprise: one or more PEG‐modified lipids and one or more cholesterol lipids. [0207] In embodiments, a composition (e.g., lipid nanoparticl e) that encapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide or protein) comprises one or more compounds of the invention as described herein, and one or more lipids selected fr om the group consisting of a cationic lipid, a non cationic lipid, and a PEGylated lipid. [0208] In embodiments, a composition (e.g., lipid nanoparticl e) that encapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide or protein) comprises one or more compound of the invention as described herein; one or more lipids selected from t he group consisting of a cationic lipid, a non‐ cationic lipid, and a PEGylated lipid; and further c omprises a cholesterol‐based lipid. Typically, such a composition has four lipid components comprising a co mpound of the invention as described herein as the cationic lipid component, and further comprisi ng: (i) a non‐cationic lipid (e.g., DOPE), (ii) a cholesterol‐based lipid (e.g., cholesterol) and (iii) a PEG‐modified lipid (e.g., DMG‐PEG2K). [0209] In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle that encapsulates a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA encoding a peptide or protein) comprises one or more compounds of the invention as described herein, as well as one or more lipids selected from the group consi sting of: (i) a cationic lipid, (ii) a non‐cationic lipid, (iii) a PEGylated lipid, and (iv) a cholesterol‐based lipid. [0210] According to various embodiments, the selection of ca tionic lipids, non‐cationic lipids and/or PEG‐modified lipids which comprise the lipid nanopar ticle, as well as the relative molar ratio of such lipids to each other, is based upon the characterist ics of the selected lipid(s), the nature of the intended target cells, the characteristics of the mRN A to be delivered. Additional considerations include, for example, the saturation of the alkyl ch ain, as well as the size, charge, pH, pKa, fusogenicity and toxicity of the selected lipid(s). Thus, the molar ratios may be adjusted accordingly. [0211] In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 120 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 60‐ 125 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 70‐ 125 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 80‐ 125 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 90‐ 125 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 100‐ 125 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 110‐ 125 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 115‐ 125 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 60‐ 130 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 70‐ 130 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 80‐ 130 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 90‐ 130 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 100‐ 130 nm. In embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle of the present invention has a diameter of about 110‐ 130 nm. In embodiments, the diameter of the lipid n anoparticle is determined using Dynamic light scattering (DLS). Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) mea surements, can be performed using a Malvern Instruments Zetasizer with a backscattering detector a ngle of 173° and a 4‐mW, 633‐nm He‐Ne laser (Worcestershire, UK). The samples can be analyzed by diluting in 10% Trehalose and measuring the diameter in an optical grade polystyrene cuvette. Cationic Lipids [0212] In addition to any of the compounds of the inventio n as described herein, a composition may comprise one or more additional cationic lipids. [0213] In some embodiments, liposomes may comprise one or m ore additional cationic lipids. As used herein, the phrase “cationic lipid” refers t o any of a number of lipid species that have a ne t positive charge at a selected pH, such as physiologi cal pH. Several cationic lipids have been described in the literature, many of which are comme rcially available. [0214] Suitable additional cationic lipids for use in the c ompositions include the cationic lipids as described in the literature. Helper Lipids [0215] Compositions (e.g., liposomal compositions) may also c omprise one or more helper lipids. Such helper lipids include non‐cationic lipids. As used herein, the phrase “non‐cationic lipid” ref ers to any neutral, zwitterionic or anionic lipid. As used herein, the phrase “anionic lipid” refers to any of a number of lipid species that carry a net nega tive charge at a selected pH, such as physiological pH. Non‐cationic lipids include, but are not limite d to, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidy lcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphosphatid ylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2‐Dierucoyl sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (DEPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmit oyloleoyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine 4‐(N‐malei midomethyl)‐cyclohexane‐1‐carboxylate (DOPE‐mal), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPP E), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl‐phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine (DSPE), 16‐O‐monomethyl PE, 16‐O‐dimethyl PE, 18‐ 1‐trans PE, 1‐stearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐phosphatidyethan olamine (SOPE), or a mixture thereof. A non‐ cationic or helper lipid suitable for practicing the invention is dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Alternatively, 1,2‐Dierucoyl‐sn‐glycero‐ 3‐phosphoethanolamine (DEPE) can be used as a non‐cationic or helper lipid. [0216] In some embodiments, a non‐cationic lipid is a neu tral lipid, i.e., a lipid that does not carry a net charge in the conditions under which the composi tion is formulated and/or administered. [0217] In some embodiments, a non‐cationic lipid may be p resent in a molar ratio (mol%) of about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, total non‐cationic lipids may be present in a molar ratio (mol%) of about 5% to abo ut 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to abou t 30%, about 10 % to about 70%, about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, the percentage of non‐cationic lipid in a liposome may be greater than about 5 mol%, greater than about 10 mol%, greater than about 20 m ol%, greater than about 30 mol%, or greater than about 40 mol%. In some embodiments, the perce ntage total non‐cationic lipids in a liposome may be greater than about 5 mol%, greater than abou t 10 mol%, greater than about 20 mol%, greater than about 30 mol%, or greater than about 4 0 mol%. In some embodiments, the percentage of non‐cationic lipid in a liposome is no more th an about 5 mol%, no more than about 10 mol%, no more than about 20 mol%, no more than about 30 mol %, or no more than about 40 mol%. In some embodiments, the percentage total non‐cationic lipids in a liposome may be no more than about 5 mol%, no more than about 10 mol%, no more than abo ut 20 mol%, no more than about 30 mol%, or no more than about 40 mol%. [0218] In some embodiments, a non‐cationic lipid may be p resent in a weight ratio (wt%) of about 5% to about 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 10 % to about 70%, about 1 0% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, total non‐cationic lipids may be present in a weight ratio (wt%) of about 5% to abo ut 90%, about 5% to about 70%, about 5% to about 50%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to abou t 30%, about 10 % to about 70%, about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 40% of the total lipids present in a composition. In some embodiments, the percentage of non‐cationic lipid in a liposome may be greater than about 5 wt%, greater than about 10 wt%, greater than about 20 wt %, greater than about 30 wt%, or greater than about 40 wt%. In some embodiments, the percentage total non‐cationic lipids in a liposome may be greater than about 5 wt%, greater than about 10 wt% , greater than about 20 wt%, greater than about 30 wt%, or greater than about 40 wt%. In s ome embodiments, the percentage of non‐cationic lipid in a liposome is no more than about 5 wt%, no more than about 10 wt%, no more than about 20 wt%, no more than about 30 wt%, or no more tha n about 40 wt%. In some embodiments, the percentage total non‐cationic lipids in a liposome may be no more than about 5 wt%, no more than about 10 wt%, no more than about 20 wt%, no more than about 30 wt%, or no more than about 40 wt%. Cholesterol‐based Lipids [0219] In some embodiments, a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition) comprising a cationic lipid of the present invention further comprises one or more cholesterol‐based lipids. For example, a suitable cholesterol‐based lipid for practicing the invention is cholesterol. Other suitable cholesterol‐ based lipids include, for example, DC‐Chol (N,N‐di methyl‐N‐ethylcarboxamidocholesterol), 1,4‐bis(3‐ N‐oleylamino‐propyl)piperazine (Gao, et al. Bioche m. Biophys. Res. Comm. 179, 280 (1991); Wolf et al. BioTechniques 23, 139 (1997); U.S. Pat. No. 5, 744,335), beta‐sitosterol, or imidazole cholesterol ester (ICE), which has the following structure, [0220] In some embodiments, a cholesterol‐based lipid may be present in a molar ratio (mol%) of about 1% to about 30%, or about 5% to about 20% o f the total lipids present in a liposome. In some embodiments, the percentage of cholesterol‐based lipi d in the lipid nanoparticle may be greater than about 5 mol%, greater than about 10 mol%, grea ter than about 20 mol%, greater than about 30 mol%, or greater than about 40 mol%. In some embo diments, the percentage of cholesterol‐based lipid in the lipid nanoparticle may be no more than about 5 mol%, no more than about 10 mol%, no more than about 20 mol%, no more than about 30 mol %, or no more than about 40 mol%. [0221] In some embodiments, a cholesterol‐based lipid may be present in a weight ratio (wt%) of about 1% to about 30%, or about 5% to about 20% o f the total lipids present in a liposome. In some embodiments, the percentage of cholesterol‐based lipi d in the lipid nanoparticle may be greater than about 5 wt%, greater than about 10 wt%, greate r than about 20 wt%, greater than about 30 wt%, or greater than about 40 wt%. In some em bodiments, the percentage of cholesterol‐based lipid in the lipid nanoparticle may be no more than about 5 wt%, no more than about 10 wt%, no more than about 20 wt%, no more than about 30 wt%, or no more than about 40 wt%. PEGylated Lipids [0222] In some embodiments, a composition (e.g., a liposomal composition) comprises one or more further PEGylated lipids. A suitable PEG‐modified or PEGylated lipid for practicing the invention is 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐rac‐glycero‐3‐methoxypolyethylene glycol‐2000 (DMG‐PEG2K). [0223] For example, the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐m odified phospholipids and derivatized lipids such as derivatized ceramides (PEG‐CER), incl uding N‐octanoyl‐sphingosine‐1‐ [succinyl(methoxy polyethylene glycol)‐2000] (C8 PEG 2000 ceramide) is also contemplated by the present invention in combination with one or more of compounds of the invention as described herein and, in some embodiments, other lipids togethe r which comprise the liposome. In some embodiments, particularly useful exchangeable lipids ar e PEG‐ceramides having shorter acyl chains (e.g., (C 14 ) or (C 18 )). [0224] Contemplated further PEG‐modified lipids (also referr ed to herein as a PEGylated lipid, which term is interchangeable with PEG‐modified lipi d) include, but are not limited to, a polyethylene glycol chain of up to 5 kDa in length covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of (C 6 ‐C 20 ) length. In some embodiments, a PEG‐modified or PEGylated lipid is PEGylated cholesterol or PEG‐2K. The addition of such components may preve nt complex aggregation and may also provide a means for increasing circulation lifetime and increasi ng the delivery of the lipid‐nucleic acid composition to the target cell, (Klibanov et al. ( 1990) FEBS Letters, 268 (1): 235‐237), or they may be selected to rapidly exchange out of the formulation in vivo (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,613). [0225] Further PEG‐modified phospholipid and derivatized lip ids of the present invention may be present in a molar ratio (mol%) from about 0% to a bout 10%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2% to about 10%, about 3% to abou t 5%, about 1% to about 5% or about 1.5% to about 3% of the total lipid present in the composit ion (e.g., a liposomal composition). Pharmaceutical Formulations and Therapeutic Uses [0226] Compounds of the invention as described herein may b e used in the preparation of compositions (e.g., to construct liposomal compositions ) that facilitate or enhance the delivery and release of encapsulated materials (e.g., one or more therapeutic polynucleotides) to one or more target cells (e.g., by permeating or fusing with the lipid membranes of such target cells). [0227] For example, when a liposomal composition (e.g., a l ipid nanoparticle) comprises or is otherwise enriched with one or more of the compounds disclosed herein, the phase transition in the lipid bilayer of the one or more target cells may facilitate the delivery of the encapsulated materials (e.g., one or more therapeutic polynucleotides encapsu lated in a lipid nanoparticle) into the one or more target cells. [0228] Similarly, in certain embodiments compounds of the in vention as described herein may be used to prepare liposomal vehicles that are character ized by their reduced toxicity in vivo. In certain embodiments, the reduced toxicity is a function of t he high transfection efficiencies associated with the compositions disclosed herein, such that a reduce d quantity of such composition may be administered to the subject to achieve a desired the rapeutic response or outcome. [0229] In certain embodiments, compounds of the invention as described herein may be used to prepare liposomal vehicles that are characterized by effective intramuscular delivery of mRNA. In certain embodiments, compounds of the invention as de scribed herein may be used to prepare liposomal vehicles that are characterized by achieving high levels of peptide or protein expression when delivering mRNA encoding for said peptide or pr otein by intramuscular delivery. [0230] Thus, pharmaceutical formulations comprising a compound described and nucleic acids provided by the present invention may be used for v arious therapeutic disease and/or disease prevention purposes. To facilitate delivery of nucleic acids in vivo, a compound described herein and nucleic acids can be formulated in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical carriers, targeting ligands or stabilizing reagents. In some embodiments, a compound described herein can be formulated via pre‐mixed lipid solution. In ot her embodiments, a composition comprising a compound described herein can be formulated using pos t‐insertion techniques into the lipid membrane of the nanoparticles. Techniques for formul ation and administration of drugs may be found in “Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,” M ack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., latest edition. [0231] Suitable routes of administration include, for example , oral, rectal, vaginal, transmucosal, pulmonary including intratracheal or inhaled, or intes tinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intradermal, transdermal (topical), intramuscu lar, subcutaneous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intra venous, intraperitoneal, or intranasal. In particular embodiments, the intramuscular administration is to a muscle selected from the group consisting of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In some embodiments the administration results in delivery of the nucleic acids to a muscl e cell. In some embodiments the administration results in delivery of the nucleic acids to a hepat ocyte (i.e., liver cell). [0232] A common route for administering a liposomal composit ion of the invention may be intravenous delivery, in particular when treating meta bolic disorders, especially those affecting the liver (e.g., ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficienc y). Alternatively, depending on the disease or disorder to be treated, the liposomal composition may be administered via pulmonary delivery (e.g., for the treatment of cystic fibrosis). For vaccinatio n, a liposomal composition of the invention is typically administered intramuscularly. Diseases or dis orders affecting the eye may be treated by administering a liposomal composition of the invention intravitreally. [0233] Alternatively or additionally, pharmaceutical formulatio ns of the invention may be administered in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the pharmaceutical formulation directly into a targeted ti ssue (e.g., in a sustained release formulation). Local delivery can be affected in various ways, depe nding on the tissue to be targeted. Exemplary tissues in which mRNA may be delivered and/or expres sed include, but are not limited to the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, serum, brain, skeletal muscle, lymph nodes, skin, and/or cerebrospinal fluid. In embodiments, the tissue to be targeted in the liver. For example, aerosols containing compositions of the present invention can be inhaled (for nasal, tracheal, or bronchial delivery); compositions of the present invention can be injected into the site of injury, disease manifestation, or pain, for example; compositions can be provided in lozenges for oral, tracheal, or esophageal application; can be supplied in liquid, tablet or capsule form for a dministration to the stomach or intestines, can be supplied in suppository form for rectal or vaginal a pplication; or can even be delivered to the eye by use of creams, drops, or even injection. [0234] Compositions described herein can comprise mRNA encodi ng peptides including those described herein (e.g., a polypeptide such as a prot ein). [0235] In embodiments, a mRNA encodes a polypeptide. [0236] In embodiments, a mRNA encodes a peptide. In embodim ents, the peptide is an antigen. [0237] In embodiments, a mRNA encodes a protein. [0238] The present invention provides methods for delivering a composition having full‐length mRNA molecules encoding a peptide or protein of inte rest for use in the treatment of a subject, e.g., a human subject or a cell of a human subject or a cell that is treated and delivered to a human subject. Delivery Methods [0239] The route of delivery used in the methods of the i nvention allows for non‐invasive, self‐ administration of the compounds of the invention. In some embodiments, the methods involve intranasal, intratracheal or pulmonary administration b y aerosolization, nebulization, or instillation of a compositions comprising mRNA encoding a therapeu tic peptide or protein in a suitable transfection or lipid carrier vehicles as described a bove. In some embodiments, the peptide or protein is encapsulated with a liposome. In some e mbodiments, the liposome comprises a lipid, which is a compound of the invention. As used her ein below, administration of a compound of the invention includes administration of a composition com prising a compound of the invention. [0240] Although the local cells and tissues of the lung re present a potential target capable of functioning as a biological depot or reservoir for p roduction and secretion of the protein encoded by the mRNA, applicants have discovered that administrati on of the compounds of the invention to the lung via aerosolization, nebulization, or instillation results in the distribution of even non‐secreted proteins outside the lung cells. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is contemplated that nanoparticle compositions of the inv ention pass, through the lung airway‐blood barrier, resulting in translation of the intact nanop article to non‐lung cells and tissues, such as, e. g., the heart, the liver, the spleen, the muscle, where it results in the production of the encoded peptide or protein in these non‐lung tissues. Thu s, the utility of the compounds of the invention an d methods of the invention extend beyond production of therapeutic protein in lung cells and tissues of the lung and can be used to delivery to non‐l ung target cells and/or tissues. They are useful i n the management and treatment of a large number of diseas es. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention, used in the methods of the invent ion result in the distribution of the mRNA encapsulated nanoparticles and production of the encod ed peptide or protein in the liver, spleen, heart, muscle and/or other non‐lung cells. For ex ample, administration of the compounds of the invention, by aerosolization, nebulization, or instilla tion to the lung will result in the composition itself and its peptide or protein product (e.g., an antigen or functional protein) will be detectable in both the local cells and tissues of the lung, as w ell as in peripheral target cells, tissues and organ s as a result of translocation of the mRNA and delivery vehicle to non‐lung cells. [0241] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the inventio n may be employed in the methods of the invention to specifically target peripheral ce lls or tissues. Following the pulmonary delivery, i t is contemplated the compounds of the invention cross the lung airway‐blood barrier and distribute into cells other than the local lung cells. Accord ingly, the compounds disclosed herein may be administered to a subject by way of the pulmonary r oute of administration, using a variety of approach known by those skilled in the art (e.g., b y inhalation), and distribute to both the local target cells and tissues of the lung, as well as i n peripheral non‐lung cells and tissues (e.g., cell s of the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, skeletal muscle, l ymph nodes, brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma). As a result, both the local cells of the lung and the peripheral non‐lung cells can serve as biological reservoirs or depots capable of producing and/or secreting a translation product encoded by one or more polynucleotides. Accordingly, the pr esent invention is not limited to the treatment of lung diseases or conditions, but rather can be u sed as a non‐invasive means of facilitating the delivery of polynucleotides, or the production of pep tides or proteins encoded thereby, in peripheral organs, tissues and cells (e.g., hepatocytes) which w ould otherwise be achieved only by systemic administration. Exemplary peripheral non‐lung cells include, but are not limited to, hepatocytes, epithelial cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells , endothelial cells, bone cells, stem cells, mesenchymal cells, neural cells, cardiac cells, adipoc ytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells, beta cells, pit uitary cells, synovial lining cells, ovarian cells, testicular cells, fibroblasts, B cells, T cells, reti culocytes, leukocytes, granulocytes and tumor cells. [0242] Following administration of the composition to the su bject, the peptide or protein product encoded by the mRNA (e.g., a functional protein or enzyme) is detectable in the peripheral target tissues for at least about one to seven days or lo nger following administration of the compound to the subject. The amount of peptide or protein prod uct necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect will vary depending on the condition being treated, the p eptide or protein encoded, and the condition of the patient. For example, the peptide or protein p roduct may be detectable in the peripheral target tissues at a concentration (e.g., a therapeutic conce ntration) of at least 0.025‐1.5 µg/ml (e.g., at least 0.050 µg/ml, at least 0.075 µg/ml, at least 0.1 µg/ml, at least 0.2 µg/ml, at least 0.3 µg/ ml, at least 0.4 µg/ml, at least 0.5 µg/ml, at least 0.6 µg/ml, at least 0.7 µg/ml, at least 0.8 µg/ml, at least 0.9 µg/ml, at least 1.0 µg/ml, at least 1.1 µg/m l, at least 1.2 µg/ml, at least 1.3 µg/ml, at le ast 1.4 µg/ml, or at least 1.5 µg/ml), for at least abo ut 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14 , 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45 days or longer following administra tion of the compound to the subject. [0243] It has been demonstrated that nucleic acids can be delivered to the lungs by intratracheal administration of a liquid suspension of the compound and inhalation of an aerosol mist produced by a liquid nebulizer or the use of a dry powder apparatus such as that described in U.S. patent 5,780,014, incorporated herein by reference. [0244] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the inventio n may be formulated such that they may be aerosolized or otherwise delivered as a parti culate liquid or solid prior to or upon administration to the subject. Such compounds may b e administered with the assistance of one or more suitable devices for administering such solid or liquid particulate compositions (such as, e.g., an aerosolized aqueous solution or suspension) to gen erate particles that are easily respirable or inhalable by the subject. In some embodiments, such devices (e.g., a metered dose inhaler, jet‐ nebulizer, ultrasonic nebulizer, dry‐powder‐inhalers, propellant‐based inhaler or an insufflator) facilitate the administration of a predetermined mass, volume or dose of the compositions (e.g., about 0.5 mg/kg of mRNA per dose) to the subject. For example, in certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention are administered to a sub ject using a metered dose inhaler containing a suspension or solution comprising the compound and a suitable propellant. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention may be f ormulated as a particulate powder (e.g., respirable dry particles) intended for inhalation. I n certain embodiments, compositions of the invention formulated as respirable particles are appro priately sized such that they may be respirable by the subject or delivered using a suitable device (e.g., a mean D50 or D90 particle size less than about 500μm, 400μm, 300μm, 250μm, 200μm, 150μm, 100μm, 75μm, 50μm, 25μm, 20μm, 15μm, 12.5μm, 10μm, 5μm, 2.5μm or smaller). In yet o ther embodiments, the compounds of the invention are formulated to include one or more pulmonary surf actants (e.g., lamellar bodies). In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are admin istered to a subject such that a concentration of at least 0.05 mg/kg, at least 0.1 mg/kg, at least 0.5 mg/kg, at least 1.0 mg/kg, at least 2.0 mg/kg, at least 3.0 mg/kg, at least 4.0 mg/kg, at least 5.0 mg/kg, at least 6.0 mg/kg, at least 7.0 mg/kg, at least 8.0 mg/kg, at least 9.0 mg/kg, at least 10 mg/kg, at least 15 mg/kg, at least 20 mg/kg, at least 25 mg/kg, at least 30 mg/kg, at le ast 35 mg/kg, at least 40 mg/kg, at least 45 mg/kg , at least 50 mg/kg, at least 55 mg/kg, at least 60 mg/kg, at least 65 mg/kg, at least 70 mg/kg, at l east 75 mg/kg, at least 80 mg/kg, at least 85 mg/kg, at least 90 mg/kg, at least 95 mg/kg, or at least 1 00 mg/kg body weight is administered in a single dose. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are administered to a subject such that a total amount of at least 0.1 mg, at least 0.5 mg, at least 1.0 mg, at least 2.0 mg, at least 3.0 mg , at least 4.0 mg, at least 5.0 mg, at least 6.0 mg, at least 7.0 mg, at least 8.0 mg, at least 9.0 mg, a t least 10 mg, at least 15 mg, at least 20 mg, a t least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg or at least 100 mg mRNA is ad ministered in one or more doses. Synthesis of compounds of the invention [0245] The cationic lipid MC3 is the current gold standard for in vivo delivery of e.g. siRNA (see WO2010/144740). However, the synthesis of this lipid involves a six‐step process and requires handling of a Grignard reagent. In contrast, the pre sent invention provides cationic lipids that can be prepared from readily available starting reagents, suc h as “Good’s” buffers (see Table 1 below). These starting reagents can be coupled to cationic h eadgroups and lipid tails using coupling reactions, such as sulfonylation, acetylation and alky lation (see for example, Table 2 below). Table 1: Examples of “Good” buffers Table 2: Examples of lipid chains that are suitable for the present invention
[0246] In embodiments, a cationic lipid described herein can be prepared by conjugating a “Good’s” Buffer with a lipid, for example the carboxylic acid of a lipid, under suitable conditions. Exemplary “Good’s” Buffers are desc ribed in Table 1, and exemplary lipid chains are described in Table 2. Accordingly, suitable cat ionic lipids include those resulting from any combination of the precursors described in Table 1 a nd Table 2. [0247] In some embodiments, the sulfonic acid groups of com pounds, such as “Good’s” buffers can be derivatized by forming a sulfonyl cho ride using reagents, such as oxalyl chloride. The resulting sulfonyl chloride can undergo a number of reactions, including but not limited to reduction with Zn/HCl to form the corresp onding thiol and coupling to nucleophiles, such as amines and alcohols to form th e corresponding sulfonamides and sulfonates (see for example, Scheme A below):
[0248] Using the chemistry outlined in scheme A it is poss ible to derivatise the sulfonic acid starting reagents with a range of suitable cationic lipid head groups and lipid chains. [0249] Furthermore, compounds such as “Good’s” buffers can be readily synthesized. For example, through nucleophilic ring opening of an epis ulfide with a piperazine (see for example, Scheme B below). [0250] The compounds of the invention as described herein c an be prepared according to methods known in the art, including the exemplary sy ntheses of the Examples provided herein.
EXAMPLES [0251] While certain compounds, compositions and methods of the present invention have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds of the invention an d are not intended to limit the same. [0252] Any of the compounds identified in the examples may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and such salts are i ntended to be encompassed by the present invention. List of abbreviations: APCI‐MS: Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mas s spectrometry EDCI: 1‐Ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide EtOAc: Ethyl acetate MS: Mass spectrometry Na 2 SO 4 : Sodium sulfate SiO 2 : Silicon dioxide TLC: Thin layer chromatography Example 1: Synthesis of Compounds of the Present I nvention [0253] For example, the compounds of the invention may be prepared according to Schemes 1 and 2.
Scheme 1: Synthetic Scheme for Intermediates Scheme 2: Synthetic Scheme for Compound 48
Synthetic Procedure for Intermediate 3: Step 1: Synthesis of 2‐(3‐(Tritylthio)propyl)isoindo line‐1,3‐dione (2) [0254] As depicted in Scheme 1: To a mixture of sodium hy dride (30 g, 1.08 mole, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) in 600 mL N, N‐dimethylformamide, was added triphenylmethanethiol (200 g, 0.724 mole) in portions at 0 °C. After stirring for 1 h , a solution of N‐(3‐bromopropyl)phthalimide 1 (19 4.1 g, 0.724 mole) in 400 mL N, N‐dimethylformamide wa s added slowly, and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature and stirr ed overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into 6 L ice‐cold water, the solution was decanted, and the solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated to give 2‐ (3‐(tritylthio)propyl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione as white solid (252 g, 75%), which was used for the next step without further purification. Step 2: Synthesis of 3‐(Tritylthio)propan‐1‐amine (3) [0255] As depicted in Scheme 1: A mixture of 2‐(3‐(trit ylthio)propyl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione 2 (252 g, 0.54 mole) and hydrazine hydrate (112 mL, 2.7 mole) in ethanol (3 L) was heated under nitrogen atmosphere to gentle reflux overnight. After cooled t o room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, and then washed with ethanol . The combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in chloroform. After stirring for 15 min, the mixture was filtered and concentrated, and the crude was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO 2 : 0 to 15% methanol in dichloromethane) to get 3‐(tritylthio)propan‐1‐amine as oil (100 g, 55% ).
Synthetic procedure for Epoxide 8: Step 1: Synthesis of Non‐8‐enoic acid (5) [0256] As depicted in Scheme 1: To a solution of periodic acid (353 g, 1.55 mole) in 2 L acetonitrile, a solution of non‐8‐en‐1‐ol 4 (100 g, 0.7 mo le) was added at 0 °C, and then a solution of py ridinium chlorochromate (3.23 g, 15 mmol) in 500 mL acetonitr ile was added dropwise in 2 h. The resulting cloudy mixture was stirred at room temperature overni ght. TLC showed complete reaction. The reaction mixture was diluted with 1 L EtOAc, and th e solution was washed by water and brine. After dried over sodium sulfate, the organic layer was con centrated, and the crude was purified by column chromatography (SiO 2 : 0 to 50% ethyl acetate in hexane) to get n on‐8‐enoic acid as pale yellow oil (88 g, 80%). Step 2: Synthesis of 2‐Ethylbutyl non‐8‐enoate ( 7) [0257] As depicted in Scheme 1: To a mixture of non‐8‐ enoic acid 5 (50 g, 0.32 mole) and 2‐ ethylbutanol 6 (39.2 g, 0.384 mole) in 250 mL dichl oromethane, was added EDCI (73.6 g, 0.384 mole) and dimethylaminopyridine (7.8 g, 64 mmol), and then the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. MS and TLC analysis showed complete reaction. The re action mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, and washed with saturated sodium bica rbonate, water and brine. After dried over sodium sulfate, the solvent was evaporated under vacu um, and the crude was purified via flash column chromatography (SiO 2 : 0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexane) to give 2‐ethylbutyl non‐8‐enoate as colorless oil (71 g, 92%). Step 3: Synthesis of 2‐Ethylbutyl 7‐(oxiran‐2‐y l)heptanoate (8) [0258] As depicted in Scheme 1: A solution of 2‐ethylbuty l non‐8‐enoate 7 (71 g, 0.295 mole) in 500 mL dichloromethane was cooled to 0 °C, and 3‐chlo roperbenzoic acid (99.3 g, 0.443 mole) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at this temp erature overnight. The suspension was filtered, and 1.2 M sodium bisulfite solution was added into the filtrate. After stirred for 1 h, the organic la yer was separated, and then washed by sodium bicarbonate solution and brine. After dried over sodium sulfate, the solvent was evaporated to give 2‐ethyl butyl 7‐(oxiran‐2‐yl)heptanoate as colorless oil (70 g, 92%),which was used for the ne xt step without purification. Synthetic procedure for TIM‐3‐E9Es6: Step 1: Synthesis of Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐( tritylthio)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (9) [0259] As depicted in Scheme 1: A mixture of 3‐(tritylthi o)propan‐1‐amine 3 (3.9 g, 11.7 mmol) and 2‐ethylbutyl 7‐(oxiran‐2‐yl)heptanoate 8 (8.0 g, 35.1 mmol) in 30 mL isopropanol was heated under nitrogen atmosphere to gentle reflux overnight. The r eaction mixture was concentrated, and the crude was purified by flash column chromatography (Si O 2 : 0 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) to give bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐(tritylthio)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) as yellow oil (5.3 g, 53%). Step 2: Synthesis of Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐m ercaptopropyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (TIM‐3‐E9Es6) [0260] As depicted in Scheme 1: To a solution of bis(2‐e thylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐ (tritylthio)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) 9 ( 169 mg, 0.20 mmol) and triethylsilane (0.1 mL, 0.6 mmol) in 10 mL dichloromethane, was added t rifluoroacetic acid (0.1 mL, 1.0 mmol) slowly at 0 °C. The resulting reaction mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. MS showed complete reaction. The volatile was evaporated, and the residue was evaporated with toluene three time under vacuum. The crude was used for the next step without further purification. Synthetic procedure for AIM‐3‐E9Es6: Step 1: Synthesis of Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐( tert‐butoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (11) [0261] As depicted in Scheme 1: A solution of tert‐butyl 4‐aminobutanoate 10 (3.3 g, 15.9 mmol), 2‐ ethylbutyl 7‐(oxiran‐2‐yl)heptanoate 8 (9.0 g, 35 .1 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (5 mL, 28.7 mmol) in 5 mL isopropanol was heated to reflux for 3 days. MS showed complete reaction. After concentrated to dryness, the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO 2 : 0 to 100% ethyl acetate in hexane) to obtain bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(tert‐butoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis( 8‐ hydroxynonanoate) as colorless oil (6.0 g, 56%). Step 2: Synthesis of Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐( tert‐butoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐((tert‐ butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)nonanoate) (12) [0262] As depicted in Scheme 1: To a solution of bis(2‐e thylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(tert‐butoxy)‐4‐ oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) 11 (6.0 g, 8.7 mmol) in 50 mL dichloromethane, tert‐ butyldimethylsilyl chloride (5.3 g, 35 mmol), imidazol e (0.6 g, 8.7 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (1.1 g, 8.7 mmol) were added, and the resulting mix ture was heated to reflux 48 h. MS showed complete reaction. After cooled to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine. The combined organic la yer was dried over sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue was purified by flash colu mn chromatography (SiO 2 : 0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexane) to obtain bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9' ((4‐(tert‐butoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐((t ert‐ butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)nonanoate) as colorless oil (4.9 g, 61%). Step 7: Synthesis of 4‐(Bis(2‐((tert‐butyldimethyl silyl)oxy)‐9‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butanoic acid (AIM‐3‐E9Es6) [0263] As depicted in Scheme 1: A solution of bis(2‐ethyl butyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(tert‐butoxy)‐4‐ oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐((tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)n onanoate) 12 (4.9 g, 5.36 mmol) in 15 mL dichloromethane was cooled to 0 °C, and trifluoracet ic acid (20 mL, 0.13 mole) was added dropwise, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temper ature overnight. MS showed complete reaction. Saturated sodium bicarbonate solution was ad ded to adjust the solution to pH 7, and the mixture was extracted by dichloromethane. After dried over sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed under vacuum, and the residue was purified b y flash column chromatography (SiO 2 : 0 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) to obtain 4‐(bis(2 ((tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)‐9‐(2‐ ethylbutoxy)‐9‐oxononyl)amino)butanoic acid as colorl ess oil (4.1 g, 89%). Synthetic Procedure for Disulfide Intermediate 16: Synthesis of 2‐(4‐(2‐(Pyridin‐2‐yldisulfaneyl)et hyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethan‐1‐ol (16) [0264] As depicted in Scheme 1: In a 2 L round‐bottom f lask, ethylene sulfide (18 g, 0.3 mole) was added into a solution of 2‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)ethan 1‐ol 13 (30.0 g, 0.23 mole) in 1500 mL dichloromethane, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h. Pyridyl disulfide 15 (60.8 g, 0.276 mole) was added, and the reaction mi xture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. MS and TLC analysis indicated completion of the reac tion. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and the residue was purified by flash column chromat ography (SiO 2 : 0 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) to obtain 2‐(4‐(2‐(pyridin‐2‐y ldisulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethan‐1‐ol as pa le yellow oil (37 g, 53%). Synthetic Procedure for Compound 48 Step 1: Synthesis of Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐o xo‐4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐(pyridin‐2‐ yldisulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)butyl)azanediy l)bis(8‐((tert‐ butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)nonanoate) (17) [0265] As depicted in Scheme 2: To a solution of 4‐(bis( 2‐((tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)‐9‐(2‐ ethylbutoxy)‐9‐oxononyl)amino)butanoic acid AIM‐3‐ E9Es6 (2.2 g, 2.74 mmol) in 30 mL dichloromethane, was added EDCI (0.79 g, 4.11 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (67 mg, 0.54 mmol), and then a solution of 2‐(4‐(2‐(pyridin 2‐yldisulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethan‐1‐ol 16 (0.98 g, 3.29 mmol) in 5 mL dichloromethane was added. Th e reaction mixture was stirred overnight. MS and TLC analysis showed complete reaction. The reacti on mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, and washed with saturated sodium bica rbonate, water and brine. After dried over sodium sulfate, the solvent was evaporated under vacu um, and the crude was purified via flash column chromatography (SiO 2 : 0 to 100% ethyl acetate with 1% triethylamin e in hexane with 1% triethylamine, then 10% triethylamine in ethyl acetate , and then 25% triethylamine in ethyl acetate) to give bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐oxo‐4‐(2‐( 4‐(2‐(pyridin‐2‐yldisulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐ yl)ethoxy)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐((tert‐butyldimethylsily l)oxy)nonanoate) as colorless oil (1.8 g, 60%). Step 2: Synthesis of Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐o xo‐4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐(pyridin‐2‐ yldisulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)butyl)azanediy l)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (18) [0266] As depicted in Scheme 2: To a solution of bis(2‐e thylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐oxo‐4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐(pyridin 2‐ yldisulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)butyl)azanediy l)bis(8‐((tert‐ butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)nonanoate) 17 (1.8 g, 1.6 mmol) in 30 mL tetrahydrofuran/dichloromethane (1:1) at 0 °C was added hydrogen fluoride pyridine (70% HF, 1 mL, 34.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 h . MS and TLC analysis indicated complete reaction. The reaction was quenched by pouring slowly into saturated sodium bicarbonate, and then the resulting mixture was extracted with dichlorometha ne. Combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After concentrat ion, the crude was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO 2 : 0 to 100% ethyl acetate with 1% triethylamin e in hexane with 1% triethylamine, then 10% triethylamine in ethyl acetate , and then 25% triethylamine in ethyl acetate) to give bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐oxo‐4‐(2‐( 4‐(2‐(pyridin‐2‐yldisulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐ yl)ethoxy)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) was ob tained as pale yellow oil (1.06 g, 73%). Step 3: Synthesis of Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐( (2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(9‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydrox y‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)d isulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)‐bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 48) [0267] As depicted in Scheme 2: To a solution of bis(2‐e thylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐oxo‐4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐(pyridin 2‐ yldisulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)butyl)azanediy l)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) 18 (90 mg, 0.10 mmol) in 5 mL chloroform, was added a solution of crude bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐ mercaptopropyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) TIM‐3 E9Es6 (0.20 mmol). The reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen three times and then stirre d at room temperature for 2 h. MS and TLC analysis indicated complete reaction. The reaction mix ture was concentrated to dryness, and the crude was purified with flash column chromatography ( SiO 2 : 0 to 100% ethyl acetate with 1% triethylamine in hexane with 1% triethylamine, then 1 0% triethylamine in ethyl acetate) to give bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (9‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)d isulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) as pale yellow oil (82 mg, 58%). [0268] The other lipids of the present invention were prepa red according to the representative procedures set out in Schemes 1 and 2 and described above.
Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(7‐b utoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 1) [0269] 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.23 (m, 52H), 0.9 2 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl )azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 18) [0270] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.79‐ 1.25 (m, 56H), 0.91 (d, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 49) [0271] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 40H), 1.79‐1.25 (m, 52H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1334.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)but yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 10) [0272] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.05 (t, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.23 (m, 40H), 1.75‐1.23 (m, 64H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1333.7. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 39) [0273] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.79‐1.25 (m, 58H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1320.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 13) [0274] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.22 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 44H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (d, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 19) [0275] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.91‐ 1.25 (m, 54H), 0.91 (d, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1292.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 4) [0276] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.90‐1.23 (m, 64H), 0.9 2 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1319.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐buto xy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl )azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 7) [0277] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.80‐1.25 (m, 54H), 0.9 2 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1278.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 15) [0278] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.22 (m, 38H), 1.78‐1.24 (m, 46H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (d, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)‐bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 14) [0279] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.35 (m, 30H), 2.28 (q, 8H), 1.92‐1.74 (m, 5H), 1.68‐ 1.56 (m, 9H), 1.54‐1.26 (m, 32H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.7. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)‐bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 20) [0280] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.32 (m, 32H), 2.29 (dt, 8H), 1.92‐1.74 (m, 5H), 1.72‐1.56 (m, 9H), 1.54‐1.26 (m, 36H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)‐bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 40) [0281] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.21 (t, 2H), 3.97 (d, 8H), 3.78 (m, 6H ), 2.94‐2.39 (m, 28H), 2.29 (dt, 8H), 1.92‐1.74 (m, 4H), 1.72‐1.26 (m, 52H), 0.88 (t, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1333.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxo‐9‐ propoxynonyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐ yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 5) [0282] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.99 (d, 4H ), 3.65 (bs, 4H), 2.84‐2.39 (m, 28H), 2.29 (t, 4H), 2.28 (t, 4H), 1.92‐1.74 (m, 6 H), 1.68‐1.55 (m, 14H), 1.52‐1.24 (m, 44H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1334.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐oxononyl)‐ amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐ 4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 29) [0283] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.67 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.92‐1.78 (m, 4H), 1.74‐1.26 (m, 56H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C73H140N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1362.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (9‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)‐ amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaney l)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 48) [0284] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.67 (m, 4H ), 2.88‐2.35 (m, 30H), 2.29 (t, 8H), 1.96‐1.78 (m, 4H), 1.70‐1.28 (m, 60H), 0.88 (t, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C75H144N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1390.1, Observed = 1390.1. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 7‐butoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 3) [0285] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.23 (m, 62H), 0.9 3 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 21) [0286] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.90‐1.24 (m, 58H), 0.9 1 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1320.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino) propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 41) [0287] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H ), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐ 2.23 (m, 16H), 1.88‐1.24 (m, 62H), 0.88 (t, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1348.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxo butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 16) [0288] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.66 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.86‐1.75 (m, 4H), 1.70‐1.26 (m, 46H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino) butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxo butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) [0289] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.84‐2.26 (m, 36H), 1.83‐ 1.28 (m, 64H), 0.88 (t, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1348.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(9‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 11) [0290] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.25 (m, 36H), 1.83‐1.28 (m, 70H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1348.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)et hoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 38) [0291] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 62H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C74H142N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1376.0, Observed = 1376.1. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (9‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)d isulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 60) [0292] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 36H), 1.85‐ 1.24 (m, 72H), 0.88 (t, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C76H146N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1404.1, Observed = 1404.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 7‐butoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl )azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 9) [0293] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.80‐1.23 (m, 58H), 0.9 2 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1306.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino) butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 51) [0294] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐ 2.23 (m, 16H), 1.75‐1.24 (m, 60H), 0.88 (t, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C73H140N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1362.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(9‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 12) [0295] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.70‐1.23 (m, 62H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1361.5. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 31) [0296] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.80‐1.24 (m, 60H), 0.9 1 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1333.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(9‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 6) [0297] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.90‐1.23 (m, 68H), 0.9 2 (t, 6H), 0.88 (d, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1346.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 7‐butoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐ox obutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 2) [0298] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.92‐1.26 (m, 56H), 0.92 (d, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.8, Observed = 1277.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 7‐butoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxo butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 8) [0299] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.26 (m, 34H), 1.85‐1.28 (m, 60H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 17) [0300] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.83‐1.25 (m, 50H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐yloxy)hexyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 27) [0301] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.77 (pent, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.24 (m, 46H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.8. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐yloxy)hexyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 36) [0302] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.77 (pent, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 36H), 1.86‐1.24 (m, 54H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 24) [0303] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.92‐1.78 (m, 4H), 1.72‐1.26 (m, 36H), 1.23 (d, 12H), 0.91 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C63H120N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1221.7, Observed = 1221.8. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 34) [0304] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 36H), 1.86‐1.27 (m, 46H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 25) [0305] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.95‐1.27 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 26) [0306] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H ), 2.84‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐ 2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.29 (m, 48H), 0.91 (d, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 35) [0307] 1 HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.85‐ 1.25 (m, 50H), 0.91 (d, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.8. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)‐azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 28) [0308] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.68 (m, 4H), 2.88‐2.45 (m, 22H), 2.42‐2.24 (m, 16H), 1.95‐1.26 (m, 52H), 0.9 5‐0.86 (m, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.8. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate)) (Compound 30) [0309] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 40H), 1.95‐1.24 (m, 52H), 0.91 (t, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1320.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)butyl)‐azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 37) [0310] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.28 (m, 38H), 1.95‐1.22 (m, 54H), 0.95‐0.86 (m, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1319.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 22) [0311] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.06 (m, 8H), 3.64 (m, 4H ), 2.88‐2.45 (m, 22H), 2.42‐ 2.24 (m, 16H), 1.95‐1.26 (m, 58H), 0.95‐0.88 (m, 18H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)et hoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 32) [0312] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.06 (m, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.82‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐ 2.25 (m, 16H), 1.90‐1.22 (m, 60H), 0.93‐0.85 (m, 18H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1319.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐oxononyl)‐ amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5 ‐oxopentyl)azanediyl)‐bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 33) [0313] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.80‐1.25 (m, 62H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1334.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 23) [0314] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.25 (m, 60H), 0.9 2 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1319.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐yloxy)hexyl)‐ amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaney l)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 46) [0315] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.75 (pent, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 40H), 1.90‐1.24 (m, 52H), 0.88 (d, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐yloxy)hexyl)‐ amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaney l)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 59) [0316] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.75 (pent, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.86‐1.24 (m, 52H), 0.88 (t, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)‐ amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaney l)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 44) [0317] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (t, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 36H), 1.90‐1.78 (m, 4H), 1.68‐1.26 (m, 44H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)but yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 55) [0318] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.78‐1.29 (m, 48H), 1.21 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 54) [0319] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 38H), 1.86‐1.27 (m, 48H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 56) [0320] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.45 (m, 22H), 2.44‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.83‐1.28 (m, 54H), 0.9 1 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1318.9, Observed = 1319.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 45) [0321] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.29 (m, 52H), 0.9 1 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)‐azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 47) [0322] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.21 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.74 (m, 4H ), 2.82‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐ 2.25 (m, 16H), 1.99‐1.25 (m, 56H), 0.93‐0.85 (m, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1133.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐l)ethyl)d isulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 57) [0323] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.74 (m, 4H ), 2.83‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.90‐ 1.22 (m, 58H), 0.88 (t, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1347.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis (7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)‐ amino)pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfane yl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 58) [0324] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 40H), 1.90‐ 1.24 (m, 62H), 0.88 (t, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C73H140N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1361.2. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(9‐(2‐eth ylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 42) [0325] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.04 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.72 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.28 (m, 38H), 1.95‐1.22 (m, 62H), 0.95‐0.85 (m, 18H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1333.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(9‐butoxy 2‐hydroxy‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)d isulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 52) [0326] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.79 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.28 (m, 38H), 1.95‐1.22 (m, 64H), 0.95‐0.85 (m, 18H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1347.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(9‐(2‐eth ylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 53) [0327] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.45 (m, 22H), 2.44‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.77‐1.26 (m, 66H), 0.9 2 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C73H140N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1362.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(9‐(2‐eth ylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 43) [0328] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.23 (m, 64H), 0.9 2 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1348.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (Compound 92) [0329] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol‐d 4 ) δ 4.21 (t, 2H), 4.01 (d, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.88‐2.50 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.28 (m, 16H), 1.89‐1.73 (m, 4H), 1.64 (m, 8H), 1.56‐1.45 (m, 12H), 1.37 (m, 24H), 0.91 (t, 24H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (Compound 78) [0330] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.18 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.28 (m, 46H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.90 (t, 6H). APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.8, Observed = 1207.8. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)‐azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Es6‐DS‐3‐E 7‐E4) [0331] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.45 (m, 22H), 2.42‐2.24 (m, 16H), 1.85‐1.73 (m, 4H), 1.72 ‐1.46 (m, 20H), 1.45‐1.29 (m, 22H), 0.93 (t, 6H) , 0.88 (t, 12H). [0332] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C63H120N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1221.8, Observed = 1221.7. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Es6‐DS‐4‐E 7‐Ei3) [0333] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.83‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). [0334] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.8, Observed = 1207.7. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐E4‐DS‐3‐E7 Ei5) [0335] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 8H), 3.70 (m, 4H ), 2.84‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐2.26 (m, 16H), 1.96‐1.25 (m, 50H), 0.9 5‐0.88 (m, 18H). [0336] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐4‐ oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐E4‐DS‐4‐E7 Ei5) [0337] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (m, 8H), 3.75 (m, 4H ), 2.84‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.92‐1.25 (m, 52H), 0.9 5‐0.88 (m, 18H). [0338] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.9, Observed = 1263.7. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Es6‐DS‐3‐E 7‐Ei3) [0339] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.28 (m, 38H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.89 (t, 12H). [0340] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C61H116N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1193.7, Observed = 1193.6. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐E4‐DS‐3‐E7 Ei3) [0341] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.04 (d, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.28 (m, 44H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.89 (t, 6H). [0342] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C61H116N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1193.7, Observed = 1193.7. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Es6‐DS‐4‐E9 ‐E4) [0343] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.45 (m, 22H), 2.42‐2.24 (m, 16H), 1.90‐1.28 (m, 56H), 0.93 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0344] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.8. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Es6‐DS‐3‐E9 ‐Ei5) [0345] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.68 (m, 4H), 2.88‐ 2.45 (m, 22H), 2.42‐2.24 (m, 16H), 1.95‐1.26 (m, 52H), 0.95‐0.86 (m, 24H). [0346] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.8. dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐E4‐DS‐3‐E9 Ei5) [0347] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.06 (m, 8H), 3.64 (m, 4H ), 2.88‐2.45 (m, 22H), 2.42‐2.24 (m, 16H), 1.95‐1.26 (m, 58H), 0.9 5‐0.88 (m, 18H). [0348] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Es6‐DS‐3‐E9 ‐Es6) [0349] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.21 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.74 (m, 4H ), 2.82‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.99‐1.25 (m, 56H), 0.9 3‐0.85 (m, 24H). [0350] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1133.8. Diisopropyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐ yloxy)hexyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethy l)disulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E6‐Es5‐DS‐3‐E 7‐Ei3) [0351] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.74 (pent, 2H), 4.19 ( t, 2H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 3.32‐3.00 (bs, 4H), 2.83‐2.24 (m, 38H), 1.91 ‐1.74 (m, 2H), 1.70‐1.36 (m, 30H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). [0352] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C57H108N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1137.6, Observed = 1137.6. Diisopropyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Ei3‐DS‐3‐E 7‐Ei3) [0353] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 4H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.68 (m, 4H), 3.32‐3.00 (bs, 4H), 2.87‐2.35 (m, 30H), 2.26 (t, 8H), 1.93‐1.74 (m, 4H), 1.70‐1.56 (m, 8H), 1.54‐1.33 (m, 16H), 1.22 (d, 24H). [0354] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C55H104N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1109.5, Observed = 1109.6. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐Es6‐DS‐3‐E7 ‐Ei3) [0355] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.35 (m, 30H), 2.28 (q, 8H), 1.92‐1.74 (m, 5H), 1.68‐1.56 (m, 9H), 1.54‐1.26 (m, 32H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0356] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.7. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(9‐(2‐eth ylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐E4‐DS‐3‐E9 Es6) [0357] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.04 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.72 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.28 (m, 38H), 1.95‐1.22 (m, 62H), 0.95‐0.85 (m, 18H). [0358] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1333.8. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Es6‐DS‐4‐E9 ‐Ei5) [0359] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.28 (m, 38H), 1.95‐1.22 (m, 54H), 0.95‐0.86 (m, 24H). [0360] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1319.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)et hoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐E4‐DS‐4‐E9 Ei5) [0361] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.06 (m, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.82‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.90‐1.22 (m, 60H), 0.9 3‐0.85 (m, 18H). [0362] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1319.8. Diisopentyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)‐azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Ei3‐DS‐3‐E 7‐Ei5) [0363] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.82‐2.35 (m, 24H), 2.28 (t, 8H), 1.92‐1.74 (m, 6H), 1.72‐1.56 (m, 12H), 1.50 (q, 8H), 1.44‐1.32 (m, 14H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0364] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C59H112N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1165.6, Observed = 1165.7. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)‐bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐Es6‐DS‐3‐E7 ‐Ei5) [0365] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.32 (m, 32H), 2.29 (dt, 8H), 1.92‐1.74 (m, 5H), 1.72‐1.56 (m, 9H), 1.54‐1.26 (m, 36H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0366] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐l)ethyl)d isulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Es6‐DS‐4‐E9 ‐Es6) [0367] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.74 (m, 4H ), 2.83‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.22 (m, 58H), 0.88 (t, 24H). [0368] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1347.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(9‐butoxy 2‐hydroxy‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)d isulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐E4‐DS‐4‐E9 Es6) [0369] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.79 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.28 (m, 38H), 1.95‐1.22 (m, 64H), 0.95‐0.85 (m, 18H). [0370] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1347.9. Diisopentyl 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)‐bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Ei5‐DS‐3‐E 7‐Ei3) [0371] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.26 (m, 34H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.92 (d, 12H). [0372] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C59H112N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1165.7, Observed = 1165.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9‐E4‐DS‐3‐E7 Ei3) [0373] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.18 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.28 (m, 46H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.90 (t, 6H). [0374] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.8, Observed = 1207.8. Diisopentyl 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Ei5‐DS‐4‐E 7‐Ei3) [0375] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.83‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.84‐1.30 (m, 36H), 0.92 (d, 12H), 0.86 (d, 12H). [0376] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C60H114N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1179.7, Observed = 1179.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐4‐pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9‐E4‐DS‐4 E7‐Ei3) [0377] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.60 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.86‐1.25 (m, 48H), 1.21 (d, 12H), 0.92 (t, 6H). [0378] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C63H120N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1221.8, Observed = 1221.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)‐azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Ei3‐DS‐3‐E 7‐Es6) [0379] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.98 (hept, 2H), 4.21 (t, 2H), 3.97 (d, 4H), 3.74 (m, 6H), 2.92‐2.38 (m, 28H), 2.29 (dt, 8H), 1.98‐1.78 (m, 4H), 1.72‐1.29 (m, 34H), 1.21 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0380] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C61H116N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1193.7, Observed = 1193.7. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)‐bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐Es6‐DS‐3‐E7 ‐Es6) [0381] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.21 (t, 2H), 3.97 (d, 8H), 3.78 (m, 6H ), 2.94‐2.39 (m, 28H), 2.29 (dt, 8H), 1.92‐1.74 (m, 4H), 1.72‐1.26 (m, 52H), 0.88 (t, 24H). [0382] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1333.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)‐azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Ei3‐DS‐3‐E9 ‐E4) [0383] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.98 (hept, 2H), 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.63 (bs, 4H), 2.82‐2.24 (m, 36H), 1.92‐1.74 (m, 6H), 1.68‐1.55 (m, 12H), 1.50‐1.27 (m, 28H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.92 (t, 6H). [0384] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C61H116N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1193.7, Observed = 1193.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxo‐9‐ propoxynonyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐ yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9‐Es6‐DS‐3‐E9 ‐E4) [0385] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.99 (d, 4H ), 3.65 (bs, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.39 (m, 28H), 2.29 (t, 4H), 2.28 (t, 4H), 1.92‐1 .74 (m, 6H), 1.68‐1.55 (m, 14H), 1.52‐1.24 (m, 44H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0386] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1334.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopentyloxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐pe ntyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E4‐E9‐E4‐DS‐3‐E7‐Ei5) [0387] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.83‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.91‐1.22 (m, 52H), 0.95‐0.86 (m, 18H). [0388] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.9, Observed = 1263.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐ 7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7‐Ei5‐DS‐4‐E9‐E4) [0389] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.89‐1.25 (m, 52H), 0.95‐0.86 (m, 18H). [0390] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.9, Observed = 1263.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐ 7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐3‐E9E4) [0391] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.25 (m, 50H), 0.95‐0.86 (m, 18H). [0392] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐yloxy)hexyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E6Es5‐DS‐3‐E9Ei5) [0393] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.77 (pent, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.24 (m, 46H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). [0394] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.8. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐3‐E9Ei5) [0395] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.92‐1.78 (m, 4H), 1.72‐1.26 (m, 36H), 1.23 (d, 12H), 0.91 (t, 12H). [0396] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C63H120N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1221.7, Observed = 1221.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐oxononyl)‐ amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐ 4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9Es6‐DS‐3‐E9Ei5 ) [0397] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.67 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.25 (m, 38H), 1.92‐1.78 (m, 4H), 1.74‐1.26 (m, 56H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0398] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C73H140N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1362.0. Diisopentyl 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐isopentyloxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl) azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐4‐E7Ei5) [0399] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H ), 2.84‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐2.26 (m, 16H), 1.84‐1.33 (m, 42H), 0.9 1 (d, 24H). [0400] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ oxopent yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐4‐E7Ei5) [0401] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.05 (t, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.79‐1.25 (m, 54H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.90 (d, 12H). [0402] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐3‐E7Es6) [0403] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.45 (m, 22H), 2.44‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.85‐1.28 (m, 44H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0404] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐ yloxy)hexyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethy l)disulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E6Es5‐DS‐3‐E9Es6 ) [0405] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.75 (pent, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 40H), 1.90‐1.24 (m, 52H), 0.88 (d, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). [0406] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)‐ amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaney l)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐3‐E9Es6 ) [0407] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (t, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 36H), 1.90‐1.78 (m, 4H), 1.68‐1.26 (m, 44H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0408] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.9. 7‐Oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1 yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl)‐azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐3‐E7Es6) [0409] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.45 (m, 22H), 2.44‐2.24 (m, 16H), 1.92‐1.25 (m, 58H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0410] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐4‐E7Es6) [0411] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.45 (m, 22H), 2.44‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.86‐1.28 (m, 46H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0412] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2‐eth ylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐4‐E7Es6) [0413] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.45 (m, 22H), 2.44‐2.24 (m, 16H), 1.78‐1.26 (m, 58H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (m, 12H). [0414] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1306.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐3‐E9Ei5 ) [0415] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H ), 2.84‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.29 (m, 48H), 0.9 1 (d, 24H). [0416] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)e thoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐3‐E9Ei5) [0417] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.25 (m, 60H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0418] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1319.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (9‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)d isulfaneyl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9Es6‐DS‐3‐E9Es6 ) [0419] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.67 (m, 4H ), 2.88‐2.35 (m, 30H), 2.29 (t, 8H), 1.96‐1.78 (m, 4H), 1.70‐1.28 (m, 60H), 0.88 (t, 24H). [0420] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C75H144N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1390.1, Observed = 1390.1. Diisopropyl 7,7'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐4‐E7Ei 3) [0421] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 4H), 4.20 (t, 2H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.34 (m, 28H), 2.27 (t, 8H), 1.92‐1.32 (m, 36H), 1.22 (d, 24H). [0422] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C56H106N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1123.6, Observed = 1123.7. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxo butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E7Ei3) [0423] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.66 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.86‐1.75 (m, 4H), 1.70‐1.26 (m, 46H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0424] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐3‐E7E4) [0425] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.28 (m, 42H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0426] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C61H116N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1193.7, Observed = 1193.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(7‐butoxy 2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐3‐E7E4) [0427] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 8H), 3.66 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.90‐1.70 (m, 4H), 1.69 ‐1.25 (m, 54H), 0.92 (t, 12H). [0428] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0429] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.82‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.43‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.86‐1.22 (m, 44H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0430] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.7, Observed = 1207.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐butoxy 2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0431] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.83‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.25 (m, 56H), 0.92 (t, 12H). [0432] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.9. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Es6‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0433] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.25 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.22 (m, 48H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0434] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxo butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E9E4‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0435] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.83‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.25 (m, 54H), 0.92 (t, 12H). [0436] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Diisopentyl 7,7'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐4‐E7Ei5) [0437] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 4H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.24 (m, 36H), 1.84‐1.32 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0438] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C60H114N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1179.7, Observed = 1179.8. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐3‐E7E4) [0439] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 4H), 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.87‐2.24 (m, 36H), 1.90‐1.32 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.92 (t, 6H). [0440] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C57H108N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1136.7, Observed = 1137.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 7‐butoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐ox obutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9Es6‐DS‐3‐E7E4) [0441] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.24 (m, 40H), 1.92‐1.26 (m, 56H), 0.92 (d, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0442] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.8, Observed = 1277.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)prop yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐3‐E9Es6) [0443] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.29 (m, 52H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0444] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(9‐(2‐eth ylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐3‐E9Es6) [0445] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.23 (m, 64H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0446] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1348.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl) disulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐4‐E9Ei5 ) [0447] 1 HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.25 (m, 50H), 0.91 (d, 24H). [0448] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.8. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐yloxy)hexyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E6Es5‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0449] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.75 (pent, 2H), 4.20 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.28 (m, 30H), 1.84‐1.33 (m, 54H), 0.92 (d, 6H), 0.86 (t, 12H). [0450] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C60H114N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1179.7, Observed = 1179.8. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0451] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.84‐2.24 (m, 34H), 1.85‐1.30 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.92 (t, 12H). [0452] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C58H110N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1151.6, Observed = 1151.7. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 7‐butoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxo butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0453] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.26 (m, 34H), 1.85‐1.28 (m, 60H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0454] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐oxononyl)‐ amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5 ‐oxopentyl)azanediyl)‐bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐4‐E9Ei5) [0455] NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.25 (m, 38H), 1.80‐1.25 (m, 62H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0456] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1334.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei5‐DS‐4‐E9Es6) [0457] 1 HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.45 (m, 22H), 2.44‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.83‐1.28 (m, 54H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0458] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1318.9, Observed = 1319.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(9‐(2‐eth ylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐4‐E9Es6) [0459] 1 HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.45 (m, 22H), 2.44‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.77‐1.26 (m, 66H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0460] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C73H140N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1362.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐4‐E7Es6) [0461] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 5.01 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.83‐2.24 (m, 34H), 1.82‐1.29 (m, 44H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0462] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.7, Observed = 1207.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino) butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxo butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E7Es6) [0463] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.84‐2.26 (m, 36H), 1.83‐1.28 (m, 64H), 0.88 (t, 24H). [0464] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1348.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐4‐E9E4) [0465] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.83‐2.24 (m, 36H), 1.82‐1.27 (m, 52H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.93 (t, 6H). [0466] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.7, Observed = 1207.8. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(9‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E9E4) [0467] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.25 (m, 36H), 1.83‐1.28 (m, 70H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0468] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1348.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐3‐E7Ei3) [0469] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.22 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 44H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0470] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopropoxy‐7‐ oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) ethoxy)‐4‐pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9E4‐DS‐3‐E7Ei3) [0471] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.18 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.21 (m, 38H), 1.90‐1.28 (m, 46H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.90 (t, 6H). [0472] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.8, Observed = 1207.8. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐4‐E7Ei3) [0473] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.22 (m, 38H), 1.78‐1.24 (m, 46H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0474] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C65H124N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1249.8, Observed = 1249.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐yloxy)hexyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E6Es5‐DS‐4‐E9Ei5) [0475] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.77 (pent, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 36H), 1.86‐1.24 (m, 54H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). [0476] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐4‐E9Ei5) [0477] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 36H), 1.86‐1.27 (m, 46H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (t, 12H). [0478] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)et hoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E9Ei5 ) [0479] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.25 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 62H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0480] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C74H142N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1376.0, Observed = 1376.1. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐6‐oxo‐6‐(pentan‐3‐yloxy)hexyl)‐ amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaney l)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E6Es5‐DS‐4‐E9Es6 ) [0481] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.75 (pent, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 38H), 1.86‐1.24 (m, 52H), 0.88 (t, 12H), 0.86 (t, 12H). [0482] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E7Ei3) [0483] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.83‐1.25 (m, 50H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0484] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(7‐buto xy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐3‐E7E4) [0485] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.23 (m, 52H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0486] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 7‐butoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐3‐E7E4) [0487] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.23 (m, 62H), 0.93 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0488] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (9‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐ oxononyl)amino)butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)d isulfaneyl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E3‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E9Es6 ) [0489] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 36H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 72H), 0.88 (t, 24H). [0490] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C76H146N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1404.1, Observed = 1404.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐buto xy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl )azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0491] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.84‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.80‐1.25 (m, 54H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0492] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1278.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 7‐butoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl )azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0493] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.80‐1.23 (m, 58H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0494] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1306.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐3‐E7Ei5) [0495] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.91‐1.25 (m, 54H), 0.91 (d, 24H). [0496] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1292.0. Diisopropyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Ei3‐DS‐3‐E7Ei3) [0497] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 4H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 34H), 1.95‐1.32 (m, 38H), 1.22 (d, 24H). [0498] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C56H106N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1123.6, Observed = 1123.7. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Es6‐DS‐3‐E7Ei3) [0499] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 40H), 1.88‐1.29 (m, 42H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0500] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.7, Observed = 1207.9. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Ei3‐DS‐3‐E7E4) [0501] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.95‐1.30 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.92 (t, 6H). [0502] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C58H110N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1151.6, Observed = 1151.8. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(7‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Es6‐DS‐3‐E7E4) [0503] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.65 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.28 (m, 38H), 1.95‐1.24 (m, 52H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0504] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐3‐E7Ei5) [0505] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.90‐1.24 (m, 58H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0506] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1320.0. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydr oxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl )azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐4‐E7Ei5) [0507] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.23 (m, 38H), 1.79‐1.25 (m, 56H), 0.91 (d, 24H). [0508] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C69H132N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1305.9, Observed = 1305.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E7Ei5) [0509] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.80‐1.24 (m, 60H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0510] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1333.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Ei3‐DS‐3‐E9Ei5) [0511] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.95‐1.27 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.91 (t, 12H). [0512] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate)) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Es6‐DS‐3‐E9Ei5) [0513] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.25 (m, 40H), 1.95‐1.24 (m, 52H), 0.91 (t, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0514] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1320.0. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl) azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7E4‐DS‐4‐E7Ei3) [0515] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.22 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.28 (m, 38H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.92 (t, 6H). [0516] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C58H110N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1151.6, Observed = 1151.1. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl )azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E4‐E7E4‐DS‐4‐E7Ei3) [0517] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.22 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.92 (t, 6H). [0518] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C59H112N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1165.6, Observed = 1165.2. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐butoxy 2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butanoyl)‐ oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)butyl)azanedi yl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐ E3‐E7E4‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0519] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.22 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 50H), 0.92 (t, 12H). [0520] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C60H114N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1179.7, Observed = 1179.0. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2‐eth ylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl) azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7E4‐DS‐4‐E7Es6) [0521] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.22 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 36H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0522] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C64H122N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1235.8, Observed = 1235.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)but yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Ei3‐DS‐4‐E9Es6) [0523] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.78‐1.29 (m, 48H), 1.21 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0524] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C67H128N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1277.9, Observed = 1277.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis (7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)‐ amino)pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfane yl)butyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐ hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Es6‐DS‐4‐E9Es6 ) [0525] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 40H), 1.90‐1.24 (m, 62H), 0.88 (t, 24H). [0526] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C73H140N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1361.2. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐3‐E9E4) [0527] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.90‐1.23 (m, 64H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0528] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1319.0. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(9‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐3‐E9E4) [0529] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 246( 22H) 245223( 16H) 190123( 68H) 092(t 6H) 088(d 12H) [0530] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1346.9. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl) azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7E4‐DS‐3‐E7Ei5) [0531] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.87‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.26 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.31 (m, 46H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0532] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C61H116N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1193.7, Observed = 1193.4. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐(isopentyloxy)‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxo butyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7E4‐DS‐4‐E7Ei5) [0533] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.06 (t, 4H ), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.25 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.28 (m, 48H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0534] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.7, Observed = 1207.4. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(2‐hydroxy ‐9‐(isopentyloxy)‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)but yl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐4‐E9E4) [0535] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 4.05 (t, 4H ), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.23 (m, 40H), 1.75‐1.23 (m, 64H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0536] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1333.7. Dibutyl 9,9'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(9‐(2‐et hylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐9‐oxononyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E9E4) [0537] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.86‐ 2.23 (m, 38H), 1.70‐1.23 (m, 62H), 0.92 (t, 6H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0538] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1361.5. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(7‐butoxy 2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7E4‐DS‐3‐E7E4) [0539] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 8H), 3.64 (m, 4H ), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.26 (m, 16H), 1.91‐1.30 (m, 50H), 0.9 2 (t, 12H). [0540] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C60H114N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1179.7, Observed = 1179.4. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐butoxy 2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)butyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl )azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E4‐E7E4‐DS‐4‐E7E4) [0541] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.06 (t, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H ), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.26 (m, 16H), 1.81‐1.30 (m, 52H), 0.9 2 (t, 12H). [0542] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C61H116N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1193.7, Observed = 1193.5. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐3‐E7Ei3) [0543] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.22 (m, 38H), 1.85‐1.24 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0544] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((4‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)buty l)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7Ei3‐DS‐4‐E9Es6) [0545] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 38H), 1.86‐1.27 (m, 48H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0546] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Diisopentyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(2‐hyd roxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Ei3‐DS‐3‐E7Ei5) [0547] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 8H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.95‐1.27 (m, 34H), 1.21 (d, 12H), 0.91 (d, 12H). [0548] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C60H114N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1179.7, Observed = 1179.8. Diisopentyl 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate)) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Es6‐DS‐3‐E7Ei5) [0549] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.25 (m, 40H), 1.95‐1.24 (m, 48H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0550] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C66H126N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1263.8, Observed = 1263.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐3‐E7Es6) [0551] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.23 (m, 38H), 1.79‐1.25 (m, 58H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0552] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C70H134N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1319.9, Observed = 1320.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis( 7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino) propyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐ox opentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐3‐E7Es6) [0553] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H ), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.88‐1.24 (m, 62H), 0.8 8 (t, 24H). [0554] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C72H138N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1348.0, Observed = 1348.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis (2‐hydroxy‐7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfaneyl)pro pyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Ei3‐DS‐3‐E7Es6) [0555] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.64 (m, 4H), 2.85‐2.24 (m, 40H), 1.95‐1.29 (m, 38H), 1.21 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0556] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C62H118N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1207.7, Observed = 1207.8. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 7,7'‐((3‐((2‐(4‐(2‐((5‐(bis (7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)‐ amino)pentanoyl)oxy)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)disulfane yl)propyl)azanediyl)bis(6‐ hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E7Es6‐DS‐3‐E7Es 6) [0557] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.63 (m, 4H ), 2.85‐2.25 (m, 40H), 1.95‐1.24 (m, 52H), 0.88 (t, 24H). [0558] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C68H130N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1291.9, Observed = 1291.9. Diisopentyl 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis(7‐(2 ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)‐ butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Ei5‐DS‐4‐E7Es6) [0559] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.08 (t, 4H), 3.98 (d, 4H ), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.85‐ 2.23 (m, 40H), 1.79‐1.25 (m, 52H), 0.91 (d, 12H), 0.88 (t, 12H). [0560] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C71H136N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1334.0, Observed = 1334.0. Bis(2‐ethylbutyl) 9,9'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((4‐(bis( 7‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino) butyl)disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxo pentyl)azanediyl)bis(8‐hydroxynonanoate) (GL‐HEPES‐E4‐E9Es6‐DS‐4‐E7Es6) [0561] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.98 (d, 8H), 3.61 (m, 4H ), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.75‐1.24 (m, 60H), 0.8 8 (t, 24H). [0562] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C73H140N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1362.0, Observed = 1362.0. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((4‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐4‐oxobutyl) azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E3‐E7E4‐DS‐3‐E7Ei3) [0563] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.88‐1.3 0 (m, 40H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.92 (t, 6H). [0564] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C57H108N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1137.6, Observed = 1137.7. Dibutyl 7,7'‐((5‐(2‐(4‐(2‐((3‐(bis(2‐hydroxy 7‐isopropoxy‐7‐oxoheptyl)amino)propyl)‐ disulfaneyl)ethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethoxy)‐5‐oxopentyl )azanediyl)bis(6‐hydroxyheptanoate) (GL‐ HEPES‐E4‐E7E4‐DS‐3‐E7Ei3) [0565] 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 4.99 (hept, 2H), 4.19 (t, 2H), 4.05 (t, 4H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.86‐2.46 (m, 22H), 2.45‐2.23 (m, 16H), 1.88‐1.3 0 (m, 42H), 1.22 (d, 12H), 0.92 (t, 6H). [0566] APCI‐MS analysis: Calculated C58H110N4O14S2 [M+H] = 1151.6, Observed = 1151.7. [0567] HEPBS‐based cationic lipids described herein may als o be prepared according to Scheme 3: Scheme 3
[0568] To a solution of triphenylmethanethiol (5.0 g, 18.08 mmol) in EtOH (40 mL) and water (40 mL) was added a solution (in 40 mL water ) of NaOH (1.44 g, 36.16 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min and added a solution (in 40 ml EtOH) of 1,4‐ dibromobutane (3.65 g, 18.08 mmol) to reaction mixtur e. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature. The progress of re action was monitored by TLC (5% EtOAc/hexanes). The reaction mixture was diluted DCM and aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, the organic layer was washed with brine. T he organic layer was dried over sodium MeOH (15 mL) and stirred for 15 min at 0‐10 °C, the solid compound was filtered and dried under vacuum to give [3] (5.1 g, 69%) as a white solid. [0569] Results: [0570] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.42‐7.39 (m, 6H), 7. 30‐7.26 (m, 6H), 7.23‐7.19 (m, 3H), 3.24 (t, 2H), 2.17 (t, 2H), 1.82‐1.77 (m, 2H), 1. 55‐1.50 (m, 2H). LCMS: Purity 84.99 % (low ionization) Intermediate [5]: [0571] To a solution of [3] (5.0 g, 12.16 mmol) and [4] (3.16 g, 24.32 mmol) in ACN (75 mL) was added K2CO3 (6.72 g, 48.62 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 40 °C for 48 hours. The reaction progress was monitored by TLC (2 .5% MeOH in DCM)). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude was purified by flash chromatography (0 to 2.5 % MeOH in DCM) to give [5] (2.6 g, 46%) as a white solid. [0572] Results: [0573] 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO‐d6): δ 7.41 (d, 6H), 7.28 (d, 6H), 7.20 (t, 3H), 3.59 (t, 2H), 2.73 (brs, 1H), 2.53‐2.39 (m, 10H), 2.20‐2.14 (m, 4H), 1.41 (brs, 4H). LCMS: Purity 98 % [0574] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated C29H37N2OS, [M+H] = 461. 26, Observed = 461.29 Intermediate [7]: [0575] To a solution of [5] (0.613 g, 1.33 mmol) in DCM (7 mL) were added [6] (1.0 g, 1.26 mmol) in DCM (8 mL), EDC (0.364 g, 1.90 mmol), DMA P (31 mg, 0.253 mmol), DIPEA (0.442 mL, 2.54 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 14 hours. After completion of the reaction as monitored by MS. The reaction mixture wa s diluted with DCM washed with NaHCO 3 solution, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , concentrated, and the crude compound was purified (el uent: 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to obtain pure compound [7] as a color less oil (0.77 g, 49%). It was confirmed by MS analysis. [0576] Results: [0577] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated C 71 H 119 N 3 O 8 SSi 2 , [M+H] = 1230.98, Observed = 1230.8 Intermediate [8]: [0578] To a solution of [7] (0.77 g, 0.625 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was slowly added TFA (3 mL) at room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour. To that triethylsilane (0.124 mL, 0.782 mmol) was added slowly and stirred for 1 hour. After completion of the reaction as monitored by MS. The reaction mixture wa s concentrated to obtain crude product [8] (quantitative). It was confirmed by MS a nalysis. [0579] Results: [0580] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated C 52 H 105 N 3 O 8 SSi 2 , [M+H] = 988.66, Observed = 988.66 Intermediate [10]: [0581] To a solution of [8] (quantitative) in MeOH (4 mL) was added [9] (0.234 g, 1.06 mmol) at room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction as monitored by MS. The reaction mixture was concentrate d, and the crude compound was purified (eluent:100% Ethyl Acetate, then 0‐20 % Me thanol in Ethyl Acetate) to obtain pure product [10] (0.691 g, Quantitative Yield). It was c onfirmed by MS analysis. [0582] Results: [0583] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated for C 57 H 108 N 4 O 8 S 2 Si 2 , [M+H] = 1097.80; Observed = 1097.8 Intermediate [12]: [0584] To a solution of [10] (0.350 g, 0.319 mmol) and [1 1] (0.322 g, 0.574 mmol) in chloroform was added triethylamine (0.266 ml, 1.91 mm ol) and allowed to react at room temperature for 2.5 hours. After completion of the r eaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated and taken to the next step without puri fication (0.800 g Crude Material). [0585] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated for C82H 162 N 4 O 14 S 2 Si 2 , [M+H] = 1548.50; Observed = 1548.8 GL‐HEPBS‐E3(C6‐Es‐C1‐3;5)‐DS‐4‐(C6‐Es‐C1 ‐3;5) [13]: [0586] To a 20 ml polypropylene scintillation vial was adde d [12] (Crude Material, 0.800 g) along with 4 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran. The vial wa s cooled to 0‐5 o C and HF/pyridine (2.0 mL, 76.33 mmol) was added dropwise. After addition, the reaction vial was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 18 hours. Afterw ards, the reaction mixture was cooled back to 0 o C and neutralized with solid sodium bicarbonate solid, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with NaHCO 3 solution, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated. The crude product was purifi ed to obtain compound [13] (0.196 g, 46% Over Two Steps). It was confirmed by 1 H NMR and MS analysis. [0587] Results: [0588] 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.97 (d, 8H), 3.64 (br, 4H), 2.76 – 2.22 (m, 36H), 1.86 – 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.73 – 1.56 (m, 15H ), 1.55 – 1.44 (m, 9H), 1.43 – 1.26 (m, 28H), 0.87 (t, 24H). [0589] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated for C 70 H 134 N 4 O 14 S 2 , [M+H] = 1319.98; Observed = 1319.8 [0590] HEPBS‐based cationic lipids described herein may als o be prepared according to Scheme 4: [0591] Intermediate 5 was synthesized using the same procedu res as Scheme 3. Intermediate [7]: [0592] To a solution of [5] (0.613 g, 1.33 mmol) in DCM (7 mL) were added [6] (1.0 g, 1.26 mmol) in DCM (8 mL), EDC (0.364 g, 1.90 mmol), DMA P (31 mg, 0.253 mmol), DIPEA (0.442 mL, 2.54 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 14 hours. After completion of the reaction as monitored by MS. The reaction mixture wa s diluted with DCM washed with NaHCO 3 solution, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , concentrated, and the crude compound was purified (el uent: 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to obtain pure compound [7] as a color less oil (0.77 g, 49%). It was confirmed by MS analysis. [0593] Results: [0594] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated C 71 H 119 N 3 O 8 SSi 2 , [M+H] = 1230.98, Observed = 1230.8 Intermediate [8]: [0595] To a solution of [7] (0.77 g, 0.625 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was slowly added TFA (3 mL) at room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour. To that triethylsilane (0.124 mL, 0.782 mmol) was added slowly and stirred for 1 hour. After completion of the reaction as monitored by MS. The reaction mixture wa s concentrated to obtain crude product [8] (quantitative). It was confirmed by MS a nalysis. [0596] Results: [0597] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated C 52 H 105 N 3 O 8 SSi 2 , [M+H] = 988.66, Observed = 988.66 Intermediate [10]: [0598] To a solution of [8] (quantitative) in MeOH (4 mL) was added [9] (0.234 g, 1.06 mmol) at room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction as monitored by MS. The reaction mixture was concentrate d, and the crude compound was purified (eluent:100% Ethyl Acetate, then 0‐20 % Me thanol in Ethyl Acetate) to obtain pure product [10] (0.691 g, Quantitative Yield). It was c onfirmed by MS analysis. [0599] Results: [0600] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated for C 57 H 108 N 4 O 8 S 2 Si 2 , [M+H] = 1097.80; Observed = 1097.8 Intermediate [12]: [0601] To a solution of [10] (0.320 g, 0.291 mmol) and [1 1] (0.287 g, 0.525 mmol) in chloroform was added triethylamine (0.243 ml, 1.75 mm ol) and allowed to react at room temperature for 2.5 hours. After completion of the r eaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated and taken to the next step without puri fication (0.800 g Crude Material). [0602] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated for C 81 H 160 N4O 14 S 2 Si 2 , [M+H] = 1534.48; Observed = 1534.8 GL‐HEPBS‐E3(C6‐Es‐C1‐3;5)‐DS‐3‐(C6‐Es‐C1 ‐3;5) [13]: [0603] To a 20 ml polypropylene scintillation vial was adde d [12] (Crude Material, 0.800 g) along with 4 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran. The vial wa s cooled to 0‐5 o C and HF/pyridine (2.0 mL, 77.03 mmol) was added dropwise. After addition, the reaction vial was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 18 hours. Afterw ards, the reaction mixture was cooled back to 0 o C and neutralized with solid sodium bicarbonate solid, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with NaHCO 3 solution, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated. The crude product was purifi ed to obtain compound [13] (0.211 g, 55% Over Two Steps). It was confirmed by 1 H NMR and MS analysis. [0604] Results: [0605] 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 4.19 (t, 2H), 3.97 (d, 8H), 3.64 (br, 4H), 2.85 – 2.23 (m, 36H), 1.89 – 1.74 (m, 4H), 1.73 – 1.55 (m, 12H ), 1.55 – 1.44 (m, 8H), 1.43 – 1.28 (m, 30H), 0.87 (t, 24H). [0606] ESI‐MS analysis: Calculated for C 69 H 132 N 4 O 14 S 2 , [M+H] = 1305.95; Observed = 1305.8 Example 2: Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation [0607] Cationic lipids described herein can be used in the preparation of lipid nanoparticles according to methods known in the art. For example , suitable methods include methods described in International Publication No. WO 2018/089801, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0608] The lipid nanoparticles in the examples of the prese nt invention were formulated using Process A of WO 2018/089801 (see, e.g., Example 1 a nd Figure 1 of WO 2018/089801). Process A (“A”) relates to a conventional method of encapsu lating mRNA by mixing mRNA with a mixture of lipids, without first pre‐forming the lipids into l ipid nanoparticles. In an exemplary process, an ethanolic solution of a mixture of lipids (cationic lipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol‐lipid) at a fixed lipid to mRNA ratio were combined with an aqueous buffered solution of target mRNA at an acidic pH under contr olled conditions to yield a suspension of uniform LNPs. After ultrafiltration and diafiltration into a suitable diluent system, the resulting nanoparticle suspensions were diluted to final concentration, filte red, and stored frozen at −80°C until use . [0609] Lipid nanoparticle formulations of Table 3 were p repared by Process A. All of the lipid nanoparticle formulations comprised hEPO mRNA and the different lipids (Cationic Lipid: DMG‐ PEG2000: Cholesterol: DOPE/DSPC) in the mol % ratios specified in Table 3. Table 3. Exemplary lipid nanoparticle characterizatio ns f [0610] The cationic lipids of the present invention were ev aluated with lipid nanoparticle formulation 1. MC3 was evaluated with lipid nanoparti cle formulation 2, which is a typical MC3 formulation. Example 3: Delivery of hEPO mRNA by intramuscular administration Mouse Studies [0611] In summary, lipid screening studies were conducted wi th female BALB/cJ mice 6‐8 weeks of age. Mice were dosed with 0.1 µg in 30 µL of LN Ps by a single intramuscular (IM) injection into the gastrocnemius leg muscle. Blood samples were taken 6 and 24 hours post injection and hEPO levels were measured in the blood serum of the mice using an ELISA assay according to the manufacture’s protocol. WO2022/099003 A1 also describes an in viv o assay for intramuscular administration (e.g. on page 46, paragraph [00206]). [0612] Further details of the intramuscular experiment perfor med in this application are provided below. Study Design Table
Test Materials and Treatment Regimen Test materials remained RNase free during loading int o the syringe (as applicable). [0613] Test Article Class of Compound: Oligonucleotides [0614] ABSL‐1 Treatment Regimen: On Day 1, animals from Groups 1 – 13 were dosed via intramuscular injection while under light isoflurane anesthesia according to the study design table above. Animals in Groups 1 ‐ 13 were injected with EPO mRNA LNPs in the right leg only. Group 1 animals received MC3 control. The cationic lipid MC3 is the current gold standard for in vivo delivery of e.g. siRNA (see WO2010/144740). Study Animals Animals: [0615] Acclimation: Animals were acclimatised to the Test Fa cility for at least 24 hours. [0616] Housing: All animals were socially housed in polycarb onate cages with contact bedding in an animal housing room. [0617] Food and Water: Food (Envigo irradiated 2918 diet) a nd filtered tap water was provided to animals ad libitum. In‐Life Observations and Measures [0618] Animal Health Checks: At least once daily animals re ceived a cage side health check observation. [0619] Clinical Observations: Clinical observations were perfo rmed for all animals on Day 1 prior to dose administration and prior to euthanasia. Clinical observations were performed more often if abnormal clinical signs were exhibited by animals on study. [0620] Body Weights: Body weights were recorded prior to te st material administration. Body weights were rounded to the nearest 0.1g. [0621] Interim Sample Collections: Interim whole blood (~50 µL) was collected by tail snip or saphenous vein at 6 and 24 hours post dose administ ration (±5%). Blood samples were collected into serum separator tubes, allowed to clot at room tempe rature for at least 10 minutes, centrifuged at ambient temperature at minimum 1000g for 10 minutes and the serum was extracted. All serum samples were stored at nominally ‐70°C until analy sis hEPO by the Testing Facility. The results of th e EPO analysis were included in the Data Submission. In‐Life Sample Collection Table Terminal Procedures [0622] Euthanasia: On Day 2, 24 hours post dose, all anima ls were euthanized by CO 2 asphyxiation followed by thoracotomy and terminal blood collection. [0623] Terminal Blood Collections: Whole blood was collected via cardiac puncture into serum separator tube, allowed to clot at room temperature for at least 10 minutes, centrifuged at ambient temperature at minimum 1000g for 10 minutes and the serum was extracted. Serum samples were stored at nominally ‐70°C until analyzed for hEPO by the Test Facility. Terminal Sample Collection Table In‐Vitro Assays: [0624] ELISA Assay: Human erythropoietin (hEPO) levels in se ra samples were determined by ELISA kit (R&D systems, Cat# DEP‐00) according to the manufactory instruction and the results were included in the Data Submission. The “shaker” pro tocol was used. The serum samples were diluted between 1:40 and 1:100. Reporting and Data Retention [0625] Data Submission: A tabulated data summary of animal assignment, individual and group means (as applicable) for times of dose administratio n and euthanasia, body weights, clinical observations in‐vitro analysis and mortality (as app licable) were delivered for this study. Table 4 Results of hEPO mRNA delivery studies intramuscular administration of hEPO mRNA lipid formulations comprising the claimed cationic lip ids. Example 4: Laurdan Assay for Determining Generalized Polarization (GP) Values [0626] The laurdan probe was used to compare the lipid pac king in lipid nanoparticles comprising the second generation of cationic lipids derived from “Good” buffers of the present invention with lipid nanoparticles comprising other cationic lipids d erived from “Good” buffers. [0627] Formulations were diluted into buffer solutions at pH 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, or 7.5 and the laurdan molecule was added to a final laurdan concentration of 1 µM. Solutions were incubated at room temperature, protected from light, for three hours. T he GP value was calculated based off fluorescence values to give an idea of formulation l ipid membrane packing. Samples were analyzed using a SpectraMax M5 Multi‐Mode microplate reader. A fluorescence excitation wavelength of 340 nm was used along with emission wavelengths of 440 and 490 nm. GP values were calculated using the following equation: GP = (AUC 440 – AUC 490 )/(AUC 440 + AUC 490 ). [0628] Further details of the Laurdan Assay for determining Generalized Polarization (GP) values are provided in 1) Koitabashi, K.; Nagumo, H.; Nakao, M. ; Machida, T.; Yoshida, K.; Sakai‐Kato, K. Acidic PH‐Induced Changes in Lipid Nanoparticle Membrane Pa cking. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Bba ‐ Biomembr 2021, 1863 (8), 183627, and 2) Parasassi, T .; Stasio, G. D.; Ravagnan, G.; Rusch, R. M.; Gratton, E. Quantitation of Lipid Phases in Phospholi pid Vesicles by the Generalized Polarization of Laurdan Fluorescence. Biophys J 1991, 60 (1), 179–1 89, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. [0629] The laurdan probe inserts itself homogeneously into t he hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface of the lipid bilayer and is used to measure polarit y changes in the bilayer environment which can be related to lipid membrane packing and orderliness. A generalized polarization (GP) value was calculated from a shift in fluorescence intensity of 440 nm to 490 nm when the laurdan probe interacts with water molecules in the lipid membrane. A lower GP value is associated with a hydrated and fluid membrane while a higher GP value typically means less water molecules and more ordered lipid packing. The GP value of the lip id nanoparticles (LNPs) was measured in pH 7.5, 6.5, 5.5, and 4.5 buffers to simulate endosomal pH shift that occurs when particles are taken up by cells. It is contemplated that lower pH levels (4.5 and 5.5) may result in lower GP values for all formulations tested compared to pH 6.5 and 7.5. This suggests that lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are becoming more fluid and less orderly when the pH en vironment decreases. Lipid nanoparticles comprising the second generation of cationic lipids d erived from “Good” buffers are contemplated to have overall higher GP values compared with lipid nanoparticles comprising other cationic lipids derived from “Good” buffers. The additional esters and/or carbon branches in the lipid tails of the second generation of cationic lipids derived from “ Good” buffers are contemplated to result in tighter packed membranes compared to other cationic l ipids derived from “Good” buffers. A positive trend is contemplated to be observed between GP valu e and amount of hEPO produced in mice at pH 6.5 for lipid nanoparticles comprising the second generation of cationic lipids derived from “Good” buffers. One hypothesis for the contemplate d correlation between GP value and protein production is that particles with tighter bilayer pac king may perform better in vivo by increasing lipid nanoparticle (LNP) stability under physiological pH co nditions. [0630] In summary, lipid nanoparticles comprising the second generation of cationic lipids derived from “Good” buffers of the present invention are contemplated to have higher overall Generalized Polarization (GP) values compared to other cationic l ipids derived from “Good” buffers. A positive linear correlation is contemplated between the laurdan GP value and the amount of EPO produced at 6 hours in mice. An increase in GP value is co ntemplated to correlate with an increase in EPO protein for pH 6.5 solutions. Example 5: in vitro degradation study Lipid degradability by MOUSE/HUMAN lung S9 in vitro Assay format ‐ 4 or 5 time points in triplicate. I. Assay procedure: 1) Plan experiment, compounds, and reagents. 2) Dissolve each lipid in DMSO or IPA to make 5 m M stock, then dilute by IPA to 200 µM work solution. 3) Thaw mouse and human lung S9. 4) Prepare pooled incubation mixture as in the react ion formulas below on ice. 5) Aliquot 495 µL incubation mixture prepared in st ep#4 to each well of a 2mL 96‐well plate. 6) Add 5 µL compound to each well to initiate the reaction. Take t0 samples (as in step#8). 7) Cover the plate with 2 layers of breathable seal s and incubate the plate on an orbital shaker at 150 rpm in a 37 °C CO 2 incubator. 8) At each time point, pipette to mix the incubatio n mixture 5 times, then take 70 µL of incubation mixture to a fresh plate. Store in ‐20 °C freeze r immediately. 9) Add 210 µL (3x volume) of the cold stop soluti on to each well of the sample plates collected. Mix at 600 rpm on an orbital shaker for 15 min. 10) Centrifuge the quenched plates at 3800 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C and transfer supernatant to fresh plates. 11) Load the supernatant on filter plates and centri fuge again at 3800 rpm for 5 min at 4 °C. Collec t final samples in fresh plates for LC/MS. II. Time course and stop solutions: 4‐5 Time points (hour): e.g. 0, 4, 8, 24, 48 hr stop solution: 1:1:1 ACN/MeOH/IPA (v/v/v) with propran olol & MC3 as internal standard. Store at 4 °C. III. Reaction components and formulas: MOUSE/HUMAN lung S9 Example 6: RiboGreen Assay [0631] The encapsulation efficiency of mRNA in lipid nanopar ticles can be determined using Invitrogen RiboGreen assay kit. The unencapsulated m RNA was detected directly. The total mRNA was measured after lysis of lipid nanoparticles in t he presence 0.45% w/v of Triton X‐100. The encapsulation efficiency was calculated as (Total mRNA – unencapsulated mRNA) / Total mRNA x 100%. [0632] The RiboGreen Assay is a fluorescence‐based method for the determination of mRNA concentration (Total and Free) and %encapsulation usin g Quant‐iT™ RiboGreen® RNA reagent in mRNA containing lipid nanoparticles. MATERIALS/REAGENTS • Triton‐X, 98%, for molecular biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free, Acros Organics, Cat. AC327371000 • UltraPure DNase/RNase‐free Distilled Water Life Techn ologies, Cat. 10977‐023 • RNaseZap® RNase Decontamination Solution Life Technolo gies, Cat. AM9784 • Quant‐iT™ RiboGreen® RNA Reagent Life Technologies, Cat. R11491 or Quant‐iT™ RiboGreen® RNA Assay Kit Life Technologies, Cat. R11 490 • RNase free 20X TE Buffer Life Technologies, Cat. T11 493 • RNaseZap® RNase Decontamination Solution Life Technolo gies, Cat. AM9784 EQUIPMENT • Molecular Devices Gemini EM Microplate Reader • RNase Free Microcentrifuge Tubes (2.0 mL) • RNase Free Flacon Tubes (15 and 50 mL) • Vortex mixer • Corning® 96 Well Special Optics Microplate with Clea r Background (Cat# 3615) Preparation of mRNA standards L Sample Preparation 200‐Fold RiboGreen Dye preparation Procedure • To each of the standards (Blank, mRNA‐1, mRNA‐2. mRNA‐3, mRNA‐4, mRNA‐5) and Samples (free mRNA and total mRNA), add 1.0 mL of 200‐fold Ribogreen Reagent Solution and gently mix by inversion. This is a 2X Dilution. • Add 200 µL of each standard and sample in triplica te using the reverse pipetting technique in a 96‐well Costar Black with Clear Background Pl ate. Ensure no bubbles are present in the plate before the fluorescence reading. • Read the fluorescence signal using the below instrume nt parameters: • Read Type: Fluorescence, Bottom Read • Excitation: 485 nm; Cut‐off: 515 nm; Emission: 530 nm • Plate Type: 96‐well Costar Black with Clear Backgro und Data Analysis [0633] The average fluorescence from each calibration standar d is plotted against the concentration to generate a linear calibration curve using the MS Excel software. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of calibration curve must be R 2 > 0.99. The linear equation generated can be interpreted as follows: y=mx+c Where, Y = average fluorescence value m: slope x: concentration (µg/mL) c: y‐intercept • Using the linear equation, calculate the concentration of free and total mRNA concentration in the test sample by replacing the y value in the equation with the average fluorescence value of each respective sample • Once the concentration is determined, the actual conc entration in the sample can be back‐ calculated by multiplying the concentration in the te st sample with the dilution factor (DF) as follows: Free mRNA Conc.= Conc. of Free mRNA in Test Sample X 800 (DF) Total mRNA Conc. = Conc. of Total mRNA in Test Sam ple X 4000 (DF) • Concentration of encapsulated mRNA can be determined by subtracting the concentration of free mRNA from the total mRNA. • % Encapsulation can then be calculated by taking the ratio of encapsulated mRNA over total mRNA and multiplying the result with 100. Example 7: Delivery of human erythropoietin (hEPO) mRNA by intramuscular (IM) administration [0634] Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations encapsulating hEP O mRNA were prepared by Process A as described above for IM administration. The LN P compositions administered comprised 1.5% PEG, 40% Cationic lipid, 28.5% Cholesterol, and 30% DOPE an N/P ratio of 4. After LNP formulation, the nanoparticles were initially buffer exchanged with 20% EtOH, and then with a final buffer exchange in 10% Trehalose. The LNPs were characteri zed for size, PDI, encapsulation, and mRNA concentration. For the hEPO animal dosing studies, the LNPs were diluted to 3.33ug/mL in 10% trehalose. Mice were dosed intramuscularly with 0.1u g in 30uL volume into the right gastrocnemius muscle. Blood samples were collected 6 hours and 24 hours post injection to measure the amount of hEPO protein produced in the serum. The EPO protei n amounts were detected using an ELISA assay from commercially available kits. Figure 1 shows th at lipid nanoparticles comprising lipids described herein are highly effective in delivering hEPO mRNA and show high levels of hEPO protein expression at 6 hours post‐IM injection dose. [0635] The Polydispersity Index (PdI) of lipid nanoparticles can be determined by diluting the formulation in 10% trehalose at about 0.1 mg/ml mRNA concentration and then measuring the size on Malvern zetasizer. [0636] The lipid nanoparticle size can be obtained with Mal vern Zetasizer Nano‐ZS. [0637] From the foregoing description, one skilled in the a rt can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departi ng from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. [0638] All references, patents or applications, U.S. or fore ign, cited in the application are hereby incorporated by reference as if written herein in th eir entireties. Where any inconsistencies arise, material literally disclosed herein controls.
NUMBERED EMBODIMENTS 1. A compound having a structure according to Formula ( I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein : A 1 is selected f and ‐S‐S‐, wherein the left hand side of each depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐; Z 1 is selected f and ‐S‐S‐, wherein the right hand side of each depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐; each a is independently selected from 3 or 4; b is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; each c, d, e and f is independently selected from 3, 4, 5 or 6; and each R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D is independently selected from optionally subst ituted (C 3 ‐C 6 )alkyl. 2. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ia):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (d) b is 2; ( e) b is 2, A is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or ( f) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each c and d is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. 3. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ib): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (d) b is 2; (e) b is 2, A s , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or (f) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each e and f is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. 4. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ic): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (d) b is 2; (e) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or (f) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each c and d is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. 5. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Id): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (d) b is 2; ( e) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or ( f) b is 2, , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each e and f is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. 6. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ie): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (d) b is 2; (e) b is 2, s , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or (f) b is 2, A is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each c and d is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. 7. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (If): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (d) b is 2; (e) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or (f) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each e and f is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. 8. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ig):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (d) b is 2; (e) b is 2, A is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or (f) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each c and d is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. 9. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ih): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (d) b is 2; (e) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐; or (f) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐, Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐ and each e and f is independe ntly selected from 3, 4, or 6. 10. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (c) b is 2; or (d) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. 11. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ij): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (c) b is 2; or (d) b is 2, A is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. 12. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ik): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (c) b is 2; or (d) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. 13. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Im): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (c) b is 2; or ( d) b is 2, A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. 14. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (In): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (c) b is 2; or ( d) b is 2, , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. 15. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Io): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (c) b is 2; or ( d) b is 2, A is , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. 16. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ip): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (c) b is 2; or ( d) b is 2, A s , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. 17. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Iq): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein: (c) b is 2; or ( d) b is 2, , wherein the left hand side of the depicted struct ure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐ and Z 1 is ‐S‐S‐. 18. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 17 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A 1 and Z 1 are the same. 193. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 17 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A 1 and Z 1 are different. 20. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 19 or a pharmaceutically a cceptable salt thereof, wherein A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐. 21. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 19 or a pharmaceutically a cceptable salt thereof, wherein A , wherein the left hand side of the depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐. 22. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 19 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A 1 is‐S‐S‐. 23. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 22 or a pharmaceutically a cceptable salt thereof, wherein Z , wherein the right hand side of the depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐. 24. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 22 or a pharmaceutically O a cceptable salt thereof, wherein , wherein the right hand side of the depicted structure is bound to the –(CH 2 )a‐. 25. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 22 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z 1 is‐S‐S‐. 26. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 25 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein b is 2. 27. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 25 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein b is 3. 28. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 25 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein b is 4. 29. The compound of numbered embodiment 1, wherein the c ompound has a structure according to Formula (Ir): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optiona lly wherein each c, d, e and f is independently selected from 3, 4, or 6. 30. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 29 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each a is 3. 31. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 29 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each a is 4. 32. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 29 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the value for the a on the left hand side of the depicted Formula is 3 and the value for the a on the right hand side of the depicted Formula is 4. 33. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 29 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the value for the a on the left hand side of the depicted Formula is 4 and the value for the a on the right hand side of the depicted Formula is 3. 34. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c, d, e and f are the same. 35. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐34 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c, d, e and f are 3. 36. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐34 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c, d, e and f are 4. 37. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐34 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c, d, e and f are 5. 38. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐34 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c, d, e and f are 6. 39. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 3. 40. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 4. 41. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 5. 42. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 6. 43. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), (If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 3. 44. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), (If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 4. 45. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), (If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 5. 46. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), (If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 6. 47. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are the same and e and f are the same, but whe rein c and d are different to e and f. 48. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 3 and e and f are 4. 49. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 3 and e and f are 5. 50. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 3 and e and f are 6. 51. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 4 and e and f are 3. 52. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 4 and e and f are 5. 53. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 4 and e and f are 6. 54. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 5 and e and f are 3. 55. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 5 and e and f are 4. 56. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 5 and e and f are 6. 57. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 6 and e and f are 3. 58. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 6 and e and f are 4. 59. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐33 or 47 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) c and d are 6 and e and f are 5. 60. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐59 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D are the same. 61. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐59 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) R 1A and R 1B are the same and R 1C and R 1D are the same, but wherein R 1A and R 1B are different to R 1C and R 1D . 62. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1‐ 61 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R 1A , R 1B , R 1C and R 1D when present is independently selected from:
63. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 4 and R 1A and R 1B ar e . 64. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B ar e . 65. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 4 and R 1A and R 1B a e . 66. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B a e . 67. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 4 and R 1A and R 1B a . 68. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B are . 69. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 3 and R 1A and R 1B ar e . 70. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 4 and R 1A and R 1B ar e . 71. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B ar e . 72. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), (Ie), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 3 and R 1A and R 1B are . 73. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ic), g), or (Ir) c and d are 4 and R 1 (Ie), (I A and R 1B are . 74. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 18-62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in the compound of Formula (I), (la), (Ic),
(le), (Ig), or (Ir) c and d are 6 and R 1A and R 1B are
75. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18-74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in the compound of Formula (I), (lb), (Id),
(If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D are
The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7 , 9 or 18-74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in the compound of Formula (I), (lb), (Id),
(If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 6 and R 1C and R 1D are
77. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18-74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in the compound of Formula (I), (lb), (Id),
(If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D are
78. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18-74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in the compound of Formula (I), (lb), (Id),
(If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 6 and R 1C and R 1D are
79. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18-74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in the compound of Formula (I), (lb), (Id),
(If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D are
80. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18-74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in the compound of Formula (I), (lb), (Id),
(If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 6 and R 1C and R 1D are 81. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), (If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 3 and R 1C and R 1D ar e . 82. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), (If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D a re . 83. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), (If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 6 and R 1C and R 1D a re . 84. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), (If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 3 and R 1C and R 1D are . 85. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), ), or (Ir) e and f are 4 and R 1 (If), (Ih C and R 1D are . 86. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 18‐74 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I), (Ib), (Id), (If), (Ih), or (Ir) e and f are 6 and R 1C and R 1D are . 87. The compound of any one of numbered embodiments 1 o r 18‐62 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein in t he compound of Formula (I) or (Ir) each a is 4, c and d are 6, R 1A and R 1B , e and f are 4 and R 1C and R 1D are . 88. A compound selected from those listed in Table A, T able B and/or Table C or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 89. A composition comprising the cationic lipid of any o ne of numbered embodiments 1‐ 88, and further comprising: (i) one or more non‐cationic lipids, (ii) one or more cholesterol‐based lipids, and (iii) one or more PEG‐modified lipids. 90. The composition of numbered embodiment 89, wherein th e composition is a lipid nanoparticle, optionally a liposome. 91. The composition of numbered embodiment 90, wherein th e one or more cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 30 mol %‐60 mol % of the lipid nanoparticle. 92. The composition of numbered embodiment 90 or 91, whe rein the one or more non‐ cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 10 mol %‐50 m ol % of the lipid nanoparticle. 93. The composition of any one of numbered embodiments 9 0‐92, wherein the one or more PEG‐modified lipid(s) constitute(s) about 1 mol %‐10 mol % of the lipid nanoparticle. 94. The composition of any one of numbered embodiments 9 0‐93, wherein the cholesterol‐based lipid constitutes about 10 mol % 50 mol% of the lipid nanoparticle. 95. The composition of any one of numbered embodiments 9 0‐94, wherein the lipid nanoparticle encapsulates a nucleic acid, optionally a n mRNA encoding a peptide or protein. 96. The composition of any one of numbered embodiments 9 0‐95, wherein the lipid nanoparticle encapsulates an mRNA encoding a peptide or protein, optionally for use in a vaccine. 97. The composition of numbered embodiment 96, wherein th e lipid nanoparticles have an encapsulation percentage for mRNA of (i) at least 50%; (ii) at least 55%; (iii) at least 60%; (iv) at least 65%; (v) at least 70%; (vi) at least 75%; (vii) at least 80%; (viii) at least 85%; (ix) at least 90%; or (x) at least 95%. 98. The composition of numbered embodiment 96 or 97 for use in therapy. 99. The composition of numbered embodiment 96 or 97 for use in a method of treating or preventing a disease amenable to treatment or pre vention by the peptide or protein encoded by the mRNA, optionally wherein the mRNA enc odes an antigen and/or the disease is (a) a protein deficiency, optionally wherein the prot ein deficiency affects the liver, lung, brain or muscle, (b) an autoimmune disease, (c) an infecti ous disease, or (d) cancer. 100. The composition for use according to numbered embodim ent 98 or 99, wherein the composition is administered intravenously, intrathecally or intramuscular, or by pulmonary delivery, optionally through nebulization. 101. A method for treating or preventing a disease wherei n said method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof the compo sition of numbered embodiment 96 or 97 and wherein the disease is amenable to treatment or prevention by the peptide or protein encoded by the mRNA, optionally wherein the mRNA enc odes an antigen and/or the disease is (a) a protein deficiency, optionally wherein the prot ein deficiency affects the liver, lung, brain or muscle, (b) an autoimmune disease, (c) an infecti ous disease, or (d) cancer. 102. The method of numbered embodiment 101, wherein the c omposition is administered intravenously, intrathecally or intramuscul ar, or by pulmonary delivery, optionally through nebulization.